Long Beach 2010 PROCEEDINGS of the NPA 1

A Comparison between Ampres Law, Coulombs

Law and the Lorentz Force Law
Jan Olof Jonson
stmarksgatan 50, SE-12342 Farsta, SWEDEN
e-mail: [email protected]

This paper describes how the Ampere Force Law has been used in order to explain the experimental
results of experiments on Amperes Bridge. A detailed derivation based upon a paper by Wesley is being
referred. All the computations have also been done and they show that the original computations by Wesley
had been correctly performed. This has been done, since it is often very difficult to judge the claims by authors
of physics papers, due to lack of computational information. However, the results are questioned by the author,
who promotes a usage of Coulombs law to be done instead. That was already done in a paper of him in 1997.
The model used by the author is successful in explaining the behaviour of the force. A reason by the author for
choosing Coulombs law is that is more original than Ampre and resembles the gravitational law. One may say
that it is Occams razor that decides the choice between the laws. Going to the original texts by Ampre it
becomes evident that he has more or less guessed the formula for the force between currents, thereby choosing
an expression consisting of two disparate terms. In the process he has also changed his opinion about the values
of the coupling constants in the formula. Confessedly, this may be a good procedure at an early stage of
searching for an understanding of a phenomenon, as in the early 19th century, a time when it remained two
The Lorentz force, basing itself on the research and speculations by Grassmann, is unsuccessful in explaining
the behaviour of Ampres bridge. Further on, it can also be shown that the very derivation by Grassmann is
inherited with a fundamental computational error.

1. Introduction
i

It has widely been believed that basic electricity and magnet-
ism was dealt with and finished until the end of the 19th century,
though completed using the Special Relativity Theory in the be-
ginning of the 20th. It is also widely believed that all the great
masters of electricity, as Coulomb, Ampre, Maxwell, Lorentz,
Einstein et al all agree about basic matters. The new generations
only add some features though defending principally the old
theories.
However, it can easily be remarked that Ampre very early is
presenting experimental results which are deeply inconsistent
with the theories of Maxwell and Lorentz. Hence, it seems to be
an important actual task to begin analysing electric circuits and
the laws explaining their behaviour. Back to the 19th century
again!
2. Methodology
In order to attain an expression for the force between the two
parts of Ampres Bridge it is necessary to divide the work into
several steps. Since the shape of the circuit is rectangular it is
convenient to integrate the contribution to the total force between
each linear part of the first part and the second part. This work
has already been done in preceding papers, [1-3] but the individ-
ual step have not been accounted for. Due to the tedious work
needed in order to replicate all the integrals, the detailed compu-
tations will hereby be presented, including all the steps. It is
more fair play between scientists if making it easy for the reader
to judge the claims with the aid of easily verifiable expressions.

i
This paper was excerpted from a larger, as yet unpublished work, A
Detailed Wesley Evaluation' of the Pappas-Moyssides Experiments on
Ampere's Bridge Compared to Jonson's Evaluation Using Coulomb's Law
and the Special Relativity Theory.
Below both the theory given by Wesley [1], based upon
Ampres Law [4] and the theory given by the author [2], based
upon Coulombs Law, will be used in order to attain an expres-
sion for the force between the two parts of Ampres Bridge.
2.1. Wesleys Method
Wesley [1] basically uses Ampres law in his analysis of a set
of Ampres bridge. It may also be mentioned that the author has
been consulting Wesley himself in order to check that the inte-
grals were performed in accordance with the method used by
Wesley. Regrettably, Wesley is not more among us. However, the
paper by Wesley appeared to be very usable in order to define
the integrals to be done.
The numbering of the branches of the bridge obeys the paper
by Wesley [1] [7]. If going counterclockwise, the order by Wesley
is 1,2,5,6,7,10 whereas the author uses the order 1,2,3,4,5,6. [2]
2.2. Jonsons Method
The author [2] basically performs the integrals using the same
mathematical definitions as Wesley. This is possible, since the
integrations to be performed are straightforward using Cartesian
coordinates. I have been able to predict measurement results
with a reasonable accuracy.
All the variables being used are identical with those defined
by Wesley, [1] [7] otherwise stated within the text.
3. The Check of the Wesley Result for the Force
within Ampres Bridge
Since the approach by Wesley [1] has appeared to be very us-
able in order to compute the contributions to the total Ampre
force from each element of the circuit, it seems convenient to use
the definitions of variables he gives in his article. But in the fur-
ther analysis it has appeared necessary to add other completing,
mainly geometric (Cartesian) variables.
Jonson: Ampres Law, Coulombs Law and the Lorentz Force Law Vol. 6, No. 2 2
Wesley gives two fundamental expressions for the computa-
tion of the force, one using line integrals, the other using volume
integrals. The choice of form depends on whether the distances
between the two parts of the circuit are close to each other or
distant. In the first case the line approximation is inappropriate;
in the other it is usable.
The expressions, referred to as Amperes original differential
force law, [1] (a more complete discussion about the origin of
Ampres law and the choice of coupling constants is given by
Hofmann [22]) are as follows:

6
2 1 2 1
3 3 3 5
2 1
( )( )
( 2 3 )
d F J J J r J r
r
d r d r r r
- - -
= +

(1)

2 1)
2 2 1
2 1
3 5
(
( )( )
( 2 3 )
ds ds
ds r ds r
d F I I r
r r
-
- -
= +

(2)
It has to be remarked that Wesley prefers to use the coupling
constant one instead of
0
4 t which is customary. That causes
some work at the very end when comparing the theoretical re-
sults due to the formula and the measurement results, but that
works, too, of course.
The first term will hereafter be referred to as the a term and
the second term the b term. To be noted is also that since the
same current goes through the whole circuit (excluding the cur-
rent source),
1 2
I I = and
1 2
J J =

, more simply written

1 2
J J = (3)
Further on, since the whole circuit is supposed to lie in one and
the same geometrical plane, coordinates may be chosen so that
z = 0 (4)
Actual coordinates of parts of bridge being analyzed will di-
rectly be picked from the figure in respective case without fur-
ther reasoning, as is for example being done below in section
3.1.1 when inserting M as y variable.
Since in all cases the y component of the force is being ana-
lyzed, for simplicity all the results due to Eq. (1) and (2) treated
below will mean the y component. Thus, instead of always writ-
ing
2
........
y
d F u - =

, it will more simply be written
2
........ d F =

Fig. 1. Ampres Bridge [1], [7] (Wesley) , [2] (Jonson)
As can be inferred from the figure, the integrals involving the
branches 2-5 and 10-7 respectively demand usage of Eq. (1) while
all the other combinations demand Eq. (2). Please observe that
the current source in the middle of branch 1 is denoted by the
abbreviation CS.
In previous papers [6] [11] it has just been referred to the in-
tegrals that they have been performed. So also did Wesley. [1]
The total force between the two halves of Ampres Bridge ac-
cording to the interpretation of Wesley is: [3]

2 2
2 2 2
13 2
ln2 1 ln 1 1 ln
12 3 3
2
F L L L
I M M
t
e
| |
| |
|
= + + + + +
|
|
\ .
\ .
(5)
Wesley also prefers to use the circular cross section d of the
wire that Ampres Bridge consists of instead of the Cartesian
variable w due to a quadratic cross section. That makes the fol-
lowing transformation formula necessary:

2
d
w
t
= (6)
4. Analysis of Wesleys Derivation
Measurements on Amperes Bridge performed by Pappas and
Moyssides [24] has been presented in his papers [3] and [20].and
he has succeeded in applying his formula upon that set, thus
achieving some resemblance with the measurement results by
Pappas and Moyssides [24]. However, the author has pointed to
deficits in that result [6] and proposes another model, making
use of only Coulombs Law.

Fig. 2. Showing the force between the two halves of Ampres
Bridge as a function of the circular cross section d . [5] (Figure by
Wesley redrawn by the author)
5. The Method by the Author Uses Coulombs
Law to Predict the Force within Ampres
Bridge
It has usually been assumed that Coulombs Law, which is
normally being used in order to explore electrostatic forces, is
unable to account for electromagnetic forces, i.e. especially forces
between electric currents.
The author has succeeded in doing that, [6] thereby taking in-
to account the effects of the time delay that inevitably occurs
with respect to all action-at-a distance.
5.1. The Expressions for the Force upon Ampres Bridge
Please see chapter 3.1. That is, the same variables are defined
by the author as by Wesley.
The same procedure with respect the choice of integral type is
used as in the analysis by Wesley. For current elements far away
from each other, line integrals will be used and
Long Beach 2010 PROCEEDINGS of the NPA 3

2
2 0 1 2
5
( )( )
4
I R ds R ds R
d F
R

t
- -
=

(7)
and for parts of the bridge in close contact with each other, vo-
lume integrals have to be used:

6 0 1 2
5
( )( )
4
J R J R
d F
R

t
- -
=

(8)
These formulas resemble the earlier defined Eqs. (1) and (2).
Both formulas can straightforwardly be derived from the result
in an earlier paper on the subject. [2] Also a third thing must be
done, which has thus far been unrecognized by everybody: to
take into account the impact of the current source (battery) of the
circuit. This was originally done in the 1997 paper of this author.
[2]
A difference between the expressions by Wesley and the au-
thor is also the different way they define the coupling constant
before the spatial equations: The experiment reports were re-
ported [1] with the unit abampere instead of ampere, which
causes a need to divide the whole force by 100 (10 for each cur-
rent) and they used gram-weight for the force, which in turn
makes a division by
2
980 mm/s needed. However, the author
follows the scaling procedure by Wesley, when dealing with the
Coulomb model of his. But when the magnetic force law is
treated, the commonplace

7
0
4 10 H-m t

= (9)
is being used as a coupling constant.
5.2. The Sum of All Correction Terms
Adding the results above, Eq. (3,4,5), double Eq. (3,4,6) makes:

3
2
2 2
2
2
2
3
2
2 2
2
2
2 2 1
2
2
6 2 1
2
2
LM L M
M L
L
L
M
M
L M
I
NL N
L
L
L
M
N
( | |
+
( |
\ .
(
| | | |
| |
+
( | | +
|
\ .
| (
\ .
+
\ .
(
(
+
(
( | | | |
| |
+
| | ( +
|
\ .
|
( \ .
\ .

(10)
Evaluation gives
2
0.51
corr
F I ~ (11)
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 2 1 1
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1
0 0 0 0
1 2 ln ln ln 1 1
1
2
3
2ln 2ln
1
ln ln2
3
2
2 ln
J
t w t w
z x z x
L M N N L
M M L M
F I
M N M N L
N N L
L
M M L
M
I N
M N
J dz dx dz dx x x z z
= = = =
(
| |
| | | |
( |
+ + + +
| |
( |
\ . \ . |
( \ .
=
(
(
+ +
+ +
(
(
+ +

| |
+
|

\ .

} } } }
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

(12) (12)
J
F indicating a force according to Jonsons interpretation. Using
Eq. (12) and taking into account Eq. (11) gives a result that fairly
well fits with measured values.
-5
10.710 at the left side of the
diagram,
-5
9.310 at the right side, thereby using Wesleys scal-
ing.
6. Comparison with the Magnetic Force Law
(Lorentz Force)
Jonson has also performed a calculation of the force based
upon the traditional Magnetic Force Law, the so-called Lorentz
force [2]. In the DC cases the traditional expressions for the so-
called magnetic field and the magnetic Lorentz force will be
used. The undergraduate course book this author has used dur-
ing his MSc studies [8] expressed the laws as follows (indices
adjusted to fit with this paper):

2 2 m
F I ds B =
}

(13)

0 1 1
3
4
I ds r
B
r

t

=
}

(14)
Now the contribution to the magnetic field at each branch of
the upper bridge will be derived, provided it gives rise to a force
component along the y axis. It can easily be stated which parts of
the bridge will not produce y components, namely those aligned
with the y axis, i.e. branch 5 and 7. Hence, the task before us is to
derive expressions for the magnetic field at branch 6 only. All the
three branches of the lower part of the bridge will contribute.
The total magnetic force is attained as the sum of the three
contributions above. Using the values given by Wesley, [1] [10] L
= 0.48 m, M = 1.20 m and N = 0.43 m gives a resulting magnetic
force

5
0.29 10
m y
F u

(15)
using Wesleys scaling.
Apparently, the force is attractive but constant, with no de-
pendence of the thickness of the circuit. Hence, the so-called
magnetic (Lorentz) force is completely unable to account for the
behavior of the force within Ampres bridge.
7. Forces between Conductors
7.1. The Case of the Force between Only Two Parallel
Conductors: A Nonrelativistic Analysis
This case is a classical one being taught within undergraduate
courses. The most common way of explaining the attractive force
between two current carrying conductors is using the so-called
F=BiL rule, based upon a usage of the Lorentz force. Now it can
be easily be tested, whether Ampres law is an alternative, using
the calculations in this very paper. There is a suitable formula for
the part of Ampres bridge, containing two parallel conductors,

2 2 2
1 6
2 2
2
(2 (1 ( ) )
L M
d F I
M
L M

= +
+

(16)
The most convenient circuit demonstrating the force was de-
scribed by Neumann. [13]
The mentioned equation may be applied using instead of M
the radial distance between two parallel conductors
12
r . When
the distance between the conductors is very small, infinitesimal
analysis allows for neglecting terms that becomes very small in
comparison to the main term. The ( )
2
L M term remains with
Eq. (16) within the left square root. This gives
Jonson: Ampres Law, Coulombs Law and the Lorentz Force Law Vol. 6, No. 2 4

2 2
1 6
12
(2 )
L
d F I
r

(17)
Realizing that there is needed a minus sign if putting the di-
rections of the two currents the same, the force between the cur-
rents becomes negative

2 2
1 6
12
(2 )
L
d F I
r

(18)
which indicates a negative, hence attractive force between the
currents, in good accordance with experience. This seems to imp-
ly that the cross product Lorentzs law is unnecessary.
Ampres law also has the benefit of being able to explain the
repulsive force in the mercury basin between the electric poles
and a copper boat described by Ampre, [3] [4] which the Lo-
rentz force law is unable to. It may also be mentioned that Cou-
lombs law could not account for the attractive force, using the
equation that follows:

2 2 2
1 6,
2 2
2
( 2 (1 ( ) 4 )
b
L M
d F I
M
L M

= + +
+

(19)
The force namely becomes repulsive, as appears when look-
ing at the equation. Making the same infinitesimal analysis as
with respect to Eq. (16) above, namely gives a minus sign in front
of the ( )
2
L M term within the left square root and after having
changed sign, in analogy with above, the final sign with respect
to two parallel current flowing in the same direction becomes
positive, hence a repulsive force.
However, there is a problem in understanding from where
does the very law by Ampre come? It is an ad hoc like formula,
and Ampre himself is unable to give good reasons to the two
terms. [4] But Keele try by applying the Lorentz transformation
of the Special Relativity Theory (SRT). [14] [15] He arrives at just
the terms Ampres law contains. Regrettably, that effort fails,
due to an incorrect calculation. [3] Hence, there remains only
hopelessness with respect to the desire of understanding why
Ampres law looks as it does.
7.2. A Relativistic Analysis of the Four Contributions to
the Force between the Two Conductors
Since hopelessness is completely unacceptable to scientists,
the only way to come forward is to go even deeper into the prob-
lem. What has been left to be done is a relativistic analysis. If a
non-relativistic approach is insufficient in order to explain a
physical phenomenon involving velocities, it is reasonable to se
to what extent an application of the Special Relativity Theory
(SRT) will change the result. The need is in this case felt acute,
since there is no explanation to Ampres Law.
Since each conductor has both immobile positive ions and
moving electrons, there will appear four separate force terms due
to the four ways the charges of the first conductor may interact
with charges of the second conductor. In order to make the prop-
erties of the forces easily conceivable, the analysis is restricted to
the simplistic case with two parallel conductors. This means that
the angle with which a distance vector crosses both the conduc-
tors, | and , are equal, even though the simplification is not
immediately conducted. In this case the so-called Standard Con-
figuration of the SRT may be applied, with one system K, which
is stationary with respect to the positive ions of the two conduc-
tors, hence the whole circuitry, and K following the movement
of the electrons of the first conductor, along the
1
x axis, and with
velocity
1
v . The velocity of the electrons of the second conductor
is assumed to be
2
v .
These definitions make it possible to compare the effects of
the electrons of respective conductor on each other. The focus in
the analysis is on the force perpendicular to the currents, which
is also the force that acts repelling or attracting between them.
The fundamental assumption that is made here is that Coulombs
Law is the only cause behind the force between electric charges,
which implies that the very idea of magnetic fields is abandoned.
What brings about a change of the shape of the expression of the
force compared with the original Coulombs Law is
1. The effects of the SRT (i.e. Lorentz transformation and de-
rived expressions)
2. Delay effects concerning the retarded observation of fields
being generated by charges
7.3. The Force between the Positive Charges and the
Electrons Respectively

2 1 2 1 2
,
3
y to
x x
d F y
r

+ +
A A
~ (20)
using thus charge densities in Coulombs Law.
One way to treat this case is to turn to the K system, in which
the electrons of the first conductor are at rest. Since the force as it
is being felt within K shall be computed, it must be realized the
distance
1
x A is felt shorter by K, namely

1
1
1
'
( )
x
x
v
A
A = (21)
The same holds also for the charge element of the second conduc-
tor with moving electrons. They will regard

2
2
2
'
( )
x
x
v
A
A = (22)
Further, the distance vector between the charge elements will not
be ( , , ) r x y z =

. Instead it will be

1
' ( , , )
( )
x
r y z
v
=

(23)
It must also be taken into account that if having a force in K,
that too will be transformed. The Coulomb force between the
electrons of respective conductor will ___?__. Now it is the force
that shall be transformed from K to K and Resnick shows how:
[16] this must be done according to the SRT:

x x
F F' =
( )
y
y
F
F
v
'
=
( )
z
z
F
F
v
'
= (24-26)
Finally, the effects of retardation mentioned above imply that
if there is a difference between the two velocities, a delay factor
2 1
(1 cos )
v v
c
u

must be multiplied. [2] However, this term can

be neglected if they are assumed to be equal, which will be done
here in the simplified case. However, there inevitably will appear
two delay effects due to the fact that in K, the signal from a mov-
ing charge element is delayed dependent on direction, simulta-
neously the field arrives at the moving charge element of the
second conductor with a delay that differs with respect to posi-
tion at that charge element. [2]
The resulting force can now be written:
Long Beach 2010 PROCEEDINGS of the NPA 5

1 2 2 1
1 2
2 1 2
,
3
2 2 2
2
1
1 2
1
(1 cos )
( ) ( )
(( ) )
( )
1
(1 cos )(1 cos )
( )
y to
x x v v
v v c
d F y
x
y z
v
v v
v c c
u

A A

~
+ +
-
(27)
After some manipulations, assuming
1
1 v c and allowing for
series expansion, (27) gives:

2 1 2 1 2
,
3
2 2 2
2 1 1 2 1 2
3 1
1 cos cos cos )
2 2
y to
x x
d F y
r
v v v v v
c c c c c

u u

A A
~
(
| | | | | |
( - +
| | |
( \ . \ . \ .

(28)
7.4. The Force from the Electrons of the First Conductor
to the Positive Ions of the Second Conductor
The expression for the force can rather easily be constructed
using the just given equation, if replacing
2 2
' x A with
2 2
x A ,
the minus sign due to the opposite sign of the positive ions with
respect to the electrons. Further, there will be no delay term,
since the ions of the second conductor are at rest with respect to
K. There will also in this case be a division by the gamma factor
at the end, since the electrons of the first conductor are at rest in
K. Hence,

2
1 2 2
2 2
,
3
1
2 2 2
2
1
( ) 1
( )
(( ) )
( )
y to
x
x
v
d F y
v
x
y z
v

+
A
A
~ -
+ +
(29)
After some manipulations with the expression, assuming
1
1 v c , allowing for series expansion, gives:

2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1
,
3
3 1
(1 ( ) cos ) ( ) )
2 2
y to
x x v v
d F y
c c
r

u
+
A A
~ - (30)
7.5. The Force from Positive Ions of the First Conductor
to the Electrons of the Second Conductor
In this case, there will be no Lorentz transformation from K
to K, since the positive ions of the first conductor that are giving
rise to a force at the second conductor are already situated in K.
The case is in that case similar to the first case above. The differ-
ence is now that the electrons of the second conductor are mov-
ing away from the observer, which makes the need for a delay
term apparent. Please observe also the need for a change of sign
due to the opposite sign of the positive ions with respect to the
electrons. Hence

2
1 2 1 2
2
,
3
(1 cos )
y to
v
x x
c
d F y
r

+
A A
~ (31)
7.6. The Sum of the Four Contributions to the Force be-
tween the Two Conductors
Summing all four contributions, assuming also the simplest
case with equal velocities, gives after some boring steps

2 2 2 1 2 1 2
,
3
( ( ) ( ) cos cos )
y total
x x v v
d F y
c c
r

u
A A
~ + (32)
which may also be written

2 1 2 1 2
,
2 3 2 2
1
( cos cos )
y total
I I I I
d F y
c r c c
u ~ + (33)
In fact this expression has the same asymptotic properties as
Eq. (2), even though the coupling constants are different. The
expressions will differ, however, if allowing for different veloci-
ties and directions, but in the time of Ampre, it seems reasona-
ble that there were no opportunities to neither vary nor measure
the electron velocities. Not even the electron had been discov-
ered. Therefore one can say that the above result (385n) is in ap-
propriate accordance with Ampres Law.
The appropriate conclusion to be drawn is that Ampres Law
appears as a consequence of applying the SRT to Coulombs Law
in the case of two current carrying conductors. And since this law
is sufficient, the Lorentz force is no more needed. Ampres Law
can namely account for the attractive force between two parallel
conductors.
7.7. An Observation Concerning the Lorentz Force
P. Graneau [16] [17] has written in some papers that H.
Grassmann [18] has laid the foundations to the expression of the
'Lorentz force'. If closer studying the derivations of the Lorentz
force in its premature stage, made by Grassmann, it becomes
evident that the theoretical basis has been fallaciously derived
due to a simplistic fatal computational error.
The error is that he performs an integral wrongly. [21] By in-
tegrating the expression

2
( / )(cos cos . 2sin sin cos . ) ib l d d | o o o | | | (34)
Over the whole line, d d | o = , he attains from the first term
2
( / )sin cos ib l o | but from the second term he attains zero,
without giving any explanation to the zero result.
He uses the definitions given by Ampre. A more detailed
text including a figure will follow. Since this derivation is said to
lay the foundation to the Lorentz force theory, that seems to be
false due to this first elementary computational error. Or can
anybody else verify the zero result?
8. Conclusion
A has already been stated, the author results basically confirm
the slope of the measurement dependence of the cross section of
the wire that Ampres Bridge consists of, whereas Wesley par-
tially fails in this respect. However, the Lorentz force is complete-
ly unable to predict any spatial dependence.
It is also necessary to be stated that the strength of the current
one measures, presumes the Lorentz force participating in the
torque that forces the arrow of a volt (ampere) meter to move.

m
r F t =


(35)
Hence, any measurement thus far contains a circular proof mo-
ment.
However, an obstacle to the model that has been proposed by
the author arises when looking at the very traditional case of two
parallel conductors only. Deriving an expression for the force
namely gives rise to a positive value, contrary to experience. This
made it necessary to analyze what implications the Special Rela-
tivity Theory has for the case. In fact, that usage turned the sign
negative and hence, the theory by the author is again applicable,
provided it is completed with a relativistic analysis.
Jonson: Ampres Law, Coulombs Law and the Lorentz Force Law Vol. 6, No. 2 6
References
[ 1 ] J.P. Wesley, Ampres Original Force Law Compared with the
Moyssides-Pappas Results, in Progress in Space-Time Physics,
(Benjamin Wesley, 1987), pp. 170-180.
[ 2 ] J.O. Jonson, The Magnetic Force between Two Currents Explained
Using Only Coulombs Law, Chinese Journal of Physics, v35, n2
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[ 4 ] A.M. Ampre, Mmoire. Sur la thorie mathmatique des
phnomnes lectrodynamiques uniquement dduite de
lexprience, dans lequel se trouvent runis les Mmoires que M.
Ampre a communiqus lAcadmie royale des Sciences, dans les
sances des 4 et 26 dcembre 1820, 10 juin 1822, 22 dcembre 1823,
12 septembre et 21 novembre 1825, Mmoires de lAcadmie
Royale des Sciences de lInstitut de France Anne 1823, Tome VI,
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[ 5 ] M. Abramowitz and A. Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Func-
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[ 6 ] Thomas Josefsson, Formel- och tabellsamling i matematik,
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[ 8 ] Erik Halln, Elektricitetslra (Eng. Electricity), Almqvist &
Wiksells Boktryckeri Aktiebolag, Uppsala 1968, Sweden, p. 111, Eq,
(11,21) and (11,22).
[ 9 ] Christine Blondel, A.-M. Ampre et la cration de
llectrodynamique (1820-1827), Mmoires de la section des
sciences 10, Paris Bibliothque nationale (1982) p132.
[ 10 ] Pappas, Moyysides Rigorous quantitative test of Biot-savart-
Lorentz forces, J. Appl. Phys., v59 (1 January 1986), p19.
[ 11 ] J.P. Wesley, Ampres Repulsion and Graneaus Exploding
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[ 12 ] J.P. Wesley, Ampres Repulsion Drives the Graneau-Hering
Submarine and Herings Pump, in Progress in Space-Time Phys-
ics, (Benjamin Wesley, 1987), pp. 187-192.
[ 13 ] Neumann, 'Vorlesungen ber Elektriscje Stroeme', Poggendorffs
Annalen der Physik, Leipzig, Teubner, 1884, 33 p. 91, (Ref given
by P. Graneau, Amperee Tension in Electric Currents, IEEE
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[ 14 ] J. Keele, Theoretical Derivation of Amperes Law, Galilean Elec-
trodynamics, March/April 2002, Vol. 13, No. 2, p. 40.
[ 15 ] J. Keele, SR Theory of Electrodynamics for Relatively Moving
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[ 16 ] Peter Graneau, Ampere Tension in Electric Conductors, IEEE
Transactions in Magnetics, v20, n2 (March 1984), p444.
[ 17 ] Peter Graneau, Ampere and Lorentz Forces, Physics Letters,
v107A, n5, (4 February 1985), p235.
[ 18 ] Annalen der Physik und Chemie, v64 (Leipzig, 1845), p1.
[ 19 ] Ampere's main works available from: http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr
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theoriemathematique/pdf/theorie_mathematique.pdf.
[ 20 ] A.K.T.Assis and Marcelo Bueno, Bootstrap Effect in Classical
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[ 22 ] James R. Hofmann, Andr Marie Ampre: Enlightenment and
Electrodynamics (Cambridge University Press, 1994).