Graphonic Garlock PDF
Graphonic Garlock PDF
Graphonic Garlock PDF
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A century of excellence in fluid
sealing technology
The success of nearly every manufacturing and
process facility in the world depends on the reliable
operation of countless pumps, valves, motors and
piping systems.
Those vital pieces of equipment operate lon-
ger and more efficiently when running with Garlock
Sealing Technologies gaskets, packings, hydraulic
components, mechanical seals, oil seals, bearing pro-
tectors, and expansion joints.
For more than a century, Garlock Sealing
Technologies has designed, tested and manufactured
the most innovative and high quality fluid sealing
products available. As a result, industrial customers
around the globe have come to rely on Garlock prod-
ucts as a key to their profitability and success.
Garlock Metallic Gaskets, a division of Garlock
Sealing Technologies, manufactures spiral wound,
metal clad, and solid metal gaskets at its facility in
Houston, Texas. This facility is registered to ISO-
9002.
In recent years, Garlock Metallic Gaskets has
introduced some of the industrys most innovative
production methods and products. For example,
CONTROLLED DENSITY
Series of Gaskets. This series of gaskets provides
a full range of performance, designed to seal in the
most severe and the most common applications.
The GET, GRAPHONIC
and TEPHONIC
gaskets will save money and increase margins of
safety. The new emission laws and the need to
make your plant run as efficiently as possible, make
the GRAPHONIC
and TEPHONIC
CONTROLLED DENSITY, EDGE, GRAPHONIC,
FLEXSEAL are registered trademarks of Garlock Inc.
TEPHONIC, TANDEM SEAL, STABL-LOCK and GET
are trademarks of Garlock Inc.
gaskets have a successful track record, showing cost
reductions through improved heat exchanger reliability
and overall increased equipment productivity.
This unique construction, utilizing corrugated metal
and compressible sealing elements, provides for excel-
lent performance in thermal cycling applications. This
configuration provides a rigid gasket that easily seals
against flange seating surface imperfections.
The GET, GRAPHONIC
and TEPHONIC
gaskets handle a wide variety of applications. This pre-
mium gasket has passed various industry standard fire
tests (API 607 4th ed. modified; FITT) and is suitable
for 150# and 300# ANSI sized piping and vessel appli-
cations.
This catalog is provided for customer information
and convenience. However, Garlock Metallic Gaskets
applications engineers and customer service person-
nel are also on hand to assist you with your application
requirements and technical questions. Please give us a
call at 800-972-7638. Were here to serve you.
Garlock Sealing Technologies
Contents
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
GET
Gasket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
GRAPHONIC
Gasket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
TEPHONIC Gasket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Selection of Metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Chemical Resistance of Flexible
Graphite and ePTFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Flange Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Definition of Gasket Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Effective Gasket Seating Width. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Gasket Factors M and Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Test Results - Overview
ROTT Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 13
Gasket Constants Crush Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Gasket Leak Rate T3 vs Gasket Stress. . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Gasket Stress vs Mass Leakage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Mass Leak Rate to Volumetric
Leak Rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Fire Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Performance Comparison Load Charts . . . . . . . . . . 18
Performance Comparison Unload Charts . . . . . . . . 19
Gasket Constants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Glossary of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-25
Appendix
PVRC Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-29
PVRC Method Notations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 31
PVRC Flow Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Gasket Dimensions for Standard Flanges . . . . . . . . . . 33
Heat Exchanger Gaskets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Heat Exchanger Gasket Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Bolt Torque Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Application Data Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1
Introduction
The selection of gaskets has become more critical
because of a number of factors:
Pipes and joints are now included in the pressure
vessel codes
Tighter rules for emission control
Aggressive effort to lower costs by reducing product
loss and increasing margins of safety
The international demand for standards for
evaluating asbestos-free gaskets
Because of the tighter standards of emission control
and restrictions on the use of gaskets containing asbestos,
Garlock is committed to continuous development of better
sealing systems for bolted gasket flanges. Our impressive
new GRAPHONIC
Series
Advantages
The GRAPHONIC
Gasket
Advantages
Graphite and ePTFE Combination
Chemical resistance and fire safety
simultaneously
The tightest seal of the GRAPHONIC
Series of
Gaskets (under 500F/260C).
Corrugated Metal Core
Minimizes extrusions
Redirects compressible sealing element and
blocks leak paths
Adds strength and rigidity
Increases sealability under low bolt loads
Actively assists in thermal cycling applications
Benefits
Can be used in a wide variety of applications
Is forgiving on worn and corroded flange surfaces
Passed fire tests, API 607, 4 ed., modified and
FITTs tests
Seals under a wide range of loads
Specifications
3
Note: When approaching maximum temperatures, consult the Garlock Metallic
Gasket Engineering Dept. at 1-800-972-7638 or 1-281-459-7200.
envelope on ID of gasket
Metal inset: Nominal thickness 0.024'' (0.6 mm) austenitic
stainless steel with corrugations
(Other types of metal are available)
Gasket dimensions: Per ASME B 16.21
Continuous operating temperature:
Minimum: -350F (-210C)
Max. in steam: 600F (314C)
Pressure, max.: 2000 psig (140 bar)
P x T, max.:
1/8" thickness: 300,000 (10,250)
Construction
With or without metal rings
GRAPHONIC
Gasket
Advantages
Flexible Graphite
Accommodates a wide range of temperatures
Inherently resilient
Chemically resistant
Excellent aging characteristics
Is forgiving on pitted or corroded flange surfaces
Corrugated Metal Core
Minimizes extrusions
Redirects compressible sealing element into the leak paths
Adds strength and rigidity
Increases sealability under low bolt loads
Actively assist in thermal cycling applications
Benefits
Can be used in a wide variety of applications
Excels in thermal cycling conditions
Increases heat exchanger reliability
Passes fire tests, API and FITTs tests
Is forgiving on worn and corroded flange surfaces
Seals under a wide range of loads
Specifications
Construction
With or without metal rings
Material: Corrugated metal encapsulated with
bonded flexible graphite
Nominal thickness: 1/16'' (1.6 mm) and 1/8'' (3.2 mm)
Graphite layers: 2 layers, each flexible graphite
Metal inset: Nominal thickness 0.024'' (0.6 mm)
austenitic stainless steel with corrugations
(Other types of metal are available)
Gasket dimensions: Per ASME B 16.21
Continuous operating temperature:
Minimum: -400F (-240C)
Max. in steam: 1200F (650C)
Pressure, max.: 2000 psig (140 bar)
P x T, max.:
1/16" thickness: 700,000 (25,000)
* Maximum temperatures of 975F (525C) can be allowed for flexible graphite with oxidation inhibitors.
Gasket
Advantages
ePTFE Compressible Sealing Element
Chemically inert
Creates an extremely tight seal
A soft and deformable seal
Corrugated Metal Core
Minimizes extrusions
Redirects compressible sealing element and
blocks leak paths
Adds strength and rigidity
Increases sealability under low bolt loads
Actively assist in thermal cycling applications
Benefits
Offers superior chemical resistance (with
com patible metal core)
Capable of sealing with low bolt loads
Can be used in a wide variety of applications
Is forgiving on worn and corroded flange
surfaces
Specifications
Material: Corrugated metal encapsulated with bonded ePTFE
Nominal thickness: 1/8" (3.2 mm)
ePTFE: 2 layers, each ePTFE
Metal inset: Nominal thickness 0.024" (0.6 mm) austenitic
stainless steel with corrugations
(Other types of metal are available)
Gasket dimensions: Per ASME B 16.21
Continuous operating temperature:
Minimum: -350F (-210C)
Max. in steam: 500F (260C)
Pressure, max.: 2000 psig (140 bar)
P x T, max.
1/8" thickness: 250,000 (8,500)
WARNING:
Properties/applications shown throughout this brochure are typical. Your specific applica-
tion should not be under taken without independent study and evaluation for suitability.
For specific application recommendations consult Garlock. Failure to select the proper
sealing products could result in property damage and/or serious personal injury.
Series of Gaskets will be governed by their materials of
construction.
The metal core of the GRAPHONIC
Series of
Gaskets can be selected from most types of sheet
metal. The selection is generally based on chemical
resistance, heat resistance and cost. The most popular
metals for the GRAPHONIC
276
400
625*
INCONEL
600* INCOLOY
825*
Nickel 200
The selection of a metal to be used in a gasket
that is suitably resistant to corrosive media or to high
temperature involves many considerations. Garlock rec-
ommends that designers contact the manufacturers of
alloyed material, who conduct laboratory corrosive tests
and in-plant corrosion testing.
Concentration of Corrosive
Agents
Dilute solutions are not necessarily less corrosive
than those of full strength, and the reverse is often the
case. Probably the most familiar example of this is the
action of sulfuric acid on iron; concentrations over 90%
acid may be handled by iron without much difficulty, but
below this concentration, the rate of attack will increase
rapidly with an increase in dilution.
Purity of Corrosive Agents
Purity, in this instance, means the absence of con-
taminating amounts of other corrosive compounds.
For example, the corrosive attack by compounds that
are derivatives of an acid: in the pure state these com-
pounds may be relatively inert, but if contaminated by
any carry-over of free acid they must be handled more
carefully.
Temperature
Besides its effects upon the mechanical properties
of the gasket, the temperature of the corrosive agent
will have a marked influence upon the rate of attack.
Forms of Corrosion
General corrosion
Galvanic corrosion
Concentration cell or crevice corrosion
Chemical pitting
Intergranular corrosion
Effects of stress on corrosion
Corrosion fatigue
Stress corrosion cracking
Corrosive Environments
Atmospheric corrosion
Corrosion by water, acids
Corrosion by alkalies, salts, fluorine
Corrosion by chlorines and hydrogen
Corrosion by chlorides
* INCONEL
and INCOLOY
Gasoline
Heat transfer oil
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric (> 60% at
room temperature)
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen peroxide (< 85%)
Iodine (room temperature)
Iron (molten)
Isopropyl alcohol
Methanol
Methyl ethyl ketone
Motor oils
Nitrates (aqueous)
Nitric acid (< 20%)
Nitric acid
Nitric acid (> 20% at
room temperature)
Nitrobenzene
Oleum (fuming sulfuric acid)
Oxygen (260C)
Phenol
Phosphates (aqueous)
Phosphoric acid
Potash (molten)
Potassium (< 350C) (molten)
Potassium chlorate (molten)
Potassium hydrogen sulfate
(molten)
Potassium hydroxide solution
(< 400C)
Potassium nitrate (molten)
Propane
Silicones
Silver (molten)
Soda (molten)
Sodium (< 350C) (molten)
Sodium hydroxide solution
(< 400C)
Sodium peroxide (molten)
Steam (< 750C)
Stearic acid
Sulfur
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfuric acid (93-96% at room
temperature)
Sulfuric acid (70%-100%,
up to 100C)
Sulfuric acid (> 96%,
over 100C)
Sulfur trioxide
Zinc (molten)
8
WARNING:
Properties/applications shown throughout this brochure are typical. Your specific applica-
tion should not be under taken without independent study and evaluation for suitability.
For specific application recommendations consult Garlock. Failure to select the proper
sealing products could result in property damage and/or serious personal injury.
Performance data published in this brochure has been developed from field
testing, customer field reports and/or in-house testing.
While the utmost care has been used in compiling this brochure, we assume no respon-
sibility for errors. Specifications subject to change without notice. This edition cancels all
previous issues. Subject to change without notice.
Flange Rotation
What is Flange Rotation?
A common problem in the pressure vessel and piping
world is the phenomenon called flange rotation. It is usually
encountered under bolt tightening with a raised face flange.
The outer edges of a raised face flange are pulled towards
each other when the bolts are tightened, and relieved towards
the inside of the vessel or pipe. See illustration.
How Much Flange Rotation?
Petrochemical engineers who must cope with rotation say
that it can greatly increase the difficulties of sealing a joint.
Some even say that rotations as small as 0.10 degrees can
make a tight seal almost impossible. This is quite a bit stiffer
than the preliminary proposed ASME limit of a maximum 0.30
degrees for integral type flanges or 0.20 degrees for loose
type flanges.
Flange Rotation and the
Code
Flange rotation is known to be important but there are
no simple ways to estimate it. Section Vlll of the ASME Code,
Table UA-49.2 Effective Gasket Width acknowledges rotation
by introducing an effective width for a gasket, which is equal
to or less than half the width of the gasket or joint-contact-
surface seating width. This allowance leakage assumes that
at least half of the gasket will have been unloaded by rotation.
But flanges often rotate more or less than this. Proper installa-
tion and bolt tightening procedures greatly reduce the chance
for flange rotation.
Excessive Bolt Load
One of the causes of flange rotation is excessive bolt
load. In fact, too much bolt load can rotate raised face flanges
enough to open a leak path. The threat of rotation, therefore,
can place an upper limit on planned or specific clamping force.
Definition of Gasket
Stress
Gasket stress is the contact pressure between the flange
and gasket bearing surface. The definition of stress is the mag-
nitude of the force applied to the area of the gasket on which
the force acts. In a flange it is created by the applied force
from the tension in the bolts clamping the flanges.
Gasket Contact Area Symbols
and Units
Go = The smaller of Gasket OD or flange
sealing surface OD (inch)
OD = Outside diameter of sealing surface,
gasket or flange face (inch)
ID = Inside diameter of sealing surface,
gasket (inch)
N = Width of full gasket contact sealing
used to determine the basic gasket
seating width (inch)
Ag = Full gasket contact area based on the
contact width (in
2
)
For initial seating, use the full contact area of the gas-
ket. When the joint is pressurized, the PVRC introduces an
effective (roughly half) width (N) that is the same as (b) in the
ASME Code, Section VIII Table 2-5.2 to allow for flange rota-
tion.
1. Compute the full surface sealing area of the
gasket, Ag (in
2
)
Ag = 0.7854*(OD
2
-ID
2
) or
3.14*(Go-N)N Ag = __________in
2
How to Find Gasket Stress at
Assembly (Sya) Symbols and
Units
Sg = The stress on the sealing area of the
gasket (psi)
Sya = The PVRC uses this symbol for the design assem-
bly seating stress or joint contact unit seating load
(psi)
Fp = Bolt preload in each bolt at assembly (lbs)
FGA = Total nominal clamping force on the gasket
at assembly (lbs)
Sa = bolt stress at ambient temperature (psi)
K = Nut factor (dimensionless)
D = nominal diameter of bolt (inch)
12 = Divide Torque by 12 to convert from
ft-in to ft-lb
C = 0.0833; conversion Factor, Torque (ft-in to ft-lbs)
Ar = Root cross-section area of a bolt (in^
2
)
Ab = Ar* number of bolts, (n)
Bolt Load
1. Compute, the nominal bolt preload in each bolt at assembly
(lbs.). For example, if preload is specified by torque (T; ft./lbs.)
then
Fp = 12*T/*K*D _________lbs
2. Compute, if preload is specified by the actual total cross-
sectional area of bolts at root of thread or section of least
diameter under stress, (Ar), then multiply Ar by the bolt stress,
Sa.
Fp = Ar*Sa = _________lbs
You can convert the final nominal preload to nominal Torque:
T = K*D*Fp/12 = _________ Ft/lbs
3. Compute the total, nominal clamping force on the gasket at
assembly (FGA; lbs.), n = number of bolts. Ab = Ar* number of
bolts (n)
FGA = n*Fp = _________lbs (or)
FBA = Ab*Sa = _________lbs
Gasket Stress
4. Compute the initial gasket stress (Sya)
Sya = FGA/Ag = _________psi
After the assembly, you then calculate the pressure load on
the joint, estimate how much the pressure load will partially
relieve the joint and compute the net clamping force on the
joint after the system has been pressurized. For reference, go
to the pages titled PVRC Method.
9
10
N = Width of gasket
W = Width of contact area
(raised face or serrations)
T = Thickness of gasket
b
0
= Basic seating width of gasket
b
1
= Effective seating width of gasket
b
1
= b
0
if b
0
1/4";
b
1
= (b
0
)/2 if b
0
> 1/4"
* Where serrations do not exceed 1/64" in depth
and 1/32" width spacing, choose 1b or 1d.
WARNING:
Properties/applications shown throughout this brochure are typical. Your specific applica-
tion should not be under taken without independent study and evaluation for suitability.
For specific application recommendations consult Garlock. Failure to select the proper
sealing products could result in property damage and/or serious personal injury.
Performance data published in this brochure has been developed from field testing, cus-
tomer field reports and/or in-house testing.
While the utmost care has been used in compiling this brochure, we assume no respon-
sibility for errors. Specifications subject to change without notice. This edition cancels all
previous issues. Subject to change without notice.
Effective Gasket Seating Width
Gasket Min. Design
Gasket Design Gasket Material Factor Seating Stress
"M" "Y" (psi)
Spiral wound metal,
non-asbestos filled Stainless steel or MONEL
3.00 10,000
Garlock CONTROLLED DENSITY
3.00 7,500
Garlock EDGE
2.00 5,000
Stainless steel and Flexible Graphite 2.00 (1/16") 2,000 (1/16")
Garlock GRAPHONIC
3.50 8,000
4%-6% chrome 3.75 9,000
Stainless steel 3.75 9,000
Soft aluminum 3.25 5,500
Soft copper or brass 3.50 6,500
Grooved metal Iron or soft steel 3.75 7,600
MONEL
is a registered trademark of
International Nickel.
11
Gasket Factors
M & Y
M and Y data are to be used for flange designs only
as specified in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
Division 1, Section VIII, Appendix 2. They are not meant to be
used as gasket seating stress values in actual service. Our
bolt torque tables give that information and should be used as
such.
M - Maintenance Factor
A factor that provides the additional preload needed in the
flange fasteners to maintain the compressive load on a gasket
after internal pressure is applied to a joint.
M = (W - A
2
P)/A
1
P
Where: W = Total Fastener force (lb. or N)
A
2
= Inside area of gasket (in.
2
or mm
2
)
P = Test pressure (psig or N/mm
2
)
A
1
= Gasket area (in.
2
or mm
2
)
Y - Minimum Design Seating Stress
the minimum compressive stress in pounds per square inch
(or bar) on the contact area of the gasket that is required to
provide a seal at an internal pressure of 2 psig (0.14 bar).
Y = W/A
1
Test Results -
Overview
Room Temperature Tightness
Test (ROTT)
Garlock Sealing Technologies certifies the results of two
or more tests on 4-7/8" I.D. by 5-7/8" O.D. GRAPHONIC
series of gaskets with helium as media, and conducted in
accordance with the Pressure Vessel Research Council Room
Temperature Tightness Test (ROTT) procedure. Standard test
criteria is represented below.
Requirement Gb a Gs S100 S1,000 (1.2)
Typical: 315 0.36 1.855 1.653 3,787
Notes:
1. The constants Gb, a and Gs shall be determined by the
ROTT test procedure (See Reference 1).
2. S100 and S1000 are stresses (psi) respectively represent
ing the values Gb(100)
a
and Gb(1000)
a
.
Summary
Room Temperature Tightness tests (ROTT) were per-
formed on gasket specimens at the cole Polytechnique
Gasket Test Facility. The tests show excellent tightness. On
a range of loading and unloading stress levels, they are the
tightest flexible graphite gaskets tested to date. By compari-
son to laminated graphite sheet, the initial leak rate of the gas-
ket averaged about l00 times less at an initial gasket stress
(Sg) of 8,000 psi.
Constants, Gb, a, and Gs: These are the constants used
in formulas that give a design bolt load having the same
meanings as the larger of Wm1 or Wm2 of the ASME Code.
Gb, a and Gs are obtained by interpretation of leakage test
data as plots of gasket stress (Sg) vs the tightness parameter,
Tp on log-log paper. The values of Gb and Gs are determined
by the intercepts of the loading and unloading lines with the
Tp =1.
Gb, a: What the gasket seating load should be, because
Gb and a are associated with the seating load sequence (Part
A data) of a gasket test. Gb represents the loading of the gas-
ket (Intercept of the loading curve on the gasket stress Axis) at
Tp = 1. The slope of the line is represented by a.
Gs: Gs is associated with the operating part of a gasket
test, known as Part B, where the gasket is unloaded and
reloaded as leakage is measured. Gs = Unloading intercept
(intercept of the unloading curve on the gasket stress axis) at
Tp = 1.
Tightness Parameter, Tp: The investigators discovered
that test data could be summarized by use of a dimension-
less tightness parameter. It is represented by Tp, expressed in
terms of mass leak rate.
Tp is the pressure (in atmospheres) required to cause a
helium leak of 1 mg/sec for a 150 mm (5.9 in.) OD gasket in
a joint. A tightness parameter of 100 would mean that it takes
an internal pressure of 1,470 psi (10.1 MPa) to create a total
leak rate of about 1 mg/sec from a 6'' OD gasket (152 mm)
gasket. A 100 times less leak rate of 0.01 mg/sec at 1,470 psi
would mean a tenfold increase in the tightness parameter to
1,000 Tp. Tp is proportional to pressure and inversely pro-por-
tional to the square root of the leak rate. A higher value of Tp
indicates a tighter joint.
Gb(Tp)
a
: The value of Gb(Tp)
a
compares seating proper-
ties among gaskets when comparisons are made at represen-
tative values of Tp, such as 100 and 1,000. Such comparisons
show the combined effect of Gb and a on the seating perfor-
mance of a gasket. The new gasket constants will eventu-
ally replace the present ASME Code M and Y factors. The
new constants, Gb, a and Gs help define the behavior of the
gasket under all possible stress conditions. The only design
guidance emerging from this work is the concept of tightness
levels. Once the designer has learned how to convert Gb, a,
Gs and selected tightness level to specific stress targets, he
can design better flanges. The installer of gaskets will find the
new gasket constants useful, since they genuinely define gas-
ket behavior.
12
13
GASKET CONSTANTS - Low Stress Interpretation
100
1000
10000
100000
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Tightness Parameter, Tp
G
a
s
k
e
t
S
t
r
e
s
s
,
S
g
(
p
s
i
)
Part A
Part B1
Part B2
Part B3
Filled Markers : 400 psi
Unfilled Markers : 800 psi
Gb =
80.40911775
To Gs = 1.856884753
a = 0.50858365
87436
M&P NPS 4" CORRUGATED GRAPHONIC GASKET STYLE
Tpmax =
GASKET CONSTANTS - Low Stress Interpretation
100
1000
10000
100000
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Tightness Parameter, Tp
G
a
s
k
e
t
S
t
r
e
s
s
,
S
g
(
p
s
i
)
Part A
Part B1
Part B2
Part B3
Filled Markers : 400 psi
Unfilled Markers : 800 psi
Gb = 110.1260547
To Gs = 0.036961179
a = 0.463386528
GRAPHONIC GORETEX GR NPS4 CL 150
WARNING:
Properties/applications shown throughout this brochure are typical. Your specific applica-
tion should not be under taken without independent study and evaluation for suitability.
For specific application recommendations consult Garlock. Failure to select the proper
sealing products could result in property damage and/or serious personal injury.
Performance data published in this brochure has been developed from field
ROTT Test (contd)
Gasket Constants -
Low Stress Interpretation
NPS 4" Corrugated GRAPHONIC
Gasket Style
testing, customer field reports and/or in-house testing.
While the utmost care has been used in compiling this brochure, we assume no respon-
sibility for errors. Specifications subject to change without notice. This edition cancels all
previous issues. Subject to change without notice.
GET and GRAPHONIC
GR NPS4 CL 150
Gasket Constants -
Crush Test
Introduction
A crush test was performed at room temperature on
a GRAPHONIC
gasket at room temperature.
Test Gasket
The test used a GRAPHONIC
Series
of Gaskets to seal at less than 1/2 the bolt load or gasket
stress of other leading graphite-type gaskets. The GRA-
PHONIC
GET
TM
Garlock CD Manufacturer A
TEPHONIC
TM
Garlock Kammprofile Spiral Wound Gasket
Gasket Stress vs. Tightness Parameter
0.1
1.0
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000
Gasket Stress (psi)
T
i
g
h
t
n
e
s
s
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
GRAPHONIC
GET
TM
Garlock CD Manufacturer A
TEPHONIC
TM
Garlock Kammprofile Spiral Wound Gasket
GASKET SIZE 4-7/8" x 5-7/8" Tp 1,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
G
a
s
k
e
t
S
t
r
e
s
s
(
p
s
i
)
Graphite Filled
Spiral Wound
Graphite /Steel
Lamination
GET
TM
GRAPHONIC
TEPHONIC
TM
11,823
11,033
4,851
3,787
1,877
WARNING:
Properties/applications shown throughout this brochure are typical. Your specific applica-
tion should not be under taken without independent study and evaluation for suitability.
For specific application recommendations consult Garlock. Failure to select the proper
sealing products could result in property damage and/or serious personal injury.
Performance data published in this brochure has been developed from field
testing, customer field reports and/or in-house testing.
While the utmost care has been used in compiling this brochure, we assume no respon-
sibility for errors. Specifications subject to change without notice. This edition cancels all
previous issues. Subject to change without notice.
MASS LEAK RATES:
Tc 3 Tight 1/50,000 mg/s per mm 1/248,000 lb/hr per in
Tc Standard 1/500 mg/s per mm 1/2,480 lb/hr per in
NPS joint 10 with a face OD of 324 millimeter 12.75 inches
mg = milligram mm = millimeter s = second in = inches
The mass leak rate is calculated on a per millimeter or inch basis of the outside diameter (OD) of the sealing contact
surface.
NITROGEN weight* 1.251 gram/liter 0.075261 lb/cu ft
Tc 3 (Tight), Allowable Leak Rate 0.00002 mg/sec/mm 0.000004 lb/hour/in
Leak Rate of the NPS joint 10''** 0.006477 mg/sec 0.000051 lb/hour
560 mg/day 0.001234 lb/day
0.560 gram/day 0.016 cu ft /day
Volumetric Leak Rate
and GET
Series of Gaskets to maintain tightness in a fire, two tests
were conducted at cole Polytechnique, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, University of Montreal, Canada,
Gasket Testing Facility. The test procedure was the FITT test
(Fire Tightness Test) which gives a good indication of the sur-
vival potential of a gasket in a real fire. It measures leakage
at realistic loads while rapidly heating and soaking a gasket at
1,200F for 15 minutes.
At a gasket stress of 1,500 psi the Tightness Parameter,
Tp, values increased nearly 20-fold to Tp of 2,800. This means
that the leak rate decreased over 300-fold. For comparing
performance, the Tp value of 32 represents the average per-
formance of a well-aged compressed asbestos sheet material.
From this test, it was concluded that the GRAPHONIC
and
GET
have fire integrity.
Fire Resistance Test (FITT)
Garlock Sealing Technologies certifies the results of two
tests, conducted in accordance with the Pressure Vessel
Research Council FITT Procedure 1.3 (Ref. 2) on NPS 4
GRAPHONIC
Exceed the Performance of
Flexible Graphite Laminate
Sheet
The post-exposure tightness of both the GET
and
GRAPHONIC
, this
value would be 315 psi. As gasket stress is increased, the tight-
ness parameter increases, the slope of this relationship is a,
again for the GRAPHONIC
GET
TM
Manufacturer A
Unload GRAPHONIC
Unload GET
TM
Unload Manufacturer A
Tightness Parameter
10000
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
100 1000
Tightness Parameter
G
a
s
k
e
t
S
t
r
e
s
s
Graphonic
GET
TM
Low Stress
Tang Sheet
Unload Graphonic
Unload GET
TM
Unload Low Stress
Unload Tang Sheet
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
100 1000 10000
Load Performance Comparison - Chart B
Load Performance Comparison - Chart A
After seating, the connection is pressurized and the gasket
can experience the effects of the hydrostatic end force that can
unload the connection, reducing the gasket stress. The degree
that the gasket loses sealability is reflected in the Gs constant.
For the GRAPHONIC
GET
TM
Manufacturer A
Unload Graphonic
Unload GET
TM
Unload Manufacturer A
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
100 1000 10000
Tightness Parameter
G
a
s
k
e
t
S
t
r
e
s
s
Graphonic
GET
TM
Low Stress
Tang Sheet
Unload Graphonic
Unload GET
TM
Unload Low Stress
Unload Tang Sheet
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
100 1000 10000
Unload Performance Comparison - Chart B
WARNING:
Properties/applications shown throughout this brochure are typical. Your specific applica-
tion should not be under taken without independent study and evaluation for suitability.
For specific application recommendations consult Garlock. Failure to select the proper
sealing products could result in property damage and/or serious personal injury.
19
Performance data published in this brochure has been developed from field
testing, customer field reports and/or in-house testing.
While the utmost care has been used in compiling this brochure, we assume no respon-
sibility for errors. Specifications subject to change without notice. This edition cancels all
previous issues. Subject to change without notice.
Unload Performance Comparison - Chart B
Unload Performance Comparison - Chart A
Performance Comparison
Unload Charts
20
All data presented in this table is based on currently published information from the Pressure
Vessel Research Council (PVRC) project for the ASME Special Working Group for Bolted Flanged
Joints. The PVRC continues to refine data techniques and values are subject to further changes.
Tp (100) Tp (1,000)
Sg (psi) Sg (psi) TYPE MATERIAL Gb (psi) a Gs (psi)
2,590 4,850 GET
TM
SS/Graphite/PTFE 741 0.272 0.037
1,653 3,787 GRAPHONIC
Series of
Gaskets compare favorably to those of other gaskets. Low
values of (a) & Gs reflect a gasket that loads quickly under
relatively low bolt loads and maintains a "tightness" during the
unload portion of testing. The value of the expression Gb(Tp)
a
compares seating properties among gaskets when compari-
sons are made at representative values of Tp (measure of
tightness).
Such comparisons show the combined effect of (Gb) and
(a) on the seating performance of a gasket. The table below
compares the value of Gb(Tp)
a
, which indicates the seating
stress required to meet a Tp (measure of tightness) for vari-
ous gaskets.
Glossary of Terms
Alloy: A homogeneous combination of two or more metals.
ANSI: American National Standards Institute.
API: American Petroleum Institute.
Asbestos: A fibrous mineral characterized by its ability to
resist high temperatures and the actions of acids.
Ash: An impurity found in natural and other types of graphite
and are ordinarily expressed in parts per million (ppm), or per-
cent ash.
ASME: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, founded
1880, is an educational, technical and professional society of
mechanical engineers and other qualifying individuals. ASME
is an internationally recognized voluntary standards setting
organization.
ASTM: American Society of Testing and Materials.
Atmospheric pressure: The weight of a column of air per
area unit as measured from the top of the atmosphere to
the reference point being measured. Atmospheric pressure
decreases as altitude increases. ICAO sea level standard val-
ues = 14.696 pounds per square inch (0.1014 MPa).
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code: A large document, main-
tained and published by the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME). The code describes rules, material proper-
ties, inspection techniques, fabrication techniques, etc., for
boilers and pressure vessels. It is sometimes referred to as
the Code.
Bolt load (pounds): A means of applying compressive load
that flows the gasket material into surface imperfections to
form a seal.
BSS: British Standards Specifications.
Calender: A machine containing rollers used in the flexible
graphite industry, rubber industry and others, for compressing
materials into continuous rolls, or sheets.
Cold flow: Continued deformation under stress.
Compressibility: The extent to which a gasket is compressed
by a specified load. Permanent set is the unit amount, in per-
centage of the compressibility, that the material fails to return
to the original thickness when the load is removed. Recovery
is the amount of return to the original thickness in a given
time, and is usually less under a prolonged load.
Compression: Stress from forces acting toward each other.
Corrosion: In broad terms, it is the destructive alteration of
metal by chemical or electrochemical reaction within its envi-
ronment, which encompasses not only atmospheric exposure
but all the interacting conditions associated with a service
application.
Corrugated, functionally: Wrinkled with a parallel series of
ridges, grooves and hollows, or a parallel series of peaks and
valleys or troughs, creating memory, springiness and resil-
ience.
Creep: The slow, plastic deformation of a body under heavy
loads. Independent variables which affect creep are time
under load, temperature and load or stress level. It is the loss
of tightness in a gasket measurable by torque loss.
Deflection: The deviation from zero shown by the indicator
of a measuring device. The movement of a part as a result of
stress.
Density: The ratio of mass of a body to its volume or mass
per unit volume of the substance. For ordinary practical
purposes, density and specific gravity may be regarded as
equivalent.
DIN: Deutsches Industut fr Normung. English translation is
Germany Industry Standard one of the European equiva-
lents to ASTM.
Double-jacketed: A metal-jacketed gasket design that is
entirely enclosed by the metal outer cover over a filler.
EPA: Environmental Protection Agency, a regulatory agency of
the United States of America.
Elastic interaction: The action by which bolts loosen as the
adjacent bolts are tightened. The only theoretical way to pre-
vent this is to tighten all bolts simultaneously. The most practi-
cal method is bolt torque using a crossing pattern, followed by
retorques.
Elasticity: The ability of a material to return to its original
form after the removal of the deforming force (stresses). A
substance is highly elastic if it is easily deformed and quickly
recovers. Metals, if deformed only a few percent, can be con-
sidered purely elastic.
21
Glossary of Terms
(contd)
Elongation: The increase in length of a stressed material.
Envelope gasket: The filler material is enclosed in an outer
cover, typically of PTFE material, to enhance corrosion resis-
tance.
Extrusion: Pressure forces a metal or plastic into a gap or
opening.
Eyelet: Metallic inner eyelets are used to protect the gasket
material from the sealed media. Blowout resistance and gas
sealability can be improved depending on the correct choice of
eyelet geometry and metal.
Fastener: A mechanical device for holding two or more bodies
in definite positions with respect to each other.
Flange: The rigid members of a gasket joint that contact the
sides or edges of the gasket.
Flat ring: A flange gasket lying wholly within the ring of bolts.
Flow, or creep: The gradual continuous distortion of a material
under continued load.
Fluid: A fluid has the ability to flow and possesses mass.
Examples of fluids are liquids such as water and blood.
Foot-pound: A unit of work equal to the energy required to
raise one pound one foot.
Fulcrum: The point on which a lever turns.
Full-face gasket: Gasket covering the entire flange surface
extending beyond the bolt holes.
Gas: Unlike molecules of a solid or liquid, gas molecules are
not easily attracted to one another. They tend to remain sepa-
rated. Gas molecules must be housed in a container or they will
disperse and lose their integrity. An example of a gas is air.
Gasket constants Gb,a, Gs: Gb represents the initial loading
curve relationship with tightness while Gs is the intercept of the
unloading curve. The slope of the loading curve is represented
by a.
Gasket stress: The contact pressure exerted on the gasket
by the flange members.
GRAPHONIC
150#
Nom Gskt ID Gasket OD Gasket Area No Size of Max TQ per Comp Force Max Gskt Min Gskt Min TQ Max Gskt Preferred
Pipe Size Contact Contact Contact of Bolts Blt@ 60 Ksi per Blt @ Comp. Avail Comp. Rec Per Bolt Comp/Rec TQ
(in.) (in.) (in.) (sq. in.) Bolts (in.) Blt Stress 60 Ksi (ft-lb) (psi) (psi) (ft-lb) Avail (psi) (ft-lb)
0.5 0.84 1.38 0.93 4 0.50 60 7560 32491 6000 11 30000 55
0.75 1.06 1.69 1.35 4 0.63 120 12120 35803 6000 20 30000 101
1 1.31 2.00 1.79 4 0.63 120 12120 27027 6000 27 27027 120
1.25 1.66 2.50 2.74 4 0.63 120 12120 17664 6000 41 17664 120
1.5 1.91 2.88 3.63 4 0.75 200 18120 19986 6000 60 19986 200
2 2.38 3.63 5.87 8 0.63 120 12120 16513 6000 44 16513 120
2.5 2.88 4.13 6.85 8 0.75 200 18120 21163 6000 57 21163 200
3 3.50 5.00 10.01 8 0.75 200 18120 14476 6000 83 14476 200
4 4.50 6.19 14.16 8 0.75 200 18120 10234 6000 117 10234 200
5 5.56 7.31 17.72 8 0.75 200 18120 8182 6000 147 8182 200
6 6.62 8.50 22.33 12 0.75 200 18120 9740 6000 123 9740 200
8 8.62 10.63 30.31 12 0.88 320 25140 9955 6000 193 9955 320
10 10.75 12.75 36.91 16 1.00 490 33060 14330 6000 205 14330 490
12 12.75 15.00 49.04 16 1.13 710 43680 14252 6000 299 14252 710
14 14.00 16.25 53.46 20 1.13 710 43680 16342 6000 261 16342 710
16 16.00 18.50 67.74 20 1.25 1000 55740 16457 6000 365 16457 1000
18 18.00 21.00 91.89 24 1.25 1000 55740 14558 6000 412 14558 1000
20 20.00 23.00 101.32 24 1.25 1000 55740 13204 6000 454 13204 1000
24 24.00 27.25 130.82 24 1.50 1600 84300 15466 6000 621 15466 1600
Nom Gskt ID Gasket OD Gasket Area No Size of Max TQ per Comp Force Max Gskt Min Gskt Min TQ Max Gskt Preferred
Pipe Size Contact Contact Contact of Bolts Blt@ 60 Ksi per Blt @ Comp. Avail Comp. Rec Per Bolt Comp/Rec TQ
(in.) (in.) (in.) (sq. in.) Bolts (in.) Blt Stress 60 Ksi (ft-lb) (psi) (psi) (ft-lb) Avail (psi) (ft-lb)
0.5 0.84 1.38 0.93 4 0.50 60 7560 32491 6000 11 30000 55
0.75 1.06 1.69 1.35 4 0.50 60 7560 22333 6000 16 22333 60
1 1.31 2.00 1.79 4 0.50 60 7560 16858 6000 21 16858 60
1.25 1.66 2.50 2.74 4 0.50 60 7560 11018 6000 33 11018 60
1.5 1.91 2.88 3.63 4 0.50 60 7560 8338 6000 43 8338 60
2 2.38 3.63 5.87 4 0.63 120 12120 8256 6000 87 8256 120
2.5 2.88 4.13 6.85 4 0.63 120 12120 7078 6000 102 7078 120
3 3.50 5.00 10.01 4 0.63 120 12120 4841 4841 120 4841 120
4 4.50 6.19 14.16 8 0.63 120 12120 6845 6000 105 6845 120
5 5.56 7.31 17.72 8 0.75 200 18120 8182 6000 147 8182 200
6 6.62 8.50 22.33 8 0.75 200 18120 6493 6000 185 6493 200
8 8.62 10.63 30.31 8 0.75 200 18120 4783 4783 200 4783 200
10 10.75 12.75 36.91 12 0.88 320 25140 8173 6000 235 8173 320
12 12.75 15.00 49.04 12 0.88 320 25140 6152 6000 312 6152 320
14 14.00 16.25 53.46 12 1.00 490 33060 7421 6000 396 7421 490
16 16.00 18.50 67.74 16 1.00 490 33060 7809 6000 377 7809 490
18 18.00 21.00 91.89 16 1.13 710 43680 7605 6000 560 7605 710
20 20.00 23.00 101.32 20 1.13 710 43680 8622 6000 494 8622 710
24 24.00 27.25 130.82 20 1.25 1000 55740 8522 6000 704 8522 1000
GRAPHONIC
300#
37
CONTROLLED DENSITY, EDGE, GRAPHONIC and FLEXSEAL are registered trademarks of Garlock Inc.
TANDEM SEAL, STABL-LOCK, TEPHONIC and GET are trademarks of Garlock Inc.
Application Data Form
Date From
For: Garlock Metallic Gasketing Engineering Title
Fax 1-281-458-0502 Company
Page: 1 of Address
Drawing attached Yes No Fax No.
Phone No.
E-mail Address
Application
Pipe Flange Pumps centrifugal / horizontal split case
Heat Exchanger Flue Duct
Manway Valve Bonnet
Compressor Other
Service Conditions
Maximum Temperature F / C Continuous Operating Temperature F / C
Internal Pressure psig / bar PSIG / bar Continuous Intermittent
Thermal Cycling / 24 hours Vibration Yes No
Other (specify)
Bolts
Grade Diameter
Length Number
Chemical Compatibility
Media pH
Concentration Liquid or Gas
Flange
Standard Non-Standard
Material Material
Size Rating I.D. / O.D.
Surface Finish RMS Flange Thickness
Phonographic Concentric Bolt Circle Diameter
Face (raised, flat, tongue & groove, etc.) Surface Finish RMS
Phonographic Concentric
Face (raised, flat, tongue & groove, etc.)
Comments:
AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE
Other Garlock facilities are located in:
Columbia, SC, USA Houston, TX, USA Sydney, Australia
Phone 1.803.783.1880 Phone 1.281.459.7200 Phone 61.2.9793.2511
Fax 1.803.783.4279 Fax 1.281.458.0502 Fax 61.2.9793.2544
So Paulo, Brazil Sherbrooke, Canada W. Yorkshire, England
Phone 55.11.4352.6161 Phone 1.819.563.8080 Phone 44.1422.313600
Fax 55.11.4352.8181 Fax 1.819-563.5620 Fax 44.1422.313601
Saint-tienne, France Neuss, Germany Mexico City, Mexico
Phone 33.4.7743.5100 Phone 49.2131.3490 Phone 52.555.567.7011
Fax 33.4.7743.5151 Fax 49.2131.349.222 Fax 52.555.368.0418
Singapore Shanghai, China Dubai, UAE
Phone 65.6285.9322 Phone 86.021.62789702 Phone 971.4.8833652
Fax 65.6284.5843 Fax 86.021.62787826 Fax 971.4.8833682
WARNING:
Properties/applications shown throughout this brochure are typical. Your
specific application should not be undertaken without independent study
and evaluation for suitability. For specific application recommendations
consult Garlock. Failure to select the proper sealing products could
result in property damage and/or serious personal injury.
Performance data published in this brochure has been developed from
field testing, customer field reports and/or in-house testing.
While the utmost care has been used in compiling this brochure, we
assume no responsibility for errors. Specifications subject to change
without notice. This edition cancels all previous issues. Subject to
change without notice.
GARLOCK is a registered trademark for packings, seals, gaskets, and
other products of Garlock.
Garlock Inc 2007. All rights reserved worldwide.
PRINTED IN U.S.A. GMG 1:11 VIA-11/03
Garlock Sealing Technologies
1666 Division Street
Palmyra, New York 14522 USA
1-315-597-4811
1-800-448-6688
Fax: 1-800-543-0598
1-315-597-3039
www.garlock.com