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    Lecture 5.3 - Chemical Bonding 1

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    Adam
    The document discusses chemical bonding and how atoms bond by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons to achieve stable outer electron configurations. It introduces ionic and covalent bonds, and describes how to draw Lewis structures using electron dot diagrams to represent how valence electrons are arranged between bonded atoms according to octet rule exceptions. The localized electron pair model and steps for drawing Lewis structures are also outlined.

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    Lecture 5.3 - Chemical Bonding 1

    Uploaded by

    Adam
    36 views25 pages
    The document discusses chemical bonding and how atoms bond by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons to achieve stable outer electron configurations. It introduces ionic and covalent bonds, and describes how to draw Lewis structures using electron dot diagrams to represent how valence electrons are arranged between bonded atoms according to octet rule exceptions. The localized electron pair model and steps for drawing Lewis structures are also outlined.

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    The document discusses chemical bonding and how atoms bond by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons to achieve stable outer electron configurations. It introduces ionic and covalent bonds, and describes how to draw Lewis structures using electron dot diagrams to represent how valence electrons are arranged between bonded atoms according to octet rule exceptions. The localized electron pair model and steps for drawing Lewis structures are also outlined.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPS, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pps, pdf, or txt
    36 views25 pages

    Lecture 5.3 - Chemical Bonding 1

    Uploaded by

    Adam
    The document discusses chemical bonding and how atoms bond by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons to achieve stable outer electron configurations. It introduces ionic and covalent bonds, and describes how to draw Lewis structures using electron dot diagrams to represent how valence electrons are arranged between bonded atoms according to octet rule exceptions. The localized electron pair model and steps for drawing Lewis structures are also outlined.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPS, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pps, pdf, or txt
    of 25

    Chemical

    Bonding I:
    Lewis Structures
    Chemical Bonding
    Atoms gain,
    lose, or share
    electrons in
    order to achieve
    a full outer shell
    electron
    configuration.
    Bonds
    Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds
    • Composed of ions that have • Composed of atoms that
    gained or lost electrons to
    achieve a full outer shell are sharing electrons to
    achieve a full outer shell
    • Electrostatic attractive forces
    • Crystalline solids – no discrete • Shared electron bonds
    molecules - formula units
    • Discrete molecules, forms
    • Identified by empirical formulas gases, liquids, and solids
    • Metal + non-metal
    • Identified by molecular
    formulas
    • Non-metal + non-metal
    Localized Electron
    •
    Model
    Simple model, easily applied.
    • A molecule is composed of atoms
    that are bound together by sharing
    pairs of electrons using the atomic
    orbitals of the bound atoms.
    • Three Parts
    1) Valence electrons using Lewis
    structures
    2) Prediction of geometry using VSEPR
    3) Description of the types of orbitals
    Lewis Structure
    • Shows how the valence electrons are
    arranged.
    • Use dots to represent valence electrons

    Ex: Draw the lewis structure of O


    O is 1s2 2s2 2p4  6 valence e-
    Lewis Structure Rules
    • H and He follow the duet rule:
    H and He only 2 valence e- to be stable

    • The rest follow the octet rule:


    need 8 valence e- (or none) to be stable

    • Charged species must be written in [ ]charge #


    Donate e- or Gain e-

    [ ] +
    [ ] -
    F Has 7 valence e-

    F Lewis structure

    unstable

    [F] - Gain e-

    stable
    Lewis Structures for
    Compounds
    • A stable compound has all its atoms with
    a noble gas electron configuration
    • Atoms share bonding pair e- to do so
    • Bonding pair e- are between the element
    symbols
    • A line can represent a bonding pair e-

    H F  H F
    stable single covalent bond
    Lewis Electron Dot
    Structures
    • Bonding electrons pairs – electron pairs involved in
    bonds
    • Lone electron pairs – electron pairs that do not
    participate in bonding
    • Bond order = number of bonds
    Steps to Draw
    Structures
    Ex: Draw the Lewis structure of O2
    1. Sum the va le nc e ele c tr ons

    6 + 6 = 12 e-

    Total e- available for molecule


    2. Connect atoms with a single bond

    3. Distribute remaining e- to fulfill all


    atoms octet until e- total is reached

    FAIL

    Used = 12
    10
    2 e-
    4
    6
    8 Total = 12 e-
    4. If short on e- needed, determine how many
    extra bonds are required. Number of extra
    bonds = number of electrons needed ÷2.
    2 e- needed ÷2 = 1 extra bond required


    success

    Used = 12
    10
    4 e-
    6
    8 Total = 12 e-
    5. If more than two atoms, the least
    electronegative atom is the central atom.
    All other atoms connect to center.

    Ex: CO2

    C O O
    16 val e-

    All
    atoms
    happy? FAIL
    6. Satisfy most E.N. (outer) atoms first
    7. Convert lone e- pairs into bonding e- pairs
    until all atoms satisfy octet rule .
    (up to a triple covalent bond is possible)
    Ex: CO2

    C O O
    16 val e-

    All
    atoms
    happy?
     FAIL
    success
    Now
    First
    try try
    another
    a double
    double
    bond
    bond
    8. If molecule is an ion…
    • for anions add the extra e- to the
    number total e- available
    • for cations subtract the lost e- from
    the number available
    • Don’t forget [ ] and charge #

    Ex: CO32-

    22 val e-
    24
    C O O O
    2-
    Yes,
    All but…
    atoms
    FAIL
    happy?

    Ex: CO32-

     C O O O
    24 val e-
    success
    Octet Rule Exceptions
    Incomplete octet: stable with less than 8 valence
    e-

    Be – stable with 4 valence e-


    Ex: BeH2
    H Be H
    B – stable with 6 valence e-
    N – can be stable with 7 valence e-
    •Odd-electron molecules are called radicals

    • radicals are very reactive

    Ex: NO
    N O
    Ex: NO2

    O N O
    Expanded Octets
    • Elements in period 3 or higher have available
    d orbitals that may be used to accept
    additional electrons if necessary
    • If central atom has available d subshell it can
    have more than 8 valence e-
    • Occurs when central atom contacts highly
    electronegative elements (halogens & O)

    Ex: SF6

    Total valence e- 48
    =
    Available
    3d Expanded
    subshell

    Ex: SF6
    S octet

    Total valence e- 48
    =
    Ex: XeF4 Total valence e- 36
    = Apply remaining- e-
    Step 9
    1
    2
    3 Distribute
    Sum
    Connectval e
    as lone- (or bonding)
    eatoms
    to fill
    pairs to central
    octets
    atom

    Xe

    e- remaining
    success
    = 16
    10
    36
    28
    22
    0
    24 Apply to ‘corners’
    Ex: XeF4 Instant replay

    Xe
    break
    HW: p. 405 # 61, 62,
    64, 65
    p. 406 # 66, 73,
    74

    LP: Lab 25 and Lab 6b

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