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 Chemical Bond
A Quick Review….
• A bond results from the attraction of
nuclei for electrons
– All atoms are trying to achieve a stable
octet

• IN OTHER WORDS
– the protons (+) in one nucleus are attracted
to the electrons (-) of another atom
• This is Electronegativity !! 2
Three Major Types of Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
– forms ionic compounds
– transfer of valence e-
• Metallic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
– forms molecules
– sharing of valence e-
– This is our focus this chapter
3
 Ionic Bonding
• Always formed between metal
cations and non-metals anions
• The oppositely charged ions stick
like magnets

[METALS ]+ [NON-METALS ] -

Lost e-
Gained e-
4
 Metallic Bonding
• Always formed between 2 metals
(pure metals)
– Solid gold, silver, lead, etc…

5
Covalent
Bonding molecules
• Pairs of e- are
shared
between 2 non-
metal atoms to
acquire the
electron
configuration of a
noble gas. 6
 Covalent Bonding
• Occurs between nonmetal atoms which need to
gain electrons to get a stable octet of electrons
or a filled outer shell.
 Drawing molecules (covalent)
using Lewis Dot Structures
• Symbol represents the KERNEL of the atom (nucleus and
inner electrons)
• dots represent valence electrons
• The ones place of the group number indicates the number of
valence electrons on an atom.
• Draw a valence electron on each side (top, right, bottom, left)
before pairing them.

8
Always remember atoms are
trying to complete their
valence shell!
“2 will do but 8 is great!”
The number of electrons the atoms needs
is the total number of bonds they can
make.
Ex. … H? O? F? N? Cl? C?
one two one three one 9
 Draw Lewis Dot
Structures
You may represent valence electrons
from different atoms with the
following symbols x, ,

x
H or H or H

10
 Covalent bonding
• The atoms form a covalent bond by
sharing their valence electrons to
get a stable octet of electrons.(filled
valence shell of 8 electrons)
• Electron-Dot Diagrams of the atoms
are combined to show the covalent
bonds
• Covalently bonded atoms form
MOLECULES
12
General Rules for Drawing Lewis Structures

• All valence electrons of the atoms in Lewis structures

must be shown.
• Generally each atom needs eight electrons in its
valence shell (except Hydrogen needs only two
electrons and Boron needs only 6).
• Multiple bonds (double and triple bonds) can be
formed by C, N, O, P, and S.
• Central atoms have the most unpaired electrons.

• Terminal atoms have the fewest unpaired

electrons.
13
• When carbon is one of you atoms, it will
always be in the center

• Sometimes you only have two atoms,

so there is no central atom
Cl2 HBr H2 O2 N2 HCl

• We will use a method called ANS

(Available, Needed, Shared) to help us
draw our Lewis dot structures for
molecules
14
EXAMPLE 1: Write the Lewis structure for H2O where oxygen is the central atom.
Step 1: Determine the total number of electrons available for bonding. Because only valence
electrons are involved in bonding we need to determine the total number of valence electrons.
AVAILABLE valence electrons:
Electrons available
2H Group 1 2(1) = 2
O Group 6 6
8
There are 8 electrons available for bonding.

Step 2: Determine the number of electrons needed by

each atom to fill its valence shell.
NEEDED valence electrons
Electrons needed
2H each H needs 2 2(2) = 4
O needs 8 8
12
There are 12 electrons needed.

15
 Step 3: More electrons are needed then there are available. Atoms therefore make bonds by sharing
electrons. Two electrons are shared per bond.

SHARED (two electrons per bond)

# of bonds = (# of electrons needed – # of electrons available) = (N-A) = (12 – 8) = 2 bonds.

2 2 2

Draw Oxygen as the central atom. Draw the Hydrogen atoms on either side of the oxygen atom.
Draw the 2 bonds that can be formed to connect the atoms.

OR

Step 4: Use remaining available electrons to fill valence shells for each atom. All atoms need 8 electrons
to fill their valence shell (except hydrogen needs only 2 electrons to fill its valence shell, and
boron only needs 6). For H2O there are 2 bonds, and 2 electrons per bond.
# available electrons remaining = # electrons available – # electrons shared = A-S = 8 – 2(2) = 4 extra e-s

16
Sometimes multiple bonds must be formed to
get the numbers of electrons to work out
• DOUBLE bond
– atoms that share two e- pairs (4 e-)

O O
• TRIPLE bond
– atoms that share three e- pairs (6 e-)

N N 17
18
Step 3: SHARED (two electrons per bond)

# of bonds = (N – A) = (20 – 12) = 4 bonds.

2 2

Draw carbon as the central atom (Hint: carbon is always the center when it is present!). Draw the
Hydrogen atoms and oxygen atom around the carbon atom. Draw 2 bonds of the 4 bonds that can
be formed to connect the H atoms. Draw the remaining 2 bonds to connect the O atom (oxygen
can form double bonds)

Step 4: Use remaining available electrons to fill valence shell for each atom.
# electrons remaining = Available – Shared = A – S = 12 – 4(2) = 4 extra e-s

19
 Let’s Practice
H2
A=1x2=2
N=2x2=4
S = 4 - 2= 2 ÷ 2 = 1 bond
Remaining = A – S = 2 – 2 = 0
DRAW

20
 Let’s Practice
CH4
A = C 4x1 = 4 H 1x4 = 4 4 + 4 = 8
N = C 8x1 = 8 H 2x4 = 8 8 + 8 =
16
S = (A-N)16 – 8 = 8 ÷2 = 4 bonds
Remaining = A-S = 8 – 8 = 0
DRAW

21
 Let’s Practice
NH3
A = N 5x1 = 5 H 1x3 = 3 = 8
N = N 8x1 = 8 H 2x3 = 6 = 14
S = 14-8 = 6 ÷2 = 3 bonds
Remaining = (A-S) 8 – 6 = 2
DRAW

22
 Let’s Practice
CO2
A = C 4x1 = 4 O 6x2 = 12 = 16
N = C 8x1 = 8 O 8x2 = 16 = 24
S = 24-16 = 8 ÷ 2 = 4 bonds
Remaining = (A-S) 16 – 8 = 8 not
bonding
DRAW – carbon is the central atom

23
 Let’s Practice
BCl3 boron only needs 6 valence electrons, it is an
exception.

A = B 3 x 1 = 3 Cl 7 x 3 = 21 = 24
N = B(6) x 1 = 6 Cl 8 x 3 = 24 = 30
S = 30-24 = 6 ÷ 2 = 3 bonds
Remaining = 24 – 6 = 18 e- not
bonding
DRAW
24
 •Naming Molecular
Compounds
(Covalent)

• Type III

• Nonmetal + nonmetal
 The Covalent
Bond
Sharing of electrons
 Properties of Molecular or Covalent
Compounds
• Made from 2 or more non-metals
• Consist of molecules not ions
 Molecular Formulas
Show the kinds and numbers of
atoms present in a molecule of a
compound.

Molecular Formula = H2O

 Structural formula
H N H
H
Molecular formula NH3
 Molecular Formulas
• Examples

• CO2

• SO3

• N2O5
 Rules for Naming
Molecular compounds
• The most “metallic” nonmetal
element is written first (the one that
is furthest left)
• The most non-metallic of the two
nonmetals is written last in the
formula
• NO2 not O2N
• All binary molecular compounds end
in --ide
 Molecular
compound
s
• Ionic compounds use charges to determine the
chemical formula
• The molecular compound„s name tells you the
number of each element in the chemical
formula.
• Uses prefixes to tell you the quantity of each
element.
• You need to memorize the prefixes !
Prefixes
• 1 mono-
• 2 di-
• 3 tri-
• 4 tetra-
• 5 penta- Memorize!
• 6 hexa-
• 7 hepta-
• 8 octa-
• 9 nona-
• 10 deca-
More Molecular Compound Rules
• If there is only one of the first element
do not put (prefix) mono-
• Example: carbon monoxide (not monocarbon
monoxide)

• If the nonmetal starts with a vowel, drop

the vowel ending from all prefixes except
di and tri
• monoxide not monooxide
• tetroxide not tetraoxide
Molecular
compound
s
N2O5
 Molecular
compound
s
N2O5
di
 Molecular
compound
s
N2O5
dinitrogen
 Molecular
compound
s
N2O5
dinitrogen penta
 Molecular
compound
s
N2O5
dinitrogen pentaoxide
Molecular compound Naming Practice

N2O5
dinitrogen pentaoxide
 Molecular
compound
s
N2O5
dinitrogen pentoxide
dinitrogen pentoxide
Molecular compounds
Sulfur trioxide
 Molecular
compound
s
Sulfur trioxide

S
 Molecular
compound
s
Sulfur trioxide

S
 Molecular
compound
s
Sulfur trioxide

S O3
Molecular compounds
Sulfur trioxide

S O3
SO3
Molecular
compound
s
CCl4
 Molecular
compound
s
CCl4
monocarbon
 Molecular
compound
s
CCl4
monocarbon
 Molecular
compound
s
CCl4
carbon
 Molecular
compound
s
CCl4
carbon tetra
 Molecular
compound
s
CCl4
carbon tetrachloride
 Molecular
compound
s
CCl4
carbon tetrachloride

Carbon tetrachloride
 Write molecular formulas
for these
• diphosphorus pentoxide
• P2O5
• trisulfur hexaflouride
• S3F6

• nitrogen triiodide
• NI3
 Common Names

H2 O
NH3
Common Names

H2 O Water

NH3 Ammonia
57
 Bond Types

3 Possible Bond Types:

• Ionic
• Non-Polar Covalent
• Polar Covalent

58
Use Electronegativity Values to
Determine Bond Types
• Ionic bonds
– Electronegativity (EN) difference > 2.0
• Polar Covalent bonds
– EN difference is between .21 and 1.99
• Non-Polar Covalent bonds
– EN difference is < .20
– Electrons shared evenly in the bond

59
 Ionic Character
“Ionic Character” refers to a
bond’s polarity
–In a polar covalent bond,
• the closer the EN difference is to
2.0, the more POLAR its
character
• The closer the EN difference is to
.20, the more NON-POLAR its 60
Place these molecules in order of
increasing bond polarity using the
electronegativity values on your
periodic table
• HCl 3 EN difference = 0.9

• CH4 2 EN difference = 0.4

• CO2 4 EN difference = 1.0

a.k.a.
• NH3 3 EN difference = 0.9 “ionic character”
• N2 1 EN difference = 0

• HF 5 EN difference = 1.9
61
 Polar vs. Nonpolar
MOLECULES
• Sometimes the bonds within a
molecule are polar and yet the
molecule itself is non-polar

62
 Nonpolar Molecules
• Molecule is Equal on all sides
–Symmetrical shape of molecule
(atoms surrounding central atom
are the same on all sides)
H
Draw Lewis dot first and
see if equal on all sides
H C H
H 63
 Polar Molecules
• Molecule is Not Equal on all
sides
–Not a symmetrical shape of
molecule (atoms surrounding
central atom are not the same
on all sides) Cl
H C H
H
64
 Polar Molecule

+
H Cl  -

Unequal Sharing of Electrons

65
Non-Polar
Molecule

Cl Cl
Equal Sharing of Electrons
66
Polar Molecule

H Cl
B
H
Not symmetrical
67
Non-Polar
Molecule
H H
B
HSymmetrical
68
 Water is a POLAR
molecule

ANY time there are unshared

pairs of electrons on the central
atom, the molecule is POLAR
H H
O
69
 Making sense of the
polar
non-polar thing
BONDS MOLECULES

Non-polar Polar Non-polar Polar

EN difference EN Symmetrical
difference
0 - .2 .21 – 1.99 Asymmetrical
OR
Unshared e-s
on Central Atom
70
 5 Shapes of
Molecules you must
know!
(memorize)

71
 Copy this slide

• VSEPR – Valence Shell Electron

Pair Repulsion Theory
– Covalent molecules assume
geometry that minimizes repulsion
among electrons in valence shell of
atom
– Shape of a molecule can be predicted
from its Lewis Structure
72
 1. Linear (straight line)
Ball and stick
model OR

Molecule geometry X A X
OR

A X
Shared Pairs = 2 Unshared Pairs = 0
73
 2. Trigonal Planar
Ball and stick
model

Molecule geometry X
A
X X
Shared Pairs = 3 Unshared Pairs = 0 74
 3.Tetrahedral
Ball and stick Molecule geometry
model

Shared Pairs = 4 Unshared Pairs = 0

75
 4. Bent
Ball and stick
model

..
Lewis Diagram A
X X

Shared Pairs = 2 Unshared Pairs = 1 or 2

76
 5.Trigonal Pyramidal
Ball and stick Molecule geometry
model

Shared Pairs = 3 Unshared Pairs = 1

77
• I can describe the 3 intermolecular
forces of covalent compounds and
explain the effects of each force.

78
 Intramolecular
attractions
• Attractions
within or inside
molecules, also
known as
bonds.
– Ionic Roads within a state
– Covalent
– metallic
79
 Intermolecular
•
attractions
Attractions between
molecules
– Hydrogen
“bonding”
• Strong attraction
between special
polar molecules (F,
O, N, P)
– Dipole-Dipole
• Result of polar
covalent Bonds
– Induced Dipole
(Dispersion Forces)
• Result of non-polar
80
covalent bonds
More on intermolecular forces
Hydrogen “Bonding”
• STRONG
intermolecular - -
force
– Like magnets + + - + +

• Occurs ONLY
between H of one
molecule and N, + +
O, F of another
molecule
Hydrogen Hydrogen bonding
“bond” 1 min
81
 Why does Hydrogen
“bonding” occur?
• Nitrogen, Oxygen and Fluorine
– are small atoms with strong nuclear
charges
• powerful atoms
– Have very high electronegativities,
these atoms hog the electrons in a
bond
– Create very POLAR molecules 82
 Dipole-Dipole
Interactions
– WEAK intermolecular force
– Bonds have high EN
differences forming polar
covalent molecules, but not as
high as those that result in
hydrogen bonding.
.21<EN<1.99
– Partial negative and partial
positive charges slightly
attracted to each other.
– Only occur between polar
covalent molecules
83
Dipole-Dipole
Interactions

84
 Induced Dipole Attractions

– VERY WEAK intermolecular force

– Bonds have low EN differences EN < .20
– Temporary partial negative or positive
charge results from a nearby polar covalent
molecule.
– Only occur between NON-POLAR &
POLAR
Induced molecules
dipole video
85
30 sec
 BOND STRENGTH
Strongest


intramolecular
IONIC
COVALENT

 Hydrogen
intermolecular Dipole-Dipole
Induced Dipole
Weakest

86
 Intermolecular Forces
affect chemical
properties
• For example, strong intermolecular
forces cause high Boiling Point
– Water has a high boiling point
compared to many other liquids

87
 Which substance has
the highest boiling point?
• HF
• NH3
• CO2
• WHY?

88
 Which substance has
the highest boiling point?
• HF The H-F bond has the highest
electronegativity difference
• NH3
SO
• CO2 HF has the most polar bond
• WHY? resulting in the strongest H
bonding (and therefore needs the
most energy to overcome the
intermolecular forces and boil)
89