Lines and Circles

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 51 NOVEMBER 2009
Different standard form of the equation of a straight

line :
General form : Ax + By + C = 0
where A, B, C are any real numbers not all zero.
Gradient (Tangent) form : y = mx + c
It is the equation of a straight line which cuts off an
intercept c on y-axis and makes an angle with the
positive direction (anticlockwise) of x-axis such that
tan = m. The number m is called slope or the
gradient of this line.
Intercept form :

a
x
+
b
y
= 1
It is the equation of straight line which cuts off
intercepts a and b on the axis of x and y respectively.
Normal form (Perpendicular form) :
x cos + y sin = p
It is the equation of a straight line on which the
length of the perpendicular from the origin is p and
is the angle which , this perpendicular makes with the
positive direction of x-axis.
One point form :
y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
It is the equation of a straight line passing through a
given point (x
1
, y
1
) and having slope m.
Parametric equation :

cos
x x
1
=
sin
y y
1
= r
It is the equation of a straight line passes through a
given point A(x
1
, y
1
) and makes an angle with x-
axis.
Two points form :
y y
1
=
1 2
1 2
x x
y y
(x x
1
)
It is the equation of a straight line passing through
two given points (x
1
, y
1
) and (x
2
, y
2
), where
1 2
1 2
x x
y y

is its slope.
Point of intersection of two lines a
1
x + b
1
y + c
1
= 0
and a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
= 0 is given by

1 2 2 1
2 1 1 2
1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1
b a b a
c a c a
,
b a b a
c b c b

Angle between two lines :
The angle between two lines whose slopes are m
1

and m
2
is given by
tan =
2 1
2 1
m m 1
m m
+

If is angle between two lines then is also the
angle between them.
The equation of any straight line parallel to a given
line ax + by + c = 0 is ax + by + k = 0.
The equation of any straight line perpendicular to a
given line, ax + by + c = 0 is bx ay + k = 0.
The equation of any straight line passing through the
point of intersection of two given lines l
1
a
1
x + b
1
y
+ c
1
= 0 and l
2
a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
= 0 is l
1
+ l
2
= 0
where is any real number, which can be determined
by given additional condition in the question.
The length of perpendicular from a given point (x
1
,
y
1
) to a given line ax + by + c = 0 is

) b a (
c by ax
2 2
1 1
+
+ +
= p (say)
In particular, the length of perpendicular from origin
(0, 0) to the line ax + by + c = 0 is
2 2
b a
c
+

Equation of Bisectors :
The equations of the bisectors of the angles between
the lines a
1
x + b
1
y + c
1
= 0 and a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
= 0 are

2
1
2
1
1 1 1
b a
c y b x a
+
+ +
=
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
b a
c y b x a
+
+ +

Distance between parallel lines :
Choose a convenient point on any of the lines (put x
= 0 and find the value of y or put y = 0 and find the
value of x). Now the perpendicular distance from this
point on the other line will give the required distance
between the given parallel lines.
Pair of straight lines :
The equation ax
2
+ 2hxy + by
2
= 0 represents a pair
of straight lines passing through the origin.
MANISH KALIA'S MATHEMATICS CLASSES 9878146388
STRAIGHT LINES AND CIRCLES
XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 52 NOVEMBER 2009
Let the lines represented by ax
2
+ 2hxy + by
2
= 0 be
y m
1
x = 0 and y m
2
x = 0, then
m
1
+ m
2
=
b
h 2
and m
1
m
2
=
b
a

General equation of second degree in x, y is
ax
2
+ 2hxy + by
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ...(i)
This equation represents two straight lines, if
= abc + 2fgh af
2
bg
2
ch
2
= 0
or
c f g
f b h
g h a
= 0
and point of intersection of these lines is given by
2 2
h ab
af hg
,
h ab
bg hf

The angle between the two straight lines represented
by (i) is given by
tan =
b a
ab h 2
2
+

If ax
2
+ 2hxy + by
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a
pair of parallel straight lines, then the distance
between them is given by
2
) b a ( a
ac g
2
+
or 2
) b a ( b
bc f
2
+

Circle:
Different forms of the equations of a circle :
Centre radius form : the equation of a circle whose
centre is the point (h, k) and radius 'a' is
(x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= a
2

General equation of a circle : It is given by
x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ...(i)
Equation (i) can also be written as
|x (g)|
2
+ |y (f)|
2
= | c f g
2 2
+ |
2

which is in centre-radius form, so by comparing, we
get the coordinates of centre (g, f) and radius is
c f g
2 2
+ .
Parametric Equations of a Circle :
The parametric equations of a circle
(x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= a
2
are x = h + a cos and
y = k + a sin , where is a parameter.
Lengths of intercepts on the coordinate axes made by
the circle (i) are 2 c g
2
and 2 c f
2

Equation of the circle on the line joining the points
A(x
1
, y
1
) and B(x
2
, y
2
) as diameter is given by

1
1
x x
y y
2
2
x x
y y
= 1
If C
1
, C
2
are the centres and a
1
, a
2
are the radii of two
circles, then
(i) The circles touch each other externally, if
C
1
C
2
= a
1
+ a
2

(ii) The circles touch each other internally, if
C
1
C
2
= |a
1
a
2
|
(iii) The circles intersects at two points, if
|a
1
a
2
| < C
1
C
2
< a
1
+ a
2

(iv) The circles neither intersect nor touch each other, if
C
1
C
2
> a
1
+ a
2
or C
1
C
2
< |a
1
a
2
|
Equation of any circle through the point of
intersection of two given circles S
1
= 0 and S
2
= 0 is
given by S
1
+ S
2
= 0 ( 1) and can be
determined by an additional condition.
Equation of the tangent to the given circle
x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at any point (x
1
, y
1
) on it,
is xx
1
+ yy
1
+ g(x + x
1
) + f(y + y
1
) + c = 0
The straight line y = mx + c touches the circle x
2
+ y
2

= a
2
, if c
2
= a
2
(1 + m
2
) and the point of contact of the
tangent y = mx a
2
m 1+ , is
+
2 2
m 1
a
,
m 1
ma m

Length of tangent drawn from the point (x
1
, y
1
) to the
circle S = 0 is
1
S , where
S
1
= x
1
2
+ y
1
2
+ 2gx
1
+ 2fy
1
+ c
The equation of pair of tangents drawn from point
(x
1
, y
1
) to the circle
S = 0 i.e. x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, is SS
1
= T
2
,
where T xx
1
+ yy
1
+ g(x + x
1
) + f(y + y
1
) + c and S
1
as
mentioned above.
Chord with a given Middle point :
the equation of the chord of the circle S = 0 whose
mid-point is (x
1
, y
1
) is given by T = S
1
, where T and
S
1
as defined a above.
If be the angle at which two circles of radii r
1
and r
2

intersect, then
cos =
2 1
2 2
2
2
1
r r 2
d r r +

where d is distance between their centres.
Note Two circles are said to be intersect
orthogonally if the angle between their tangents at
their point of intersection is a right angle i.e.
r
1
2
+ r
2
2
= d
2
or
2g
1
g
2
+ 2f
1
f
2
= c
1
+ c
2

Radical axis : The equation of the radical axis of the
two circle is S
1
S
2
= 0 i.e.
2x(g
1
g
2
) + 2y(f
1
f
2
) + c
1
c
2
= 0
MANISH KALIA'S MATHEMATICS CLASSES 9878146388

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XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 51 NOVEMBER 2009

Different standard form of the equation of a straight

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