Homeopathy for the control of plant pathogens

M. V.Toledo
1
, J. R. Stangarlin
2
and C. M. Bonato
3

1
EMATER, Empresa Paranaense de Assistncia Tcnica e Extenso Rural, Rua Pastor Mayer 759, CEP 85960-000,
Marechal Cndido Rondon, Paran, Brazil
2
Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paran UNIOESTE, Rua Pernambuco 1777, Caixa Postal 91, CEP 85960-000,
Marechal Cndido Rondon, Paran, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]
3
Universidade Estadual de Maring - UEM, Avenida Colombo 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maring PR, Brazil
Homeopathic science was designed by German physician Christian Fredrich Samuel Hahnemann for over 200 years and it
is based mainly in the law of similar (Similia Similibus Curantur). Currently, this science is being used in various
segments of agriculture, especially in the area of plant protection. For its contribution on the auto regulation of the soil-
plant-atmosphere system, the homeopathy can assist in the maintenance process of the plants health for its tonic effect
and/or by inhibition effect directly on the pathological agents. Moreover, homeopathy is a low cost alternative to chemical
fungicides, easy to use by farmers and how it is used in high dilutions, presenting an irrelevant environmental impact. So,
this review aims to demonstrate the potential of homeopathy as a tool to control plant pathogens and its contribution for a
sustainable agriculture.
Keywords homeopathy; alternative control; plant pathogens
1. Introduction
1.1 The homeopathy
The homeopathy is a word of Greek origin that means similar disease (homoios = similar, phatos= suffering,
sickness) [1]. The homeopathic science, idealized by Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann (1755 to 1843), has been
applied with very positive results in human beings, however the use in animals and, especially in plants, have been
developed more recently [2]. Hahnemann used to say that: if the laws of nature that I proclaimed are true, then can be
applied in all life beings. This is the major warranty given by the idealizer of homeopathy for the utilization of
homeopathic science in all life organisms, inclusive in plants.
According to Sigolo [3] and Benez [4], Hahnemann in 1790, analyzing the properties of the Cinchona, arouse the
interest in the use of this substance, noting that the abuse of the same entailed symptoms similar to what was fighting.
Making a series of experiments on himself, found out that the cinchona produced the same fever that he intended to
annihilate, when administered in healthy persons. Hahnemann conducted other experiments with mercury and arsenic,
toxic substances requiring dilution and succussion. Thus, the father of homeopathic medicine found that the
substances lost its toxic effect when diluted, but are capable of causing symptoms of the disease which intended to cure.
Based in his practices and experiments, Hahnemann left four fundamental principals, that are followed to this day: a)
cure by similar; b) experiments in healthy persons; c) minimal and infinitesimal doses; d) the only medication [5, 6].
The homeopathic philosophy for human beings is very clear, but their use in plants and soil is still in the very
beginning. It is common to use analogies between the human medical subject and the plant science with very promising
results. However, currently the homeopathy is being used in various segments of agriculture, like: pest control [7, 8]
and plant diseases [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]; increase of active principles or secondary metabolic in plants [17];
detoxification of plants contaminated by metals such as aluminum [17] and copper [18]; and influence on plant
physiology [19, 20, 21].
The homeopathy is Eco-friendly, it is essentially informational, and of systemic action, leaving no residue in the
environment [20]. The homeopathic drug acts as an informational way, in the auto-regulation of the body, which favors
the homeostasis of the system. This feature makes homeopathy an ecological option for field use, totally in agreement
with the agro-ecological principles.
1.2 Homeopathic drugs
Homeopathic drugs is all pharmaceutical presentation destined to be used according to the principle of similarity, with
preventive and therapeutical purposes, obtained by the method of dilutions followed by succussion and/or successive
grindings [21]. The succussion consists of rhythmic and vigorous stirring of drugs dissolved in appropriate inert
substance, while the dynamization or potentization is the result of the process of dilution followed by succussion and/or
successive grinding of the drug, with the aim of developing medicinal power. As inert ingredients can be used distilled
water and ethanol [21].
1063 FORMATEX 2011
Science against microbial pathogens: communicating current research and technological advances
A. Mndez-Vilas (Ed.) _______________________________________________________________________________



The dynamization or the amount of times that the homeopathic drug was diluted with succussion is indicated by a
number, while a letter (or letters) indicates how it was prepared [22]. According to the Brazilian Homeopathic
Pharmacopoeia [21], there are three basic methods of preparation for the homeopathic medicines: the Hahnemannian
method, the Korsakovian method and the Continuous Flow method. The Hahnemannian began from the basic
pharmaceutical substance (obtained in ethanol) and used dynamization according to decimal and centesimal scales,
being the proportion of 1:10 and 1:100, respectively, and with 100 succussions made by manual or mechanical process,
which received the terminology of DH or CH, respectively. As an example: 6CH means the sixth Hahnemannian
dilution.
The Korsakovian method, from the drug in 30CH, in ethanol, the liquid is placed in bottle filling 2/3 of capacity used
in the preparation, when then is discarded and it is made new filling to the bottle with the inert substance and made
succussion for 100 times, obtaining the 31K. The continuous flow starts from the drug in 30CH also, but uses a dynamic
apparatus that works through the process of dilution and turbulence, and the rotation corresponding to the succussions.
In this case, the homeopathic drug receives the terminology FC [21].
To designate the homeopathic drug are used scientific names, according with the rules of the international codes of
botanical, zoological, biological, chemical and pharmaceutical nomenclature, in addition to names recognized by the
homeopathic usage and the existing pharmacopoeia, codices, medical matters and scientific works recognized by
homeopathy [21]. A way to treat with homeopathy is the recommendation by isopathy, use of isotherapics or
biotherapics, or also known as nosodes. In this case is used as a source of homeopathic drug the actual disease or
intoxication -causing agent [22]. In the case of plant treatment the recommendation has been given by analogy to the
human medical field or by the use of isopathy [23, 22].
2. Homeopathy in plants
The scientific works of plant homeopathy are recent. Although the pioneering occurred in 1923 with Kolisko and
Kolisko [24], stimulated by the ideas of Rudolf Steiner, only from the end of the decade of 60 has news of experiments
in this area. One of the earliest works that has mention is of the Nitien et al. [18] in France that demonstrated the action
of homeopathic preparations of copper sulphate (Cuprum sulphuricum 15CH) on the detoxification of green pea
plants previously intoxicated with this salt in high dosage.
In India, Khanna and Chandra [11] obtained significant results in rot control of tomato, caused by Fusarium roseum,
with the application of homeopathic preparations of Kali iodatum in 149CH and Thuya occidentalis in 87CH, in pre and
post-harvest conditions. These authors evaluated the quality, palatability of fruits treated and cost of the treatment,
concluding that there were practical and economic feasibility in the homeopathic treatment, besides the prophylactic
and curative actions. Later on, these same authors, obtained significant results in the control of rot in mango, guava and
tomato fruits by the application of various homeopathic drugs in pre and post-harvest conditions, with suppression of
spore germination and respiration of the fungi Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium roseum
and Gloeosporium psidii [25, 26].
The control of fungi producing aflatoxins, toxin that causes liver damage in animals and humans, responsible for
various contaminations in stored products, was studied by Sinha and Singh [27], in India. These authors tested various
homeopathic drugs, and verified that Sulphur (200CH) inhibited 100% the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus. The
Silicea terrea and the Dulcamara reduced the growing of the fungi in 50% and the production of toxin in more than
90%. The Phosphorus had little effect in inhibiting the growing of the fungi (less than 10%), but reduced in almost 30%
the production of aflatoxins.
Verma et al. [10], aiming to control the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), evaluated the application of homeopathic drugs
Lachesis and Chimaphila in 200CH, before and after the inoculation with the virus, and verified reduction of 50% of the
virus content in tobacco leaf discs.
Saxena et al. [28] observed inhibition of 22 genera of fungi associated with okra seed treated with Thuya ocidentalis,
Nitric acidum and Sulphur in dynamization 200CH.
Betti et al. [29] divided the international works with homeopathy in three groups: germination and growth models,
plant pathological assays and field assays, which were classified with respect to positive and negative effects, noting
that in most studies the effects of homeopathic drugs were promising for their use in agriculture.
In recent years has been found an increase of researches for disease control and studies of metabolic processes in
plants treated with homeopathy. The homeopathic drugs act in biological processes of plants without producing toxicity
[30]. Rolim et al. [13] demonstrated a reduction of powdery mildew of tomato by Kali iodatum 100CH, in greenhouse,
and increase in number of leaflets by biotherapic obtained from the pathogen Oidium lycopersici. In apple seedlings two
sprays of Staphysagria 100CH at intervals of 12 days reduced the incidence of powdery mildew caused by
Podosphaera leucotricha [14]. Rolim et al. [31] concluded that Kali iodatum 30CH and hydro-alcoholic solution at
30% are effective in reducing incidence of tomato soft rot in post-harvest. Rolim et al. [32] demonstrated that
Staphysagria 30CH applied to tomato plants, in greenhouse, reduced the severity of early blight, as well as Phosphorus
30CH and the isotherapics of A. solani in 30 and 60CH, indicating the use of homeopathy as technically feasible for
plant disease control in tomato.
1064 FORMATEX 2011
Science against microbial pathogens: communicating current research and technological advances
A. Mndez-Vilas (Ed.) ______________________________________________________________________________



Andrade [23] and Andrade [33] observed responses on soil microbial activity, by change on the rhythm of breathing,
when applied homeopathic drugs, demonstrating that these drugs interfere directly in the biomass of soil and,
consequently, in the health of the plants.
Bonato et al. [9, 34], checking the effect of Lachesis in 6, 12, 24 and 30CH, and isotherapics of virus SCMV (Virus)
in 3, 6, 12, and 30CH in sorghum plants, observed improvement of the general condition of the plants in almost all the
variables analyzed, concluding that the dynamization 30CH both of Lachesis as well as Virus were the ones that showed
the best results.
Rossi et al. [35], in an assay with tomato, aiming to induce resistance against bacterial spot, demonstrated the
decrease in disease severity with the use of biotherapy of Xanthomonas campestris in 6CH and 24CH when applied
together with the water irrigation.
Carneiro et al. [36] observed that the biotherapics of Alternaria solani in dynamizations 26, 27 and 28CH reduced the
severity of the early blight disease in tomato plants cultivated in greenhouse.
As we can see, the homeopathy is a tool with great potential in agro-ecosystems, however, it is necessary that the
universities and organizations that propagate science and technology, take the homeopathy as a science, with impartial
posture, free of preconception, thus proving the effectiveness of homeopathy in biological systems, including the
protection of plants.
3. Homeopathy and resistance induction in plants
Various biotic and abiotic agents can affect the growth and development of the plants. In general, the plant resistance to
stress depends on the species, genotype and the stage of plant development. The stress triggers a wide range of
responses in plants, ranging from the alteration of gene expression and cell metabolism by changing the rate of growth
and productivity. The responses of plants to the stress depends on the length, the severity, the number of exposures and
the combination of stressful factors, as well as the type of organ and tissue, developmental stage and genotype [17].
In the context of plant pathology, plants have mechanisms that, depending on the virulence of the pathogen, can
prevent or reduce damage caused by the same. The defense mechanisms of plants against pathogens exist in multiplicity
and are extremely efficient [37], and they can be activated by treatment with an inducing agent or elicitor. This way, the
induction of resistance involves activation of latent defense mechanisms existing in plants in response to treatment with
biotic or abiotic agents [39]. This induction of resistance both can be used to designate a local protection, this is, the
induction of defense mechanisms only in the plant tissues that received the treatment with the inducing agent, or can
indicate a systemic resistance, when it manifest far from the inducing agent was applied [38].
By the homeopathic science, any disturbance caused to the plant, both by biotic and/or abiotic agents, affects their
regulatory systems, so, the plant is submitted to a certain stress (biotic or abiotic), which promotes an unbalanced auto-
regulation, and consequently, their natural homeostasis is lost [17]. Therefore, the principle of similar, basis of
homeopathy seems to apply to plants, once the fundamental principles in which Hahnemann was guided to establish the
basis of homeopathy seem to hold for all living beings.
The homeopathic drugs can act as abiotic inducers of resistance in plants, and can also act in plant detoxification
[40]. Toledo et al. [41] evaluated the effect of Sulphur and Ferrum sulphuricum in the control of the early blight on
tomato plants. The results showed that Sulphur in 12 and 30CH minimized the severity of disease in ten days after the
inoculation with the fungus Alternaria solani, and 14 days after inoculation for 6 and 30CH. Ferrum sulphuricum in 12
and 60CH reduced the severity in ten days and in 12 and 30CH to fourteen days, but was not observed induction of
systemic resistance.
However, in the work of Meinerz et al. [42] it was observed increase in peroxidase activity in plants of tomato treated
with three applications, in intervals of 72 hours, of Propolis, Sulphur and Ferrum sulphuricum in 6, 12, 30 and 60CH.
In this case, Propolis 30CH overcame the other treatments when compared the sixth leaf treated and inoculated with
Alternaria solani, with a seventh leaf only inoculated, showing systemic character to the treatment, which was observed
also in the evaluation of the severity of early blight disease [43].
The homeopathic drugs can also modify the metabolism of the plants, especially by increasing the content of
secondary compounds. Fonseca et al. [44] observed significant effect on tannin content in leaves and roots of medicinal
plant Porophyllum ruderale with only one application of Sulphur, Natrum muriaticum, Kalium phosphoricum, Calcarea
carbonica, Silicea terrea and Magnesium carbonicum, an dynamization 4CH, concluding that homeopathy in plants of
Porophyllum ruderale can reduce the tannin content, reducing the astringency and increasing the palatability of leaves.
On the other hand, the use of homeopathic preparations, that increases the content of pharmacologically active
compounds, including the tannin, has a great importance to phytotherapy.
Bonato et al. [45] found that Sulphur and Arsenicum album in dynamizations 6, 12, 24 and 30CH, applied weekly
during 98 days, affected growth and content of peppermint essential oil (Mentha arvensis). With the use of these two
drugs there was an increase of plant height, fresh and dry biomass, beyond the content of essential oil.


1065 FORMATEX 2011
Science against microbial pathogens: communicating current research and technological advances
A. Mndez-Vilas (Ed.) _______________________________________________________________________________



4. Conclusion remarks
The present work aimed to report studies related to the control of pathogens and the maintaining the health of plants by
homeopathic drugs, showing its potential as a tool for an agriculture with less environmental impact. We suggested that
to work with plant homeopathy, the researcher should pay attention to three basic points: the choice of drug, the
dynamization and frequency of application on plants.
For the choice of homeopathic drug, research should be directed searching elucidate the principles left by
Hahnemann through studies of pathogenesis, this is, verifying the symptoms developed when the drug is applied over a
healthy plant. With respect to the choice of dynamization, a fact which is important to consider in future studies, is
related to a great number of dynamizations of each drug to be observed, due to the pattern of waves when we use
different dynamizations.
The frequency of application is important regarding the control of disease, because is necessary a time between the
treatment with inducing agent to improve changes in the plant metabolism before the infection with pathogen, to give an
effective protection. At this point, biochemical and histological studies can collaborate to clarify the phenomenon.
Acknowledgements: We gratefully acknowledge financial support from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientfico e
Tecnolgico CNPq, to carry out our researches with homeopathy.
References
[1] Pustiglione M. O moderno ORGANON da arte de curar. So Paulo: Typus; 2004.
[2] Bonato CM. Mecanismo de atuao da homeopatia em plantas. In: Seminrio Brasileiro de Homeopatia na Agropecuria
Orgnica. Anais. 2004;17-44.
[3] Sigolo RP. Em busca da sciencia medica: a medicina homeoptica no incio do sculo XX. (PhD Thesis). UFPR: Universidade
Federal do Paran. 1999.
[4] Benez SM. Manual de homeopatia veterinria: indicaes clnicas e patolgicas: teoria e prtica. Ribeiro Preto: Tecmedd.
2004.
[5] Bruckner DRTH. O mdico homeopata da famlia. Pharmacia Central Homeophatica. 1903.
[6] Goswami A. O Mdico quntico: orientaes de um fsico para a sade e a cura. So Paulo: Cultrix. 2006.
[7] Fazolin M, Estrela JLV. Efeito da pulverizao de produtos no convencionais no controle de Cerotoma tingomarianus na cultura
do feijoeiro. Congresso Brasileiro de Entomologia Resumos. 1998;162.
[8] Almeida MAZ. Tratamentos homeopticos e densidade populacional de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) Lepdotera:
Noctuidae em plantas de milho no campo. Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo. 2003;2:1-8.
[9] Bonato CM, Viotto EG, Hara JHR, Mizote AT, Cisneros JAO. The application of the homeopathic drugs Lachesis and
Isotherapic Virus in the growth and infection control for SCMV in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Cultura
Homeoptica Arquivos da Escola de Homeopatia. 2006;16:51.
[10] Verma HN, Verma GS, Verma VK, Krishna R, Srivastava KM. Homeopathic and pharmacopeial drugs as inhibitors of tobacco
mosaic virus. Indian Phytopathology. 1989;22:188-193.
[11] Khanna KK, Chandra S. Control of tomato fruit rot caused by Fusarium roseus with homoeopathic drugs. Indian
Phytopathology. 1976;29:269-272.
[12] Kumar RS. Effect for certain homeopathic medicines on fungal growth and conidial germination. Indian Phytopathology.
1980;33:620-622.
[13] Rolim PRR, Brignani Neto F, Souza JM. Ao de produtos homeopticos sobre odio (Oidium lycopersici) do tomateiro. Summa
Phythopathologica. 2000.
[14] Rolim PRR, Brignani Neto F, Silva JM. Controle de odio da macieira por preparaes homeopticas. Fitopatologia Brasileira.
2001;26:436.
[15] Betti L, Lazzarato L, Trebbi G, Brizzi M, Calzoni GL, Borghini F, Nani D. Effects of homeopathic arsenic on tobacco plant
resistance to tobacco mosaic virus: theoretical suggestions about system variability, based on a large experimental data set.
Homeopathy. 2003;92:195-202.
[16] Khanna KK, Chandra S. Control of fruit rot caused by Fusarium roseum with homeopathic solutions. Indian Phytopathology.
1983; 36:356-357.
[17] Bonato CM. Homeopatia na fisiologia do hospedeiro. Fitopatologia Brasileira. 2007;32:78-82.
[18] Nieten G, Boiron J, Marin A. Ao de doses infinitesimais de sulfato de cobre sobre plantas previamente intoxicadas por essa
substncia; ao da 15 centesimal hahnemanniana. Pesquisa Experimental Moderna em Homeopatia. Rio de Janeiro: Editora
Homeoptica Brasileira. 1969.
[19] Betti L, Brizzi M, Nani D, Peruzzi M. Effect of high dilutions of Arsenicum album on wheat seedlings from seeds poisoned with
the same substance. British Homeopathic Journal. 1997; 86:8689.
[20] Bonato CM, Silva EP. Effect of the homeopathic solution Sulphur on the qrowth and productivity of radish. Acta Scientiarum.
Agronomy. 2003;25:259-263.
[21] Farmacopia homeoptica brasileira. So Paulo: Atheneu Editora. 1997.
[22] Bonato CM. Mecanismo de atuao da homeopatia em plantas. Seminrio Brasileiro de Homeopatia na Agropecuria Orgnica
- Anais. 2004;17-44.
[23] Andrade FMC. Alteraes da vitalidade do solo com o uso de preparados homeopticos. (PhD Thesis). UFV: Universidade
Federal de Viosa. 2004.
1066 FORMATEX 2011
Science against microbial pathogens: communicating current research and technological advances
A. Mndez-Vilas (Ed.) ______________________________________________________________________________



[24] Kolisko E, Kolisko L. Agriculture of Tomorrow. Bournemouth: Ed. Acorn Press. 1978.
[25] Khanna KK, Chandra S. Further investigations of the control of storage rot of mango, guava and tomato fruits with homeopathic
drugs. Indian Phytopathology. 1989;3:436-440.
[26] Khanna KK, Chandra S. Effect of homeopathic drugs on respiration of germinating fungal spores. Indian Phytopathology.
1992;45:348-353.
[27] Sinha KK, Singh P. Homeopathic drugs inhibitors of growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus. Indian
Phytopathology. 1983;36:356-357.
[28] Saxena A, Pandey ML, Gupta R.C. Effect of certain homeopathic drugs on incidence of seed-borne fungi and seed germination
of Abelmoschus esculentus. Indian Journal of Mycology & Plant Pathology. 1987;17:191-192.
[29] Betti L, Trebbi G, Lazzarato L, Fantino MG, Nani D. Effects of homeopathic dilutions on plants and potencial use of
homeopathy on plant diseases Fitopatologia Brasileira. 2007;32:75-78.
[30] Espinoza FJR. Agrohomeopatia: una opcion ecolgica para el campo mexicano. La homeopatia de Mxico. 2001;70: 110-116.
[31] Rolim PRR, Tofoli JG, Domingues RJ. Preparados homeopticos em tratamento ps-colheita de tomate. Anais do Congresso
Brasileiro de Agroecologia. 2005.
[32] Rolim PRR, Tofoli JG, Domingues RJ, Rossi F. Preparados homeopticos no controle da pinta preta do tomateiro. Anais do
Congresso Brasileiro de .Olericultura. 2005.
[33] Andrade FMC. Respostas do solo homeopatia. Anais do Encontro Mineiro Sobre Produo Orgnica. 2004;129-139.
[34] Bonato CM, Gobo Viotto E, Hideaki Hara J, Reis B, Myzote AT, Cisneiros JA. Os medicamentos homeopticos Lachesis e
Isoterpico do vrus do mosaico da cana-de-acar (SCMV) afetam o crescimento e infeco viral em sorgo (Sorghum bicolor
(L.) Moench). Fitopatologia Brasileira. 2007;32:274-275.
[35] Rossi F, Melo PCT, Pascholati S, Casali VWDC, Ambrosano EJ, Guirado N, Mendes PCD, Ambrosano GMB, Schammass EA.
Aplicao de bioterpico visando induzir resistncia em tomateiro contra mancha bacteriana. Revista Brasileira de
Agroecologia. 2007;2:858-861.
[36] Carneiro SMTPG, Teixeira MZ, Pignoni E, Cesar AT, Vasconcelos MEC. Efeito de um bioterpico na severidade da pinta preta
do tomateiro em casa de vegetao. Fitopatologia Brasileira. 2007;32:244.
[37] Romeiro RS. Induo de resistncia de plantas a patgenos. Viosa: UFV. 1999.
[38] Moraes WBC. Controle alternativo de fitopatgenos. Pesquisa Agropecuria Brasileira. 1992;27:175-190.
[39] Cohen Y. Induced resistance against fungal diseases by aminobutyric acids. In: Lyr H, Russel PE, Sisler HD (Eds). Modern
Fungicides and Antifungal Compounds. Andover: Intercept. 1996.
[40] Baumgartner SM, Shah D, Heussener P, Thurneysen A. Homoeopathic dilutions: is there a potential for application in organic
plant production? In: Alfldi T, Lockeretz W, Niggli U (Eds). IFOAM 2000 -The World Grows Organic. 2000.
[41] Toledo MV, Stangarlin JR, Bonato CM. Uso dos medicamentos homeopticos Sulphur e Ferrum sulphuricum no controle da
pinta preta em tomateiro. Revista Brasileira de Agroecologia, 2009;4:475-478.
[42] Meinerz CC, Gheller D, Toledo MV, Muller SF, Stangarlin JR. Atividade de peroxidase na induo de resistncia de tomateiro
contra Alternaria solani por medicamentos homeopticos. Anais do XIX Encontro Anual de Iniciao Cientfica. 2010;1-4.
[43] Toledo MV, Stangarlin JR, Bonato CM. Controle da pinta preta em tomateiro com preparados homeopticos de prpolis. Revista
Brasileira de Agroecologia. 2009;4:471-474.
[44] Fonseca MCM, Casali VWD, Cecon PR. Efeito de aplicao nica dos preparados homeopticos Calcarea carbonica, Kalium
phosphoricum, Magnesium carbonicum, Natrium muriaticum e Silicea terra no teor de tanino em Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.)
Cassini. Cultura Homeoptica. 2006;14:6-8.
[45] Bonato CM, Proena

GT, Reis B. Homeopathic drugs Arsenicum album and Sulphur affect the growth and essential oil content
in mint (Mentha arvensis L.). Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy. 2009;31:101-105.


1067 FORMATEX 2011
Science against microbial pathogens: communicating current research and technological advances
A. Mndez-Vilas (Ed.) _______________________________________________________________________________