Mar. 2007 J ournal of Electronic Science and Technology of China Vol.5 No.

1

High T
c
Superconducting Materials for Strong Current
Applications: Approach at the First Stage



J IN J ian-xun
School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 610054 China

Abstract Strong current and large-scale application is the most important prospect of high T
c

superconductors (HTS). Practical HTS samples in various forms have been produced with high
critical currents operated at economic cryogenic temperatures. Engineering applications of those
HTS materials have been studied with various HTS prototype devices. The applicable HTS materials
produced in different forms are verified in this paper with regard to their strong current
characterizations, and the HTS applications are summarized along with the HTS prototypes made.
Key words critical currents; high T
c
superconductors; high T
c
superconducting electrical
devices; high T
c
superconductor applications


Received 2006-01-09
The discovery of oxide ceramic-type high T
c

superconducting (HTS) materials
[1]
, which exhibit
superconductivity

at 77K liquid nitrogen temperature
[2]
,
has led to extensive research into HTS material
formulation, characterization, and methods of
fabrication. The state-of-the-art technical performance
of practical HTS materials has reached the level
required for the verification of strong current and
large-scale applications. The present research efforts
worldwide on superconductivity focus to bring these
new millennium materials to engineering applications
especially strong current applications where the HTS
materials are expected to have innovation with high
efficiency and significant energy saving.
HTS materials have been studied with regard to
processing, characterizing and application
[3-6]
. The
performance of Ag-clad (or silver-sheathed)
(Bi,Pb)
2
Sr
2
Ca
2
Cu
3
O
10+x
(or other forms used like
(Bi,Pb)
2
Sr
2
Ca
2
Cu
3
O
10+x
/Ag or Bi-2223/Ag) HTS wire,
as one of the most applicable HTS materials, has
generated significant interest for various applications.
Meanwhile (Bi,Pb)
2
Sr
2
Ca
2
Cu
3
O
10+x
and Y
1
Ba
2
Cu
3
O
7x

bulk HTS materials produced are also demonstrated
strong current applicable properties. Electrical
performances of the HTS materials have been studied
in various applications, such as coil, magnet, current
lead, electrical fault current limiter, electronic high
voltage generator, magnetic separator, electric power
cable, energy storage, transformer, and HTS levitator. In
this paper, the applicable HTS materials strong current
characterizations are presented along with their various
applications approached at the first stage.
1 Formation of HTS Materials
Typical HTS materials for strong current
applications are mainly in forms of 1) high critical
current (I
c
) wires, 2) high I
c
bulk bars/plates/tubes, 3)
high levitation force bulk bricks, and 4) magnetic field
shielding bulk rings/tubes/vessels. Those HTS
materials have been processed and studied, and their
performances have approached practical application
levels. The principle processing procedures to obtain
those HTS materials are briefly described as follows.
1.1 HST Wire Sample Procedure
(Bi,Pb)
2
Sr
2
Ca
2
Cu
3
O
10+x
/Ag tape has been prepared
using powder-in-tube techniques
[4]
which are well
developed and become maturity for the first generation
HTS wire production. Related to making HTS wires
with high critical current density (J
c
), techniques have
beendeveloped,

suchas phase formation-decomposition-
recovery, melting and recovery, two-step sintering,
cryogenic deformation, hot press, and sandwich rolling
processes. A sample HTS wire processing procedure
has following descriptions. (Bi,Pb)
2
Sr
2
Ca
2
Cu
3
O
10+x

superconductor precursor powder with a stoichometry
of Bi/Pb/Sr/Ca/Cu=1.83/0.34/1.91/2.03/3.05 was made
using spray pyrolysis technique in which metal nitrates
were dissolved in a diluted nitric acid, sprayed into a
drying chamber and dried at a temperature of ~800C.
Loose precursor powders were loaded into a pure
silver tube of 10mm outer and 9mm inner diameter
using a vibrating technique. The oxide/silver
No.1 J IN J ian-xun: High T
c
Superconducting Materials for Strong Current Applications: Approach at the First Stage 39
composite was then cold drawn down to a diameter of
1.3 mm. Multifilamentary tape was fabricated by
inserting 27 monofilamentary wires into a second
silver tube. The composite silver tube was then drawn
down to a diameter of 2.0mm and finally flat-rolled
into a long tape (~10m) with an overall thickness of
0.28mm. The long Bi-2223/Ag multifilamentary tape
was subjected to a thermomechanical processing
consisting of two steps of sintering and one
intermediate rolling. Each step of sintering was carried
out at 840C to 842C for 50~60h in air. I
c
over the
entire length of the tape (~10 m) was measured at 77K
and self-field after each step of sintering using criteria
of 1V/cm. An I
c
of 4.5A was measured after first
sintering, and increased 3.6 times to 16A after second
sintering. The J
c
was calculated to be ~10
4

A/cm
2
.
1.2 HTS Bulk Bar Sample Procedure
For the HTS bulk bar sample, a recently used
cold-isostatic-press processing technology is simply
described as follows
[7]
. Precursor powder with a
nominal composition of Bi
1.72
Pb
0.34
Sr
1.83
Ca
1.97
Cu
3.13
O
10

was prepared by spray pyrolysis of nitrate solutions.
The powder was then pressed to rods with 80%
theoretical density by cold-isostatic-press method;
pellets were cut from the rods and sintered at 845 C
for 40h, followed by a process with hot-pressing at
845C for 24h with a pressure3MPa. A post-annealing
was carried out, at 825 C for 24h, for the samples in
an atmosphere of 7.5% O
2
partial pressure with
balance N
2
, followed by a slow cooling rate to 800 C,
and then with furnace cooled to room temperature.
1.3 HTS Brick Sample Procedure
Top seed melting texture growth is a well
developed technique to produced high performance
HTS bricks, mainly for levitation applications. A
procedure used in Australian UoW has the following
description
[8]
. Y
1
Ba
2
Cu
3
O
7-x
single domain textured
sample has been prepared using slowly cooling Y-123 +
15 mass% Y-211 precursor seeded with Sm-123 through
the peritectic point, and high porosity substrate of Y-211.
The volume of the precursor was 330.7 cm
3
. The
substrate absorbed a part of the liquid of peritectical
composition and thus promoted the preservation of a
large number of Y-211 pinning centers (1-3 m) by
texturing. Two-fractional Y-211 powder was used in the
precursor preparation, where the mass ratio between
1m and 5m fractions was 1:1. This ration enables to
increase the amount of small Y-211 particles and to
avoid the development of micro-cracks during the
texturing and oxygen annealing. The ratio of the mass:
Y-123 sample/Y-211 substrate of 3 provided 401
mass% of Y-211 phase in the matrix after texturing. The
sample was heated up to 1045C~1050C, held for 20
min, cooled at a rate of 1 C /h to 940C, and cooled to
the room temperature at a rate of 60C /h. The use of a
small seed (210.2mm
3
) of Sm-123 with (001) surface
located in the center of the bulk provided the
development of single domain in the whole volume. A
sample 2.62.5 0.5cm
3
was pre-oxygenated in O
2
flow
for 72h at 380 C.
Tab.1 HTS sample elements and characteristics
HTS Shapes HTS sample characteristics


HTS wire
(Bi,Pb)
2
Sr
2
Ca
2
Cu
3
O
10+x
/Ag multifilament
tapes; e.g. CS
tape
~40.3mm, CS
HTS
/CS
tape
~
28%; J
c
up to 5 10
4
A/cm
2
at 77 K, and length
up to 1 km.

Bulk bar
Bi
1.72
Pb
0.34
Sr
1.83
Ca
1.97
Cu
3.13
O
10
plate bar
with J
c
~1 kA/cm
2
at 77 K, and a sample I
c
~
225 kA with dimension of 5.5 0.86 0.26 cm
3
).

Bulk brick
Y
1
Ba
2
Cu
3
O
7x
single domain melt-textured
bricks; e.g. (2530)256 mm
3
; specific
levitation force is 0.5 N/g (~12 N/cm
2
).








(a) HTS long wire sample

1000









(b) I
c
-H at different temperatures
Fig.1 (Bi,Pb)
2
Sr
2
Ca
2
Cu
3
O
10+x
/Ag HTS wire
2 HTS Characteristics
The applicable HTS materials for strong current
applications are mainly in above mentioned forms, as
well as other forms such as HTS films which can be
made by the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method, etc.
0.
1
10
100
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
B//ab
A27-filament Bi-2223/AgHTS short tape
[40x3x0.25(mm)]
B.23K
D.40K
G.77K
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l

c
u
r
r
e
n
t



(
A
)
1
0
10
1
000
A 27-filament Bi-2223/Ag HTS
short tape (400.25mm
2
)
10
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
/
A


Applied magnetic field (T)


B.23K
D.40K
G.77K
B//ab
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Applied magnetic field/T
J ournal of Electronic Science and Technology of China Vol.5 40
The produced HTS samples have been characterized
with regard to their potential applications. Tab.1 shows
the basic characteristics of the HTS sample elements
produced. Fig.1(a) shows a (Bi,Pb)
2
Sr
2
Ca
2
Cu
3
O
10+x
/Ag
HTS wire fabricated by Australian UoW/MM
consortium; Fig.1(b) is its short sample performance of
I
c
-H at different temperatures. Fig.2(a) shows a
(Bi,Pb)
2
Sr
2
Ca
2
Cu
3
O
10+x
bulk bar sample produced in
Australian UoW, which can be used as a high current
lead or an electrical fault current limiting element; and
Fig.2(b) is a practical measurement result of its I
c

performance. Fig.3(a) shows a Y
1
Ba
2
Cu
3
O
7x
brick
produced in Australian UoW for magnetic levitation
study; and Fig.3(b) is a measurement result of a similar
sample recently provided by the Chinese General
Research Institute for Non-Ferrous Metals.






(a) Short sample photo










(b) Sample I
c
/A
Fig.2 A Bi-2223 bulk bar sample








(a) A levitator samplepicture

(b) Sample levitation force measurement result
Fig.3 Y
1
Ba
2
Cu
3
O
7-x
brick samples and levitator
3 HTS Applications
Strong current applications of HTS materials have
being studied and practically developed with prototype
devices made. Some HTS projects developed at the first
stage of HTS practical applications are summarized as
follows.
1) Coils and windings. By using (Bi,Pb)
2
Sr
2
Ca
2
Cu
3
O
10+x
/Ag HTS wires, HTS coils or windings in the
forms of solenoid, pancake, double-pancake, and toroid
have been studied and practically fabricated using
react-wind or wind-react procedures
[4,9-10]
. Associated
techniques such as insulation and solidification methods
have also been investigated.
As an example, a small complete HTS coil
prototype unit has been made as shown in Fig.4(a)
with its I
c
testing results shown in Fig.4(b), where
different current leads are used, i.e. flexible
Bi-2223/Ag current leads and a textured bulk Bi-2223
current lead. The unit consists of basically (1) HTS coil
(I
c
~30A, 77K) made by (Bi,Pb)
2
Sr
2
Ca
2
Cu
3
O
10+x
/Ag
HTS wire, with auxiliaries of (2) a flexible
(Bi,Pb)
2
Sr
2
Ca
2
Cu
3
O
10+x
/Ag HTS current lead (I
c
~40 A),
(3) a textured bulk (Bi,Pb)
2
Sr
2
Ca
2
Cu
3
O
10+x
HTS current
lead (I
c
>200A), and (4) normal Cu winding. This
prototype HTS coil provided comprehensive research
details on the development of HTS coil and winding
technology.
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0







(a) An experimental HTS coil made with current leads









(b) I
c
results of the HTS coil
Fig.4 An experimental HTS winding

2) Magnets. HTS with very high B
c2
intrinsic
property has substantial advantages to build high field
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
225Aat 1V
5.5x0.86x0.27(cm)
(V-V=1cm)
I-V curve of bulkBi-2223 hot-presssample
at 77 K andself-field
V
o
l
t
a
g
e



(
m
V
)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
I-V curve of bulk Bi-2223 hot-press sample
at 77 K and self field
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
/
m
V

250A/1V
558.62.7(mm
3
)
(V-V=10mm)
DC current (A)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Applied magnetic field/T
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06 0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Bi-2223HTS
Same conductor at normal state
in roomtemperature
77K HTS inaFCL
HTS coil
77K
1 - HTS Coil I-V Curve
1-HTS coil I-V curve
2- Flexible HTS CurrentLeadCapability
2-Flexible HTS current lead capability
V
o
l
t
a
g
e



(
m
V
)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
/
m
V
3- BulkHTS CurrentLeadI
c
>200A 3-Bulk HTS current lead I
c
>200A
100
80
60
40
20
YBCO Disk d2510mm
2
Zero field cooling 77K
NdFeB d2625mm
2
Surface field 0.5T
Same conductor at normal state
in roomtemperature
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
/
N
Bi-2223 HTS
DC Current (A)
0.0 10 20 30 40 50
DC current/A
0
0.0 10 20 30 40
Distance/mm

No.1 J IN J ian-xun: High T
c
Superconducting Materials for Strong Current Applications: Approach at the First Stage 41
magnets. An experiment HTS magnet has been built
using the (Bi,Pb)
2
Sr
2
Ca
2
Cu
3
O
10+x
/Ag HTS wire made in
Australia (UoW/CSIRO/MM) with unit pancake
techniques, as shown in Fig.5, which is able to generate
1T magnetic field (4.2K) and to provide details to
form a practical HTS magnet.








Fig.5 Assembly of a HTS magnet using
(Bi,Pb)
2
Sr
2
Ca
2
Cu
3
O
10+x
/Ag HTS wire
3) Current leads. A sample high current lead
prototype, I
c
rated up to 1kA, has been made with
(Bi,Pb)
2
Sr
2
Ca
2
Cu
3
O
10+x
/Ag HTS wires for helium vapor
cooled operation. Eight 50cm long tapes, I
c
~25A at
77K for each tape, have been used on a copper frame
having total diameter of 4.5cm to form the current lead
as shown in Fig.6 made in Australian UoW. A single
(Bi,Pb)
2
Sr
2
Ca
2
Cu
3
O
10+x
HTS bulk bar type current lead
has also been made with I
c
=225A and J
c
~10
4
A/cm
2

at 77K for a single element, and with high current Ag
plate terminals implanted at two ends as shown in
Fig.2(a)
[7]
.



Fig.6 A high current lead prototype

Cryo-
cooler
HTS-
magnet
Matrix Current
leads
Thermal
shield
Vacuum
chamber

Fig.7 HTS magnet operation scheme for HGMS

4) HTS magnetic separators. High gradient
magnetic separation (HGMS) using a 5T HTS magnet
has been studied and designed with the (Bi,Pb)
2
Sr
2
Ca
2
Cu
3
O
10+x
/Ag HTS wire and its unified pancake
units, and cooled with a two-stage G-M cryocooler, as
shown in Fig.7 with incorporation of the HTS
magnet
[11]
. The HGMS separator designed provides an
efficient method for the separation of very fine and
weak magnetic materials, such as removal impurities,
e.g. Fe
2
O
3
, from Kaolin clay for its purification.
5) Levitators. Y
1
Ba
2
Cu
3
O
7x
single grain melt
grown sample with levitation force about 0.5N/g (~12
N/cm
2
) at 77K has been obtained. Prototype levitation
devices have been built with the HTS bricks on NdFeB
magnets. Fig.8 shows the levitation demo.







(b) A controlled levitation demo device (a) A levitation demo

Fig.8 Levitation with Y
1
Ba
2
Cu
3
O
7x
brick samples
6) Superconducting magnetic energy storages
(SMES). It can be used for electric energy storage,
improving electric power supply quality and power
system stabilization. A small unit as shown in Fig.9
which is rated up to has been made for
investigation of this technology in Australian ASC.
Alternatively an active power filter can be developed
based on the similar operation.
0.2kJ










Fig.9 A small HTS SMES unit
7) Transformers. A 100 kVA, 3 phase, 6.6 kV/
240V, iron core transformer employing (Bi,Pb)
2
Sr
2
Ca
2
Cu
3
O
10+x
/Ag HTS wires has been designed and
analyzed. Fig.10 shows the specially designed
transformer HTS winding AC loss testing rig made in
Australian ASC. The mass, volume and tape length
requirements are calculated and the overall transformer
volume can be significantly reduced.
8) High voltage generators. A novel method has
been studied with a prototype built using an electronic
R-C-L resonant circuit with an inductor made by a
Thermal
shield
Matrix Current
leads
HTS
magnet
Vacuum
chamber
Cryo-
cooler
J ournal of Electronic Science and Technology of China Vol.5 42
(Bi,Pb)
2
Sr
2
Ca
2
Cu
3
O
10+x
/Ag HTS wire
[13]
. This unique
HTS device is able to generate very high voltage with a
high Q HTS inductor. The theoretically generated
voltage V
c
(n) =(1)
n+1
2nV
B
, where V
c
is the voltage
generated, V
B
is the voltage of a low voltage dc power
supply, and n is the number of the dc source polarity
switching times
[12-13]
. As a sample experimental result,
1.2kV has been generated from 12V battery source by
the prototype device as shown in Fig.11.









Fig.10 HTS coil loss rig made for the transformer project








Fig.11 A HTS high voltage generator
9) Cables and power transmissions. HTS has been
considered for making AC power transmission cables
with advantages of high transport current capability
and low resistive loss to replace the normal conductor
cables. Fig.12 shows a prototype HTS cable made by
Australian MM. The HTS DC cable represents a very
attractive alternative to HTS AC cables. First and
foremost, the conductor loss in a DC HTS cable is
negligible. In a DC power transmission cable, there is
no reactive power and no loss in the insulation, and
there is also no HTS AC loss. The designed HTS cable
consists of a HTS layer made using the
(Bi,Pb)
2
Sr
2
Ca
2
Cu
3
O
10+x
/Ag HTS wire for current
transportation
[14]
. The basic HTS cable configuration
includes a protection shell, a thermal shield, an
insulation layer, a HTS superconducting layer, and a
cooling pipe. The engineering current density J
e
in the
level of 10
4

A/cm
2
-77K forms a HTS cable with a very
high capability for highly rated transport current, where
the normally used Cu conductors having current density
J
Cu
310
2

A/cm
2
as the limit for most normal
applications.












Fig.12 Assembly of a HTS magnet using
(Bi,Pb)
2
Sr
2
Ca
2
Cu
3
O
10+x
/Ag HTS wire
10) Fault current limiters. A HTS FCL prototype
using a (Bi,Pb)
2
Sr
2
Ca
2
Cu
3
O
10+x
/Ag HTS wire dc bias
winding has been made based on the principle of a
saturable magnetic core reactor
[10,15-16]
, and rated up to
1kA for use in a 6.3kV electrical power system. Fig.13
shows prototype developed using (Bi,Pb)
2
Sr
2
Ca
2
Cu
3
O
10+x
/Ag HTS wires. Other low rating testing
prototypes include (1) resistive control of the electrical
circuit with Bi-2223 bulk HTS bar having up to I
c

~300A for a single piece of element; (2) inductive
control of the electrical circuit with Y
1
Ba
2
Cu
3
O
7x

cylinder having a magnetic core inside.









Fig.13 Construction of a HTS electrical fault current limiter
4 Conclusions
HTS materials have been proved through their
behavior study and various prototypes that they can be
used for strong current applications. Among HTS
materials available at present, the (Bi,Pb)
2
Sr
2
Ca
2
Cu
3
O
10+x
/Ag HTS wires have the most suitable
characteristics for long-length wires by considering the
critical current, stability, processing technique, cost, and
operation temperature. Bulk HTS ceramics like
Y
1
Ba
2
Cu
3
O
7-x
, Bi
2
Sr
2
Ca
1
Cu
2
O
8x
or Bi
2
Sr
2
Ca
2
Cu
3
O
10+x

have also demonstrated special properties for high

No.1 J IN J ian-xun: High T
c
Superconducting Materials for Strong Current Applications: Approach at the First Stage 43
current lead, magnetic field shielding, levitation, and
permanent magnet applications. The strong current and
large-scale HTS applications are on the way to be
industrialized and commercialized, and are expected to
be substantial at the beginning of this new millennium.
Since cryogenic cost will dramatically reduce when
operation temperature is shifted from 4.2K up to 77K
or higher, it is still necessary to improve the present
HTS materials with respect to their maintaining high
critical currents at a higher operation temperature, and
necessary to search new applicable HTS materials.

Acknowledgment
Author acknowledges the support made by
Australian government research funds, and the
contribution made to this paper by Dr. Y. C. Guo, Dr. X.
K. Fu, Dr. B. Zeimetz, and Mr. B. Zhao. Author also
thanks the current support by the University of
Electronic Science and Technology of China.

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Brief Introduction to Author
JIN Jian-xun () was born in Beijing, China, in
1962. He received the B.Eng. degree in physics from1981 to
1985, the M.Sc. degree in material from1992 to 1994, and the
Ph.D. degree in electric and applied superconductivity from1995
to 1997.
From 1997 to 1999, he was a research fellow with Uni.
Wollongong, Australia. From 2000 to 2002, he was an ARC Chief
Investigator in the Uni. Wollongong.
Professor Jin is the Director of the Center of Applied
Superconductivity and Electrical Engineering, University of
Electronic Science and Technology of China. He has published
200 papers on applied high temperature superconductivity, and his
research interests mainly include applied high temperature
superconductivity and energy efficiency technology.