2

BERCEN Training Program on On-site Inspection

For the Environmental Enforcement Agencies and
Inspectorates

September 9-12, 2003

Ohrid Lake, Republic of Macedonia








THE THERMAL POWER PLANT

REK BITOLA

(General information)








3

CONTENTS: page

1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. Description of facilites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3. Description of applied technological process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 10
3. 1. Operation cucle-water/steam/condenstate. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3. 2. Coal and crude oil preparation and supply. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3. 2. 1. Coal supply system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3. 2. 2. System for preparation of coal dust. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 10
3. 2. 3. Crude oil system. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 10
3. 3.Preparation and supply of industrial water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 11
3. 4. Cooling water in TPP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .11
3. 5. Drain and treatment of smoky gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3. 6. Drain of ashes and slag. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3. 6. 1. System of internal ashes removal of a block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 12
3. 6. 2.System of external transport of ashes and slag. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
3. 7. Auxiliary plants accesory equpiment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 12
3. 7. 1. Block transformers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ..13
3. 7. 2. Starting boiler house. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 13
3. 7. 3.Elecrolysis station. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3. 8.Common technical plants and equipment. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
4. Golbalized flows of raw materials,substances and waste matters. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4. 1. Tract of closed steam-lined cycle-supply water/system/condensate. . . . . 14
4. 1. 1. Raw materials and sybstances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
4. 1. 2. Waste matters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 14
4. 1. 3. Waste waters characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
4. 1. 4. Waste matters treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 14
4. 2. Tract of coal supply. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .14
4. 2. 1. Raw materials and substances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 15
4. 2. 2. Waste matters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . 15
4. 2. 3. Waste matters characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .16
4. 2. 4. Waste matters treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4. 3. Tract of sryde oil sypple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4. 3. 1. Raw materials and substances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .16
4. 3. 2. Waste matters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .17
4. 3. 3. Waste matters characteristics and treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 17
4. 4. Gas-air tract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4. 4. 1. Raw materials and substances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 17
4. 4. 2. Waste matters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4. 4. 3. Waste matters characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4. 5. Tract of ashes and slag. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . 18
4. 5. 1. Raw materials and substances. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
4. 5. 2. Waste matters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5. Analysis of the sourses of pollution in the production process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
5. 1. Air pollution. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 19
5. 1. 1. Emmision of harmfull matters from REK Bitola. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 19
5. 1. 2. Immision of harmfull matters from REK Bitola. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 19
5. 2. Water Polution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
5. 2. 1. Waters in the processes of the Thermal Power Plant. . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4
5. 2. 1. 1. Needs of water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
5. 2. 1. 2. Water supply. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
5. 2. 1. 3. Waste waters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
5. 2. 1. 4. Expected harmfull matters in the waste waters. . . . . ... . . . . . ..20
5. 2. 1. 5. Table of the balance of waters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
5. 3. Solid waste. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5. 3. 1. Solid waste treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5. 4. Noise and vibration. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.4.1. Strength of noise as criteria for the assessment..................................26
5.4.2 Family of N-curves, defined with ISO 1996 as criteria
for the assessment................................................................................26
5.4.3. Assessment of the existing level
of vibrations.........................................................................................26
6. Monitoring system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6. 1. Emmision monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6. 2. Immision monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
7. Technical solutions for environment protection agains pollution. .. . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7. 1. Pollution and protection of the atmosphere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 27
7. 1. 1. Existing solution for protection of the atmosphere against
air pollution.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7. 1. 2. Measures needed for treatment of waste substances. . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7. 2. Recicling of the slag. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . 27
7. 3. Pollution and protection of waters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .28
7. 4. Soil pollution and treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. .30


























5






1. INTRODUCTION

Mining and Energy Combine (REK) Bitola is a facility of strategic importance and
primary installation for electricity generation in the Republic of Macedonia. It
satisfies over 70% of the demand for electricity in the country, as well as major part of
the needs for coal (lignite) of industrial boiler plants and general consumption.

REK Bitola is located in the southern part of Macedonia, in Pelagonia plain. It has
been built on the basis of the finds of coal-lignite, at around 12 km eastwards from the
City of Bitola.

The conception of development and exploitation of the thermal power plant Bitola
was initiated in 1982. In parallel with the start up operation of block 1 in 1984, block
2 was put into operation, and block 3 in 1988, constructed in the manner that can be
adapted for joint operation with another block - block 4 that remained undeveloped.

Today, REK Bitola with its three completed blocks of individual capacity of 225 MW
or total installed capacity of 675 MW provides an average annual generation of 4, 34
million MWh electricity.

The total remained usable reserves of coal in the Excavation Site Suvodol by
September 2000 have been estimated at 76 h 10
9
tons, which, given the annual
requirements to satisfy the consumption of the three blocks of the thermal power
plant, amount 6h10
9
tons of coal, could facilitate operations by 2013.

REK Bitola operates as a Plant of the Public Enterprise Electric Company of
Macedonia. It consists of the following infrastructural structures: the Mine Suvodol
and Thermal Power Plant (TPP) Bitola, and three departments - for legal affairs, for
economic affairs and for investments, research and development, with a total number
of 2400 employees.














6



7

8

2. DESCRIPTION OF FACILITIES


The Block of the Thermal Power Plant is an independent technological whole for
electricity generation and operation of one block is not conditioned by the operation,
i.e. nonoperation, termination of operation or stoppage in case of repairs of some of
the other two blocks.

Each block of the TPP Bitola consists of the main installation building
encompassing::
- boiler,
- turbine and generator and their accessory equipment, as well as
- starting boiler house,
- electric filter,
- stack, smoke ventilators,
- cooling tower,
- circulation pumping station,
- capacitor,
- water softening plant,
- crude oil station,
- oil station, etc.

TPP Bitola 3x225 MW generally consists of the following:

- three steam circulating steam generators with nominal production of
superheated steam of 700t/hour, with pressure of 140 bar and temperature of
545 S.
- three steam capacitation turbines with a nominal capacity of 225 MW
- transformers from 25 t! 250 MVa
- long distance pipelines of 110 and 400 kV for connection with the electric
power system
- three electric filters
- one joint stack for both blocks and one stack for the third one, and potentially
fourth block
- two pumping stations for cooling water with pipelines
- three cooling towers with natural draft
- water softening 2h35 m
3
/hour and 2h80 m
3
/hour
- electrolysis station for production of carbon and distribution of CO
2

- pumping station for the raw water of Crna River
- crude oil station
- starting boiler house
- two coal supply systems with strips and roto dredgers
- three systems for internal pneumatic ashes removal with storage space for
ashes and slag
- three systems for external transport of ashes and slag
- other auxiliary facilities, including: fire prevention, Diesel aggregates, cranes,
elevators, etc.


9





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In Thermal Power Plant:
1. Bus station
2. Doorman's booth
3. Administrative building of R"#
4. Cooling towers
5. Restaurant
6. Administrative building
7. Workshop
8. Main installation building
9. Pumping station
10. Electrolysis station
11. Water softening
12. Starting boiler house
13. Crude oil station
14. Dressing rooms
15. Accommodation huts
16. Stack
17. Slanting bridge for coal
18. Mounting plateau with cranes
19. Storage houses
20. Power generation station 400/110 [kV]
21. Oil operations
22. Ashes and slag transportation system
23. Policlinic
24. Investment
25. Neutralization hole
26. Fire prevention for power generation
stations


11
3. DESCRIPTION OF APPLIED TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS


3.1. Operation cycle - water/steam/condensate

The water/steam/condensate tract in the closed cycle of TPP Bitola is the most
important segment of the production cycle, the main goal of which is to provide steam
in the steam generators. The boiler house aggregate of each block is provided with a
system for technical control necessary for its management and operations monitoring,
with a system of automatic regulation, with technological protection and blockades
against industrial accidents.

3.2. Coal and crude oil preparation and supply
The main goal of this production section is to transport the coal obtained from the
open pit Suvodol to TPP Bitola, and generation of coal dust used as combustion fuel
in steam generators. In addition, the crude oil system provides sufficient quantity of
crude oil required for turning on the steam generators of solid fuel from cold
condition, so that the initial burning is carried out with liquid or gaseous fuel.

3.2.1. Coal supply system

The coal required for the TPP Bitola is supplied from the mine Suvodol. The coal
from the mine is transported through a system of lines to the receiving disposal site
which separates the coal flow to the landfill of blocks 1 and 2 or to the landfill of
block 3 or to both landfills, and the coal is deposited on eight mining beams by means
of four roto dredgers. The capacity of the landfill is 560.000 T, representing 25 days
reserves for operation with a guaranteed quality of the coal.

3.2.2. System for preparation of coal dust

The coal once crushed in crushing plant in the mine, from the coal storage space, by
means of dozer and supplier, is taken to the vertical section of the channel for
recirculation of smoky gases and falls into the mill. The dust prepared in this manner,
by means of the gases, is taken to the fireboxes for combustion.
The capacity of the coal storage spaces is 300 T or sufficient for 5 hours uninterrupted
operation of one mill.

3.2.3. Crude oil system

The crude oil station is intended to supply the crude oil required for block starting and
supporting the flame in the steam generators when it gets dark for various reasons.






12
3.3. Preparation and supply of industrial water

REK Bitola uses the accumulation Strezevo as a main source for supply of required
quantities of industrial water, which provides 12 million m
3
per year, through a
pipeline. In addition to this, there are two more options, i.e. the river of Crna and the
accumulation Suvodol, but their utilization is at minimum.
The demand for water by REK Bitola is up to 540 L/sec in summer, and less in
winter, determined by the magnitude of the irreversible losses of water in the system
for industrial water supply and the flows of water needed for the Combine itself.
In order to meet the criteria required for use in the TPP, the raw water is subjected to
processing by means of decarbonization and demineralization.

3.4. Cooling water in TPP

Due to the lack of running system, river or water body, lake or sea, and for the
purpose of cooling, it was necessary to introduce a recirculation system for circulation
cooling water, by use of cooling towers demonstrating sufficient technological and
economic indicators.
Each block is provided with one cooling tower, condensation plant, pumping station
and appropriate pipelines and socket parts.

3.5. Drain and treatment of smoky gases

The system of gas-air tract of each steam generator is basically composed of two
regenerative air heaters, two ventilators for fresh air, tow steam calorifier and two
smoke ventilators. All these elements are mounted at the back part, outside the
building of the steam generator.
After the regenerative air heater and before the ventilator for smoky gases, the electric
filter is positioned, playing the role of electric condenser and keeping the particles of
smoky gases due to the creation of dielectric power.
The stack of the steam generator is placed after the ventilators for smoky gases and its
height is 250 m.
Blocks 1 and 2 have joint stack, and block 3 has a separate one, with a possibility and
capacity to connect an additional block, i.e. Block 4 which could be developed in
future.

3.6. Drain of ashes and slag

The technological process of electricity generation in the TPP Bitola, during the
combustion, produces ashes and slag, in operation conditions under nominal power of
225 MW and guaranteed quality of the coal of 7308 kJ/kg, as well as around 50
T/hour and around 8 T/hour of slag.




13
3.6.1. System of internal ashes removal of a block

The ashes as a product from the coal combustion in steam generators, together with
the smoky gases, pass through smoke channels and enters into the electric filter at the
exit from the steam generator. The task of the filter is to separate the ashes from
smoky gases. According to project data, the electric filters in TPP Bitola have a
purification degree of 0, 9984.


3.6.2. System of external transport of ashes and slag

In the framework of the system of external transport of ashes and slag in TPP Bitola,
two concrete storage structures are constructed for collection of ashes and slag, so that
there is a joint storage structure for blocks 1 and 2 and separate one for block 3. They
are developed as a single structure, internally divided into two parts, one of which is
for ashes and the other for slag.
The transportation of ashes and slag is carried out by means of a system of dosers,
lines, disposal and deposition sites.
The slag from the slag remover positioned under the steam generator is transported to
the slag storage space, while the ashes from the electric filter, by means of pneumatic
system, is transported to the ashes storage space.
There are three systems for external transportation of ashes and slag in TPP Bitola.
Ashes and slag from the three blocks are transported through common lines, after
which three separate transportation systems composed of the lines and disposal
machines continue.
Ashes and transportation systems for blocks 1 and 2 have a capacity of 250 T/hour,
while the capacity of the system for Block 3 is 500 T/hour.
All three systems, beginning with the line, are able to transport ashes and slag from
any block.
At the bottom of ashes and slag storage spaces, there are concrete craters within which
dosers are built in. From the dosers onto the lines, the slag falls first and then the
ashes, moistured with water from the system of sparklers in order to prevent
dispersion from the line under the influence of the wind.
The disposal of ashes and slag is carried out in the so called strongboxes to the slag
disposal site. Then, it is covered with earth and the surface is recultivated.


3.7. Auxiliary plants and accessory equipment

As auxiliary plants supporting the TPP that have not been considered under one of the
tracts, we should mention:

- block transformers
- starting boiler house
- electrolysis station, etc.

14
3.7.1. Block transformers

The provide higher voltage required for the electricity transmission at longer
distances.


3.7.2. Starting boiler house

Its task is to provide steam required for the block starting and for certain accidental
situations.
It contains two block boilers with a capacity of 50 T/hour and 10 T/hour, with reduced
pressure of 13 Bar and temperature of 260 S.

3.7.3. Electrolysis station

The task of the electrolysis station is to produce carbon required for cooling the
windings of the generator's rotor. Technology of production is based on the principle
of electrolysis of the water in plants called electrolysers, where the water is
decomposed into carbon and oxygen.

3.8. Common technical plants and equipment

We can mention the following general technical plants and facilities for common use
within the TPP:

- workshops
- depots and storehouses (open and closed)
- administrative and management premises
- restaurant
- huts for accommodation of workers
- boiler house for hot water based heating (reserve)
- other

Taking into account the purpose of the facilities, the following waste matters are
found:

- solid waste
- sanitary wastewater






15

4. Globalized flows of raw materials, substances
and waste matters

4.1. Tract of closed steam-lined cycle supply water/ steam/
condensate

The main working process, during the work of the TPP blocks is being carried out in
the tract of the closed steam-lined cycle (supply water/steam/condensate). During this
process, a transmittion/transfer of the transformation of heat energy resulting from the
fuel combustion in a mechanical energy of the turbine takes place, and even in an
electrical energy, as a final product, being generated in the generator.

4.1.1. Raw materials and substances

As a power fluid used for transmittion/transfer of the transformation of energy from
the fuel generation water is being used in a form of a supply water, steam and
condensate.

4.1.2. Waste matters

The waste matters in the tract from the closed steam cycle include:

- temporary steam release from exhaust and safety armatures
- sludge removal from the boiler
- water release from the drain and in the engine room

4.1.3. Waste waters characteristics

The temporary steam release and the de-steaming from the condensation reservoirs
does not pollute the environment, thus is not treated any further.
The waste waters characteristics resulting from the sludge removal of the boiler are
given in section 5.2.
The waste waters characteristics resulting from the drain and in the engine room, are
given in section 5.2.

4.1.4. Waste matters treatment
The waste waters treatment shall be reviewed in the section 5.2.


4.2. Tract of coal supply

The tract for coal supply for the TPP blocks includes:
- crushing plant
- coal disposal site
- roto dredging machines
- transport systems (located as external, in oblique bridges and over-bunker
storage space)
- storage space
16
- dozers, suppliers and transporters


4.2.1. Raw materials and substances

Basic raw material used for production of electrical energy in TPP Bitola is the coal,
generated in the own mine of a surface excavation site.


Coal characteristics

Lignite characteristics:
parameter measuring
unit
lowest mean highest

H
d
Humidity
Ash
Sulphure
C
H
N
O
2

kJ/kg
%
%
%
%
%
%
%

6200
49
12,7
0, 4
19, 7
1, 9
0, 3
8,25

7280
50,5
13, 5
0, 52
22, 55
1, 93
0,3
8, 4


7830
52,2 5
20
0, 7
24, 3
2, 2
0, 3
11, 1



Coal consumption at an average power (N
sr
=209, 9 MW)

measuring
unit
per block TPP in total
Coal consumption per hour t/h 304, 4 913
Coal consumption per day t/day 6. 732 21. 914
Coal consumption per month t/month 174. 964 524. 893
Coal consumption per year t/year 2. 099. 573 6. 298. 722

4.2.2. Waste matters

In the coal supply tract, waste matters are generated as a result of self-founded
processes:
- evaporation of moisture and volatiles as a result of the coal drying on the open
disposal site
- Dust dispersion from an open disposal site
- Dust generation from the coal transfer and transport with the transport systems
- Surface water pollution by coal rinsing at the open disposal site, during
atmospheric rainfalls
This pollution is of a relatively small size and basically the TPP micro location is
being polluted.



17
4.2.3. Waste matters characteristics

The qualitative structure, as well as the waste matters quantifying were not discussed.

4.2.4. Waste matters treatment

- Dust dispersion from an open disposal site

No measures are anticipated for waste matters treatment, except the maximizing of the
levee coal layer, from an aspect of preventing its spontaneous combustion.

- Dust from the transport systems

For the external transport systems, no special measures are anticipated for preventing
the dust dispersion, having in mind they are short routes.
The inclined bridges where the transport lines for fuel supply to the over-bunker area
are placed, are enclosed with tinplate, thus the dust dispersion is taking place in the
inside. This area is regularly cleaned.
For the over-bunker area, in which there is significant coal dust dispersion generated
during the coal transport and transfer, an aspiration system and manual cleaning of the
area are anticipated.


4.3. Tract of crude oil supply

The crude oil in TPP Bitola is used as an additional fuel, when starting the TPP
blocks, as well as supporting the process of coal combustion. Especially in conditions
of coal supply with low caloric value to the fireboxes/burners, or coal with increased
percentage of fireproof matters (most often with increased percentage of soil in the
coal).
The tract of crude oil supply for the TPP blocks includes:
- reservoirs for crude oil storage
- pump plant
- heat-exchanging equipment for thermic preparation of the crude oil
- pipelines and armature
- crude oil burners


4.3.1. Raw materials and substances

The only raw material treated in this tract is the crude oil.

Crude oil characteristics

The crude oil characteristics depend on the characteristics of specific procurements.
Most often they are:




18
Parameter

measuring unit Heavy crude
oil
Medium
crude oil
H
d
kJ/kg 39770 39770
Viscosity at 100 C 53 21
Temperature C 40 30
Content of coke % 15 10
Content of S Weight % 4 3
Humidity and mechanical
ingredients
Volume % 2 1, 5
Content of ashes % 0, 2 0, 2
Point of burning C 100 80


Exploitation experience

The average yearly crude oil consumption for the three blocks is 3680 t/year.

4.3.2. Waste matters

There are no waste matters in the tract of crude oil supply.
The volatile evaporation from the crude oil reservoirs in the atmosphere has no
significant impact to the environment.

4.3.3. Waste matters characteristics and treatment

Since no waste matters are identified, neither their characteristics nor the treatment
were discussed.


4.4. Gas-air tract


In the process of combustion, a mixture of gasses is generated, in accordance with the
fuel type and its chemical characteristics, and the regime of combustion.

4.4.1. Raw materials and substances

The raw materials and materials which are part of the process of combustion are:

- coal
- crude oil
- air

4.4.2. Waste matters

With regard to the amounts of ejecting, their structure/content, physical-chemical
characteristics of their integral elements, the smoky gases are one of the main
pollutants of the TPP operating.
The smoky gases, as aerosol, may be discussed as a composition of:
- gas mixture: O
2,
, CO
2
, CO, SO
2
, CO
3
, NO
x
, H
2
O. . .
19
- solid particles


4.4.3. Waste matters characteristics

The waste matters characteristics shall depend on the products of combustion and the
measures applied for their cleansing.



4.5. Tract of ashes and slag


The ashes and the slag are products of the combustion.
The tract of ashes and slag includes plants and elements where the separated ashes
and slag are collected from the basic gas flow of the smoky gasses, as well as the
ashes and slag transport to the open ashes disposal site.

4.5.1. Raw materials and substances

Regarding the fact that this is a tract for collection, transport and disposal (storage) of
hazardous substances, the materials used are in a function of the equipment
functioning:
- oils and lubricants
- water for slug cooling
- air for the air-lift, and for moisturizing of the pneumatic ash transport.


4.5.2. Waste matters

The waste substances from this tract (ashes and slag) are the main solid waste matters,
characteristic for the electrical energy production using coal as a fuel.
20

5. ANALYSIS OF THE SOURCES OF POLLUTION IN THE
PRODUCTION PROCESS



5.1. AIR POLLUTION

5.1.1. Emission of harmful matters from REK Bitola

Measured values:

Dust SO
2
NO
x
Volume gas
flow (m
3
n
/h) mg/m
3
n
kg/h mg/m
3
kg/h mg/m
3
kg/h
Block 1 1. 435. 582 72, 3 103,79 1. 760 2. 527 168 241
Block 2 1. 374. 404 66, 9 91. 94 1. 610 2. 212 151 207
Block 3 1. 091. 001 39, 4 42, 98 2. 311 2. 521 261 284
Total: 3. 900. 987 61, 2 238, 7 1. 861 7. 260 188 732

5.1.2. Imission of harmful matters from REK-Bitola

Background concentrations in the vicinity of REK Bitola are measured at three
measuring points: Gneotino, Dedebalci and Ribarci. Concentrations of SO
2
, smoke
(flying particles) and aero sediment are measured. The existing equipment enables
measuring only of 24 hour concentrations, while for the brief/transient ones there are
no measured data so far.
According to the measured data, the average daily concentrations measured at the
three points in the vicinity of REK Bitola are lower then the ones defined by Law.

5.2. WATER POLLUTION

5.2.1. Waters in the processes of the Thermal Power Plant

5.2.1.1. Needs of water

In the process of electrical energy production in the thermal power plants, besides the
coal as a power fuel, technical water is needed as well, used for:
- replenish the losses by the demineralized water in the closed steam lined
system
- replenish the losses in the recirculation cooling system
- cooling of single plants
- slag extinguish and ashes moistening
- firefighting
- maintenance of the hygiene of infrastructure
- for the horticulture.
The needs for water of REK Bitola are up to 540 l/s in the summer period, and less in
the winter period.
Besides the technical water, REK Bitola also needs drinking water for the needs of the
staff, food, sanitary needs etc.

21
5.2.1.2. Water supply

Main, auxiliary and reserve sources for raw water supply for TPP Bitola:
- the system Strezevo
- the accumulation Suvodol
- the river Dragor
The water supply in TPP Bitola is carried out with pipelines and complete additional
equipment.

5.2.1.3. Waste waters

The waste waters in TPP Bitola may be divided to:
- industrial waste waters
- communal waste waters
- atmospheric/storm waste waters
Waste waters are let in a separate sewerage.

5.2.1.4. Expected harmful matters in the waste waters

According to the origin:
- industrial waste waters
- communal waste waters
- atmospheric/storm waste waters

According to the regime of releasing:
- eventual
- periodical
- continuous with constant release
- continuous with changeable release
- occasional

According to the quality and characteristics, the waste waters may be divided to:
- chemically polluted
- mechanically polluted
- thermically polluted
- greasy
- cooling waters

According to the type of pollution, the industrial water treatment is carried out
separately.
22
5.2.1.5.Table of the balance of waters

Place of occurrence Technological
process
Raw material and other
materials
Waste water type of
pollution
Quantity Discharge


From sludge removal
from the reactor


-12,5 m3/h
-18.000
m
3
/year

-continuous removal of
sludge from the reactor
for deka-water
-in Channel 10
Decarbonization


It is carried out
by sedimentation
with settling
agents

- raw water and chemicals (lime
slaked, ferri-chloride and poly-
electrolyte)
From sand filters
rinsing


Not very much
polluted, rich in
floccules,
pH=6,5-8,5 75, 6m
3
/month
,
900m
3
/year
- during PF washing
in Channel 10
Demineralization With kation and
anion exchangers
Decarbonized water and
chemicals
From regeneration of
ion exchangers
CaSO
4
,
MgSO
4
,
Na
2
SO
4
and
Fe salts, NaCl,
Na
2
CO
3
and
Na
2
SiO
3




8.683 m
3
/year
-during regeneration
-in the pit for
neutralization in HPV
(capacity of the pit=210
m
3
)
From regeneration of
ion masses with
H
2
SO
4
and NaOH
Acids and
bases from
rinsing

1100m
3
/month
12500 m
3
/year
-during regeneration
-in a retention tank of
10000 m
3


Block station for
desalting
Condensate
purification from
Fe, ammonia,
and easily
dispersed matters



From straining
through filters
Pure water with
corroded
substances
from the tract
of the boiler


6000 m
3
/year
-discharge during
straining
-in the retention tank of
10000 m
3




Transfer of the
conversion of



From acid washing
and rinsing of the
boiler
Water with
diluted acid
6500 m3 every
5 years
-discharge during
washing
-in the retention tank
23

From conservation of
the boiler

Hydrazine
(N
2
H
4
)
3-5
conservations/a
nnually,
800 m
3
/year
-during conservation
-in the retention tank of
1000 m
3

thermal energy
into mechanical
and ultimately in
electric energy


Water, steam and condensate
Loss of water for
cooling and
moistening of slag
-pH=8
-temp. 22-39C
thickness of the
mixture from
1020 to 1090
g/l


60000 m
3
/year
za 100. 000
t/year slag

It is taken as moisture in
the slag




Steam generating
aggregate
From storage places
for ash due to
insufficient sealing of
the tubs for
moistening
Mechanically
impure with
admixtures of
ash
From 0,5 to
1 l/s
In the drainage pit
Cooling towers Water is treated
with evaporative
cooling up to
28C
Pure water, to prevent settling
dispersant, biocide and
algaecide is added
From sludge
removing in cooling
towers
-pH do 9,0
- do 29C


24
Rinsing of oily
surfaces in
garages,
workshops,
during
equipment
repairs and
maintenance;
Waste water
resulting from
weak sealing of
some tanks,
pouring out etc;
Waste water
from washing of
construction
surfaces,
plateaus etc;














Oily water












With average
quantity of oil
100 mg/l












300.000
m
3
/year










-in the tank for oily
water with laminar
separator, and after
purification the water is
discharged in the
retention tank and the
separated oils in a tank
for oil separation.

Other
From keeping
hygiene in the
infrastructure
Through atmospheric
sewerage discharged in
Channel 10
Kitchen and sanitary
facilities
Sanitary waste water about 270.000
m
3
/year
In PSEMO device for
purification and then in
Channel 10
Total :
600.000
m
3
/year
In Channel 10




25
5.3. Solid Waste

Solid waste is generated from:

- Repairs and maintenance of the equipment of the blocks
- Solid wrapping material of various origin
- Waste from the kitchen and the restaurant
- Waste from the administrative offices, workers accommodation, first-aid
department etc.

5.3.1. Solid waste treatment

Metal elements, generated from repairs and maintenance are disposed on the
temporary plateau and sold from time to time.
The other solid waste is transported to the city landfill near REK Bitola.




26
5.4. Noise and vibration




































Chart No.1. Disposition of the objects in REK Bitola with measured places of
noise

56,8dB
55,7dB
56,2dB
80,1dB
77,8dB
60,1dB
75,9dB




27
5.4.1. Strength of noise as criteria for the assessment

Measurements of the level of noise have been made in the surroundings of REK
Bitola.
The results show that the noise is within the limits of the allowed.

5.4.2 Family of N-curves, defined with ISO 1996 as criteria for the assessment

According to this criteria the measured timely record of the noise is analized by
using frequency analysis and the N-curves as criteria for the assessment.
The results are of the one within the limits of the allowed.

5.4.3. Assessment of the existing level of vibrations

At all spots where the measurement of noise and vibrations has been made,
vibrations have not been registered.

6. MONITORING SYSTEM


Environment quality monitoring activities for the mine and the thermal power plant
are carried out by the Technical Safety Service.
This Service also monitors the technological process, including:
- the process of coal combustion
- the content of sulfur in coal
- the work process and electrostatic filter maintenance
- harmful substances emission
- air quality at selected measuring points
- establishment of the efficiency of the technological equipment for delivering coal,
transport and deposition of ash.
The Service is expected to keep regular documentation and to have complete and
regular database, and to regularly report on the monitoring carried out.

6.1. Emission Monitoring

There is optical equipment from SICK Company installed for measuring of the
emission of harmful substances as SO
2
, NO
x
and particles from all three blocks. Two
exit channels of Block 1 and 2 have 4 GM30 instruments mounted for measuring
SO
2
, NO
x
and dust, while exit channels of Block 3 have two instruments each, type
PM41 for continuous measuring of dust.

6.2. Imission Monitoring

Concentrations of harmful substances (SO
2
particles in the air and air sediment) are
measured at three measuring points:
! v. Ribarci
! v. Gneotino
! v. Dedebalci




28
For this purpose a standard eight channels) equipment for measuring 24 hour
concentrations of harmful substances is used. The equipment is of old date and not
suitable for measuring shorter (half-hour, one-hour) concentrations.


7. TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS FOR ENVIRONMENT
PROTECTION AGAINST POLLUTION


REK Bitola, by its nature, represents a major polluter of the environment. Through the
stacks approximately 64.000 T SO
2
, 6.200 T NO
x
, 2.400 T particles and 5.700.000 T
CO
2
is discharged and large quantities of coal dust, slag and ash from the process of
production, transport and disposal.

7.1. POLLUTION AND PROTECTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE

In the case of REK, emission values of waste substances discharged in the atmosphere
are as follows:
- SO
2
several times exceeds legal norms
- NO
x
is within the limited values
- CO
2
is within the limited values
- Solid particles exceed the values proscribed in legal normatives


7.1.1. Existing solutions for protection of the atmosphere against air pollution

In the case of REK Bitola, the treatment needed for individual pollutants is:

- SO
2
- equipment for treatment is not planned
- NO
x
- equipment for treatment is not planned
- Solid particles - electric filters are planned and built with a coefficient of treatment
of 99.7%.

7.1.2. Measures needed for treatment of waste substances

- SO
2
- a device for treatment of exhaust gases is needed
- NO
x
and CO
2
- additional measures for enhancing the treatment efficiency are not
needed.

7.2. RECICLING OF THE SLAG

The pollution of the environment caused by the disposal of the slag can be
considerably reduced if the slag is recycled and processed in a high quality fuel.











29
7.3. POLLUTION AND PROTECTION OF WATER

From the aspect of environment protection, the waste water derived from
technological processes and the sanitary waste water are treated. Depending on the
type of pollution, the treatment of industrial waters is done separately by:

- neutralization
- oil removal

The water from the cooling towers is not subject to treatment because the analyses
show that, except for minimal increase in pH values, other types of pollution range
within the allowed concentrations.



Fig. 1 Technological scheme of waste water treatment and use



Chemically polluted water is characterized with big range of pH values. Therefore,
this water is treated with neutralization.




Waste water from
pickling,
conservation and
deconservation
Treatment with
neutralization
Treatment with oil
removing
Retention pool
Ash
sprinkling




30

Fig. 2. Technological scheme for water subjected to neutralization

Neutralization is executed in a neutralization pit which is located in the facility for
chemical preparation of water.


Treatment of oily water

The treatment of oily water in general includes collecting of the water in channels
placed in pits aimed for that purpose and then pumping or gravitational discharge into
the main gravitational pipeline for oily water taking it to the treatment device
laminar separator (oil remover).

Fig. 3. Scheme of the treatment of oily water

neutralization
Waste water
resulting from
regeneration of ion
exchangers
Waste water resulting
from regeneration in the
devices for condensate
treatment
Retention tank
Sprinkling of ash on the
transport line
workshops
garages
crude oil tank
oily water reception hole
laminar
separator
retention tank for
waste water




31
The treatment of the received oily and greasy water is executed in a laminar separator,
where the floating oils are extracted with a moving pipe and collected in oil tank,
while the dust and the other impurities slow down when going through the laminas
and settle. Pure water is pumped in the retention pool.


Cooling towers

The water treated by cooling reaches the temperature of 20
0
in the cooling towers and
is returned in the process. During this occurs water loss, which is replenished.


Retention tank

The waste water from the three blocks is collected in a tank with 10,000 m
3
volume.
The tank is placed under ground and coated with acid-resistant and waterproof clay.

The role of the retention tank is multiple. Beside the role of a reception tank, it serves
as a place where pH value of the chemically polluted water is definitely regulated and
the most delicate particles are deposited, and where water for sprinkling of ashes is
taken from.

Treatment of sanitary waste water

Sanitary waste water is taken with special pipes to the fecal water treatment device
PSEMO. The principle of work is based on a biological process of reduction of
organic substances with active mire.


7.4. SOIL POLLUTION AND TREATMENT

Waste water, ashes and slag are the main solid substances derived from the production
of electric power using coal as fuel.
The storage places for ashes and slag have concrete craters on the bottom with built-in
dosers. From the dozers first the slag falls on the transport line and then the ashes
which are moistened with water by a system of sprinklers in order to prevent its
blowing off the transport line by the wind.
The ashes and the slag are placed in boxes in the slag disposal site and covered with
soil, and later the surface is recultivated.