ENERGY STAR

Guide
for Commercial Kitchens
Spot the savings opportunities with
ENERGY STAR qualifed equipment
Recycled paper
Cat. No. M144-240/2012E (Print)
ISBN 978-1-100-20603-5
Cat. No. M144-240/2012E-PDF (On-line)
ISBN 978-1-100-20604-2
Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2012
Aussi disponible en franais sous le titre : Guide ENERGY STAR pour les cuisines commerciales
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Acknowledgements
Natural Resources Canadas Office of Energy Efficiency acknowledges PG&E Food Service Technology Center for
the commercial kitchen equipment images.
ENERGY STAR

Guide for Commercial Kitchens

i
Introduction to ENERGY STAR

ENERGY STAR is the international symbol of

premium energy efficiency that appears on
products that meet strict energy efficiency
technical specifications and is administered by
governments throughout the world to recognize
and promote efficient products.
The ENERGY STAR Initiative in Canada is
administered by Natural Resources Canadas
(NRCans) Office of Energy Efficiency (OEE),
which promotes and monitors the use of the
ENERGY STAR symbol across Canada and
encourages retailers, manufacturers and
distributors to join the initiative. Only
manufacturers whose products meet ENERGY
STAR specifications are allowed to display the
ENERGY STAR symbol. A company must prove
that at least one of its products meets ENERGY
STAR technical specifications before it can
participate in the initiative. Ongoing testing after
qualification ensures products continue to meet
ENERGY STAR requirements. More information
on ENERGY STAR specifications can be found at
oee.nrcan.gc.ca/equipment/manufacturers/
specifications/14896.
Purchasing ENERGY STAR qualified products
saves money because they use less energy to
achieve performance that is equal to or better than
that of conventional alternatives. From an
environmental perspective, improving energy
efficiency reduces air emissions that contribute to
smog and climate change. From an economic
perspective, improving energy efficiency reduces
operating costs and often results in quick payback
on any incremental up-front costs for the purchase
of an ENERGY STAR qualified product.
The ENERGY STAR symbol appears on
approximately 50 types of products including
major appliances; consumer electronics; heating,
cooling and ventilating equipment (residential);
lighting; office equipment; windows, doors and
skylights; and commercial products. To learn
about the ENERGY STAR Initiative in Canada and
qualified products, visit NRCans OEE at
energystar.gc.ca.
Stakeholders and provincial, territorial
and municipal governments often
notify the OEE of rebates and incentives
they offer to Canadian individuals and
businesses.
oee.nrcan.gc.ca/corporate/1513
This list, however, is not exhaustive.
Be sure to investigate potential
opportunities to subsidize your kitchen
retrofit by contacting your local or
regional utilities or visiting their Web
sites.
Rebates and Incentives
ENERGY STAR

Guide for Commercial Kitchens ii

Contents
What is an ENERGY STAR

commercial kitchen? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Food Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Commercial Ovens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Commercial Griddles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Commercial Hot Food Holding Cabinets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Commercial Fryers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Commercial Steam Cookers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Ventilation and HVAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Kitchen Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Heating and Air Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Refrigeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Commercial Refrigerators and Freezers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Commercial Ice Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Sanitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Commercial Dishwashers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Water Heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
General Tips and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Sample Procurement Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Additional Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
ENERGY STAR

Guide for Commercial Kitchens

1
The ENERGY STAR qualification has been embraced by
commercial equipment manufacturers and is found on
many appliances and products common to commercial
kitchens and food service areas.
Commercial kitchens use about 2.5 times more energy
per square metre than other commercial spaces.
Commercial kitchen equipment can be operated for
hours at a time and is often very energy-intensive. For
example, an electric fryer could cost more than
$1,000per year in electricity.
1
Approximately 50 percent
of a restaurants water bill is for water use in the kitchen
area,
2
and reducing water use often results in savings on
both water and energy bills, if the water is heated.
If you are in the market for new equipment, consider
ENERGY STAR qualified appliances. Although the
up-front cost may be higher in some cases, these
appliances can provide rapid payback and significant
ongoing energy and water savings opportunities over
the products life cycle.
Figure 1 gives an approximate breakdown of energy
costs by kitchen functional area.
Proper maintenance and use of your equipment can also
contribute to significant savings. Reducing idle time,
using the appropriate type and size of appliance for your
food load, and conducting regular maintenance and
recalibration of your equipment are all worth the time
and expense in the long run.
3
Figure 1 Breakdown of energy costs by kitchen functional
area
This guide will help purchasers and operators of food
services equipment make well-informed decisions to
achieve lower energy and water bills. It was written
with the following sectors in mind:
Hospitality: hotels, restaurants
Institutions: health care facilities, schools, colleges
and universities, correctional facilities
Retail: supermarkets, cafeterias, other prepared food
vendors
Table 1 outlines the product types featured in this guide
and gives the average energy and water savings that can
be expected from ENERGY STAR qualified products
compared to more conventional alternatives.
Refrigeration
6%
Lighting
13%
Sanitation
18%
Food Preparation
35%
HVAC
28%
Source: U.S. EPA. (2010). ENERGY STAR

Guide for
Restaurants - Putting Energy into Prot.
(Figure reproduced)
What is an ENERGY STAR

commercial kitchen?
ENERGY STAR

Guide for Commercial Kitchens 2

Table 1 Kitchen Equipment by Functional Area
Equipment
Typical energy
savings
Typical water
savings
ENERGY STAR
qualified
Refrigeration Commercial
refrigerators and
freezers
35% - Yes
Commercial ice
machines
15% 10% Yes
Sanitation Commercial
dishwashers
25% 25% Yes
Pre-rinse spray
valves
Varies 55 - 65% No
Water heaters 5% - Yes
Food preparation Commercial fryers 30 - 35% - Yes
Commercial griddles 10% - Yes
Commercial hot food
holding cabinets
65% - Yes
Commercial ovens 20% - Yes
Commercial steamers 50% 90% Yes
HVAC Kitchen ventilation 60 - 75% - No
Heating and cooling 6 -15% - Yes
Lighting Lighting 75% - Yes
ENERGY STAR

Guide for Commercial Kitchens

3
Table 2 Annual Operating Cost of Comparison between Standard and Energy Star Qualified Equipment
Equipment
Annual operating cost
Standard equipment ENERGY STAR qualified
equipment
Typical annual cost
savings
Commercial refrigerators $229 $151 $78
Commercial freezers $601 $490 $111
Commercial ice machines $1,609 $1,422 $187
Commercial dishwashers $6,638 $4,462 $2,176
Commercial fryers (gas) $1,548 $1,067 $481
Commercial griddles
(electric)
$2,162 $1,833 $329
Commercial hot food
holding cabinets
$1,563 $500 $1,063
Commercial ovens
(electric)
$1,546 $1,308 $238
Commercial steamers
(gas)
$978 $412 $566
Total $16,874 $11,645 $5,229
Note: These calculations assume only one unit per equipment type (per row). These calculations rely on values and assumptions found within the ENERGY STAR
Simple Savings Calculator. More detailed savings calculations can be found on individual product pages within this guide and on the ENERGY STAR Web site at
energystar.gc.ca.
Most of the product categories in this guide contain tables that outline the cost, energy and water
savings (as applicable) that you can expect by purchasing ENERGY STAR qualified kitchen equipment.
These savings were calculated by using the publicly available ENERGY STAR Simple Savings
Calculator, available online at
oee.nrcan.gc.ca/residential/business/energystar/procurement/calculator.cfm
You can use this calculator which includes national, and where available, regional, average utility
prices and product usage assumptions or input your own data for more accurate results.
ENERGY STAR Simple Savings Calculator
Read on to discover how choosing ENERGY STAR qualified commercial products can help you save energy
while meeting your operational requirements.
ENERGY STAR

Guide for Commercial Kitchens 4

Food Preparation
Food Preparation
Commercial Ovens
Commercial ovens are appliances that use
conduction, convection, radiation and/or
electromagnetic energy to heat, roast or bake food
within an insulated enclosure. Convection ovens
cook food by forcing hot dry air over the surface
of the food product. The rapidly moving hot air
strips away the layer of cooler air next to the food
and enables the food to absorb the heat energy.
4
At this time, only commercial, full-size gas and
half- and full-size electric convection ovens may
qualify for the ENERGY STAR symbol. ENERGY
STAR qualified ovens save energy by employing
convection cooking technology, higher insulation
levels and tighter-fitting door gaskets and hinges.
ENERGY STAR qualified ovens are typically about
20 percent more energy-efficient than standard
models.
5
Combination ovens are currently under
consideration to became part of this product
category.
TIPS:
Ensure the oven door seal is tight a loose seal will leak heat and waste energy.
6

Only preheat the oven when required (depends on the item being cooked).
7

Use the oven window to check on cooking progress whenever possible; an oven loses
approximately 20 percent of its heat when opened.
8
ENERGY STAR

Guide for Commercial Kitchens

5
Food Preparation
Table 3 Energy and Cost Savings of ENERGY STAR Qualified Ovens
Product Type Gas Oven Electric Oven
Baseline unit 111 GJ/yr 12,193 kWh/yr
High-efficiency unit 79 GJ/yr 10,314 kWh/yr
Energy savings 32 GJ/yr 183 kWh/yr
Operating cost for a baseline unit $1,001/yr $1,546/yr
Operating cost for a high-efficiency unit $710/yr $1,308/yr
Cost savings $291/yr $238/yr
Baseline unit cost $1,500 $850
High-efficiency unit cost $1,550 $850
Cost differential $50 $0
Payback period 0.2 yr 0.0 yr
Assumptions: 45.4 kg (100 lb.) daily food load; natural gas at $9.02/GJ; electricity at $0.12/kWh
Legend: GJ = gigajoule, kg = kilogram, kWh = kilowatt-hour, lb. = pound, yr = year
Commercial Griddles
Griddles are appliances designed for cooking food
in oil or in its own juices by direct contact with
either a flat, smooth, hot surface (e.g. polished
steel or chrome plate) or a hot channelled cooking
surface (e.g. polished steel or chrome
1.27 centimetres (cm) (-inch [in.]) grooved
plate). Double-sided griddles differ from single-
sided griddles, in that they have hinged upper
griddle plates (platens) that swing down over the
food, thereby cooking the food from both sides at
once.
ENERGY STAR qualified griddles are typically
about 10 percent more efficient than standard
models
9
and include thermostatically-controlled,
gas and electric, single- and double-sided models.
ENERGY STAR qualified griddles may also save
energy by employing higher insulation levels,
and/or energy saving features such as infrared
burners; heat pipes and thermal fluid or steam in
gas griddles; or induction heating in electric
griddles.
10
ENERGY STAR

Guide for Commercial Kitchens 6

Food Preparation
TIPS:
Purchase a griddle that is the correct size to match typical food loads for your operations.
Turn off the griddle when it is not in use (most griddles take less than 15 minutes to preheat.
Similarly, if the griddle has multiple sections, unused sections should be turned off.
11

Double-sided griddles should be closed when not in use to retain heat.
12

Steam griddles tend to have faster recovery times and lower idle energy rates.
13
Griddles with chrome finishes tend to retain heat better than those with other finishes.
14

Solid state or electronic controls also tend to have faster recovery times.
15
Table 4 Energy and Cost Savings of ENERGY STAR Qualified Griddles
Product Type Gas Griddle Electric Griddle
Baseline unit 128 GJ/yr 17,056 kWh/yr
High-efficiency unit 112 GJ/yr 14,460 kWh/yr
Energy savings 16 GJ/yr 2,595 kWh/yr
Operating cost for a baseline unit $1,154/yr $2,162/yr
Operating cost for a high-efficiency unit $1,012/yr $1,833/yr
Cost savings $141/yr $329/yr
Baseline unit cost $1,500 $850
High-efficiency unit cost $1,560 $850
Cost differential $60 $0
Payback period 0.4 yr 0.0 yr
Assumptions: 45.4 kg (100 lb.) daily food load; natural gas at $9.02/GJ; electricity at $0.12/kWh
Legend: GJ = gigajoule, kg = kilogram, kWh = kilowatt-hour, lb. = pound, yr = year
Commercial Hot Food Holding Cabinets
Hot food holding cabinets hold already-prepared hot food at a
specified temperature.
16
ENERGY STAR qualified cabinets are
65 percent more energy-efficient compared with standard
models,
17
meaning they use less energy than conventional
models to maintain food at the same temperature.
ENERGY STAR qualified cabinets may reduce heat loss by
incorporating better insulation (which can also contribute to
better temperature uniformity throughout the cabinet) and/or
additional energy saving devices such as magnetic door gaskets,
auto-door closures or Dutch doors.
18
ENERGY STAR

Guide for Commercial Kitchens

7
Food Preparation
Table 5 Energy and Cost Savings of Energy Star Qualified Hot Food Holding Cabinets
Product Type Hot Food Holding Cabinet, Electricity
Baseline unit 12,326 kWh/yr
High-efficiency unit 3,944 kWh/yr
Energy savings 8,382 kWh/yr
Operating cost for a baseline unit $1,563/yr
Operating cost of a high efficiency unit $500/yr
Cost savings $1,062/yr
Baseline unit cost $2,069
High-efficiency unit cost $3,569
Cost differential $1,500
Payback period 1.4 yr
Assumptions: 510 L capacity; natural gas at $9.02/GJ; electricity at $0.12/kWh
Legend: GJ = gigajoule, kWh = kilowatt-hour, L = litre, yr = year
TIPS:
Buy insulated hot food holding cabinets because insulation helps decreases heat loss and wasted
energy.
19
Cabinets should be turned off when not in use, especially overnight. Consider implementing a
shutdown schedule to ensure this happens every night.
20
Ensure that door gaskets and automatic door closers are maintained in good operating condition
and seal properly.
Commercial Fryers
Fryers consist of a reservoir filled with cooking oil, which is heated to a
sufficient temperature to cook food items suspended in the oil. In models
powered by natural gas, the oil may be heated by atmospheric or infrared
gas burners that are underneath the fry pot (or vat) or in tubes that pass
through the fry pot. In electric fryers, elements are immersed in cooking
oil within the pot.
21
ENERGY STAR efficiency specifications currently cover standard size,
open-pot fryers and large vat fryers.
22
Standard-size fryers that have
earned the ENERGY STAR designation are up to 30 percent more
energy-efficient than non-qualified models, and ENERGY STAR qualified
large vat commercial fryers are up to 35 percent more energy-efficient.
23
ENERGY STAR

Guide for Commercial Kitchens 8

Food Preparation
Table 6 Energy and Cost Savings of ENERGY STAR Qualified Fryers
Product Type Gas Fryer Electric Fryer
Baseline unit 172 GJ/yr 18,189 kWh/yr
High-efficiency unit 118 GJ/yr 17,011 kWh/yr
Energy savings 53 GJ/yr 1,179 kWh/yr
Operating cost for a baseline unit $1,548/yr $2,306/yr
Operating cost for a high-efficiency unit $1,067/yr $2,156/yr
Cost savings $480/yr $149/yr
Baseline unit cost $2,894 $2,894
High-efficiency unit cost $2,944 $3,154
Cost differential $50 $260
Payback period 0.1 yr 1.7 yr
Assumptions: 68 kg (150 lb.) daily food load; natural gas at $9.02/GJ; electricity at $0.12/kWh
Legend: GJ = gigajoule, kg = kilogram, kWh = kilowatt-hour, lb. = pound, yr = year
TIPS:
Fryers spend much of their time idling, and gas fryers may use upwards of three times more
energy than electric models during this time. Advanced atmospheric burners, pulse combustion,
modulating burners or other features may help mitigate heat losses from natural gas fryers.
24

Higher insulation levels can save energy for any type of fryer.
25

Turn off backup fryers during slow periods.
26

Verify that your equipment and integrated thermostat are working properly by testing with a
reliable commercial thermometer. Oil should be heated to between 162C and 176C (325F and
350F). Too hot, and the fryer can be damaged.
27

Avoid overfilling the fryer because this only prolongs the cooking time.
28

Monitor recovery times; if they get longer, you may need to replace the fryer soon.
29

Regularly degrease the fryer, and clean the heating element to keep it efficient and long-lasting.
30
ENERGY STAR

Guide for Commercial Kitchens

9
Food Preparation
Commercial Steam Cookers
Steam cookers are sealed enclosures where food is cooked by
circulating hot steam. ENERGY STAR qualified steam cookers
are up to 50 percent more energy-efficient than standard models
and offer shorter cook times, higher production rates and
reduced heat loss due to better insulation and a more efficient
steam delivery system. They also reduce water use by 90 percent
or more compared with standard models.
31

Table 7 Energy, Water and Cost Savings of ENERGY STAR Qualified Steam Cookers
Product Type Gas Steam Cooker Electric Steam Cooker
Baseline unit 89 GJ/yr 9,241 kWh/yr
High-efficiency unit 39 GJ/yr 4,393 kWh/yr
Energy savings 50 GJ/yr 4,848 kWh/yr
Operating cost for a baseline unit $978/yr $1,345/yr
Operating cost for a high-efficiency unit $412/yr $617/yr
Energy cost savings $452/yr $614/yr
Water cost savings $113/yr $113/yr
Baseline unit cost $6,836 $3,400
High-efficiency unit cost $7,256 $4,900
Cost differential $420 $1,500
Payback period 0.7 yr 2.1 yr
Assumptions: 45.4 kg (100 lb.) food load; 3-pan unit; natural gas at $9.02/GJ; electricity at $0.12/kWh; water at $2.20/m
3

Legend: GJ = gigajoule, kg = kilogram, kWh = kilowatt-hour, lb. = pound, m
3
= cubic metre, yr = year
ENERGY STAR

Guide for Commercial Kitchens 10

Food Preparation
TIPS:
Ensure the door is firmly shut while the steamer is operating.
32

Use only as many compartments as you need.
33
Reduce the standby time. An hour of standby time on a boiler-based steamer can cost between
$50 and $300 per year.
34
Ensure the steamer returns to idle when the cooking is finished.
35
Fix leaks and repair the steamer as soon as problems occur.
36

On boiler-based models, keep the boiler clean by removing deposits.
37


Boiler steamers are best for cook-to-order, high-production operations, but use more water and
energy than connectionless steamers. If a boiler steamer is necessary, select one that uses less
than 57 litres (L) (15 gallons) (gal.) per hour.
38
Connectionless steam cookers condense steam into a reservoir rather than immediately draining
it, saving water normally needed for cooling drained waste water.
39
ENERGY STAR

Guide for Commercial Kitchens

11
Food Preparation
TIPS:
Installing side panels to ventilation hoods can cut down on spillage at a low cost.
43

Maximize the ventilation hood overhang by pushing cooking appliances as close to the wall as
possible.
44
Install variable speed, demand-based exhaust and MUA controls to monitor your cooking and adjust
your ventilation needs appropriately to reduce energy use.
45

Exhaust rates (and therefore energy use) during peak operating times will be minimized if the exhaust
fan is appropriately engineered for the specific purpose, accounting for design, hood type and features,
and if the MUA system is also appropriate.
46

During non-peak operating times, a demand control ventilation (DCV) system can automatically adjust
exhaust rates based on your exhaust needs.
47
DCV can reduce exhaust system costs by 30 to
50percent and can be retrofitted to existing hoods or installed with new equipment.
48
Kitchen Ventilation
Kitchen ventilation is often the single largest user of
energy in commercial kitchens. Poorly balanced or
designed kitchen ventilation may allow smoke and
heat to contaminate your cooking area (also known as
spillage), leading to employee discomfort and
higher cooling bills.
40
Fans draw exhaust fumes and
heat from cooking and sanitation functions out of the
kitchen environment, in exchange for outside air
(also known as makeup air [MUA]).
41
A balanced
kitchen ventilation system requires that exhaust and
MUA flow rates be in equilibrium. Smaller kitchens
may be able to use existing heating, ventilating and
air-conditioning (HVAC) equipment and
infrastructure for exhaust and MUA, but larger
applications will usually require dedicated systems.
42
Selecting the correct size, design and flow rate, as
well as correctly positioning and installing kitchen
exhaust ventilation fans for maximum efficiency
depend on many factors. These include the number
of heat zones, types of foods being cooked and the
size and layout of the available space. Visit
www.fishnick.com/ventilation/designguides/ for
in-depth guidance on how to more efficiently select,
position and install exhaust ventilation fans.
Ventilation and HVAC
ENERGY STAR

Guide for Commercial Kitchens 12

Ventilation and HVAC
Heating and Air Conditioning
Heating and cooling in commercial kitchens is typically handled
by a central system that connects commercial HVAC equipment
to central ductwork for common airflow and thermostatic
controls.
ENERGY STAR qualified light commercial HVAC products
typically use 7 to 10 percent less energy than standard models.
49

For air conditioners, significant improvements to design and
efficiency have resulted in savings of 30 to 50 percent compared
to models from the 1970s and approximately 20 percent
compared to units produced 10years ago.
50
Air-source central
air conditioners and air-source heat pumps may be eligible for
ENERGY STAR qualification.
51
The efficiency of any HVAC
system can be enhanced by upgrading building insulation,
sealing air leaks, installing high-efficiency windows and
retrofitting other aspects of the building envelope and HVAC
infrastructure.
52
TIPS:
Inspect for and clean or repair dirty heat transfer surfaces, damaged or misaligned ductwork and
missing insulation.
53
At least 25 percent of rooftop HVAC units in the United States are oversized. Properly sizing HVAC
equipment to your space reduces energy costs and pollution and extends product lifetime.
54
Keep louvers, grilles and diffusers unobstructed.
55
Have your equipment regularly maintained by a qualified contractor to ensure it runs at peak
efficiency.
56
Consider installing an energy management system (EMS) because automatically controlling
lights, heating, cooling and other equipment can be more efficient than relying on manual
controls.
57
For heating and cooling alone, a programmable thermostat can keep temperatures
slightly out of the comfortable range during unoccupied hours to save additional energy.
58
ENERGY STAR

Guide for Commercial Kitchens

13
Ventilation and HVAC
Refrigeration
Commercial Refrigerators and Freezers
Refrigerators are insulated cabinets that store contents at higher
than 0C (32F) but no higher than 4.4C (40F) so the contents do
not freeze. Freezers are also insulated but store their contents at
-17.8C (0F).
59
The ENERGY STAR specification applies to mixed
solid/glass door cabinets, glass and solid door cabinets.
60
ENERGY STAR qualified commercial refrigerators and freezers
are more energy-efficient because they have components such as
electronically commutated motors (ECMs), evaporator and
condenser fan motors, hot gas antisweat heaters or high-efficiency
compressors. Each of these technologies significantly reduces
energy consumption and utility costs. Compared to standard
models, ENERGY STAR qualified commercial refrigerators and
freezers can reduce energy costs by as much as 35 percent.
61
ENERGY STAR

Guide for Commercial Kitchens 14

Refrigeration
TIPS:
Keep refrigerators and freezers full but do not overload refrigerators because a lack of airflow
can increase cooling times and lead to product deterioration.
62
Keep a 2.5-cm (1-in.) gap or
more between packages and the sides and the back of the refrigerator to allow for air flow,
which will also cool food more evenly and keep it fresher.
63

Refill the cabinet with cooled or frozen products. Placing warm products into a refrigerated
cabinet makes the condenser work harder, which wastes energy.
64
You can also defrost frozen
goods in the refrigerator to save refrigerator operating costs.
65

Keep the condenser and fan clear and free of dust and debris, and defrost the unit at least once
per year.
66

Locate refrigerated appliances away from direct sunlight or other sources of warmth (i.e. ovens,
fryers, stoves, etc.).
67
Ensure that there is at least 10 cm (4 in.) of space at the rear of the
cabinet, and 2.5 cm (1 in.) on either side to allow free air flow. A restricted flow of cooling air
reduces the life of the compressor and requires more energy to operate.
68

Adjust the interior temperature to the proper setting (see the beginning of this section) for
storing food products and verify the temperature periodically.
69

Keep the door closed as much as possible, and ensure the door seals properly. Repair or replace
gaskets that are not functioning properly.
70

If practical, keep the interior lights off, or replace display light fixtures with more efficient models
to save electricity and reduce heat emissions into the unit, including walk-in refrigerators and
freezers. In the case of compact fluorescent lamps, check the packaging for the lighting
products minimum start temperature.
71
Install strip curtains and automatic door closers on walk-in refrigerators to reduce air infiltration
by approximately 75 percent.
72
Reduce condenser fan energy consumption by two-thirds by installing ECMs on the evaporator
and condenser fans.
73

ENERGY STAR

Guide for Commercial Kitchens

15
Refrigeration
Table 8 Energy and Cost Savings of ENERGY STAR Qualified Commercial Refrigerators and Freezers
Product Type Commercial Refrigerator Commercial Freezer
Baseline unit 1,803 kWh/yr 4,738 kWh/yr
High-efficiency unit 1,195 kWh/yr 3,869 kWh/yr
Energy savings 608 kWh/yr 869 kWh/yr
Operating cost of a baseline unit $229/yr $601/yr
Operating cost of a high-efficiency unit $151/yr $490 /yr
Cost savings $77/yr $110/yr
Baseline unit cost $2,122 $2,122
High-efficiency unit cost $2,182 $2,372
Cost differential $60 $250
Payback period 0.8 yr 2.3 yr
Assumptions: vertical, solid-door units; electricity at $0.12/kWh
Legend: kWh = kilowatt-hour, yr = year
Commercial Ice Machines
Ice machines consist of a condensing unit and
ice-making section operating as an integrated
unit. It also may have the capacity to store and/or
dispense ice.
74

Air-cooled, cube-type ice machines are eligible for
ENERGY STAR qualification, including ice-making
head, self-contained and remote condensing
units.
75
Water-cooled ice machines do not
currently qualify for ENERGY STAR designation
because they have a high water cost.
76
Future plans
include adding continuous type ice makers to the
product scope. Commercial ice machines that have
earned the ENERGY STAR designation are on
average 15 percent more energy-efficient and
10percent more water-efficient than standard
models.
77
Improved energy and water efficiency
are achieved through air-cooling, more efficient
rinse cycles
78
and other features.
ENERGY STAR

Guide for Commercial Kitchens 16

Refrigeration
Table 9 Energy and Cost Savings of ENERGY STAR Qualified Ice Machines
Product Type Remote Condensing Unit with a Remote Compressor, Electric
Baseline unit 12,695 kWh/yr
High-efficiency unit 11,219 kWh/yr
Energy savings 1,476 kWh/yr
Operating cost for a baseline unit $1,609/yr
Operating cost for a high-efficiency unit $1,422 /yr
Energy cost savings $187/yr
Baseline unit cost $2,600
High-efficiency unit cost $2,600
Cost differential $0
Payback period 0.0 yr
Assumptions: Ice harvest rate at 227 kg/day, 365 day/yr
Legend: kg = kilogram, kWh = kilowatt-hour, yr = year
TIPS:
Operate ice machines with storage overnight to take advantage of lower electricity and water
rates.
Larger ice machines are typically more efficient than smaller ones. The difference in the purchase
price is often small and may be worth the extra capacity because the energy cost per pound of
ice is only half of the cost for a small machine.
79

Close the lid to trap cold air inside the unit, improving its ability to keep ice cool and reducing its
impact on room heating requirements.
80
Perform regular maintenance and coil cleaning to maintain efficiency.
81
Creating clear, high quality ice typically requires more water than frosty ice cubes.
82

ENERGY STAR

Guide for Commercial Kitchens

17
Sanitation
Commercial Dishwashers
Commercial dishwashers clean and sanitize large
quantities of kitchen wares in a very short time by
utilizing hot water, soap and rinse chemicals. They
are also one of the most expensive pieces of
commercial kitchen equipment to operate.
83
The
four main types of commercial dishwashing
machines are undercounter, door type, conveyor
and flight. All commercial dishwashing machines
have wash, rinse and sanitizing cycles.
When a dishwasher uses less water, energy is also
saved by heating less water at the building and
booster heater levels.
84
More than 75 percent of
dishwasher operating costs are for heating water
with central and booster heaters.
85

ENERGY STAR qualified commercial dishwashers
use approximately 25 percent less energy and
water than standard models.
86
Sanitation
ENERGY STAR

Guide for Commercial Kitchens 18

Sanitation
Table 10 Energy, Water and Cost Savings of ENERGY STAR Qualified Commercial Dishwashers
Product Type
Multitank, High-Heat
Dishwasher, Electric
Door Type, High-Heat
Dishwasher, Electric
Baseline unit 79,992 kWh/yr 42,817 kWh/yr
High-efficiency unit 45,605 kWh/yr 28,896 kWh/yr
Energy savings 34,387 kWh/yr 13,921 kWh/yr
Operating cost for a baseline unit $12,122/yr $6,638/yr
Operating cost for a high-efficiency unit $6,733/yr $4,462/yr
Energy cost savings $4,359/yr $1,764/yr
Water cost savings $1,029 /yr $411/yr
Baseline unit cost $20,000 $6,900
High-efficiency unit cost $20,000 $7,400
Cost differential $0 $500
Payback period 0.0 yr 0.2 yr
Assumptions: electricity at $0.12/kWh
Legend: kWh = kilowatt-hour, yr = year
ENERGY STAR

Guide for Commercial Kitchens

19
Sanitation
TIPS:
Check the calibrations of the machine regularly. Verify that the rinse cycle times are set at the
manufacturers minimum recommended settings and that the rinse pressure is maintained per
the manufacturers specifications.
87

For a conveyor-type dishwasher, ensure the rinse bypass drain is adjusted to prevent excessive
water from draining into the wash tank.
88
Inspect rinse nozzles for wear and tear. Nozzles with too large an opening can result in greater
water consumption than necessary during the rinse cycle.
89
Commercial dishwashers use the same amount of water and energy regardless of how full they
are. Washing full racks of dishes will make the dishwasher more efficient with the water it is
already using.
90
For moderate to high hot water needs, consider a refrigerant heat recovery system, which
recovers heat from walk-in refrigerators and freezers for kitchen use.
91
Booster heaters will usually pay for themselves in one year if the water heater temperatures are
lowered in response.
92

If you have a high-temperature dishwasher, turn it off at night. Otherwise the booster heater will
consume energy keeping the hot water tank at temperature.
93
Add extra insulation to reduce standby losses in hot water storage tanks.
94
Do not over-dry dishes. Adjust power dryers to operate just long enough to dry the load.
95
Check rinse water temperature regularly to ensure proper operation of the booster heaters.
96
Regularly clean lime deposits from hot water tanks and heater coils.
97
Set the water heater thermostat to the minimum acceptable temperature, depending on whether
the dishwasher is a high- or low-temperature unit.
98
Consider grey water heat recovery in which high-temperature drain water is used to preheat the
supply water.
99

ENERGY STAR

Guide for Commercial Kitchens 20

Sanitation
Pre-Rinse Spray Valves
Pre-rinse spray valves are handheld devices that are
used to remove food particles from dishes with a
spray of water, prior to cleaning in a commercial
dishwasher. Pre-rinse spray valves consist of a spray
nozzle, a squeeze lever to control water flow and a
dish guard bumper.
100
Often, nearly half of the water used for washing
dishes in a commercial kitchen is consumed during
the pre-rinse,
101
making low flow pre-rinse spray
valves an attractive opportunity to save water, water
heating energy and sewer charges while maintaining
equivalent cleaning performance compared to
standard spray valves.
Currently there is no ENERGY STAR qualification for
pre-rinse spray valves. As of January 1, 2006, all
pre-rinse spray valves in the United States must meet
a maximum flow rating of 6.1 L/min (1.6 gal./min).
102

To harmonize with the U.S. regulations, Canada is
proposing to regulate pre-rinse spray valves in an
upcoming amendment to Canadas Energy Efficiency
Regulations.
103
Energy and cost savings of pre-rinse
spray valves
The flow rate of standard pre-rinse spray valves is
11to 15 L/min, while energy-efficient low-flow
valves use less than 5 l/min (a water savings of 55 to
65 percent).
104
These savings also apply to any energy
required to heat the water being used by the spray
valve. With the valves used for less than two hours a
day, approximately $560 per year in water
consumption and $500 per year in energy costs can
be saved by using a low-flow valve.
105
Many options
are available look for valves that have high velocity
spray patterns for better cleaning efficiency.
106

TIPS:
Disassemble the valve, if possible, to clean scale build-up as needed.
107
In more severe cases of scale clogging, it is more cost effective to replace the valve, thus avoiding
reduced cleaning effectiveness and increased in washing times, which lead to more water and energy
consumption.
108

Water Heaters
Storage water heaters typically heat and store water in a
storage tank, whereas tankless water heaters hang on the
wall, heating water only as it is demanded and freeing up
floor space. Other types include heat pump water heaters
and solar water heaters.
High-efficiency storage water heaters may incorporate
Better heat exchangers (such as condensing heat
exchangers in gas models)
Extra tank insulation
Factory-installed heat traps
Electronic ignition
ENERGY STAR

Guide for Commercial Kitchens

21
Sanitation
Table 11 Energy and Cost Savings of ENERGY STAR Qualified Water Heaters
Product Type
Gas Storage Tank Water Heater
(227 L to 283 L)
Gas Tankless Water
Heater
Baseline unit 33 GJ/yr 24 GJ/yr
High-efficiency unit 28 GJ/yr 23 GJ/yr
Energy savings 5 GJ/yr 1 GJ/yr
Operating cost for a baseline unit $298/yr $212/yr
Operating cost for a high-efficiency unit $252/yr $206/yr
Energy cost savings $46/yr $7/yr
Baseline unit cost $900 $1,800
High-efficiency unit cost $900 $1,800
Cost differential $0 $0
Payback period 0.0 yr 0.0 yr
Assumptions: hot water demand of 243 L/day; natural gas at $9.02/GJ
Legend: GJ = gigajoule, L = litre, yr = year
TIPS:
For normal hot water use, the temperature does not need to be warmer than 54C (130F).
111
Check the insulation levels on hot water heating systems to minimize standby losses.
112

Follow manufacturer specifications and perform regular maintenance to maximize the useful life
of your water heater.
Insulate hot water pipes to reduce heat loss.
113
Tankless hot water heaters have a 20-year lifespan, longer than typical storage water heaters.
114
Powered exhaust
Improved flue baffle and damper controls
State-of-the-art burners for gas models
Tankless water heaters save energy by heating water
only when it is demanded, meaning it is
unnecessary to maintain stored water at a high
temperature, which can cut water heating expenses
by 30 percent.
109
ENERGY STAR qualified water
heaters use at least 5percent less energy than
conventional models.
110
ENERGY STAR qualified
heat pump water heaters run on electricity but
consume only half as much electricity as standard
electric water heaters.
ENERGY STAR

Guide for Commercial Kitchens 22

Sanitation
The typical restaurant has lights on for 16 to
20 hours every business day.
115
Consequently,
installing high-efficiency fixtures and bulbs
can result in large savings in electricity costs.
The following high-performance lighting
product categories are eligible for
ENERGY STAR qualification:
116
Accent lights, including line-voltage directional
track lights
Downlights: recessed, pendant, surface mount
Under cabinet shelf-mounted task lighting
ENERGY STAR qualified lighting products use at
least 75 percent less energy and last between
10and 50 times longer than incandescent lighting.
Replace T12 lamps and magnetic ballasts by
upgrading to more efficient T8 or T5 lamps with
electronic ballasts. Electronic ballasts do not hum
or flicker and turn on faster.
117
Qualified light-
emitting diode (LED) lighting produces very little
heat and provides optimal light color for any
exterior or interior environment.
118

TIPS:
Turn off lights manually in seldom-used rooms and/or install motion detector switches to ensure
electricity is not used to light unoccupied spaces such as closets, storage or break rooms,
restrooms and even walk-in refrigerators. For refrigerators, look for low-temperature-specific,
sealed sensors.
119
Inspect lenses and reflectors for dust, rust or damage that could cause inefficient transmission or
reflection of light.
120
Save up to 80 percent on your Open/Closed and EXIT signs by upgrading to LED technology.
121

LED EXIT signs will typically pay for themselves in less than 2 years.
122
Install ENERGY STAR qualified fixtures or bulbs (fluorescent or LED) in your dining area to reduce
electricity consumption.
Lighting
ENERGY STAR

Guide for Commercial Kitchens

23
Buy the appropriate size and number of products
for the expected volume of food or level of use.
Larger appliances are more efficient for larger
volumes and vice-versa.
Perform regular maintenance and cleaning of
equipment to keep it working efficiently and
extend its lifespan.
Check with the local electricity, natural gas and
water utilities for local prices, further savings
guidance and retrofit incentives.
General Energy Tips
Turn off equipment when it is not in use, wherever
possible (especially overnight).
Test the door seals on ovens, refrigerators, freezers
and other sealed cabinets by placing a lit flashlight
in the (non-heated) space, with the light facing the
seal. After closing the door, if light is visible
through the seal, it is leaking air and wasting
energy.
123
Consider installing an EMS. An EMS can
automatically control lighting, fans, pumps and
other equipment to operate only when needed and
often uses setback and economizer strategies to
minimize energy use.
124
General Water Tips
Repair leaks as soon as they are detected. A slow
leak can actually waste more than 50 000 L of
water in a year, and if the leaking water is hot, the
leak will waste energy as well.
125
Install aerators on faucets to greatly reduce water
flow rates, as low as 1.9 L/min (0.5 gal/min).
Install tamper-proof varieties and/or dedicated
pot filler or add-on faucets to prevent employees
from removing the aerators when higher volumes
of water are needed.
126

General Tips and Recommendations
ENERGY STAR

Guide for Commercial Kitchens 24

Sample Procurement Language
You may want to use the following procurement
language in contracts to ensure you receive
ENERGY STAR qualified products. As with all
purchases, be sure to ask the appropriate
questions to ensure that you get exactly what you
want.
The vendor must:
Verify that the model has been qualified to bear
the ENERGY STAR symbol and that the
manufacturer is a Participant in the
ENERGY STAR Initiative
Provide products that earn the ENERGY STAR
qualification and meet the ENERGY STAR
specifications for energy efficiency
Ensure that ENERGY STAR qualified products
meet user requirements for performance,
reliability and cost-effectiveness
For bulk purchases and/or lease and
maintenance agreements, include the
provisions that where applicable the
vendor must:
Deliver all qualified products properly
configured for current ENERGY STAR
specifications
Ensure that installation services include the full
activation and proper configuration of any
automatic energy-saving, power-down and/or
power management features to maximize
energy efficiency
Ensure that maintenance services include the
full re-activation and proper reconfiguration of
any automatic energy-saving, power-down
and/or power management features to the
terms of the current ENERGY STAR
specifications at the time of service
Customize sites and train users to maximize the
energy efficiency of installed products
Not disable power-management features except
at the specific request of site staff
Provide on-going customer support on all
energy-saving, power-down and power
management features
ENERGY STAR

Guide for Commercial Kitchens

25
Additional Information
Canadian ENERGY STAR

and energy
efficiency resources
Canadian ENERGY STAR initiative:
oee.nrcan.gc.ca/energystar
Natural Resources Canadas Office of Energy
Efficiency: oee.nrcan.gc.ca
United States ENERGY STAR

and energy
efficiency resources
United States ENERGY STAR program:
www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=home.index
ENERGY STAR Guide for Restaurants
(United States EPA):
www.energystar.gov/ia/business/small_
business/restaurants_guide.pdf
US Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency &
Renewable Energy:
www.eere.energy.gov/
Flex Your Power, Boosting Restaurant Profits with
Energy Efficiency A Guide for Restaurant Owners
and Managers:
www.fypower.org/pdf/BPG_
RestaurantEnergyEfficiency.pdf
Water Efficiency Resources
New Mexico Office of the State Engineer, A Water
Conservation Guide for Commercial, Institutional
and Industrial Users:
www.ose.state.nm.us/water-info/conservation/
pdf-manuals/cii-users-guide.pdf
US Environmental Protection Agency WaterSense
Program:
www.epa.gov/watersense
Best Practices How to Achieve the Most Efficient
Use of Water in Commercial Food Service Facilities:
www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=healthcare.
fisher_nickel_feb_2005
Other Online Resources
Food Service Technology Center:
www.fishnick.com
Food Service Equipment & Supplies:
www.fesmag.com
International Facility Management Association,
Food Operations:
www.ifma.org/resources/sustainability/kb/
food-operations.htm
Consortium for Energy Efficiency, Commercial
Kitchens Initiative:
www.cee1.org/com/com-kit/com-kit-main.php3
Food Service Warehouse:
www.foodservicewarehouse.com/education/
going-green/
Sustainable Kitchen:
www.sustainablefoodequipment.com/water-
savings/learn-best-practices/articles/reducing-
water-consumption-in-a-commercial-kitchen/
ENERGY STAR

Guide for Commercial Kitchens 26

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ENERGY STAR

Guide for Commercial Kitchens 28

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