IMO Longlists 1970

1 Prove that

ab
a+b

bc
b+c

ca
c+a

a+b+c
2 ,

where a, b, c R+ .
99

2 Prove that the two last digits of 99 and 99

are the same in decimal representation.

3 Prove that (a! b!)|(a + b)! a, b N.

4 Solve the system of equations for variables x, y, where {a, b} R are constants and a 6= 0.
x2 + xy = a2 + ab
y 2 + xy = a2 ab
5 Prove that

qP
n
n

i
i=1 n+1

1 for 2 n N.

P
bi
= c in x, where all bi > 0 and {ai } is a strictly increasing
6 There is an equation ni=1 xa
i
sequence. Prove that it has n 1 roots such that xn1 an , and ai xi for each i N, 1
i n 1.
7 Let ABCD be an arbitrary quadrilateral. Squares with centers M1 , M2 , M3 , M4 are constructed on AB, BC, CD, DA respectively, all outwards or all inwards. Prove that M1 M3 =
M2 M4 and M1 M3 M2 M4 .
8 Consider a regular 2n-gon and the n diagonals of it that pass through its center. Let P
be a point of the inscribed circle and let a1 , a2 , . . . , an be the angles in which the diagonals
mentioned are visible from the point P . Prove that
n
X

tan2 ai = 2n

i=1

9 For even n, prove that

Pn

i=1

10 In 4ABC, prove that 1 <

(1)i+1
cyc cos A

1
i

=2

cos2 2n
.
sin4 2n

Pn/2

1
i=1 n+2i .

32 .

11 Let ABCD and A0 B 0 C 0 D0 be two arbitrary squares in the plane that are oriented in the same
direction. Prove that the quadrilateral formed by the midpoints of AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 , DD0 is a
square.
12 Let {xi }, 1 i 6 be a given set of six integers, none of which are divisible by 7. (a) Prove
that at least one of the expressions of the form x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 is divisible by
7, where the signs are independent of each other. (b) Generalize the result to every prime
number.

This file was downloaded from the AoPS Math Olympiad Resources Page
http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/

Page 1

IMO Longlists 1970

13 Each side of an arbitrary 4ABC is divided into equal parts, and lines parallel to AB, BC, CA
are drawn through each of these points, thus cutting 4ABC into small triangles. Points are
assigned a number in the following manner: (1) A, B, C are assigned 1, 2, 3 respectively (2)
Points on AB are assigned 1 or 2 (3) Points on BC are assigned 2 or 3 (4) Points on CA
are assigned 3 or 1 Prove that there must exist a small triangle whose vertices are marked by
1, 2, 3.
P
 P

P
P
14 Let + + = . Prove that cyc sin 2 = 2
sin

cos

2 cyc sin .
cyc
cyc
15 Given 4ABC, let
R be its circumradius and q be the perimeter of its excentral triangle.
Prove that q 6 3R. Typesetters Note: the excentral triangle has vertices which are the
excenters of the original triangle.

16 Show that the equation 2 x2 + 3 3 x3 = 0 has no real roots.

17 In the tetrahedron ABCD, BDC = 90o and the foot of the perpendicular from D to ABC
is the intersection of the altitudes of ABC. Prove that:
(AB + BC + CA)2 6(AD2 + BD2 + CD2 ).
When do we have equality?
18 Find all positive integers n such that the set {n, n + 1, n + 2, n + 3, n + 4, n + 5} can be
partitioned into two subsets so that the product of the numbers in each subset is equal.
19 Let 1 < n N and 1 a R and there are n number of xi , i N, 1 i n such that x1 = 1

1
1
i
and xxi1
= a + i for 2 i n, where i i(i+1)
. Prove that n1 xn < a + n1
.
20 Let M be an interior point of the tetrahedron ABCD. Prove that

M A vol(M BCD)+ M B vol(M ACD)+ M C vol(M ABD)+ M D vol(M ABC) = 0

(vol(P QRS) denotes the volume of the tetrahedron P QRS).
21 In the triangle ABC let B 0 and C 0 be the midpoints of the sides AC and AB respectively
and H the foot of the altitude passing through the vertex A. Prove that the circumcircles of
the triangles AB 0 C 0 ,BC 0 H, and B 0 CH have a common point I and that the line HI passes
through the midpoint of the segment B 0 C 0 .
22 In the triangle ABC let B 0 and C 0 be the midpoints of the sides AC and AB respectively
and H the foot of the altitude passing through the vertex A. Prove that the circumcircles of
the triangles AB 0 C 0 ,BC 0 H, and B 0 CH have a common point I and that the line HI passes
through the midpoint of the segment B 0 C 0 .

This file was downloaded from the AoPS Math Olympiad Resources Page
http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/

Page 2

IMO Longlists 1970

23 Let E be a finite set, PE the family of its subsets, and f a mapping from PE to the set of
non-negative reals, such that for any two disjoint subsets A, B of E, f (A B) = f (A) + f (B).
Prove that there exists a subset F of E such that if with each A E, we associate a subset
A0 consisting of elements of A that are not in F , then f (A) = f (A0 ) and f (A) is zero if and
only if A is a subset of F .

n2p
. Determine all
n+1
24 Let {n, p} N {0} such that 2p n. Prove that (np)!
p!
2
conditions under which equality holds.
25 A real function f is defined for 0 x 1, with its first derivative f 0 defined for 0 x 1
and its second derivative f 00 defined for 0 < x < 1. Prove that if f (0) = f 0 (0) = f 0 (1) =
f (1) 1 = 0, then there exists a number 0 < y < 1 such that |f 00 (y)| 4.
26 Consider
P a finite set of vectors in space {a1 , a2 , ..., an } and the set E of all vectors of the form
x = ni=1 i ai , where i R+ {0}. Let F be the set consisting of all the vectors in E and
vectors parallel to a given plane P . Prove that there
P exists a set of vectors {b1 , b2 , ..., bp } such
that F is the set of all vectors y of the form y = pi=1 i bi , where i R+ {0}.
27 Find a n N such that for all primes p, n is divisible by p if and only if n is divisible by p 1.
28 A set G with elements u, v, w... is a Group if the following conditions are fulfilled: (i) There
is a binary operation defined on G such that {u, v} G there is a w G with u v = w.
(ii) This operation is associative; i.e. (u v) w = u (v w) {u, v, w} G. (iii) {u, v} G,
there exists an element x G such that u x = v, and an element y G such that y u = v.
Let Kpbe a set of all real numbers greater than 1. On K is defined an operation by a b =
ab (a2 1)(b2 1). Prove that K is a Group.
29 Prove that the equation 4x + 6x = 9x has no rational solutions.
30 Let u1 , u2 , . . . , un , v1 , v2 , . . . , vn be real numbers. Prove that
!
!
n
n
n
X
X
X
4
2
2
2
1+
(ui + vi )
1+
ui
1+
vi .
3
i=1

i=1

i=1

31 Prove that for any triangle with sides a, b, c and area P the following inequality holds:

3
P
(abc)2/3 .
4
Find all triangles for which equality holds.

This file was downloaded from the AoPS Math Olympiad Resources Page
http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/

Page 3

IMO Longlists 1970

32 Let there be given an acute angle AOB = 3, where OA = OB. The point A is the center
of a circle with radius OA. A line s parallel to OA passes through B. Inside the given angle
a variable line t is drawn through O. It meets the circle in O and C and the given line s in D,
where AOC = x. Starting from an arbitrarily chosen position t0 of t, the series t0 , t1 , t2 , . . .
is determined by defining BDi+1 = OCi for each i (in which Ci and Di denote the positions
of C and D, corresponding to ti ). Making use of the graphical representations of BD and
OC as functions of x, determine the behavior of ti for i .
33 The vertices of a given square are clockwise lettered A, B, C, D. On the side AB is situated
a point E such that AE = AB/3. Starting from an arbitrarily chosen point P0 on segment
AE and going clockwise around the perimeter of the square, a series of points P0 , P1 , P2 , . . .
is marked on the perimeter such that Pi Pi+1 = AB/3 for each i. It will be clear that when
P0 is chosen in A or in E, then some Pi will coincide with P0 . Does this possibly also happen
if P0 is chosen otherwise?
34 In connection with a convex pentagon ABCDE we consider the set of ten circles, each of
which contains three of the vertices of the pentagon on its circumference. Is it possible that
none of these circles contains the pentagon? Prove your answer.
35 Find for every value of n a set of numbers p for which the following statement is true: Any
convex n-gon can be divided into p isosceles triangles.
36 Let x, y, z be non-negative real numbers satisfying
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 5

and

yz + zx + xy = 2.

Which values can the greatest of the numbers x2 yz, y 2 xz and z 2 xy have?
37 Solve the set of simultaneous equations
v 2 + w2 + x2 + y 2 = 6 2u,
u2 + w2 + x2 + y 2 = 6 2v,
u2 + v 2 + x2 + y 2 = 6 2w,
u2 + v 2 + w2 + y 2 = 6 2x,
u2 + v 2 + w2 + x2 = 6 2y.
38 Find the greatest integer A for which in any permutation of the numbers 1, 2, . . . , 100 there
exist ten consecutive numbers whose sum is at least A.
39 M is any point on the side AB of the triangle ABC. r, r1 , r2 are the radii of the circles
inscribed in ABC, AM C, BM C. q is the radius of the circle on the opposite side of AB to
C, touching the three sides of AB and the extensions of CA and CB. Similarly, q1 and q2 .
Prove that r1 r2 q = rq1 q2 .

This file was downloaded from the AoPS Math Olympiad Resources Page
http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/

Page 4

IMO Longlists 1970

40 Let ABC be a triangle with angles , , commensurable with . Starting from a point P
interior to the triangle, a ball reflects on the sides of ABC, respecting the law of reflection
that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. Prove that, supposing that the
ball never reaches any of the vertices A, B, C, the set of all directions in which the ball will
move through time is finite. In other words, its path from the moment 0 to infinity consists
of segments parallel to a finite set of lines.
41 Let a cube of side 1 be given. Prove that there exists a point A on the surface S of the cube
such that every point of S can be joined to A by a path on S of length not exceeding 2. Also
prove that there is a point of S that cannot be joined with A by a path on S of length less
than 2.
42 We have 0 xi < b for i = 0, 1, . . . , n and xn > 0, xn1 > 0. If a > b, and xn xn1 . . . x0
represents the number A base a and B base b, whilst xn1 xn2 . . . x0 represents the number
A0 base a and B 0 base b, prove that A0 B < AB 0 .
43 Prove that the equation

2
x 3x + tan
=0
12
12

has one root x1 = tan 36

, and find the other roots.
x3 3 tan

44 If a, b, c are side lengths of a triangle, prove that

(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) 8(a + b c)(b + c a)(c + a b).
45 Let M be an interior point of tetrahedron V ABC. Denote by A1 , B1 , C1 the points of intersection of lines M A, M B, M C with the planes V BC, V CA, V AB, and by A2 , B2 , C2 the
points of intersection of lines V A1 , V B1 , V C1 with the sides BC, CA, AB.
(a) Prove that the volume of the tetrahedron V A2 B2 C2 does not exceed one-fourth of the
volume of V ABC.
(b) Calculate the volume of the tetrahedron V1 A1 B1 C1 as a function of the volume of V ABC,
where V1 is the point of intersection of the line V M with the plane ABC, and M is the
barycenter of V ABC.
46 Given a triangle ABC and a plane having no common points with the triangle, find a point
M such that the triangle determined by the points of intersection of the lines M A, M B, M C
with is congruent to the triangle ABC.
47 Given a polynomial
P (x) = ab(a c)x3 + (a3 a2 c + 2ab2 b2 c + abc)x2
+(2a2 b + b2 c + a2 c + b3 abc)x + ab(b + c),

This file was downloaded from the AoPS Math Olympiad Resources Page
http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/

Page 5

IMO Longlists 1970

where a, b, c 6= 0, prove that P (x) is divisible by

Q(x) = abx2 + (a2 + b2 )x + ab
and conclude that P (x0 ) is divisible by (a + b)3 for x0 = (a + b + 1)n , n N.
48 Let a polynomial p(x) with integer coefficients take the value 5 for five different integer values
of x. Prove that p(x) does not take the value 8 for any integer x.
49 For n N, let f (n) be the number of positive integers k n that do not contain the digit 9.
Does there exist a positive real number p such that f (n)
n p for all positive integers n?

50 The area of a triangle is S and the sum of the lengths of its sides is L. Prove that 36S L2 3
and give a necessary and sufficient condition for equality.
51 Let p be a prime number. A rational number x, with 0 < x < 1, is written in lowest terms.
The rational number obtained from x by adding p to both the numerator and the denominator
differs from x by 1/p2 . Determine all rational numbers x with this property.
52 The real numbers a0 , a1 , a2 , . . . satisfy 1 = a0 a1 a2 . . . .b1 , b2 , b3 , . . . are defined by
a
1 k1
P
a
bn = nk=1 a k .
k

a.) Prove that 0 bn < 2.

b.) Given c satisfying 0 c < 2, prove that we can find an so that bn > c for all sufficiently
large n.
53 A square ABCD is divided into (n 1)2 congruent squares, with sides parallel to the sides
of the given square. Consider the grid of all n2 corners obtained in this manner. Determine
all integers n for which it is possible to construct a non-degenerate parabola with its axis
parallel to one side of the square and that passes through exactly n points of the grid.
54 Let P, Q, R be polynomials and let S(x) = P (x3 ) + xQ(x3 ) + x2 R(x3 ) be a polynomial of
degree n whose roots x1 , . . . , xn are distinct. Construct with the aid of the polynomials
P, Q, R a polynomial T of degree n that has the roots x31 , x32 , . . . , x3n .
55 A turtle runs away from an UFO with a speed of 0.2 m/s. The UFO flies 5 meters above
the ground, with a speed of 20 m/s. The UFOs path is a broken line, where after flying in
a straight path of length ` (in meters) it may turn through for any acute angle such that
`
tan < 1000
. When the UFOs center approaches within 13 meters of the turtle, it catches
the turtle. Prove that for any initial position the UFO can catch the turtle.
56 A square hole of depth h whose base is of length a is given.
A dog is tied to the center of the
square at the bottom of the hole by a rope of length L > 2a2 + h2 , and walks on the ground

This file was downloaded from the AoPS Math Olympiad Resources Page
http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/

Page 6

IMO Longlists 1970

around the hole. The edges of the hole are smooth, so that the rope can freely slide along it.
Find the shape and area of the territory accessible to the dog (whose size is neglected).
57 Let the numbers 1, 2, . . . , n2 be written in the cells of an nn square board so that the entries
in each column are arranged increasingly. What are the smallest and greatest possible sums
of the numbers in the k th row? (k a positive integer, 1 k n.)
58 Given 100 coplanar points, no three collinear, prove that at most 70% of the triangles formed
by the points have all angles acute.
59 For which digits a do exist integers n 4 such that each digit of

n(n+1)
2

This file was downloaded from the AoPS Math Olympiad Resources Page
http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/

equals a ?

Page 7