PREPARED BY:

DIPTIUPVEJA
I-11 , ROLL NO.10
MITS,LAXMANGARH

INTRODUCTION
The first thing you probably think of when you see the words night vision is a spy or
action movie you've seen, in which someone straps on a pair of night-vision goggles to
find someone else in a dark building on a moonless night. And you may have wondered
"Do those things really work? Can you actually see in the dark?"

Gyro-stabilized day/night binoculars manufactured by B.E. Meyers Company

The answer is most definitely yes. With the proper night-vision equipment, you can see a
person standing over 200 yards (183 m) away on a moonless, cloudy night! Night vision
can work in two very different ways, depending on the technology used.

• Image enhancement - This works by collecting the tiny amounts of light,

including the lower portion of the infrared light spectrum, that are present but may
be imperceptible to our eyes, and amplifying it to the point that we can easily
observe the image.
• Thermal imaging - This technology operates by capturing the upper portion of
the infrared light spectrum, which is emitted as heat by objects instead of simply
reflected as light. Hotter objects, such as warm bodies, emit more of this light
than cooler objects like trees or buildings.
 Photo courtesy U.S. DOD

THE BASICS
In order to understand night vision, it is important to understand something about light.
The amount of energy in a light wave is related to its wavelength: Shorter wavelengths
have higher energy. Of visible light, violet has the most energy, and red has the least. Just
next to the visible light spectrum is the infrared spectrum.

Infrared light is a small part of the light spectrum.

Infrared light can be split into three categories:

• Near-infrared (near-IR) - Closest to visible light, near-IR has wavelengths that

range from 0.7 to 1.3 microns, or 700 billionths to 1,300 billionths of a meter.
• Mid-infrared (mid-IR) - Mid-IR has wavelengths ranging from 1.3 to 3 microns.
Both near-IR and mid-IR are used by a variety of electronic devices, including
remote controls.
• Thermal-infrared (thermal-IR) - Occupying the largest part of the infrared
spectrum, thermal-IR has wavelengths ranging from 3 microns to over 30
microns.

The key difference between thermal-IR and the other two is that thermal-IR is emitted by
an object instead of reflected off it. Infrared light is emitted by an object because of what
is happening at the atomic level.

ATOMS
Atoms are constantly in motion. They continuously vibrate, move and rotate. Even the
atoms that make up the chairs that we sit in are moving around. Solids are actually in
motion! Atoms can be in different states of excitation. In other words, they can have
different energies. If we apply a lot of energy to an atom, it can leave what is called the
ground-state energy level and move to an excited level. The level of excitation depends
on the amount of energy applied to the atom via heat, light or electricity.

An atom consists of a nucleus (containing the protons and neutrons) and an electron
cloud. Think of the electrons in this cloud as circling the nucleus in many different
orbits. Although more modern views of the atom do not depict discrete orbits for the
electrons, it can be useful to think of these orbits as the different energy levels of the
atom. In other words, if we apply some heat to an atom, we might expect that some of the
electrons in the lower energy orbitals would transition to higher energy orbitals, moving
farther from the nucleus.

An atom has a nucleus and an electron cloud.

Once an electron moves to a higher-energy orbit, it eventually wants to return to the

ground state. When it does, it releases its energy as a photon -- a particle of light. You
see atoms releasing energy as photons all the time. For example, when the heating
element in a toaster turns bright red, the red color is caused by atoms excited by heat,
releasing red photons. An excited electron has more energy than a relaxed electron, and
just as the electron absorbed some amount of energy to reach this excited level, it can
release this energy to return to the ground state. This emitted energy is in the form of
photons (light energy). The photon emitted has a very specific wavelength (color) that
depends on the state of the electron's energy when the photon is released.

Anything that is alive uses energy, and so do many inanimate items such as engines and
rockets. Energy consumption generates heat. In turn, heat causes the atoms in an object to
fire off photons in the thermal-infrared spectrum. The hotter the object, the shorter the
wavelength of the infrared photon it releases. An object that is very hot will even begin to
emit photons in the visible spectrum, glowing red and then moving up through orange,
yellow, blue and eventually white. Be sure to read How Light Bulbs Work, How Lasers
Work and How Light Works for more detailed information on light and photon emission.

In night vision, thermal imaging takes advantage of this infrared emission.

THERMAL IMAGING
Here's how thermal imaging works:

1. A special lens focuses the infrared light emitted by all of the objects in view.
2. The focused light is scanned by a phased array of infrared-detector elements. The
detector elements create a very detailed temperature pattern called a
thermogram. It only takes about one-thirtieth of a second for the detector array to
obtain the temperature information to make the thermogram. This information is
obtained from several thousand points in the field of view of the detector array.
3. The thermogram created by the detector elements is translated into electric
impulses.
4. The impulses are sent to a signal-processing unit, a circuit board with a dedicated
chip that translates the information from the elements into data for the display.
5. The signal-processing unit sends the information to the display, where it appears
as various colors depending on the intensity of the infrared emission. The
combination of all the impulses from all of the elements creates the image.

Image courtesy of Infrared, Inc.

The basic components of a thermal-imaging system

Phased Array

A group of antennas in which the relative phases of the respective signals feeding the
antennas are varied in such a way that the effective radiation pattern of the array is
reinforced in a desired direction and suppressed in undesired directions. (188) Note 1:
The relative amplitudes of--and constructive and destructive interference effects among--
the signals radiated by the individual antennas determine the effective radiation pattern of
the array. Note 2: A phased array may be used to point a fixed radiation pattern, or to
scan rapidly in azimuth or elevation.
Types of Thermal Imaging Devices

Most thermal-imaging devices scan at a rate of 30 times per second. They can sense
temperatures ranging from -4 degrees Fahrenheit (-20 degrees Celsius) to 3,600 F (2,000
C), and can normally detect changes in temperature of about 0.4 F (0.2 C).

Image courtesy of Infrared,

Image courtesy of Infrared, Inc.
Inc.
It is quite easy to see
...but at night, you can see
everything during the day...
very little.

Image courtesy of Infrared, Inc.

Thermal imaging lets you see again.

There are two common types of thermal-imaging devices:

• Un-cooled - This is the most common type of thermal-imaging device. The

infrared-detector elements are contained in a unit that operates at room
temperature. This type of system is completely quiet, activates immediately and
has the battery built right in.
• Cryogenically cooled - More expensive and more susceptible to damage from
rugged use, these systems have the elements sealed inside a container that cools
them to below 32 F (zero C). The advantage of such a system is the incredible
resolution and sensitivity that result from cooling the elements. Cryogenically-
cooled systems can "see" a difference as small as 0.2 F (0.1 C) from more than
1,000 ft (300 m) away, which is enough to tell if a person is holding a gun at that
distance!

While thermal imaging is great for detecting people or working in near-absolute

darkness, most night-vision equipment uses image-enhancement technology.

IMAGE ENHANCEMENT
Image-enhancement technology is what most people think of when you talk about night
vision. In fact, image-enhancement systems are normally called night-vision devices
(NVDs). NVDs rely on a special tube, called an image-intensifier tube, to collect and
amplify infrared and visible light.

The image-intensifier tube changes photons to electrons

and back again.

Here's how image enhancement works:

1. A conventional lens, called the objective lens, captures ambient light and some
near-infrared light.
2. The gathered light is sent to the image-intensifier tube. In most NVDs, the power
supply for the image-intensifier tube receives power from two N-Cell or two
"AA" batteries. The tube outputs a high voltage, about 5,000 volts, to the image-
tube components.
3. The image-intensifier tube has a photocathode, which is used to convert the
photons of light energy into electrons.
4. As the electrons pass through the tube, similar electrons are released from atoms
in the tube, multiplying the original number of electrons by a factor of thousands
through the use of a microchannel plate (MCP) in the tube. An MCP is a tiny,
glass disc that has millions of microscopic holes (microchannels) in it, made using
fiber-optic technology. The MCP is contained in a vacuum and has metal
electrodes on either side of the disc. Each channel is about 45 times longer than it
is wide, and it works as an electron multiplier.

When the electrons from the photo cathode hit the first electrode of the MCP, they
are accelerated into the glass microchannels by the 5,000-V bursts being sent
between the electrode pair. As electrons pass through the microchannels, they
cause thousands of other electrons to be released in each channel using a process
called cascaded secondary emission. Basically, the original electrons collide
with the side of the channel, exciting atoms and causing other electrons to be
 released. These new electrons also collide with other atoms, creating a chain
reaction that results in thousands of electrons leaving the channel where only a
few entered. An interesting fact is that the microchannels in the MCP are created
at a slight angle (about a 5-degree to 8-degree
bias) to encourage electron collisions and reduce
both ion and direct-light feedback from the
phosphors on the output side.

5. At the end of the image-intensifier tube, the

electrons hit a screen coated with phosphors.
These electrons maintain their position in relation
to the channel they passed through, which
provides a perfect image since the electrons stay Photo courtesy of B.E.
in the same alignment as the original photons. Meyers Company
The energy of the electrons causes the phosphors Night-vision images are
to reach an excited state and release photons. known for their eerie green
These phosphors create the green image on the tint.
screen that has come to characterize night vision.
6. The green phosphor image is viewed through another lens, called the ocular lens,
which allows you to magnify and focus the image. The NVD may be connected to
an electronic display, such as a monitor, or the image may be viewed directly
through the ocular lens

How Fiber Optics Work

Fiber-optic lines are strands of optically pure glass as thin as a human hair that carry
digital information over long distances. They are also used in medical imaging and
mechanical engineering inspection.

Generations
NVDs have been around for more than 40 years. They are categorized by generation.
Each substantial change in NVD technology establishes a new generation.

• Generation 0 - The original night-vision system created by the United States

Army and used in World War II and the Korean War, these NVDs use active
infrared. This means that a projection unit, called an IR Illuminator, is attached
to the NVD. The unit projects a beam of near-infrared light, similar to the beam of
a normal flashlight. Invisible to the naked eye, this beam reflects off objects and
bounces back to the lens of the NVD. These systems use an anode in conjunction
with the cathode to accelerate the electrons. The problem with that approach is
that the acceleration of the electrons distorts the image and greatly decreases the
life of the tube. Another major problem with this technology in its original
military use was that it was quickly duplicated by hostile nations, which allowed
enemy soldiers to use their own NVDs to see the infrared beam projected by the
device.
• Generation 1 - The next generation of NVDs moved away from active infrared,
using passive infrared instead. Once dubbed Starlight by the U.S. Army, these
NVDs use ambient light provided by the moon and stars to augment the normal
amounts of reflected infrared in the environment. This means that they did not
require a source of projected infrared light. This also means that they do not work
very well on cloudy or moonless nights. Generation-1 NVDs use the same image-
intensifier tube technology as Generation 0, with both cathode and anode, so
image distortion and short tube life are still a problem.
• Generation 2 - Major improvements in image-intensifier tubes resulted in
Generation-2 NVDs. They offer improved resolution and performance over
Generation-1 devices, and are considerably more reliable. The biggest gain in
Generation 2 is the ability to see in extremely low light conditions, such as a
moonless night. This increased sensitivity is due to the addition of the
microchannel plate to the image-intensifier tube. Since the MCP actually
increases the number of electrons instead of just accelerating the original ones, the
images are significantly less distorted and brighter than earlier-generation NVDs.
• Generation 3 - Generation 3 is currently used by the U.S. military. While there
are no substantial changes in the underlying technology from Generation 2, these
NVDs have even better resolution and sensitivity. This is because the photo
cathode is made using gallium arsenide, which is very efficient at converting
photons to electrons. Additionally, the MCP is coated with an ion barrier, which
dramatically increases the life of the tube.
• Generation 4 - What is generally known as Generation 4 or "filmless and gated"
technology shows significant overall improvement in both low- and high-level
light environments.

The removal of the ion barrier from the MCP that was added in Generation 3
technology reduces the background noise and thereby enhances the signal to noise
ratio. Removing the ion film actually allows more electrons to reach the
amplification stage so that the images are significantly less distorted and brighter.
 The addition of an automatic gated power supply system allows the photocathode
voltage to switch on and off rapidly, thereby enabling the NVD to respond to a
fluctuation in lighting conditions in an instant. This capability is a critical advance
in NVD systems, in that it allows the NVD user to quickly move from high-light
to low-light (or from low-light to high-light) environments without any halting
effects. For example, consider the ubiquitous movie scene where an agent using
night vision goggles is “sightless” when someone turns on a light nearby. With
the new, gated power feature, the change in lighting wouldn’t have the same
impact; the improved NVD would respond immediately to the lighting change.

Many of the so-called "bargain" night-vision scopes use Generation-0 or Generation-1

technology, and may be disappointing if you expect the sensitivity of the devices used by
professionals. Generation-2, Generation-3 and Generation 4 NVDs are typically
expensive to purchase, but they will last if properly cared for. Also, any NVD can benefit
from the use of an IR Illuminator in very dark areas where there is almost no ambient
light to collect.

Photo courtesy of B.E. Meyers Company

NVDs come in a variety of styles, including ones that can
be mounted to cameras.

A cool thing to note is that every single image-intensifier tube is put through rigorous
tests to see if it meets the requirements set forth by the military. Tubes that do are
classified as MILSPEC. Tubes that fail to meet military requirements in even a single
category are classified as COMSPEC.

EQUIPMENT

Night-vision equipment can be split into three broad categories:

• Scopes - Normally handheld or mounted on a weapon, scopes are monocular
(one eye-piece). Since scopes are handheld, not worn like goggles, they are good
for when you want to get a better look at a specific object and then return to
normal viewing conditions

Photo courtesy of B.E. Meyers Company

DARK INVADER Multi-purpose Pocketscope

• Goggles - While goggles can be handheld, they are most often worn on the head.
Goggles are binocular (two eye-pieces) and may have a single lens or stereo lens,
depending on the model. Goggles are excellent for constant viewing, such as
moving around in a dark building.

Photo courtesy of B.E. Meyers Company

DARK INVADER Night-vision Goggles 4501

• Cameras - Cameras with night-vision technology can send the image to a monitor
for display or to a VCR for recording. When night-vision capability is desired in a
permanent location, such as on a building or as part of the equipment in a
 helicopter, cameras are used. Many of the newer camcorders have night vision
built right in.

Photo courtesy of B.E. Meyers Company

Stealth 301 Series Day/Night Video Camera

APPLICATIONS

Common applications for night vision include:

 • Military
• Law enforcement
• Hunting
• Wildlife observation
• Surveillance
• Security
• Navigation
• Hidden-object detection
• Entertainment

The original purpose of night vision was to locate enemy targets at night. It is still used
extensively by the military for that purpose, as well as for navigation, surveillance and
targeting. Police and security often use both thermal-imaging and image-enhancement
technology, particularly for surveillance. Hunters and nature enthusiasts use NVDs to
maneuver through the woods at night.

Detectives and private investigators use night vision to watch people they are assigned to
track. Many businesses have permanently-mounted cameras equipped with night vision
to monitor the surroundings.

A really amazing ability of thermal-imaging is that it reveals whether an area has been
disturbed -- it can show that the ground has been dug up to bury something, even if there
is no obvious sign to the naked eye. Law enforcement has used this to discover items that
have been hidden by criminals, including money, drugs and bodies. Also, recent changes
to areas such as walls can be seen using thermal imaging, which has provided important
clues in several cases.

Photo courtesy of B.E. Meyers Company

This soldier is using DARK INVADER night-vision goggles.

Many people are beginning to discover the unique world that can be found after darkness
falls. If you're out camping or hunting a lot, chances are that night-vision devices can be
useful to you -- just be sure to get the right type for your needs.
 Photo courtesy of B.E. Meyers Company
Camcorders are a fast-growing segment
of the night-vision industry.

Night vision goggles

Night vision goggles (NVG) are a type of optical instrument that allows one to see in the
dark. They are most often used by the military.

There are three common types of night vision goggles:

Passive night vision goggles— these pick up any light in the given area and
amplify it several thousand times using an image intensifier. This works by the
photoelectric effect. As a photon collides with a detector plate, the metal ejects
several electrons that are then amplified into a cascade of electrons that light up a
phosphor screen. Often a dim star in the sky is enough to illuminate an entire
field. This type is commonly used for war reporting, tinting the picture green. The
color green is chosen because the human eye is most sensitive and able to discern
the most shades in green.
Active night vision goggles— these project infrared light (the same type used by
a remote control), and produce an image from the light reflected back. These
goggles may require an image enhancer to amplify the light. This feature is
commonly found on home video cameras, as it suits most consumer's needs for
seeing in the dark. Pointing a television remote control at this type of system
produces a glaringly bright image.
Heat-sensing or infrared goggles— these show anything that emits normal heat
radiation in the given area.
There are currently goggles that combine both of these technologies to create images that
are almost as clear as day. In addition to goggles, night vision technology is also used in
rifle scopes, security cameras, binoculars, etc.

Two American soldiers pictured during the 2003 Iraq War

REFERENCES
www.howstuffworks.com

www.wikipedia.com

www.seminartopics.net