Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 397 views

    03 Driving Force For Solidification

    Uploaded by

    hsemarg
    This document discusses the driving force for solidification. It defines phases and components in a system, and introduces Gibbs free energy. A phase transformation will occur if it decreases the Gibbs free energy. For solidification to begin, the liquid must be undercooled below its freezing point. Nucleation occurs when a small solid nucleus forms in the liquid. Once it reaches a critical size, it is stable and growth can proceed as the latent heat is removed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    03 Driving Force For Solidification

    Uploaded by

    hsemarg
    397 views8 pages
    This document discusses the driving force for solidification. It defines phases and components in a system, and introduces Gibbs free energy. A phase transformation will occur if it decreases the Gibbs free energy. For solidification to begin, the liquid must be undercooled below its freezing point. Nucleation occurs when a small solid nucleus forms in the liquid. Once it reaches a critical size, it is stable and growth can proceed as the latent heat is removed.

    Original Description:

    b

    Original Title

    03 Driving Force for Solidification

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses the driving force for solidification. It defines phases and components in a system, and introduces Gibbs free energy. A phase transformation will occur if it decreases the Gibbs free energy. For solidification to begin, the liquid must be undercooled below its freezing point. Nucleation occurs when a small solid nucleus forms in the liquid. Once it reaches a critical size, it is stable and growth can proceed as the latent heat is removed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    397 views8 pages

    03 Driving Force For Solidification

    Uploaded by

    hsemarg
    This document discusses the driving force for solidification. It defines phases and components in a system, and introduces Gibbs free energy. A phase transformation will occur if it decreases the Gibbs free energy. For solidification to begin, the liquid must be undercooled below its freezing point. Nucleation occurs when a small solid nucleus forms in the liquid. Once it reaches a critical size, it is stable and growth can proceed as the latent heat is removed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 8

    Driving Force for Solidication

    Topic 3
    M.S Darwish
    MECH 636: Solidication Modelling
    Definitions

    In the study of phase transformations we will be dealing


    with the changes that can occur within a given system
    e.g. an alloy that can exist as a mixture of one or more
    phases

    A phase can be dened as a portion of the system whose


    properties and composition are homogeneous and which
    is physically distinct from other parts of the system

    The components of a system at the different elements or


    chemical compound which make up the system
    Gibbs Free Energy
    G = H - T S
    for condensed phases PV !0 and thus H ! E
    Enthalpy
    Temperature
    Entropy
    H = E + PV
    Internal Energy
    Kinetic + Potential Energy
    Pressure Volume
    measure of
    heat content
    of the system
    + =
    A system is in
    equilibrium when it is
    at its most stable state
    when it has the lowest
    value of the Gibbs free
    energy
    measure of
    randomness of
    the system
    dG = 0
    Equilibirum
    B A
    Gibbs free
    energy, G
    dG = 0
    dG = 0
    metastable equilibrium stable equilibrium
    Any transformation that results in a decrease in Gibbs free energy is possible
    "G = G
    2
    - G
    1
    < 0
    How fast does a phase transformation occur?
    Free Energy
    Relations
    Specific Heat
    Cp
    T(K)
    0
    Enthalpy
    H
    T(K)
    298
    0
    slope = Cp
    Entropy
    S
    T(K) 0

    C
    P
    =
    !H
    !T
    "
    #
    $
    %
    &
    '
    P

    H = C
    P
    dT
    298
    T
    !

    C
    P
    T
    =
    !S
    !T
    "
    #
    $
    %
    &
    '
    P

    S =
    C
    P
    T
    dT
    0
    T
    !
    Enthalpy
    H
    T(K)
    298
    0
    slope = Cp
    G
    TS
    slope = -S
    slope = -S
    H
    G
    G = H - T S
    Driving Force for
    Solidification
    Enthalpy
    H
    T(K)
    298
    0
    slope = Cp
    G
    slope = -S
    liquid stable
    H (liquid)
    G(liquid)
    Tm
    H (solid)
    L
    G(solid)
    solid stable
    G
    Temperature
    Stable
    solid
    Stable
    liquid
    solid
    Tm
    Driving Force for
    Solidification
    G
    Temperature
    Stable
    solid
    Stable
    liquid
    solid
    liquid
    Tm
    G
    S
    !G
    G
    L
    T
    !T
    G
    L
    = H
    L
    -TS
    L
    G
    S
    = H
    S
    -TS
    S
    "G

    = "H -T"S
    "H = H
    L
    - H
    S
    "S = S
    L
    - S
    S
    At equilibrium "G = 0
    "G

    = "H -T
    m
    "S = 0
    entropy of fusion (nearly
    a constant ! R)
    for small "T we get
    =
    L
    T
    m
    "S
    f


    =
    "H
    f
    T
    m
    "G

    ! L -T
    L
    T
    m
    "G

    !
    L "T
    T
    m
    ! "S
    f
    "T
    undercooling
    Solidification
    Growth: occurs as atoms from the liquid are
    attached to the tiny solid until no liquid remains
    To get the solidication process started, the liquid
    phase must be undercooled, cooled to a
    temperature below the freezing point.
    G
    Temperature
    Stable
    solid
    Stable
    liquid
    solid
    liquid
    Tm
    G
    S
    !G
    G
    L
    T
    !T
    Nucleation: occurs when a small piece of solid
    forms in the liquid and must attain a minimum
    critical size before it is stable
    Controlled by:
    thermal conductivities
    relative masses
    shapes of the melt, the solid, and mold
    Once a nucleus forms, it can proceed to grow as
    fast as the latent heat of solidication and specic
    heat can be carried away.

    You might also like