Calculus Cheat Sheet

Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. 2005 Paul Dawkins
Limits
Definitions
Precise Definition : We say ( ) lim
x a
f x L
!
= iI
Ior every 0 ! > there is a 0 " > such that
whenever 0 x a " < " < then ( ) f x L ! " < .

~Working Definition : We say ( ) lim
x a
f x L
!
=
iI we can make ( ) f x as close to L as we want
by taking x suIIiciently close to a (on either side
oI a) without letting x a = .

Right hand limit : ( ) lim
x a
f x L
+
!
= . This has
the same deIinition as the limit except it
requires x a > .

Left hand limit : ( ) lim
x a
f x L
"
!
= . This has the
same deIinition as the limit except it requires
x a < .
Limit at Infinity : We say ( ) lim
x
f x L
!#
= iI we
can make ( ) f x as close to L as we want by
taking x large enough and positive.

There is a similar deIinition Ior ( ) lim
x
f x L
!"#
=
except we require x large and negative.

Infinite Limit : We say ( ) lim
x a
f x
!
= # iI we
can make ( ) f x arbitrarily large (and positive)
by taking x suIIiciently close to a (on either side
oI a) without letting x a = .

There is a similar deIinition Ior ( ) lim
x a
f x
!
= "#
except we make ( ) f x arbitrarily large and
negative.
Relationship between the limit and one-sided limits
( ) lim
x a
f x L
!
= $ ( ) ( ) lim lim
x a x a
f x f x L
+ "
! !
= = ( ) ( ) lim lim
x a x a
f x f x L
+ "
! !
= = $ ( ) lim
x a
f x L
!
=
( ) ( ) lim lim
x a x a
f x f x
+ "
! !
% $ ( ) lim
x a
f x
!
Does Not Exist

Properties
Assume ( ) lim
x a
f x
!
and ( ) lim
x a
g x
!
both exist and c is any number then,
1. ( ) ( ) lim lim
x a x a
cf x c f x
! !
= & '
( )


2. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) lim lim lim
x a x a x a
f x g x f x g x
! ! !
= & '
( )


3. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) lim lim lim
x a x a x a
f x g x f x g x
! ! !
= & '
( )

4.
( )
( )
( )
( )
lim
lim
lim
x a
x a
x a
f x
f x
g x g x
!
!
!
& '
=
* +
( )
provided ( ) lim 0
x a
g x
!
%
5. ( ) ( ) lim lim
n
n
x a x a
f x f x
! !
& '
= & '
( )
( )

6. ( ) ( ) lim lim
n
n
x a x a
f x f x
! !
& '
=
( )
Basic Limit Evaluations at #
Note : ( ) sgn 1 a = iI 0 a > and ( ) sgn 1 a = " iI 0 a < .
1. lim
x
x!#
= # e & lim 0
x
x!" #
= e
2. ( ) lim ln
x
x
!#
= # & ( )
0
lim ln
x
x
+
!
= "#
3. II 0 r > then lim 0
r
x
b
x
!#
=
4. II 0 r > and
r
x is real Ior negative x
then lim 0
r
x
b
x
!"#
=
5. n even : lim
n
x
x
!#
= #
6. n odd : lim
n
x
x
!#
= # & lim
n
x
x
!" #
= "#
7. n even : ( ) lim sgn
n
x
a x b x c a
!#
+ + + = # !
8. n odd : ( ) lim sgn
n
x
a x b x c a
!#
+ + + = # !
9. n odd : ( ) lim sgn
n
x
a x c x d a
!"#
+ + + = " # !
Calculus Cheat Sheet
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. 2005 Paul Dawkins
Evaluation Techniques
Continuous Functions
II ( ) f x is continuous at a then ( ) ( ) lim
x a
f x f a
!
=

Continuous Functions and Composition
( ) f x is continuous at b and ( ) lim
x a
g x b
!
= then
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) lim lim
x a x a
f g x f g x f b
! !
= =
Factor and Cancel
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2 2
2
2 6
4 12
lim lim
2 2
6 8
lim 4
2
x x
x
x x
x x
x x x x
x
x
! !
!
" +
+ "
=
" "
+
= = =

Rationalize Numerator/Denominator
( )( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
9 9
2 9 9
3 3 3
lim lim
81 81 3
9 1
lim lim
81 3 9 3
1 1
18 6 108
x x
x x
x x x
x x x
x
x x x x
! !
! !
" " +
=
" " +
" "
= =
" + + +
"
= = "

Combine Rational Expressions
( )
( )
( ) ( )
0 0
2
0 0
1 1 1 1
lim lim
1 1 1
lim lim
h h
h h
x x h
h x h x h x x h
h
h x x h x x h x
! !
! !
, - " +
, -
" =
. /
. /
. /
+ +
0 1
0 1
, -
" "
= = = "
. /
. /
+ +
0 1

L`Hospital`s Rule
II
( )
( )
0
lim
0
x a
f x
g x
!
= or
( )
( )
lim
x a
f x
g x
!
#
=
#
then,
( )
( )
( )
( )
lim lim
x a x a
f x f x
g x g x
! !
2
=
2
a is a number, # or "#
Polynomials at Infinity
( ) p x and ( ) q x are polynomials. To compute
( )
( )
lim
x
p x
q x
!#
Iactor largest power oI x in ( ) q x out
oI both ( ) p x and ( ) q x then compute limit.
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
2 2
4 4
5 5
3 3
3 4 3
lim lim lim
5 2 2 2 2
x x x
x x
x x
x
x
x x x
!"# !"# !"#
" "
"
= = = "
" " "
Piecewise Function
( )
2
lim
x
g x
!"
where ( )
2
5 iI 2
1 3 iI 2
x x
g x
x x
3 + < "
=
4
" 5 "
6

Compute two one sided limits,
( )
2
2 2
lim lim 5 9
x x
g x x
" "
!" !"
= + =
( )
2 2
lim lim 1 3 7
x x
g x x
+ +
!" !"
= " =
One sided limits are diIIerent so ( )
2
lim
x
g x
!"

doesn`t exist. II the two one sided limits had
been equal then ( )
2
lim
x
g x
!"
would have existed
and had the same value.


Some Continuous Functions
Partial list oI continuous Iunctions and the values oI x Ior which they are continuous.
1. Polynomials Ior all x.
2. Rational Iunction, except Ior x`s that give
division by zero.
3.
n
x (n odd) Ior all x.
4.
n
x (n even) Ior all 0 x 5 .
5.
x
e Ior all x.
6. ln x Ior 0 x > .
7. ( ) cos x and ( ) sin x Ior all x.
8. ( ) tan x and ( ) sec x provided
3 3
, , , , ,
2 2 2 2
x
# # # #
% " " ! !
9. ( ) cot x and ( ) csc x provided
, 2 , , 0, , 2 , x # # # # % " " ! !

Intermediate Value Theorem
Suppose that ( ) f x is continuous on |a, b| and let M be any number between ( ) f a and ( ) f b .
Then there exists a number c such that a c b < < and ( ) f c M = .


Calculus Cheat Sheet
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. 2005 Paul Dawkins
Derivatives
Definition and Notation
II ( ) v f x = then the derivative is deIined to be ( )
( ) ( )
0
lim
h
f x h f x
f x
h
!
+ "
2 = .

II ( ) v f x = then all oI the Iollowing are
equivalent notations Ior the derivative.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
df dv d
f x v f x Df x
dx dx dx
2 2 = = = = =
II ( ) v f x = all oI the Iollowing are equivalent
notations Ior derivative evaluated at x a = .
( ) ( )
x a
x a x a
df dv
f a v Df a
dx dx
=
= =
2 2 = = = =

Interpretation of the Derivative
II ( ) v f x = then,
1. ( ) m f a 2 = is the slope oI the tangent
line to ( ) v f x = at x a = and the
equation oI the tangent line at x a = is
given by ( ) ( )( ) v f a f a x a 2 = + " .
2. ( ) f a 2 is the instantaneous rate oI
change oI ( ) f x at x a = .
3. II ( ) f x is the position oI an object at
time x then ( ) f a 2 is the velocity oI
the object at x a = .

Basic Properties and Formulas
II ( ) f x and ( ) g x are diIIerentiable Iunctions (the derivative exists), c and n are any real numbers,
1. ( ) ( ) c f c f x
2
2 =
2. ( ) ( ) ( ) f g f x g x
2
2 2 =
3. ( ) f g f g f g
2
2 2 = + - Product Rule
4.
2
f f g f g
g g
2
2 2 , - "
=
. /
0 1
- Quotient Rule
5. ( ) 0
d
c
dx
=
6.
( )
1 n n
d
x n x
dx
"
= - Power Rule
7. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
d
f g x f g x g x
dx
2 2 =
This is the Chain Rule

Common Derivatives
( ) 1
d
x
dx
=
( ) sin cos
d
x x
dx
=
( ) cos sin
d
x x
dx
= "
( )
2
tan sec
d
x x
dx
=
( ) sec sec tan
d
x x x
dx
=

( ) csc csc cot
d
x x x
dx
= "
( )
2
cot csc
d
x x
dx
= "
( )
1
2
1
sin
1
d
x
dx
x
"
=
"

( )
1
2
1
cos
1
d
x
dx
x
"
= "
"

( )
1
2
1
tan
1
d
x
dx x
"
=
+

( ) ( ) ln
x x
d
a a a
dx
=
( )
x x
d
dx
= e e
( ) ( )
1
ln , 0
d
x x
dx x
= >
( )
1
ln , 0
d
x x
dx x
= %
( ) ( )
1
log , 0
ln
a
d
x x
dx x a
= >





Calculus Cheat Sheet
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. 2005 Paul Dawkins
Chain Rule Variants
The chain rule applied to some speciIic Iunctions.
1. ( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 n n d
f x n f x f x
dx
"
2 = & ' & '
( ) ( )

2.
( )
( )
( )
( ) f x f x
d
f x
dx
2 = e e
3. ( ) ( )
( )
( )
ln
f x
d
f x
dx f x
2
= & '
( )

4. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) sin cos
d
f x f x f x
dx
2 = & ' & '
( ) ( )

5. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) cos sin
d
f x f x f x
dx
2 = " & ' & '
( ) ( )

6. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
tan sec
d
f x f x f x
dx
2 = & ' & '
( ) ( )

7. [ ] ( ) [ ] [ ] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) sec sec tan f x f x f x f x
d
dx
2
=
8. ( ) ( )
( )
( )
1
2
tan
1
f x
d
f x
dx
f x
"
2
= & '
( )
+ & '
( )


Higher Order Derivatives
The Second Derivative is denoted as
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
d f
f x f x
dx
22 = = and is deIined as
( ) ( ) ( )
f x f x
2
22 2 = , i.e. the derivative oI the
Iirst derivative, ( ) f x 2 .

The n
th
Derivative is denoted as
( )
( )
n
n
n
d f
f x
dx
= and is deIined as
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 n n
f x f x
" 2
= , i.e. the derivative oI
the (n-1)
st
derivative,
( )
( )
1 n
f x
"
.
Implicit Differentiation
Find v2 iI ( )
2 9 3 2
sin 11
x v
x v v x
"
+ = + e . Remember ( ) v v x = here, so products/quotients oI x and v
will use the product/quotient rule and derivatives oI v will use the chain rule. The 'trick is to
diIIerentiate as normal and every time you diIIerentiate a v you tack on a v2 (Irom the chain rule).
AIter diIIerentiating solve Ior v2 .

( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 9 2 2 3
2 9 2 2
2 9 2 9 2 2 3
3 2 9
3 2 9 2 9 2 2
2 9 3 2 cos 11
11 2 3
2 9 3 2 cos 11
2 9 cos
2 9 cos 11 2 3
x v
x v
x v x v
x v
x v x v
v x v x v v v v
x v
v x v x v v v v v
x v v
x v v v x v
"
"
" "
"
" "
2 2 2 " + + = +
" "
2 2 2 2 " + + = + $ =
" "
2 " " = " "
e
e
e e
e
e e


Increasing/Decreasing - Concave Up/Concave Down
Critical Points
x c = is a critical point oI ( ) f x provided either
1. ( ) 0 f c 2 = or 2. ( ) f c 2 doesn`t exist.

Increasing/Decreasing
1. II ( ) 0 f x 2 > Ior all x in an interval I then
( ) f x is increasing on the interval I.
2. II ( ) 0 f x 2 < Ior all x in an interval I then
( ) f x is decreasing on the interval I.
3. II ( ) 0 f x 2 = Ior all x in an interval I then
( ) f x is constant on the interval I.

Concave Up/Concave Down
1. II ( ) 0 f x 22 > Ior all x in an interval I then
( ) f x is concave up on the interval I.
2. II ( ) 0 f x 22 < Ior all x in an interval I then
( ) f x is concave down on the interval I.

Inflection Points
x c = is a inIlection point oI ( ) f x iI the
concavity changes at x c = .
Calculus Cheat Sheet
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. 2005 Paul Dawkins
Extrema
Absolute Extrema
1. x c = is an absolute maximum oI ( ) f x
iI ( ) ( ) f c f x 5 Ior all x in the domain.
2. x c = is an absolute minimum oI ( ) f x
iI ( ) ( ) f c f x 7 Ior all x in the domain.

Fermat`s Theorem
II ( ) f x has a relative (or local) extrema at
x c = , then x c = is a critical point oI ( ) f x .

Extreme Value Theorem
II ( ) f x is continuous on the closed interval
[ ] , a b then there exist numbers c and d so that,
1. , a c d b 7 7 , 2. ( ) f c is the abs. max. in
[ ] , a b , 3. ( ) f d is the abs. min. in [ ] , a b .

Finding Absolute Extrema
To Iind the absolute extrema oI the continuous
Iunction ( ) f x on the interval [ ] , a b use the
Iollowing process.
1. Find all critical points oI ( ) f x in [ ] , a b .
2. Evaluate ( ) f x at all points Iound in Step 1.
3. Evaluate ( ) f a and ( ) f b .
4. IdentiIy the abs. max. (largest Iunction
value) and the abs. min.(smallest Iunction
value) Irom the evaluations in Steps 2 & 3.

Relative (local) Extrema
1. x c = is a relative (or local) maximum oI
( ) f x iI ( ) ( ) f c f x 5 Ior all x near c.
2. x c = is a relative (or local) minimum oI
( ) f x iI ( ) ( ) f c f x 7 Ior all x near c.

1
st
Derivative Test
II x c = is a critical point oI ( ) f x then x c = is
1. a rel. max. oI ( ) f x iI ( ) 0 f x 2 > to the leIt
oI x c = and ( ) 0 f x 2 < to the right oI x c = .
2. a rel. min. oI ( ) f x iI ( ) 0 f x 2 < to the leIt
oI x c = and ( ) 0 f x 2 > to the right oI x c = .
3. not a relative extrema oI ( ) f x iI ( ) f x 2 is
the same sign on both sides oI x c = .

2
nd
Derivative Test
II x c = is a critical point oI ( ) f x such that
( ) 0 f c 2 = then x c =
1. is a relative maximum oI ( ) f x iI ( ) 0 f c 22 < .
2. is a relative minimum oI ( ) f x iI ( ) 0 f c 22 > .
3. may be a relative maximum, relative
minimum, or neither iI ( ) 0 f c 22 = .

Finding Relative Extrema and/or
Classify Critical Points
1. Find all critical points oI ( ) f x .
2. Use the 1
st
derivative test or the 2
nd

derivative test on each critical point.

Mean Value Theorem
II ( ) f x is continuous on the closed interval [ ] , a b and diIIerentiable on the open interval ( ) , a b
then there is a number a c b < < such that ( )
( ) ( ) f b f a
f c
b a
"
2 =
"
.

Newton`s Method
II
n
x is the n
th
guess Ior the root/solution oI ( ) 0 f x = then (n1)
st
guess is
( )
( )
1
n
n n
n
f x
x x
f x
+
= "
2

provided ( )
n
f x 2 exists.


Calculus Cheat Sheet
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. 2005 Paul Dawkins
Related Rates
Sketch picture and identiIy known/unknown quantities. Write down equation relating quantities
and diIIerentiate with respect to t using implicit diIIerentiation (i.e. add on a derivative every time
you diIIerentiate a Iunction oI t). Plug in known quantities and solve Ior the unknown quantity.
Ex. A 15 Ioot ladder is resting against a wall.
The bottom is initially 10 It away and is being
pushed towards the wall at
1
4
It/sec. How Iast
is the top moving aIter 12 sec?

x2 is negative because x is decreasing. Using
Pythagorean Theorem and diIIerentiating,
2 2 2
15 2 2 0 x v x x v v 2 2 + = $ + =
AIter 12 sec we have ( )
1
4
10 12 7 x = " = and
so
2 2
15 7 176 v = " = . Plug in and solve
Ior v2 .
( )
1
4
7
7 176 0 It/sec
4 176
v v 2 2 " + = $ =
Ex. Two people are 50 It apart when one
starts walking north. The angle$ changes at
0.01 rad/min. At what rate is the distance
between them changing when 0.5 $ = rad?

We have 0.01 $2 = rad/min. and want to Iind
x2 . We can use various trig Icns but easiest is,
sec sec tan
50 50
x x
$ $ $ $
2
2 = $ =
We know 0.05 $ = so plug in $2 and solve.
( ) ( )( ) sec 0.5 tan 0.5 0.01
50
0.3112 It/sec
x
x
2
=
2 =

Remember to have calculator in radians!

Optimization
Sketch picture iI needed, write down equation to be optimized and constraint. Solve constraint Ior
one oI the two variables and plug into Iirst equation. Find critical points oI equation in range oI
variables and veriIy that they are min/max as needed.
Ex. We`re enclosing a rectangular Iield with
500 It oI Ience material and one side oI the
Iield is a building. Determine dimensions that
will maximize the enclosed area.

Maximize A xv = subject to constraint oI
2 500 x v + = . Solve constraint Ior x and plug
into area.
( )
2
500 2
500 2
500 2
A v v
x v
v v
= "
= " $
= "

DiIIerentiate and Iind critical point(s).
500 4 125 A v v 2 = " $ =
By 2
nd
deriv. test this is a rel. max. and so is
the answer we`re aIter. Finally, Iind x.
( ) 500 2 125 250 x = " =
The dimensions are then 250 x 125.
Ex. Determine point(s) on
2
1 v x = + that are
closest to (0,2).

Minimize ( ) ( )
2 2
2
0 2 f d x v = = " + " and the
constraint is
2
1 v x = + . Solve constraint Ior
2
x and plug into the Iunction.
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
2
1 2
1 2 3 3
x v f x v
v v v v
= " $ = + "
= " + " = " +
DiIIerentiate and Iind critical point(s).
3
2
2 3 f v v 2 = " $ =
By the 2
nd
derivative test this is a rel. min. and
so all we need to do is Iind x value(s).
2
3 1 1
2 2
2
1 x x = " = $ =
The 2 points are then
( )
3 1
2
2
, and
( )
3 1
2
2
, " .
Calculus Cheat Sheet
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. 2005 Paul Dawkins
Integrals
Definitions
Definite Integral: Suppose ( ) f x is continuous
on [ ] , a b . Divide [ ] , a b into n subintervals oI
width x 8 and choose
*
i
x Irom each interval.
Then ( ) ( )
*
1
lim
i
b
a n
i
f x dx f x x
!#
=
#
= 8
9
:
.
Anti-Derivative : An anti-derivative oI ( ) f x
is a Iunction, ( ) F x , such that ( ) ( ) F x f x 2 = .
Indefinite Integral : ( ) ( ) f x dx F x c = +
:

where ( ) F x is an anti-derivative oI ( ) f x .

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Part I : II ( ) f x is continuous on [ ] , a b then
( ) ( )
x
a
g x f t dt =
:
is also continuous on [ ] , a b
and ( ) ( ) ( )
x
a
d
g x f t dt f x
dx
2 = =
:
.
Part II : ( ) f x is continuous on[ ] , a b , ( ) F x is
an anti-derivative oI ( ) f x (i.e. ( ) ( ) F x f x dx =
:
)
then ( ) ( ) ( )
b
a
f x dx F b F a = "
:
.
Variants of Part I :
( )
( )
( ) ( )
u x
a
d
f t dt u x f u x
dx
2 = & '
( ) :

( )
( )
( ) ( )
b
v x
d
f t dt v x f v x
dx
2 = " & '
( ) :

( )
( )
( )
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ] ( ) ( )
u x
v x
u x v x
d
f t dt u x f v x f
dx
2 2 = "
:


Properties
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x g x dx f x dx g x dx =
: : :

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
b b b
a a a
f x g x dx f x dx g x dx =
: : :

( ) 0
a
a
f x dx =
:

( ) ( )
b a
a b
f x dx f x dx = "
: :

( ) ( ) cf x dx c f x dx =
: :
, c is a constant
( ) ( )
b b
a a
cf x dx c f x dx =
: :
, c is a constant
( ) ( )
b b
a a
f x dx f t dt =
: :

( ) ( )
b b
a a
f x dx f x dx 7
: :
II ( ) ( ) f x g x 5 ona x b 7 7 then ( ) ( )
b a
a b
f x dx g x dx 5
: :

II ( ) 0 f x 5 on a x b 7 7 then ( ) 0
b
a
f x dx 5
:

II ( ) m f x M 7 7 on a x b 7 7 then ( ) ( ) ( )
b
a
m b a f x dx M b a " 7 7 "
:


Common Integrals
k dx k x c = +
:

1 1
1
, 1
n n
n
x dx x c n
+
+
= + % "
:

1
1
ln
x
x dx dx x c
"
= = +
: :

1 1
ln
a
ax b
dx ax b c
+
= + +
:

( ) ln ln u du u u u c = " +
:

u u
du c = +
:
e e
cos sin u du u c = +
:

sin cos u du u c = " +
:

2
sec tan u du u c = +
:

sec tan sec u u du u c = +
:

csc cot csc u udu u c = " +
:

2
csc cot u du u c = " +
:

tan ln sec u du u c = +
:

sec ln sec tan u du u u c = + +
:

( )
1 1 1
2 2
tan
u
a a
a u
du c
"
+
= +
:

( )
1
2 2
1
sin
u
a
a u
du c
"
"
= +
:
Calculus Cheat Sheet
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. 2005 Paul Dawkins
Standard Integration Techniques
Note that at many schools all but the Substitution Rule tend to be taught in a Calculus II class.

! Substitution : The substitution ( ) u g x = will convert ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) b g b
a g a
f g x g x dx f u du 2 =
: :
using
( ) du g x dx 2 = . For indeIinite integrals drop the limits oI integration.
Ex.
( )
2 3
2
1
5 cos x x dx
:

3 2 2
1
3
3 u x du x dx x dx du = $ = $ =
3 3
1 1 1 :: 2 2 8 x u x u = $ = = = $ = =
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 3
2 8
5
3
1 1
8
5 5
3 3
1
5 cos cos
sin sin 8 sin 1
x x dx u du
u
=
= = "
: :


Integration by Parts : u dv uv v du = "
: :
and
b b
b
a
a a
u dv uv v du = "
: :
. Choose u and dv Irom
integral and compute du by diIIerentiating u and compute v using v dv =
:
.
Ex.
x
x dx
"
:
e
x x
u x dv du dx v
" "
= = $ = = " e e
x x x x x
x dx x dx x c
" " " " "
= " + = " " +
: :
e e e e e
Ex.
5
3
ln x dx
:

1
ln
x
u x dv dx du dx v x = = $ = =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
5 5 5
5
3
3 3 3
ln ln ln
5ln 5 3ln 3 2
x dx x x dx x x x = " = "
= " "
: :

Products and (some) Quotients of Trig Functions
For sin cos
n m
x x dx
:
we have the Iollowing :
1. " odd. Strip 1 sine out and convert rest to
cosines using
2 2
sin 1 cos x x = " , then use
the substitution cos u x = .
2. # odd. Strip 1 cosine out and convert rest
to sines using
2 2
cos 1 sin x x = " , then use
the substitution sin u x = .
3. " and # both odd. Use either 1. or 2.
4. " and # both even. Use double angle
and/or halI angle Iormulas to reduce the
integral into a Iorm that can be integrated.
For tan sec
n m
x x dx
:
we have the Iollowing :
1. " odd. Strip 1 tangent and 1 secant out and
convert the rest to secants using
2 2
tan sec 1 x x = " , then use the substitution
sec u x = .
2. # even. Strip 2 secants out and convert rest
to tangents using
2 2
sec 1 tan x x = + , then
use the substitution tan u x = .
3. " odd and # even. Use either 1. or 2.
4. " even and # odd. Each integral will be
dealt with diIIerently.
Trig Formulas : ( ) ( ) ( ) sin 2 2sin cos x x x = , ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1
2
cos 1 cos 2 x x = + , ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1
2
sin 1 cos 2 x x = "

Ex.
3 5
tan sec x x dx
:

( )
( ) ( )
3 5 2 4
2 4
2 4
7 5
1 1
7 5
tan sec tan sec tan sec
sec 1 sec tan sec
1 sec
sec sec
x xdx x x x xdx
x x x xdx
u u du u x
x x c
=
= "
= " =
= " +
: :
:
:

Ex.
5
3
sin
cos
x
x
dx
:

( )
2 2
1 1
2 2
2 2
5 4
3 3 3
2 2
3
2 2
2 4
3 3
sin (sin )
sin sin sin
cos cos cos
sin (1 cos )
cos
(1 )
1 2
cos
sec 2ln cos cos
x x
x x x
x x x
x x
x
u
u u
u u
dx dx dx
dx u x
du du
x x x c
"
"
" +
= =
= =
= " = "
= + " +
: : :
:
: :

Calculus Cheat Sheet
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. 2005 Paul Dawkins
Trig Substitutions : II the integral contains the Iollowing root use the given substitution and
Iormula to convert into an integral involving trig Iunctions.
2 2 2
sin
a
b
a b x x $ " $ =
2 2
cos 1 sin $ $ = "
2 2 2
sec
a
b
b x a x $ " $ =
2 2
tan sec 1 $ $ = "
2 2 2
tan
a
b
a b x x $ + $ =
2 2
sec 1 tan $ $ = +

Ex.
2
2
16
4 9
x
x
dx
"
:

2 2
3 3
sin cos x dx d $ $ $ = $ =
2 2
2
4 4sin 4cos 2 cos
4 9x
$ $ $ = " = =
"

Recall
2
x x = . Because we have an indeIinite
integral we`ll assume positive and drop absolute
value bars. II we had a deIinite integral we`d
need to compute $ `s and remove absolute value
bars based on that and,
iI 0
iI 0
x x
x
x x
5 3
=
4
" <
6

In this case we have
2
2cos
4 9x
$ =
"
.
( )
( )
2
3
sin 2cos
2
2 2 4
9
16 12
sin
cos
12csc 12cot
d d
d c
$ $ $
$ $ $
$ $
=
= = " +
;
<
:
:

Use Right Triangle Trig to go back to x`s. From
substitution we have
3
2
sin
x
$ = so,

From this we see that
2
4 9
3
cot
x
x
$
"
= . So,
2
2
2
16 4 4 9
4 9
x
x
x
x
dx c
"
"
= " +
:


Partial Fractions : II integrating
( )
( )
P x
Q x
dx
:
where the degree oI ( ) P x is smaller than the degree oI
( ) Q x . Factor denominator as completely as possible and Iind the partial Iraction decomposition oI
the rational expression. Integrate the partial Iraction decomposition (P.F.D.). For each Iactor in the
denominator we get term(s) in the decomposition according to the Iollowing table.

Factor in ( ) Q x Term in P.F.D Factor in ( ) Q x Term in P.F.D
ax b +
A
ax b +

( )
k
ax b +
( ) ( )
1 2
2
k
k
A A A
ax b
ax b ax b
+ + +
+
+ +
!
2
ax bx c + +
2
Ax B
ax bx c
+
+ +

( )
2
k
ax bx c + +
( )
1 1
2
2
k k
k
A x B A x B
ax bx c
ax bx c
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
!

Ex.
2
( )( )
2
1 4
7 13
x x
x x
dx
" +
+
:

( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
( )( )
2 1
3
2 2
2
3 16 4
1
1 4 4
3 16 4
1
4 4
7 13
4ln 1 ln 4 8tan
x
x
x x x
x
x
x x
x x
x
dx dx
dx
x x
"
+
"
" + +
"
+ +
+
= +
= + +
= " + + +
: :
:

Here is partial Iraction Iorm and recombined.
2
2 2 2
4) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )
2
1
1
1 4 4 1 4
(
7 13
Bx C x
x
x x x x x
A x Bx C A x x
+ + + "
"
" + + " +
+ +
= + =
Set numerators equal and collect like terms.
( ) ( )
2 2
7 13 4 x x A B x C B x A C + = + + " + "
Set coeIIicients equal to get a system and solve
to get constants.
7 13 4 0
4 3 16
A B C B A C
A B C
+ = " = " =
= = =


An alternate method that sometimes works to Iind constants. Start with setting numerators equal in
previous example :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
7 13 4 1 x x A x Bx C x + = + + + " . Chose nice values oI x and plug in.
For example iI 1 x = we get 20 5A = which gives 4 A = . This won`t always work easily.
Calculus Cheat Sheet
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. 2005 Paul Dawkins
Applications of Integrals
Net Area : ( )
b
a
f x dx
:
represents the net area between ( ) f x and the
x-axis with area above x-axis positive and area below x-axis negative.


Area Between Curves : The general Iormulas Ior the two main cases Ior each are,
( ) upper Iunction lower Iunction
b
a
v f x A dx
& ' & '
( ) ( )
= $ = "
:
& ( ) right Iunction leIt Iunction
d
c
x f v A dv
& ' & '
( ) ( )
= $ = "
:

II the curves intersect then the area oI each portion must be Iound individually. Here are some
sketches oI a couple possible situations and Iormulas Ior a couple oI possible cases.

( ) ( )
b
a
A f x g x dx = "
:


( ) ( )
d
c
A f v g v dv = "
:


( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
c b
a c
A f x g x dx g x f x dx = " + "
: :


Volumes of Revolution : The two main Iormulas are ( ) J A x dx =
:
and ( ) J A v dv =
:
. Here is
some general inIormation about each method oI computing and some examples.
Rings Cylinders
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
outer radius inner radius A # = " ( ) ( ) radius width / height 2 A # =
Limits: x/v oI right/bot ring to x/v oI leIt/top ring Limits : x/v oI inner cyl. to x/v oI outer cyl.
Horz. Axis use ( ) f x ,
( ) g x , ( ) A x and dx.
Vert. Axis use ( ) f v ,
( ) g v , ( ) A v and dv.
Horz. Axis use ( ) f v ,
( ) g v , ( ) A v and dv.
Vert. Axis use ( ) f x ,
( ) g x , ( ) A x and dx.

Ex. Axis : 0 v a = > Ex. Axis : 0 v a = 7 Ex. Axis : 0 v a = > Ex. Axis : 0 v a = 7

outer radius : ( ) a f x "
inner radius : ( ) a g x "
outer radius: ( ) a g x +
inner radius: ( ) a f x +
radius : a v "
width : ( ) ( ) f v g v "
radius : a v +
width : ( ) ( ) f v g v "

These are only a Iew cases Ior horizontal axis oI rotation. II axis oI rotation is the x-axis use the
0 v a = 7 case with 0 a = . For vertical axis oI rotation ( 0 x a = > and 0 x a = 7 ) interchange x and
v to get appropriate Iormulas.
Calculus Cheat Sheet
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. 2005 Paul Dawkins
Work : II a Iorce oI ( ) F x moves an object
in a x b 7 7 , the work done is ( )
b
a
W F x dx =
:

Average Function Value : The average value
oI ( ) f x on a x b 7 7 is ( )
1
b
avg
a b a
f f x dx
"
=
:


Arc Length Surface Area : Note that this is oIten a Calc II topic. The three basic Iormulas are,
b
a
L ds =
:
2
b
a
SA v ds # =
:
(rotate about x-axis) 2
b
a
SA x ds # =
:
(rotate about v-axis)
where ds is dependent upon the Iorm oI the Iunction being worked with as Iollows.
( )
( )
2
1 iI ,
dv
dx
ds dx v f x a x b = + = 7 7
( )
( )
2
1 iI ,
dx
dv
ds dv x f v a v b = + = 7 7
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
iI , ,
dv
dx
dt dt
ds dt x f t v g t a t b = + = = 7 7
( ) ( )
2
2
iI ,
dr
d
ds r d r f a b
$
$ $ $ = + = 7 7
With surIace area you mav have to substitute in Ior the x or v depending on your choice oI ds to
match the diIIerential in the ds. With parametric and polar you will always need to substitute.

Improper Integral
An improper integral is an integral with one or more inIinite limits and/or discontinuous integrands.
Integral is called convergent iI the limit exists and has a Iinite value and divergent iI the limit
doesn`t exist or has inIinite value. This is typically a Calc II topic.

Infinite Limit
1. ( ) ( ) lim
t
a a t
f x dx f x dx
!#
#
=
: :
2. ( ) ( ) lim
b b
t t
f x dx f x dx
" !"# #
=
: :
3. ( ) ( ) ( )
c
c
f x dx f x dx f x dx
" "
# #
# #
= +
: : :
provided BOTH integrals are convergent.
Discontinuous Integrand
1. Discont. at a: ( ) ( ) lim
b b
a t
t a
f x dx f x dx
+
!
=
: :
2. Discont. at b : ( ) ( ) lim
b t
a a
t b
f x dx f x dx
"
!
=
: :
3. Discontinuity at a c b < < : ( ) ( ) ( )
b c b
a a c
f x dx f x dx f x dx = +
: : :
provided both are convergent.

Comparison Test for Improper Integrals : II ( ) ( ) 0 f x g x 5 5 on [ ) , a # then,
1. II ( )
a
f x dx
#
:
conv. then ( )
a
g x dx
#
:
conv. 2. II ( )
a
g x dx
#
:
divg. then ( )
a
f x dx
#
:
divg.
UseIul Iact : II 0 a > then
1
a
p
x
dx
#
:
converges iI 1 p > and diverges Ior 1 p 7 .

Approximating Definite Integrals
For given integral ( )
b
a
f x dx
:
and a n (must be even Ior Simpson`s Rule) deIine
b a
n
x
"
8 = and
divide [ ] , a b into n subintervals [ ]
0 1
, x x , [ ]
1 2
, x x , . , [ ]
1
,
n n
x x
"
with
0
x a = and
n
x b = then,
Midpoint Rule : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
* * *
1 2
b
n
a
f x dx x f x f x f x
& '
= 8 + + +
( )
:
! ,
*
i
x is midpoint [ ]
1
,
i i
x x
"

Trapezoid Rule : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 2 1
2 2 2
2
b
n n
a
x
f x dx f x f x f x f x f x
"
8
= + + + + + + & '
( ) :
!
Simpson`s Rule : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 2 2 1
4 2 2 4
3
b
n n n
a
x
f x dx f x f x f x f x f x f x
" "
8
= + + + + + + & '
( ) :
!