Anton Konovalov

ENERGY ANALYSIS OF 3D MODEL OF BUILDING IN ArchiCAD

ENVIRONMENT

ENERGY ANALYSIS OF 3D MODEL OF BUILDING IN ArchiCAD

ENVIRONMENT

Anton Konovalov
Bachelors Thesis
Spring 2013
Civil Engineering
Oulu University of Applied Sciences

ABSTRACT
Oulu University of Applied Sciences
Civil Engineering

Author(s): Anton Konovalov

Title of Thesis: Energy Analysis of 3D Model of Building in Archicad Enviroment
Supervisor(s): Kimo Illikainen
Term and year when the thesis was submitted:

Pages: 35 + 9 appendix

BIM (Building Information Model) is an emerging notion appeared in recent

years. Since then a large amount of BIM programs has been released.
EcoDesigner is one of such programs, which is dealing with 3D-models. The
research in question focuses on the study and analysis of this program. The
paper presents a 3D-model of a building and its examination. The main
principles of the calculation have been determined. The thesis shows and
describes the calculations of the energy consumption of the building. The
manual calculation of the heating losses is presented and described. All in all,
the objectivity of the data is established and confirmed.

Software of this type is crucial and useful nowadays and has a significant
potential in the future. The software of BIM will be further developed in diverse
directions. Its improvement will simplify the work process of engineers.

Keywords:
Energy consumption
EcoDesigner
BIM
Heat losses

CONTENT

1 INTRODUCTION

2 TOTAL HEAT LOSS CALCULATION

3 DETERMINATION OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODEL

10

4 ECODESIGNER ANALYSIS

13

4.1 House description

13

4.2 EcoDesigner

13

4.3 Calculation algorithm of U-value (R-value)

19

5 RESULTS

29

6 DISCUSSION

33

REFERENCES

35

APPENDICES

36

1 INTRODUCTION

The current era of constant technological development in all spheres of human

activities causes environmental concern and provokes the rational use of land
resources. In order to cope with the problem, a theory of "Sustainable
Development" was developed, which is especially spreading in Europe.

There are three dimensions of sustainable development: environmental,

economic and social. Energy is one of the key issues of sustainable
development.
Since 1990s a huge amount of energy consumption is observed, leading to an
increasing amount of CO2 emissions, which is one of the reasons for the climate
change. There is a need to develop the energy efficient programs of elimination
of energy losses for industry and population sectors. In the building sector huge
energy losses are observed due to the heat losses through building structures,
that increases the amount of energy consumption. One of the efficient ways to
prevent those losses is to improve the thermal insulation properties of the used
material and structures.

The goal of the thesis is to apply the EcoDesigner software to 3D modeling of a

building for evaluation of the energy balance. Therefore, a study of the program
is needs to be done. EcoDesigner is an add-on to ArchiCad that enables the
leveraging of data from a building information model for a topic of current
interest: evaluation of the energy consumption and energy conservation of a
building.

EcoDesigner enables now the architects to assess the energy economy of a

building in a feasible way. The program quickly performs an analysis on an
ArchiCAD building information model, yielding a variety of valuable data that
tells the designer how their design solutions affect the buildings energy
consumption, overall costs and carbon footprint. (Putkonen 2010)
3

The significant benefit of EcoDesigner is how broad its analysis could be. The
program perceives the design as a single object which is affected not only by
the building components but also by the location of the building, local weather
conditions, how the used energy is produced and many other parameters that
can be set for the analysis. Rapid testing of a design eases the process of
imroving the design in order to make it more ecological; the impact of any
change could be instantly viewed in EcoDesigner. (Putkonen 2010)

The program is built on the VIPCore calculation engine developed by a Swedish

company, Strusoft. It is based on certified analysis standards in the field. The
calculation is quick due to the certain parameters calculated on the basis of
default values. Thus, EcoDesigner does not purport to replace or even compete
with more detailed analysis programs, which have been used before. For the
architect, however, the benefits of this program are clear; its easy use makes it
a necessary tool for anyone who needs to evaluate the energy economy of a
design. (Putkonen 2010)

In the process of writing the thesis, EcoDesigner is used as a tool to assess the
energy balance that is constantly being taken into account during the building
modeling. The analysis of energy balance can detect an energy wastage. The
implementation of the methods allows to reduce and balance the energy
consumption. As a result it can decrease the negative impact on the
enviroment. The use of energy program helps architects to work more
effectively nowadays, and leads to sustainable development.

2 TOTAL HEAT LOSS CALCULATION

The term heat loss commonly refers to the heat transfer of an object to its
ambient environment. This means that the object in question (a wall, for
example) is at a temperature above the ambient temperature. Mathematically,
the heat loss of a system through conduction is described using formula 1:
Qtot = Htot (Tin - Tout) t /1000

1.

where
Htot = characteristic of the total heat loss,
Tin = the temperature inside, 0C,
Tout = the temperature outside, 0C. (Ympristministeri 2007, 18)
The Htot is calculated using formula 2:
Htot=(Uoutside wall Aoutside wall) + (Uroof Aroof) + (Uground floor Aground floor) + (Uwindow
Awindow) + (Udoor Adoor)

2.

where
Qtot = is the total heat loss of the building (kWh),
Htot = characteristic of the total heat loss (W/K),
U = thermal transmittances (W/m2K),
A = the building surface area (m2),
t = the length of period (h),
1000 = the factor that brings the answer to kWh (Ympristministeri 2007, 18).

Thermal transmittance (U) indicates the heat flow density which permeates a
building component in steady-state when the temperature difference between
the environment on different sides of the building component is the unit of
temperature. (National Building Code of Finland 2002, 4)

Thermal transmittances for building components are calculated using thermal

conductivity design values determined for building materials provided with a CE
mark in accordance with the EU standards; tabulated design values for thermal
conductivity stated in the EU standards; values of normative thermal
conductivity (n) or any other thermal conductivity design values suitable for the
building component and determined in an acceptable way. If the same material
is provided with several n-values, the value suitable for the target on the basis
of footnotes is selected. (National Building Code of Finland 2002, 5-6)

Thermal transmittances are calculated using formula 3:

U = 1 / RT

3.

where
RT = total thermal resistance of a building component from one environment to
another (National Building Code of Finland 2002, 6).

When the material layers in a building component are of uniform thickness and
the heat is transmitted at right angles to the material layers, the total thermal
resistance RT of a building component is calculated using formula 4:

RT = Rsi + R1 + R2+...+Rm + Rg + Rb + Rq1 + Rq2+ ... +Rqn + Rse

4.

where
R1 = d1 / 1,
R2 = d2 / 2,
Rm = dm / m,
d1, d2, ... dm = thickness of material layer 1, 2 (m),
1, 2, ... m = design thermal conductivity of material layer 1, 2, (e.g. normative
thermal conductivity) (m),
Rg = thermal resistance of an air cavity in the building component,
Rb = thermal resistance of the ground,
Rq1, Rq2, ... Rqn = thermal resistance of thin material layer 1, 2, ... n,

Rsi + Rse = sum of the internal and external surface resistances. (National
Building Code of Finland 2002, 7)

If the thickness of a homogeneous material layer varies in the direction of the

level of the structure, the mean value may be used as the thickness provided so
that the local minimum thickness is not below the mean value by more than
20%. (National Building Code of Finland 2002, 6)

When building components are inhomogeneous so that they have material

layers in the direction of the surfaces with parallel sectors of different thermal
resistance, the thermal resistance Rj of the inhomogeneous material layer j is
calculated using formula 5:

1 / Rj = fa / Raj + fb / Rbj + ... + fn / Rnj

5.

where
fa, fb, ... fn a proportional part of the total area of a material layer of the
homogeneous subarea,
a, b, ... n in the inhomogeneous material layer j,
Raj, Rbj, ... Rnj = thermal resistance of the homogeneous sub-area a, b, ... n in
the inhomogeneous material layer j where Raj = dj / aj , Rjb = dj / bj , ... Rjn = dj /
nj,
aj, bj, ... nj = design thermal conductivity of the material layer aj, bj, ... nj, e.g.
normative thermal conductivity. (National building code of Finland 2002, 6)

The

total

thermal

resistance

RT

of

building

components

containing

inhomogeneous layers is calculated using formula 6 (thermal transmittance U

using formula 3):
RT = Rsi + R1 + R2+...+Rn + R + Rse

6.

where

R1, R2, ... Rn = thermal resistance of the inhomogeneous material layer 1, 2, ...
n calculated using the formula 5,
R = sum of thermal resistances of homogeneous material layers, air cavity,
thin material layers and the ground,
Rsi + Rse = sum of the internal and external surface resistances. (C4 National
building code of Finland, 6-7)

Regularly repeated thermal bridges in the structure when they are characteristic
to it are taken into account when ascertaining conformity of the thermal
transmittances. This concerns, for instance, ties, brackets and supporting
struttings and frames which are typical to the structure in the entire area of the
envelope represented by it. (National Building Code of Finland 2002, 7)

When calculating thermal transmittances, there is no need to take into account

any individual thermal bridges in the building envelope, made for various
reasons. An individual thermal bridge may be formed by a junction between the
base floor or ceiling and the external wall; a balcony support; a column cutting
through the base floor; a component for building service technology and any
other such like separately designed and implemented single component in the
structure. (National Building Code of Finland 2002, 7)

The temperature of the structure at the point of a thermal bridge is different in

respect of the surrounding structure. The result of this could be a local decrease
in thermal comfort, the surface getting dirty and, at its worst, moisture
condensing on the inside surface of the structure or deeper in the structure. In
respect of all thermal bridges, the structures are designed in such a way that
there are no moisture problems, referred to, and that the thermal conditions in
accordance with Part D2 of the National Building Code is achieved in the
occupied zone. (National Building Code of Finland 2002, 7)

When the design thermal conductivity of the thermal bridge material is different
from the corresponding design value of the adjacent material over fivefold, the

increase U of the thermal transmittance for building components due

thermal bridges is calculated using formula (7):
U = k (lk / A) + j(nj/ A)

7.

where
k - linear additional thermal transmittance of a linear thermal bridge k in the
building component, similar with each other, W/(mK),
Xj - point additional thermal transmittance of a point thermal bridge j in the
building component, similar with each other, W/K,
lk - total length of similar linear thermal bridges in the building component, m,
nj -number of similar point thermal bridges in the building component,
A - area of the building component, m2.(National Building Code of Finland 2002,
8)
Additional thermal transmittance of linear and point thermal bridges (k, Xj) is
calculated using a method of calculation appropriate for the purpose or is
determined by experiment (C4 National Building Code of Finland, 8).

3 DETERMINATION OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODEL

BIM is an acronym for Building Information Modelling, or Building Information

Model. It describes the process of designing a building by one coherent system
of computer models rather than by separate sets of drawings. In order to not be
misled by the word building BIM is just relevant to the civil engineering
sector. (WSP 2013)

In fact, BIM offers enormous gains in cost and time saving, greater accuracy in
estimation, and the avoidance of error, alterations and rework due to the
information loss. However, the adoption of BIM involves much more than simply
changing of the software. In order to achieve all the benefits it could provide,
everyone in the architecture, engineering and construction industries would
need to learn to work in fundamentally new ways. BIM is a whole new
paradigm. (WSP 2013)

A sociotechnical system is the combination of man-made technology as well as

the social and institutional consequences of its implementation in society. Like
the telephone network, it is not just a collection of wires; it contains associated
behaviours, social norms, certain kinds of relationships and cultural institutions.
BIM is a system being a unified entity which consists of many interacting
tangible and intangible parts. It is sociotechnical since it has social
components, complementing the technical core like the leaves on a tree. The
social parts influence the evolution of the technical core through feedback
loops. (WSP 2013)

The technical core of BIM is the software that enables 3D modelling and
information management. Extensive use of the software eventually leads to a
more complete understanding of the technical core. (WSP 2013)

After technology comes the work practices. Moving beyond the software comes
the realisation that there is a lot more to BIM than the technical core. This
10

becomes clearer as the technical core begins to shape social practices by

expanding possibilities. At first, this means more intense collaboration between
different disciplines. Eventually this leads to the creation of a whole new
institutional and cultural environment (WSP 2013)

Building information modelling covers geometry, spatial relationships, light

analysis, geographic information, quantities and properties of building
components. BIM data can be used to illustrate the entire building life cycle,
from cradle to cradle; quantities and properties of materials can be extracted
easily and the scope of works can be easily defined. Furthermore systems,
assemblies and sequences can be shown in a relative scale to each other and
relative to the entire project. (Thenbs 2011)

BIM goes far beyond simply switching to new software. It requires changes to
the definition of traditional architectural phases and far more data sharing than
architects and engineers are used to. It is able to achieve these improvements
by modelling representations of actual parts and pieces being used in the
construction process, representing a major shift from traditional computer aided
design. (Thenbs 2011)

The interoperability of the model requires that drawings, master building

specifications, standards, regulations, manufacturer product specifications, cost
and procurement details, environmental conditions, emissions data and
submittal processes all work together. The whole process is about different
information resources feeding into the documentation, which then becomes a
necessary part of the model. (Thenbs 2011)

BIM is far more than 3D CAD modelling; it is a rich information source

containing far more than geometric information. Software is the interface to a
building information model; rich information content is its body and soul.
(Thenbs 2011)

11

On February 6, 2013, GRAPHISOFT announced the launch of EcoDesigner

STAR Public Beta, the first software that places standard-compliant energy
analysis in the heart of the architects familiar BIM work environment.
EcoDesigner STAR enables architects to design the most energy-efficient
buildings, without having to rely on input from engineers or specialist
consultants. (Graphisoft 2013)

12

4 ECODESIGNER ANALYSIS

4.1 House description

The object of the analysis is a single-level apartment building with a pent roof,
with an area of 236 m2, considered for the residence of one family. There is no
information concerning the situation around the building, i.e. topography, water
bodies, vegetation etc. The model is located on a flat and empty surface.

4.2 EcoDesigner

EcoDesigner is a program which allows to make the calculations of energy

consumption. First of all, the model of building should be analysed. Based on
this model, the program provides with the results and creates a report about the
work that has been done.

EcoDesigner is accessible under Design Extras in the Design menu (Fig.1).

FIGURE 1. EcoDesigner selected

13

The program automatically presents an analysis of the structures separating

them into exterior and interior structures. The next step is to select the Model
Review in the Structures tab. The colour coding indicates whether the analysis
has been correctly performed (Fig.2). This allows to modify the classification of
building components.

FIGURE 2. Model analysis tab

Then, the model analysis is followed by entering the calculation parameters.

The first analysis of the model requires the introduction of a wide data range.
The subsequent analysis of the model is easier since the required changes are
usually insignificant.

There are a couple of options of entering the location of the city. It can be
selected from the list or by addition of the coordinates (longitude and latitude)
manually (Fig. 3). The program finds the weather forecast data based on the
location.

14

FIGURE 3. EcoDesigner location tab

After that, the purpose of the building needs to be determined. The program
allows choosing the profile of the building, that includes: commercial building,
public building, industrial building and etc. The heating profile is changed
depending on the purpose of the building. Furthermore, the orientation to north,
the height of the building, the wind shielding, the surrounding environment and
shading against the sun should be defined. Finally, all the mentioned
parameters can be added as numbers, or be chosen from the suggested
parameters (Fig. 4).

15

FIGURE 4. EcoDesigner main tab

Figure 5 presents the Structures tab. Building shell elements are divided into
groups depending on orientation. Each element has its own U-value, area,
surface, structure, thickness and infiltration values. The tempered floor area and
building volume are calculated automatically.

FIGURE 5. EcoDesigner structures tab

16

The U-values can be changed by a U-value calculator window by adding the

thermal conductivity, density and heat capacity of the structure (Fig. 6).

FIGURE 6. EcoDesigner U-value calculator tab

The changing can be done directly or by choosing the defined values from the
Material Catalog (Fig. 7).

FIGURE 7. EcoDesigner thermal property assignment tab

17

The Material Catalog is an extensive database integrated within EcoDesigner

that contains building material information relevant for the energy calculations
(Thermal conductivity, Density and Heat capacity). The building materials are
grouped in main categories with drop-down detailed lists to enable easy access
and quick selection. (Graphisoft, 2013).

These parameters may be found in the technical specs provided by the

manufacturer or in generally available tables. In this research the U-values were
taken from the project of the building. Furthermore, changes in parameters of
surface and infiltration were made. Then, the different options of visual
perception like colored plasters, stones, bricks, concrete, metal, wood were
chosen for the structure surfaces. In order to define the infiltration, the average
value of infiltration in living and public houses was chosen, which is supposed to
be around 0,5-075 l/sm2. In EcoDesigner the low value (0,6 l/sm2) can be
chosen due to the several parameters that are airtight, low, average and high
infiltration. The underground insulation properties were assigned, that is
styrofoam with a thickness of 50 mm (Fig. 8).

FIGURE 8. EcoDesigner underground Insulation tab

18

4.3 Calculation algorithm of U-value (R-value)

The U-value Calculator integrated into EcoDesigner calculates the average heat
transmission coefficient of materials and composite structures, based on a
stationary algorithm that is used by most national standards. Some local
conventions prefer to use R-value (Thermal Resistance Coefficient), which is
the inverse of U-value. EcoDesigner supports the use of R-value in addition to
U-value. U-value can be found using formula 8:
U=1/(1/hi + d/ +1/he)

8.

hi = internal heat transfer coefficient;

he = external heat transfer coefficient;
d = skin thickness;
= thermal conductivity (Graphisoft, 2013).

The openings are located according to the orientation of the related structure
(Fig. 9). Their parameters can be changed separately and manually. The
following types of groups of parameters could be observed: openings type, area
of the types (doors or windows), shading device, glass % (percentage of
transparent surface compared total surface area), U-value (Heat transmission
coefficient), TST % (Total Solar Transmission compared to transparent glass),
Infiltration (air permeability of the selet structures).

19

FIGURE 9. EcoDesigner openings tab

The area of windows and doors surfaces is calculated automatically. Using the
information about the doors and windows from the openings catalog, all the
other fields are filled up automatically, such as glass %, U-value, TST %,
infiltration but not shading devices, which are filled manually if it is needed.

The openings catalog is an extensive database of building physics information

relevant for the energy calculations: glass %, U-value, TST % and infiltration.
The structures that may be built into openings on the building shell are grouped
in main categories (windows/glazed doors/curtain wall glazing, air inlet valves,
external doors and skylights) that drop down in detailed lists to enable easy
access and quick selection (Fig. 10) (GraphiSoft, 2013).

20

FIGURE 10. EcoDesigner openings tab and openings catalog

In the MEP System and Energy tab (Fig. 11), the energy involved in heating the
building is specified. Also type of cooling and ventilation of the building,
temperature of hot and cold water, energy source factor and price for the
energy must be chosen manually.

FIGURE 11. EcoDesigner MEP system and energy tab

21

The price of electricity was defined as 12,5 c/kWh (Fig. 12).

FIGURE 12. EcoDesigner MEP system and energy costs tab

If the building has a heat pump or solar panels, their properties must be
separately specified (Fig. 13). These parameters are not used, as the project of
the building does not have information about it.

FIGURE 13. EcoDesigner green energy tab

22

Once all the data has been entered, the Start Evaluation button should be used
to receive a report from the program (Fig.14 and Fig. 15).

FIGURE 14. EcoDesigner report page 1

23

FIGURE 15. EcoDesigner report of page 2

The Key Values included in the report are the following:

General project data: location, activity type and evaluation date of the report;
Building geometry data: treated floor area, building shell area, ventilated volume
and glazing ratio;
24

Building shell performance data: air leakage, outer heat capacity;

Heat transfer coefficients: average U-value and U value for all external shell
structures; Specific annual demands: net heating energy, net cooling energy,
energy consumption, primary energy, operation cost , CO2 emission (Fig. 16).

FIGURE 16. EcoDesigner report of key values

The section of Energy Consumption by Source of the Evaluation Report (Fig.

17) contains one table and three pie charts. The left column in the table
introduces the energy sources by type (Renewable, and Secondary) and name;
their color codes are used in the pie chart. The Quantity column lists the
magnitude [e.g. kWh/a] while the Cost column shows the price [currency/a] of
each energy source consumed in one year. The right column in the table shows
the carbon footprints associated with the listed energy source magnitudes.
(Graphisoft, 2013)

FIGURE 17. EcoDesigner. Report of energy consumption by source

The Figure 18 graphically displays the percentage of the quantities, costs and
carbon footprints distribution of the used energy sources. The internal indicator
25

ring shows the energy source type distribution while the external ring displays
the actual energy source distribution (Fig. 18). (Graphisoft, 2013)

FIGURE 18. EcoDesigner. Report of energy consumption by source

Besides the information on the carbon dioxide emissions resulting from the
buildings operation over the course of a year, the magnitude of equivalent CO2
absorbent vegetation is also displayed on the Energy Balance Evaluation, under
the CO2 Emission by Energy Sources pie chart (Fig. 18).

This section of the Evaluation Report contains two tables and three pie charts.
The tables leftmost column lists energy Targets by name, plus their color codes
used in the pie chart. The Quantity column lists the magnitude [e.g. kWh/a]
while the Cost column shows the price [currency/a] of energy spent on each
target in one year. Next to the Primary energy breakdown, the tables rightmost
column shows the carbon footprints associated with the listed energy target
magnitudes (Fig. 19). (Graphisoft, 2013)

26

FIGURE 19. EcoDesigner report of energy consumption by target

The Figure 19 graphically displays the percentages of the quantities, costs and
carbon footprints associated with each energy target. The Target Quantities by
Energy Sources bar chart links the information found on the Energy
Consumption by Sources and on the Energy Consumption by Targets tables
together, by displaying the energy target type, magnitude and percentage of
each energy source (Fig. 19). (Graphisoft, 2013)
The primary energy value is the common denominator among different energy
source consumption types, when determining the buildings total energy
consumption. Not only does it indicate the net energy source consumed, but it
also incorporates the energy needed for the manufacturing, transportation and
the raw material processing of the energy source, as well as its transportation to
the place of use. Minimizing the specific primary energy demand is a great way
to improve the designed buildings overall performance. (Graphisoft, 2013)

The Monthly Energy Balance bar chart (Fig. 20) is a graphical display of the
amount of energy the building emits (bottom part of chart), as well as the
27

buildings supplied energy: the amount of energy it absorbs from the

environment and its own internal heat sources (top part of chart), by month.
According to the energy balance equation - which is the fundament of building
physics - the Emitted energy and Supplied energy bars must be equal every
month. The vertical axis of the chart shows an energy scale. Along the
horizontal axis, the twelve months of the year are shown. (Graphisoft, 2013)

FIGURE 20. EcoDesigner report. monthly energy balance

28

5 RESULTS

According to the analysis of 3D model the following data were found i.e. the
energy consumption of the building, the energy cost and the amounts of CO2
emissions. The heating of the building is requires the highest amount of energy
which is 40782 kWh/a. Due to the fact that the building has its own water
heater, it works on electricity. Furthermore, there is a need of energy for hot
water generation as well as for lighting and appliances. Therefore, the annual
price of electricity is 3440 euros.

What is more, the amount of carbon

emissions is high.

Additionally, the heat losses of the building passing through its external
structures such as roof, walls, windows and doors should be estimated. The
energy consumption can be reduced by applying the best thermal properties or
the best U-value for the building structures. This feature leads to reduction of
the heat loss from the building. Thus, the energy consumption and its costs are
decreased. In other words, U-Value is the measure of the rate of heat loss
through a material. Hence, low U-values should be the main focus in all aspects
of design.

All in all, a manual calculation of energy consumption of the building for

estimation of energy losses was performed. The calculations were made by
following equations (1) and (2). An example of the calculation of the heat loss
for December 2012 is presented in Table 1.

29

TABLE 1. Calculation of heat loss for December 2012

Outer temperature

-12,4 0C

Inlet temperature

+21 0C

Type

U value

of

structures

Area

(W/m K)

Difference
temperature

Htot

(t)

Qtot

(W)

each structure

North west

56,54

0,17

33,43

9,61

231,35

South west

48,83

0,17

33,43

8,30

199,80

South west

74,89

1,17

33,43

87,62

2109,01

North east

44

0,17

33,43

7,48

180,04

Upward roof 1

120,2

0,08

33,43

9,61

231,51

Upward roof 2

187,6

0,08

33,43

15,01

361,31

Undegraoud

58

0,17

33,43

9,86

237,33

Summary

3550,357464

South east door

10,92

0,8

33,43

8,74

210,27

11,75

0,86

33,43

10,11

243,22

1,26

0,86

33,43

1,08

26,08

North weast door

5,88

0,8

33,43

4,70

113,22

North east door

3,57

0,8

33,43

2,86

68,74

6,94

0,86

33,43

5,97

143,66

0,16

33,43

36,17

870,55

South

east

window
North

east

window

North

west

window
Summary
Floor
(slaps)

805,20
area

226,1

Total sum Qtot (W) for December

5226,11

Notes:
U-thermal transmittance, W/(m2K)
Qtot-is the total heat loss of the building kWh
Htot -is characteristic of the total heat loss, W/K

30

for

Table 2 presents the energy losses (Qtot) per month for the building for the
period from April 2012 to March 2013

TABLE 2. Energy losses per month

Month

Energy losses (Qtot), [kWh]

January

4561,71

February

4253,74

March

4927,52

April

3272,61

May

2124,52

June

1455,43

July

820,73

August

1147,46

September

1872,83

October

2826,44

November

3270,42

December

5226,11

Total heat loss (Qtot)

35759,52

The calculation was made for the whole of the outer shell of the building. The
weather forecasting data for the year was taken from the same source which
was used by EcoDesigner, in order to avoid differences between the
temperature data ( Appendix 1).
The amount of energy which is required to ensure the inlet temperature 21 0C is
49223 kWh/a (Figure 19). The amount of energy for heating is 40782 kWh/a.
The annual heat loss of a system through conductions is 35759.59 kWh (Table
2). Hence, the energy consumption for the heating should be equal to the heat
losses. Therefore, the heat entering into a building should cover the heat which
is going away. It could be seen that there is a difference in these amounts
31

(5022.44 kWh). The reason of this difference is that EcoDesigner takes other
parameters into account during the calculation.
In calculating a buildings energy consumption, the EcoDesigner utilizes known
or measured facts about all parts of the energy flow. The energy flow is
calculated taking climate factors such as temperature, sun, humidity and wind
into consideration. Other factors in the calculation include the varying room
temperature requirements, air exchange, internal heat gains, and the use of
solar panels, ventilation units, heat pumps and cooling systems. The program
calculates the energy balance of the building by comparing the emitted energy
with the supplied energy. (GraphiSoft 2013)

32

6 DISCUSSION

As it was discussed previously, the program EcoDesigner is easy and efficient

to implement. The interface and visual perception of the basic shell are
informative and understandable. The basic data is entered without any
problems. However, some obstacles were arisen while using the U-value
calculator. Thus, the calculation of the U-values can be done using layers of the
structures, or the value can be specified directly in the input field U-value. What
is more, the listed U-values from the structural layers did not match with the set
values.

Actually, no any other difficulties were detached while entering the set values at
the various steps of operation in the program. The main advantage of this
program is that the process of entering of additional information and
modification is simple and effortless. Furthermore, there is no need to enter the
same data into program every time. Once entered, the information is
automatically saved. That feature facilitates and accelerates the work in the
program.

The analysis of the program report and its comparison with a manual calculation
shows the difference in the obtained values. The data reached in the manual
calculation, in accordance with the Eurocode formulas, was more objective,
than the data from EcoDesigner. Although the algorithm of the program takes a
lot of other parameters into consideration, the values can also be considered
objective.

In addition, the economical factor was considered as well. In this case the
heating of the house is provided by electricity. Indeed, in Finland the heating of
the house with an area of 120 m2 by using a boiler and electricity typically costs
1,500 euros per year. Thus, 5900 euros is a standard electricity price per year
for a house with an area of 260 m2 by using a boiler and electric heating. The

33

value of energy consumption for heating in the 40722 kWh per year can be
considered real (Findacha 2013).

To conclude, the program is an effective tool for the analysis of energy

efficiency of a building. Besides, it is a proper, practical guide for training
engineering students. It assists with rapid designing and easily provides
alternative versions of the project. The other benefit is that it is time and cost
efficient. The research in question has demonstrated that EcoDesigner is an
objective and valuable instrument for analysis energy consumption of a building.

At this stage of the product evolution of the company Graphisoft, the

EcoDesigner program is a plugin for ArchiCad 12-15 and integrated in interface
of the ArchiCad 16. This leads to changes in the interface. As a result, the
simplicity and clarity of using are lost in comparison with the previous versions.
Thus, there is a need to learn the program from the beginning. Therefore,
EcoDesigner program as a plugin for ArchiCad benefits more than the modern
version.

34

REFERENCES

Findacha. 2013. (Property in Finland). Date of

retrieval 23.04. 2013. http://www.findacha.ru/faq/category/service. In Russian

Graphisoft. 2013. Graphisoft EcoDesigner. Date of retrieval 23.04. 2013.

http://www.graphisoft.com/products/ecodesigner/. In English

National Building Code of Finland (C4) 2002. Ministry of the Environment

Decree

on

Thermal

Insulation.

Date

of

retrieval

23.04.

2013.

http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=19977. In English

Putkonen,

V.

2010.

EcoDesigner.

Date

of

retrieval

23.04.

2013

retrieval

23.04.

2013.

http://www.archimag.org/?p=195. In English

Thenbs.

2011.

BIM in

Construction.

Date

of

http://www.thenbs.com/topics/bim/articles/bimInConstruction.asp. In English

WSP.

2013.

What

is

BIM?.

Date

of

retrieval

15.05.2013

http://www.wspgroup.com/en/wsp-group-bim/BIM-home-wsp/what-is-bim/.

In

English

Ympristministeri, Asunto- ja Rakennusosasto (D5). 2007. Rakennuksen

energiankulutuksen ja lmmitystehontarpeen laskenta. Date of retrieval 23.04.
2013. www.finlex.fi/data/normit/29520-D5-190607-suomi.pdf. In Finish

35

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1/1

Weather data from April 2012 to March 2013

Mounth
Maximum

Minimum

Average

Day

temperature

temperature

temperature

temperature

average

average
temperature

Date

(F)

(F)

(F)

(oC)

(oC)

1.4.2013

37,4

6,8

22,1

-5,445

0,066

2.4.2013

32

8,6

20,3

-6,435

3.4.2013

35,6

15,8

25,7

-3,465

4.4.2013

32

17,6

24,8

-3,96

5.4.2013

28,4

10,4

19,4

-6,93

6.4.2013

30,2

6,8

18,5

-7,425

7.4.2013

37,4

8,6

23

-4,95

8.4.2013

32

18,5

-7,425

9.4.2013

35,6

1,4

18,5

-7,425

10.4.2013

41

19,4

30,2

-0,99

11.4.2013

41

15,8

28,4

-1,98

12.4.2013

39,2

23

31,1

-0,495

13.4.2013

42,8

33,8

38,3

3,465

14.4.2013

42,8

33,8

38,3

3,465

15.4.2013

44,6

37,4

41

4,95

17.4.2012

37,4

28,4

32,9

0,495

18.4.2012

35,6

28,4

32

19.4.2012

35,6

23

29,3

-1,485

20.4.2012

41

23

32

21.4.2012

39,2

32

35,6

1,98

22.4.2012

41

32

36,5

2,475

23.4.2012

53,6

32

42,8

5,94

24.4.2012

42,8

35,6

39,2

3,96

25.4.2012

42,8

30,2

36,5

2,475

26.4.2012

51,8

30,2

41

4,95

27.4.2012

46,4

39,2

42,8

5,94

28.4.2012

50

35,6

42,8

5,94

29.4.2012

46,4

32

39,2

3,96

30.4.2012

50

32

41

4,95

1.5.2012

41

35,6

38,3

3,465

2.5.2012

44,6

33,8

39,2

3,96

3.5.2012

44,6

32

38,3

3,465

4.5.2012

42,8

32

37,4

2,97

5.5.2012

42,8

35,6

39,2

3,96

6.5.2012

46,4

33,8

40,1

4,455

7.5.2012

48,2

30,2

39,2

3,96

7,40

APPENDIX 1/2

8.5.2012

50

35,6

42,8

5,94

9.5.2012

60,8

32

46,4

7,92

10.5.2012

51,8

42,8

47,3

8,415

11.5.2012

48,2

41

44,6

6,93

12.5.2012

48,2

35,6

41,9

5,445

13.5.2012

44,6

32

38,3

3,465

14.5.2012

53,6

33,8

43,7

6,435

15.5.2012

59

39,2

49,1

9,405

16.5.2012

60,8

39,2

50

9,9

17.5.2012

69,8

46,4

58,1

14,355

18.5.2012

57,2

44,6

50,9

10,395

19.5.2012

53,6

42,8

48,2

8,91

20.5.2012

53,6

39,2

46,4

7,92

21.5.2012

48,2

35,6

41,9

5,445

22.5.2012

51,8

35,6

43,7

6,435

23.5.2012

53,6

39,2

46,4

7,92

24.5.2012

59

39,2

49,1

9,405

25.5.2012

64,4

44,6

54,5

12,375

26.5.2012

62,6

46,4

54,5

12,375

27.5.2012

68

46,4

57,2

13,86

28.5.2012

53,6

44,6

49,1

9,405

29.5.2012

50

41

45,5

7,425

30.5.2012

50

37,4

43,7

6,435

31.5.2012

51,8

37,4

44,6

6,93

1.6.2012

51,8

41

46,4

7,92

2.6.2012

57,2

44,6

50,9

10,395

3.6.2012

57,2

48,2

52,7

11,385

4.6.2012

53,6

46,4

50

9,9

5.6.2012

51,8

46,4

49,1

9,405

6.6.2012

55,4

42,8

49,1

9,405

7.6.2012

51,8

42,8

47,3

8,415

8.6.2012

55,4

44,6

50

9,9

9.6.2012

51,8

42,8

47,3

8,415

10.6.2012

62,6

42,8

52,7

11,385

11.6.2012

60,8

50

55,4

12,87

12.6.2012

64,4

48,2

56,3

13,365

13.6.2012

60,8

46,4

53,6

11,88

14.6.2012

69,8

46,4

58,1

14,355

15.6.2012

62,6

44,6

53,6

11,88

16.6.2012

66,2

44,6

55,4

12,87

17.6.2012

62,6

57,2

59,9

15,345

18.6.2012

60,8

53,6

57,2

13,86

APPENDIX 1/3

19.6.2012

60,8

53,6

57,2

13,86

20.6.2012

59

48,2

53,6

11,88

21.6.2012

59

46,4

52,7

11,385

22.6.2012

59

42,8

50,9

10,395

23.6.2012

68

41

54,5

12,375

24.6.2012

66,2

50

58,1

14,355

25.6.2012

60,8

51,8

56,3

13,365

26.6.2012

62,6

55,4

59

14,85

27.6.2012

57,2

46,4

51,8

10,89

28.6.2012

51,8

44,6

48,2

8,91

29.6.2012

60,8

44,6

52,7

11,385

30.6.2012

64,4

51,8

58,1

14,355

1.7.2012

66,2

51,8

59

14,85

2.7.2012

66,2

53,6

59,9

15,345

3.7.2012

64,4

48,2

56,3

13,365

4.7.2012

62,6

46,4

54,5

12,375

5.7.2012

75,2

46,4

60,8

15,84

6.7.2012

77

57,2

67,1

19,305

7.7.2012

77

57,2

67,1

19,305

8.7.2012

68

62,6

65,3

18,315

9.7.2012

71,6

53,6

62,6

16,83

10.7.2012

60,8

51,8

56,3

13,365

11.7.2012

66,2

55,4

60,8

15,84

12.7.2012

68

55,4

61,7

16,335

13.7.2012

73,4

55,4

64,4

17,82

14.7.2012

66,2

53,6

59,9

15,345

15.7.2012

71,6

51,8

61,7

16,335

16.7.2012

68,8

53,6

61,2

16,06

17.7.2012

64,4

55,4

59,9

15,345

18.7.2012

71,6

53,6

62,6

16,83

19.7.2012

60,8

53,6

57,2

13,86

20.7.2012

60,8

51,8

56,3

13,365

21.7.2012

60,8

48,2

54,5

12,375

22.7.2012

60,8

46,4

53,6

11,88

23.7.2012

64,4

50

57,2

13,86

24.7.2012

69,8

55,4

62,6

16,83

25.7.2012

66,2

48,2

57,2

13,86

26.7.2012

64,4

51,8

58,1

14,355

27.7.2012

66,2

46,4

56,3

13,365

28.7.2012

77

46,4

61,7

16,335

29.7.2012

80,6

57,2

68,9

20,295

30.7.2012

78,8

60,8

69,8

20,79

APPENDIX 1/4

31.7.2012

71,6

59

65,3

18,315

1.8.2012

68

55,4

61,7

16,335

2.8.2012

68

53,6

60,8

15,84

3.8.2012

66,2

59

62,6

16,83

4.8.2012

66,2

55,4

60,8

15,84

5.8.2012

69,8

53,6

61,7

16,335

6.8.2012

69,8

51,8

60,8

15,84

7.8.2012

60,8

51,8

56,3

13,365

8.8.2012

53,6

48,2

50,9

10,395

9.8.2012

55,4

46,4

50,9

10,395

10.8.2012

59

44,6

51,8

10,89

11.8.2012

66,2

42,8

54,5

12,375

12.8.2012

66,2

50

58,1

14,355

13.8.2012

69,8

48,2

59

14,85

14.8.2012

69,8

48,2

59

14,85

15.8.2012

75,2

55,4

65,3

18,315

16.8.2012

75,2

51,8

63,5

17,325

17.8.2012

73,4

51,8

62,6

16,83

18.8.2012

68

50

59

14,85

19.8.2012

59

44,6

51,8

10,89

20.8.2012

57,2

41

49,1

9,405

21.8.2012

62,6

44,6

53,6

11,88

22.8.2012

59

50

54,5

12,375

23.8.2012

55,4

50

52,7

11,385

24.8.2012

59

46,4

52,7

11,385

25.8.2012

62,6

46,4

54,5

12,375

26.8.2012

66,2

46,4

56,3

13,365

27.8.2012

68

48,2

58,1

14,355

28.8.2012

69,8

48,2

59

14,85

29.8.2012

62,6

48,2

55,4

12,87

30.8.2012

60,8

44,6

52,7

11,385

31.8.2012

60,8

44,6

52,7

11,385

1.9.2012

60,8

48,2

54,5

12,375

2.9.2012

53,6

42,8

48,2

8,91

3.9.2012

59

41

50

9,9

4.9.2012

62,6

39,2

50,9

10,395

5.9.2012

59

51,8

55,4

12,87

6.9.2012

57,2

44,6

50,9

10,395

7.9.2012

55,4

35,6

45,5

7,425

8.9.2012

55,4

33,8

44,6

6,93

9.9.2012

53,6

32

42,8

5,94

10.9.2012

57,2

30,2

43,7

6,435

APPENDIX 1/5

11.9.2012

60,8

51,8

56,3

13,365

12.9.2012

60,8

44,6

52,7

11,385

13.9.2012

57,2

44,6

50,9

10,395

14.9.2012

53,6

41

47,3

8,415

15.9.2012

55,4

46,4

50,9

10,395

16.9.2012

60,8

44,6

52,7

11,385

17.9.2012

57,2

46,4

51,8

10,89

18.9.2012

59

48,2

53,6

11,88

19.9.2012

57,2

48,2

52,7

11,385

20.9.2012

50

44,6

47,3

8,415

21.9.2012

53,6

42,8

48,2

8,91

22.9.2012

51,8

37,4

44,6

6,93

23.9.2012

53,6

42,8

48,2

8,91

24.9.2012

50

39,2

44,6

6,93

25.9.2012

46,4

35,6

41

4,95

26.9.2012

46,4

35,6

41

4,95

27.9.2012

53,6

41

47,3

8,415

28.9.2012

44,6

41

42,8

5,94

29.9.2012

46,4

41

43,7

6,435

30.9.2012

51,8

44,6

48,2

8,91

1.10.2012

53,6

46,4

50

9,9

2.10.2012

53,6

48,2

50,9

10,395

3.10.2012

53,6

39,2

46,4

7,92

4.10.2012

53,6

41

47,3

8,415

5.10.2012

51,8

41

46,4

7,92

6.10.2012

50

44,6

47,3

8,415

7.10.2012

48,2

42,8

45,5

7,425

8.10.2012

48,2

41

44,6

6,93

9.10.2012

46,4

39,2

42,8

5,94

10.10.2012

46,4

41

43,7

6,435

11.10.2012

42,8

39,2

41

4,95

12.10.2012

42,8

39,2

41

4,95

13.10.2012

41

37,4

39,2

3,96

14.10.2012

41

32

36,5

2,475

15.10.2012

41

26,6

33,8

0,99

16.10.2012

42,8

26,6

34,7

1,485

17.10.2012

39,2

33,8

36,5

2,475

18.10.2012

46,4

32

39,2

3,96

19.10.2012

44,6

32

38,3

3,465

20.10.2012

41

23

32

21.10.2012

33,8

23

28,4

-1,98

22.10.2012

35,6

19,4

27,5

-2,475

APPENDIX 1/6

23.10.2012

37,4

30,2

33,8

0,99

24.10.2012

44,6

33,8

39,2

3,96

25.10.2012

35,6

24,8

30,2

-0,99

26.10.2012

28,4

23

25,7

-3,465

27.10.2012

28,4

19,4

23,9

-4,455

28.10.2012

28,4

19,4

23,9

-4,455

29.10.2012

30,2

23

26,6

-2,97

30.10.2012

33,8

30,2

32

31.10.2012

32

24,8

28,4

-1,98

1.11.2012

39,2

28,4

33,8

0,99

2.11.2012

37,4

33,8

35,6

1,98

3.11.2012

39,2

33,8

36,5

2,475

4.11.2012

37,4

33,8

35,6

1,98

5.11.2012

37,4

32

34,7

1,485

6.11.2012

33,8

26,6

30,2

-0,99

7.11.2012

33,8

30,2

32

8.11.2012

33,8

26,6

30,2

-0,99

9.11.2012

30,2

17,6

23,9

-4,455

10.11.2012

39,2

23

31,1

-0,495

11.11.2012

39,2

35,6

37,4

2,97

12.11.2012

41

32

36,5

2,475

13.11.2012

33,8

24,8

29,3

-1,485

14.11.2012

39,2

23

31,1

-0,495

15.11.2012

39,2

28,4

33,8

0,99

16.11.2012

37,4

21,2

29,3

-1,485

17.11.2012

41

33,8

37,4

2,97

18.11.2012

41

39,2

40,1

4,455

19.11.2012

37,4

32

34,7

1,485

20.11.2012

39,2

32

35,6

1,98

21.11.2012

46,4

39,2

42,8

5,94

22.11.2012

44,6

39,2

41,9

5,445

23.11.2012

41

39,2

40,1

4,455

24.11.2012

41

37,4

39,2

3,96

25.11.2012

37,4

35,6

36,5

2,475

26.11.2012

35,6

30,2

32,9

0,495

27.11.2012

32

15,8

23,9

-4,455

28.11.2012

17,6

8,6

13,1

-10,395

29.11.2012

12,2

8,6

10,4

-11,88

30.11.2012

17,6

12,2

14,9

-9,405

1.12.2012

17,6

14

15,8

-8,91

2.12.2012

14

-5,8

4,1

-15,345

3.12.2012

-0,4

-11,2

-5,8

-20,79

APPENDIX 1/7

4.12.2012

-11,2

-3,1

-19,305

5.12.2012

14

-9,4

2,3

-16,335

6.12.2012

-4

-11,2

-7,6

-21,78

7.12.2012

24,8

-4

10,4

-11,88

8.12.2012

23

19,4

21,2

-5,94

9.12.2012

21,2

15,8

18,5

-7,425

10.12.2012

19,4

8,6

14

-9,9

11.12.2012

23

17,6

20,3

-6,435

12.12.2012

30,2

19,4

24,8

-3,96

13.12.2012

30,2

19,4

24,8

-3,96

14.12.2012

24,8

21,2

23

-4,95

15.12.2012

23

15,8

19,4

-6,93

16.12.2012

17,6

14

15,8

-8,91

17.12.2012

17,6

15,8

16,7

-8,415

18.12.2012

15,8

3,2

9,5

-12,375

19.12.2012

3,2

-4

-0,4

-17,82

20.12.2012

3,2

-5,8

-1,3

-18,315

21.12.2012

-5,8

-13

-9,4

-22,77

22.12.2012

-5,8

-13

-9,4

-22,77

23.12.2012

-4

-13

-8,5

-22,275

24.12.2012

3,2

-9,4

-3,1

-19,305

25.12.2012

1,4

-7,6

-3,1

-19,305

26.12.2012

12,2

-4

4,1

-15,345

27.12.2012

23

12,2

17,6

-7,92

28.12.2012

21,2

13,1

-10,395

29.12.2012

21,2

-2,2

9,5

-12,375

30.12.2012

32

21,2

26,6

-2,97

31.12.2012

33,8

28,4

31,1

-0,495

1.1.2013

33,8

32

32,9

0,495

2.1.2013

33,8

28,4

31,1

-0,495

3.1.2013

28,4

26,6

27,5

-2,475

4.1.2013

28,4

16,7

-8,415

5.1.2013

14

3,2

8,6

-12,87

6.1.2013

8,6

-0,4

4,1

-15,345

7.1.2013

21,2

8,6

14,9

-9,405

8.1.2013

26,6

21,2

23,9

-4,455

9.1.2013

26,6

14

20,3

-6,435

10.1.2013

24,8

14,9

-9,405

11.1.2013

15,8

-0,4

7,7

-13,365

12.1.2013

23

6,8

14,9

-9,405

13.1.2013

23

14

18,5

-7,425

14.1.2013

24,8

17,6

21,2

-5,94

APPENDIX 1/8

15.1.2013

21,2

-0,4

10,4

-11,88

16.1.2013

1,4

-16,6

-7,6

-21,78

17.1.2013

-13

-4

-19,8

18.1.2013

24,8

14,9

-9,405

19.1.2013

33,8

12,2

23

-4,95

20.1.2013

17,6

-0,4

8,6

-12,87

21.1.2013

24,8

8,6

16,7

-8,415

22.1.2013

23

12,2

17,6

-7,92

23.1.2013

23

1,4

12,2

-10,89

24.1.2013

17,6

-4

6,8

-13,86

25.1.2013

15,8

-0,4

7,7

-13,365

26.1.2013

26,6

15,8

21,2

-5,94

27.1.2013

27,4

21,2

24,3

-4,235

28.1.2013

30,2

21,2

25,7

-3,465

29.1.2013

35,6

30,2

32,9

0,495

30.1.2013

33,8

28,4

31,1

-0,495

31.1.2013

33,8

30,2

32

1.2.2013

30,2

26,6

28,4

-1,98

2.2.2013

26,6

23

24,8

-3,96

3.2.2013

24,8

21,2

23

-4,95

4.2.2013

26,6

23

24,8

-3,96

5.2.2013

24,8

8,6

16,7

-8,415

6.2.2013

12,2

-2,2

-14,85

7.2.2013

8,6

-2,2

3,2

-15,84

8.2.2013

10,4

-7,6

1,4

-16,83

9.2.2013

23

-7,6

7,7

-13,365

10.2.2013

24,8

23

23,9

-4,455

11.2.2013

23

14

-9,9

12.2.2013

24,8

-2,2

11,3

-11,385

13.2.2013

32

23

27,5

-2,475

14.2.2013

30,2

28,4

29,3

-1,485

15.2.2013

30,2

28,4

29,3

-1,485

16.2.2013

30,2

27

28,6

-1,87

17.2.2013

30,2

23

26,6

-2,97

18.2.2013

24,8

3,2

14

-9,9

19.2.2013

26,6

-0,4

13,1

-10,395

20.2.2013

15,8

-9,4

3,2

-15,84

21.2.2013

32

15,8

23,9

-4,455

22.2.2013

23

14

-9,9

23.2.2013

30,2

23

26,6

-2,97

24.2.2013

33,8

28,4

31,1

-0,495

25.2.2013

33,8

24,8

29,3

-1,485

APPENDIX 1/9

26.2.2013

39,2

28,4

33,8

0,99

27.2.2013

41

28,4

34,7

1,485

28.2.2013

37,4

23

30,2

-0,99

1.3.2013

23

1,4

12,2

-10,89

2.3.2013

17,6

-4

6,8

-13,86

3.3.2013

19,4

12,2

-10,89

4.3.2013

19,4

3,2

11,3

-11,385

5.3.2013

30,2

17,6

-7,92

6.3.2013

32

8,6

20,3

-6,435

7.3.2013

21,2

3,2

12,2

-10,89

8.3.2013

21,2

3,2

12,2

-10,89

9.3.2013

10,4

-9,4

0,5

-17,325

10.3.2013

19,4

3,2

11,3

-11,385

11.3.2013

15,8

-9,4

3,2

-15,84

12.3.2013

17,6

-18,4

-0,4

-17,82

13.3.2013

12,2

-20,2

-4

-19,8

14.3.2013

14

-14,8

-0,4

-17,82

15.3.2013

19,4

-11,2

4,1

-15,345

16.3.2013

21,2

-13

4,1

-15,345

17.3.2013

23

3,2

13,1

-10,395

18.3.2013

21,2

-2,2

9,5

-12,375

19.3.2013

26,6

8,6

17,6

-7,92

20.3.2013

28,4

10,4

19,4

-6,93

21.3.2013

23

14

-9,9

22.3.2013

30,2

17,6

-7,92

23.3.2013

30,2

15,8

23

-4,95

24.3.2013

30,2

14

22,1

-5,445

25.3.2013

32

6,8

19,4

-6,93

26.3.2013

30,2

-0,4

14,9

-9,405

27.3.2013

32

15,8

23,9

-4,455

28.3.2013

28,4

10,4

19,4

-6,93

29.3.2013

33,8

19,4

-6,93

30.3.2013

30,2

8,6

19,4

-6,93

31.3.2013

39,2

6,8

23

-4,95

Reference:
http://www7.ncdc.noaa.gov/CDO/cdoselect.cmd?datasetabbv=GSOD&countrya
bbv=&georegionabbv= , date of retrieval 20.04.2013