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    CT - 214june08 Soundness CA DOT AASHTO T104 Modified

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    gemotorres
    This document describes a test method for determining the resistance of aggregates to disintegration from sodium sulfate solutions. Some key points: - The test involves immersing aggregate samples in a saturated sodium sulfate solution for 17 hours, then drying and sieving the samples over 5 cycles to determine soundness loss. - Soundness loss is calculated individually for each aggregate size fraction and a weighted average loss is determined based on the proportion of each size in the sample. - For coarse aggregates, a "batch soundness loss" can also be calculated using a weighted average approach based on the maximum allowable loss for each primary size.

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    CT - 214june08 Soundness CA DOT AASHTO T104 Modified

    Uploaded by

    gemotorres
    125 views6 pages
    This document describes a test method for determining the resistance of aggregates to disintegration from sodium sulfate solutions. Some key points: - The test involves immersing aggregate samples in a saturated sodium sulfate solution for 17 hours, then drying and sieving the samples over 5 cycles to determine soundness loss. - Soundness loss is calculated individually for each aggregate size fraction and a weighted average loss is determined based on the proportion of each size in the sample. - For coarse aggregates, a "batch soundness loss" can also be calculated using a weighted average approach based on the maximum allowable loss for each primary size.

    Original Description:

    AASHTO T104 MODIFIED - CADOT SOUNDNESS OF AGGREGATES

    Original Title

    CT_214June08 Soundness CA DOT AASHTO T104 Modified

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    This document describes a test method for determining the resistance of aggregates to disintegration from sodium sulfate solutions. Some key points: - The test involves immersing aggregate samples in a saturated sodium sulfate solution for 17 hours, then drying and sieving the samples over 5 cycles to determine soundness loss. - Soundness loss is calculated individually for each aggregate size fraction and a weighted average loss is determined based on the proportion of each size in the sample. - For coarse aggregates, a "batch soundness loss" can also be calculated using a weighted average approach based on the maximum allowable loss for each primary size.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    125 views6 pages

    CT - 214june08 Soundness CA DOT AASHTO T104 Modified

    Uploaded by

    gemotorres
    This document describes a test method for determining the resistance of aggregates to disintegration from sodium sulfate solutions. Some key points: - The test involves immersing aggregate samples in a saturated sodium sulfate solution for 17 hours, then drying and sieving the samples over 5 cycles to determine soundness loss. - Soundness loss is calculated individually for each aggregate size fraction and a weighted average loss is determined based on the proportion of each size in the sample. - For coarse aggregates, a "batch soundness loss" can also be calculated using a weighted average approach based on the maximum allowable loss for each primary size.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    STATE OF CALIFORNIABUSINESS, TRANSPORTATION AND HOUSING AGENCY

    California Test 214


    June 2008

    DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
    DIVISION OF ENGINEERING SERVICES
    Transportation Laboratory
    5900 Folsom Blvd.
    Sacramento, California 95819-4612

    METHOD OF TEST FOR THE SOUNDNESS OF AGGREGATES


    BY USE OF SODIUM SULFATE

    CAUTION:

    Prior to handling test materials, performing equipment setups, and/or conducting


    this method, testers are required to read SAFETY AND HEALTH in Section J of
    this method. It is the responsibility of the user of this method to consult and use
    departmental safety and health practices and determine the applicability of
    regulatory limitations before any testing is performed.

    A. SCOPE
    The procedure to be followed when testing
    aggregates to determine their resistance to
    disintegration by saturated solutions of
    sodium sulfate is described in this method.
    This method is a modification of AASHTO
    Designation: T 104.
    B. APPARATUS
    1. Sieves: Standard sieves conforming to
    AASHTO Designation: M 92 are
    required. The sieves sizes shall
    consist of the following: 2 in., 2 in.,
    1 in., 1 in., in., in., in.,
    in., No. 4, No. 8, No. 16, No. 30,
    No. 50, No. 100, and No. 200.
    2. Sieve shaker:
    A mechanical sieve
    shaker
    must
    conform
    to
    the
    requirements for thoroughness of
    sieving as defined in California
    Test 202.
    3. Sample containers:
    Wire screen
    baskets are required for immersing
    the aggregate samples in the solution.
    The wire screen and frames shall be
    made of corrosion-resistant metal
    such as brass, bronze, or stainless
    steel. The openings in the screen
    shall be smaller than the openings of
    the sieve that will be used to
    determine the percent loss at the end

    -1-

    of the test. Sample baskets shall


    have a bail suitable for suspending
    them from brackets while in the
    solution and in the oven.
    4. Balance: A 25-kg balance, or larger,
    is required. It shall be sensitive to
    0.1 % of the sample mass.
    5. Drying oven: A vented, forced-draft
    oven capable of maintaining a
    temperature of 230 9F is required.
    The interior of the oven shall be
    equipped with racks designed to
    suspend the sample baskets above
    the shelves allowing free circulation
    of air around and under the baskets.
    6. Immersion tank: A suitable solution
    container is required for immersing
    samples. The container shall be of
    such height that the solution covers
    the samples in the sample containers
    to a depth of at least in., and of
    such capacity that it will hold a
    volume of solution equal to at least
    five times the total volume of the
    samples immersed at any one time.
    Protection against the accidental
    addition of extraneous substances
    shall be provided.
    An enclosed
    cabinet housing the immersion tank
    or individual covers over the sample
    baskets
    are
    both
    satisfactory
    methods of protection.

    California Test 214


    June 2008
    each of the following sizes after
    washing:

    C. MATERIALS
    1.

    Saturated sodium sulfate solution:


    The sodium sulfate solution shall be
    prepared by dissolving a C.P., U.S.P.,
    or equal grade of the salt in water at
    a temperature of 77 to 86F.
    Sufficient salt of either the anhydrous
    (Na2SO4) or the crystalline (Na2SO4
    10H2O) form, shall be added to
    ensure not only saturation, but also
    the presence of excess crystals when
    the solution is ready for use in the
    tests.
    The mixture shall be
    thoroughly stirred during the addition
    of the salt and the solution shall be
    stirred at frequent intervals until
    used. The solution shall be cooled to
    a temperature of 70 2F and
    maintained at the temperature for at
    least 48 hours before use.
    The
    solution shall again be thoroughly
    stirred immediately before use and,
    when used, shall have a specific
    gravity of not less than 1.151 and not
    greater than 1.174.

    Passing Sieve
    Size
    No. 4
    No. 8
    No. 16
    No. 30
    No. 50

    b. Wash the sample to remove all


    coatings. Washing may be done
    by any means, which will
    accomplish thorough cleaning
    without degrading the material.
    Inundating the sample in a pan of
    water and stirring by hand is an
    accepted method. Washing shall
    be continued until the water
    passing through or being poured
    off the sample is clear. All wash
    water shall be passed through a
    No. 100 sieve and all material
    retained on the sieve shall be
    returned to the sample.
    c. Dry
    to
    constant
    230 9F.

    For the solution, 215 g of anhydrous


    salt or 700 g of the decahydrate per
    liter of water are sufficient for
    saturation at 72F. However, since
    these salts are not completely stable
    and since it is desirable that an
    excess of crystals be present, the use
    of not less than 225 g of the
    anhydrous salt or 750 g of the
    decahydrate salt for each liter of
    water is recommended.

    d. Divide
    the
    representative
    sieving.

    f.

    D. CONTROL

    E. PREPARATION OF SAMPLE

    2.

    a. Split or quarter a representative


    portion of material of sufficient
    size to yield not less than 100 g of

    -2-

    sample
    portions

    at
    into
    for

    Weigh out 100 g test portions


    from each aggregate size and
    place
    in
    separate
    sample
    containers.

    Coarse aggregate
    a.

    1. Fine aggregate

    mass

    e. Sieve the individual portions to


    refusal on the sieves listed above
    until the required 100 g fractions
    are obtained. Do not use the
    aggregate sticking in the meshes
    of the sieves.

    2. Barium chloride, approximately 10 %


    solution, is required.

    The temperature of the solution during


    testing shall be maintained at 70 2F.

    Retained Sieve
    Size
    No.
    8
    No. 16
    No. 30
    No. 30
    No. 100

    Separate the aggregate on the


    sieve sizes listed in B-1 and
    determine the amount of each
    size fraction.

    California Test 214


    June 2008
    Suspend the sample containers from
    racks over the tank in such a manner
    that the solution covers the samples
    to a minimum depth of in.

    b. Split or quarter a test portion


    meeting the mass requirements
    shown below for each size fraction,
    which makes up 5 percent or more
    of the submitted sample.

    2. Remove the samples from the


    solution and allow to drain for about
    15 min.

    WEIGHT OF TEST PORTIONS


    SCHEDULE A
    Aggregate Size
    Passing
    Retained
    Sieve Size
    Sieve Size

    2 in.
    2 in.
    1 in.
    1 in.
    in.
    in.
    in.

    2 in.
    1 in.
    1 in.
    in.
    in.
    in.
    No. 4

    3. Dry to constant mass at 230 9F


    and cool to room temperature.

    Weight*
    (g)

    24,000
    16,000
    12,000
    2,000
    1,500
    1,000
    600

    a. Suspend the sample containers


    from the racks in the oven.
    b. The oven shall not be used for any
    other purpose while it is being
    used to dry soundness test
    samples.

    SCHEDULE B
    Aggregate Size
    Passing
    Retained
    Sieve Size
    Sieve Size

    2 in.
    2 in.
    1 in.
    1 in.
    in.
    in.
    in.

    2 in.
    1 in.
    1 in.
    in.
    in.
    in.
    No. 4

    4. Repeat the immersion, drying, and


    cooling for a total of five complete
    cycles.

    Weight*
    (g)

    3,000
    2,000
    1,500
    1,000
    750
    500
    300

    5. After completion of the fifth cycle,


    immerse the test samples in a
    continuous flow of fresh, water at
    110 10F until all of the sodium
    sulfate has been removed

    * The mass of the test portion may be reduced according


    to Schedule B when the soundness loss on the previous
    sample from the same source is less than 5 %. Any
    material tested according to mass Schedule B shall be
    retested using the mass specified in Schedule A when
    the determined loss is 5 % or more. All sources for
    which previous test data is not available shall be tested
    according to Schedule A.

    c. Wash the individual test portions


    to remove all coatings.

    a. The presence of sodium sulfate in


    the wash water can be detected
    by the reaction of the wash water
    with barium chloride (BaCl2).
    Cloudiness indicates the presence
    of sodium sulfate.
    6. Dry to constant mass at 230 9F
    and cool to room temperature.
    7.

    d. Dry
    to
    constant
    weight
    at
    230 9F.
    e. Resieve each test portion to refusal
    on the respective retaining sieve.
    f. Weigh and record each test portion
    and place in separate sample
    containers.
    F. TEST PROCEDURE
    1. Immerse the test samples in the
    sodium sulfate solution for 17 1 h.

    -3-

    G.

    Sieve each test sample to refusal over


    a sieve having square openings onehalf the size of the sieve on which the
    aggregate was originally retained.
    Weigh the particles retained on this
    sieve and record the mass.
    CALCULATION OF SOUNDNESS LOSS

    1.

    Individual Test Portions.


    a. Compute the Percentage
    Loss for each test portion
    using the equation:

    California Test 214


    June 2008
    Percentage loss = [(Wo - Wf)/
    Wo] x 100Where:

    3.

    Wo = Original mass of the test


    sample, to the nearest 1 g

    a. The batch soundness loss is the


    combined loss of each primary
    size of coarse aggregate being
    used in the mix.

    Wf = The mass of aggregate retained on the half size sieve


    after the sample has been
    tested to the nearest 1 g

    b. The batch soundness loss may


    be used only when the loss for
    one primary size exceeds the
    maximum allowable loss by not
    more than 2 %.

    b. Size fractions which amount to


    less than 5 % of the total sample
    shall be considered to have the
    same loss as the average of the
    next smaller and next larger sizes.
    If one of these sizes is absent, use
    the loss of the portion, which is
    present.
    2.

    Batch Soundness Loss of Coarse


    Aggregate.

    c. Calculate the batch soundness


    loss using the weighted average
    basis shown below regardless of
    the actual proportions to be used.
    2 in. Maximum
    2 in. x 1 in.
    1 in. x in.
    1 in.x No. 4

    Weighted Average Loss of Coarse


    Aggregate.
    a. Determine
    the
    total sample
    percentage that each size fraction
    represents.
    b. Multiply the percent for each size
    by the percentage loss determined
    for that size.

    d. Example:
    A

    1 in. Maximum

    1 in. x in.
    1 in.x No. 4

    c. To
    determine
    the
    weighted
    average percentage loss of the
    sample, divide the sum of the
    products for the percent of each
    size and its respective percent
    loss by the sum of the percents
    for each size.

    %
    % of
    Products
    Loss of
    Each Size
    of A & B
    Each
    in As
    Recd
    Grading
    1 in. x in.
    4*
    7.5
    30.0
    in. x in.
    32
    7.5
    240.0
    in. x in.
    24
    6.4
    153.6
    in. x No. 4
    35
    8.0
    280.0
    Total
    95
    703.6
    Weighted Average Percent Loss: 703.6/95 = 7.4
    Size Fractions
    in Sample

    * Not tested size represents less than 5 % of total


    sample.

    -4-

    34%
    33%
    33%

    67%
    33%

    d. Example:
    Primary
    Percent
    Aggregate
    Loss
    Size
    1 in. x in.
    11.8
    1 in. x No. 4
    6.1
    Batch Soundness Loss

    4.

    Weighted Average
    Aggregate.

    Weighted
    Percentage
    67
    33

    Loss

    =7.9
    =2.0
    9.9

    of

    Fine

    a. Use the following standard size


    distribution regardless of the
    actual sample grading:
    Size Fraction
    No.
    No.
    No.
    No.
    No.

    4
    8
    16
    30
    50

    x
    x
    x
    x
    x

    No. 8
    No. 16
    No. 30
    No. 50
    No 100

    Total Sample (%)


    22
    19
    24
    20
    15

    b. Multiply the loss determined for


    each size by the percent of the
    total sample shown in a above
    and divide the product by 100 to

    California Test 214


    June 2008
    determine the loss of each
    fraction as a percentage of the
    total sample.
    c. Example:

    Size
    Fraction

    Percent
    of Total
    Sample

    No. 4 x No.
    8
    22
    No. 8 x No. 16
    19
    No. 16 x No. 30
    24
    No. 30 x No. 50
    20
    No. 50 x No. 100
    15
    Weighted Average Percent Loss

    Percent
    Loss of
    Each
    Size
    4.7
    4.2
    3.6
    4.0
    8.1

    Percent
    Loss on
    Total
    Sample
    Basis
    1.0
    0.8
    0.9
    0.8
    1.2
    4.7

    H. PRECAUTIONS
    1. Be sure that the aggregate is both
    clean and dry prior to subjecting it to
    the first cycle of the test because the
    solution must have free access to any
    cracks or crevices in the aggregate
    particles.
    2. The aggregate must be completely
    dried during the drying phases of the
    test procedure.
    3. Do not place aggregate in the solution
    until
    it
    has
    cooled
    to
    room
    temperature. Some aggregates may
    split and disintegrate when subjected
    to sudden temperature changes, and
    warm
    aggregate
    can
    cause
    objectionable
    increases
    in
    the
    temperature of the sodium sulfate
    solution.
    4. Be sure to use sample baskets with
    openings smaller than the openings of
    the sieve that will be used at end of
    test for the determination of the
    percent loss.
    5. Check both the specific gravity and
    the temperature of the solution daily,
    as test reproducibility will be seriously
    affected if the specific gravity and/or
    the temperature are allowed to vary
    from the specified requirements.

    -5-

    I.

    REPORTING THE RESULTS

    Report the weighted average percentage loss


    for the coarse and fine aggregate and the
    Batch Soundness Loss when necessary.
    When reporting the Batch Soundness Loss
    includes the Test Number and Soundness
    Loss of each primary size of coarse aggregate
    used in the computation.
    J. SAFETY AND HEALTH
    Aggregates may contain bacteria and/or
    organisms, which can be harmful to one's
    health. The wearing of dust masks and
    protective gloves when handling materials is
    advised.
    Heat-resistant gloves are required
    removing samples from the ovens.

    for

    The dust from sodium sulfate or barium


    chloride, in the crystalline or powder form,
    may cause irritation of the eyes, nose, throat
    and bronchial tubes. Repeated or prolonged
    contact with skin may also cause irritation.
    Eye or skin contact by these salt solutions
    may also cause irritation.
    Use of dust masks, protective eyewear and
    protective gloves are recommended when
    mixing solutions. Protective eyewear and
    gloves are advised when handling solutions.
    First aid for any eye contact involves
    flushing the eyes, including under the
    eyelids, with running water for 15 min and
    seeking medical attention. For skin contact,
    flush affected area with water, wash with
    soap and water, and seek medical attention
    if irritation exists.
    Barium chloride is a poison. If ingested,
    induce vomiting, if person is conscious. If
    available, give one tablespoon of epsom salt
    (MgSO4) in a glass of water and seek
    medical attention.
    Prior to handling, testing or disposing of any
    materials, testers are required to read
    Caltrans Laboratory Safety Manual - Part A,
    Section 5.0, Hazards and Employee Part B,
    Sections: 5.0, Safe Laboratory Practices;
    6.0, Chemical Procurement Distribution and
    Storage; and 10.0, Personal Protective

    California Test 214


    June 2008
    Apparel and Equipment; and Part C, Section
    1.0; Safe Laboratory Practices. Users of this
    method do so at their own risk.
    REFERENCES:
    AASHTO Designations: M 92 & T 104
    End of Text
    (California Test 214 contains 6 Pages)

    -6-

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