STRUCTURAL STEELEDUCATIONAL COUNCIL

TECHNICAL INFORMATION&PRODUCTSERVICE
DECEMBER 1994
USEOFSTEELINTHESEISMICRETROFIT
OFHISTORICOAKLANDCITYHALL
William Honeck, Senior Principal
Mason Walters, Senior Associate
Forell/Elsesser Engineers, Inc.
(San Francisco, California)
An Innovative Building-Then and Now
The 19-story Oakland City Hall was a building with-
out precedent when it was completed in 1914. This
landmark structure was the tallest building in the
western United States, and the first of a genre of pub-
lic buildings that attempted to combine the features
of a modern highrise office tower with those of a tra-
ditional grand rotunda building. The resulting "tiered"
structure, which was only possible with the advent of
riveted steel construction, features a broad "podium"
base that houses the ceremonial rotunda, topped by
a slender eleven story office building and a five story
clock tower (See Figure 1). The perimeter framing is
infilled with massive brick, granite, and ornamental
terra cotta.
The multiple setbacks in the width of this building
gave rise to an ungainly transfer of loading from top
to bottom of the 324 feet high building. This difficult
transition clearly posed a daunting challenge to the
original structural engineer - - each successively
narrower portion of the building required massive
transfer trusses and girders to spread the loads to
the broader podium portion below. This challenge
was matched by that posed to the seismic retrofit
engineer, who had to devise a stiff new structural
steel "skeleton" inside the historic building to con-
tinuously transfer lateral loads from the top of the
clock tower down to the new seismic isolators atop
the old concrete mat foundation. Figure 2 shows a
cross section of the retrofitted building.
Seismically retrofitting and repairing the building was
necessary after the building was heavily damaged
during the Loma Prieta earthquake of October 17,
1989. When the retrofit is complete in early 1995,
the Oakland City Hall will again set a precedent since
it will be the tallest seismically isolated building in
the world.
Retrofit Design Approach and Criteria
Figure 1: Oakland City Hall
Because of the archaic nature of the structure and
materials, and the need to preserve the historic "fab-
ric'' of the building, seismic provisions of the Uniform
Building Code (UBC) or other historic building codes
could not be directly applied to this building. There-
fore a "performance" design approach was used
based on the field tested capacities of the infill wall
materials and finite element analysis of the steel
frame/infill masonry wall, using the unreduced seis-
mic response of the base isolated superstructure.
The "performance based" approach was used
throughout the design phase. The governing criteria
was life safety during a strong earthquake.
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BRACED FRAME
See FIG. 4
TRANSFER TRUSSES
See FIG. 4
CONCENTRIC STEEL A,
BRACING (TRANSVERS
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See FIG. 13
BASE ISOLATORS
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Figure 2: Structural S e c t i o n o f R e t r o f i t t e d Building
2 Steel Tips December 1994
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Figure 3: Building Seismic Response Comparison
TERRACOTTA FACED
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OFFICETOWER
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Figure 4
Steel Tips December 1994 3
I
Site specific response spectra were developed by Dames
and Moore for the Oakland City Hall site. A probalistically
derived "design basis" earthquake (DBE) with a 475 year
return period, and a maximum credible earthquake
(MCE) based on a Richter magnitude 7+ on the Hayward
fault governed the design.
Seismic Structural Retrofit Concepts
After the Loma Prieta earthquake, both conventional fixed
base and seismic isolation concepts were studied. The
fixed base concepts involved adding both strength and
lateral stiffness to the existing structure by adding con-
crete shear walls throughout the height of the building.
This would have had major impact on the historic interior
finishes of the building, and also would have induced
higher seismic forces and corresponding larger displace-
ments into the building structure than could be tolerated
by the relatively brittle infill walls. Seismically isolating
the building, on the other hand, reduced the ultimate
seismic acceleration by a factor of more than 3. This sig-
nificant reduction in lateral forces on the building super-
structure results in reduction of building drift (lateral move-
ment) which translates into a major reduction in future
damage to the brittle archaic infill wall materials. A fur-
ther benefit of base isolation is the reduction in the need
for shear walls, enabling them to be limited to the central
portion of the podium and office tower, thereby preserv-
ing historic interior finishes.
In order to base isolate the building, the superstructure
had to be stiffened sufficiently so that its fundamental
building period was separated from the isolation period
by at least one second, to preclude the chance of dy-
namic resonance of the isolated building. The stiffening
elements added to the building reduced the fundamen-
tal period of vibration from 1.56 seconds to 1.26 sec-
onds, allowing seismic isolation to be feasible. Figure 3
shows the difference in the displaced shape of the struc-
ture comparing "fixed base" to an "isolated" retrofit de-
sign. The isolated building moves more like a rigid body
on the isolators, reducing deformations and seismic
forces on the superstructure.
Retrofit Structural Systems
Structural steel was used extensively in the retrofit de-
sign because of its versatility and strength. Special con-
nection details were developed using slotted bolted erec-
tion connections with field welding to provide tolerance
to accommodate as built dimensions and to aid in field
erection and fit up of steel members.
Clock tower: The tall slender configuration of the clock
tower and the "whipping" action at the top of the building
during an earthquake make the clock tower particularly
vulnerable to earthquake damage. This part of the build-
ing suffered the most damage during the Loma Prieta
earthquake. Figure 4 shows new steel braced frame con-
structed of W12 wide flange sections erected inside the
clock tower. The frame is designed to resist 100% of the
lateral seismic forces in the clock tower and is sufficiently
stiff to limit potential damage to the infill brick/terracotta
walls, with drift limited to .008 times the clock tower height.
The legs of the lower portion of the clock tower steel are
inclined to accommodate the larger floor plan at the base
of the clock tower and to spread out the high overturning
loads. Figure 5 shows the sloped legs and bracing be-
tween the 16th and 17th floors.
Figure 5: Clocktower Bracing at 16th Floor
The existing clock tower walls, which are concave in plan
in the tall story between the 17th and 18th floors, pre-
sented a difficult problem for installation of new bracing
in this confined space (see Figure 6). This was further
complicated by the presence of an historic spiral stair in
the center of the tower that could not be removed. The
problem was solved by designing concentric "X" bracing
on the four faces, with the intersection of each "X" pushed
in to clear the concave walls, meeting at two new steel
box shaped ring beams erected in segments around the
spiral stair. A concrete floor diaphragm was added around
each ring beam to further stiffen the ring beam and brace
the existing tall unreinforced masonry walls.
The base of the new clock tower steel is supported on a
system of six new interconnected one-story deep steel'
trusses constructed of field welded W12 steel sections
spanning 63 feet across the office tower. The top chords
4 Steel Tips December 1994
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ANDBELOW
INTERMEDIATE FLOORS BETWEEN17th & 18th FLOORS
Figure 6
pare under the 14th floor and bottom chords under the
13th floor with vertical and diagonal truss web members
penetrating through new openings in the 13th floor (see
Figures 4 and 7). This floor is now a mechanical floor
with new equipment located around the trusses. The
trusses transfer overturning forces from the new clock
tower bracing to eight new steel W12 columns that ex-
tend vertically through the building to new trusses in the
basement. The 13th floor trusses and W12 columns were
designed to limit drift in the clock tower caused by over-
turning, using the trusses to spread out the reactions from
the clock tower.
Figure 7: Clocktower Trusses at 13th Floor
Since the 14th floor and adjacent roof have many open-
ings that are not at the same level, horizontal wide flange
bracing members were added under the 14th floor in the
same plane as the top chords of the trusses. These
braces act as a diaphragm so that lateral seismic forces
from the clock tower are delivered to the exterior exist-
ing office tower walls. See Figure 8 for a plan at the 14th
floor showing the trusses, new W12 columns and hori-
zontal bracing.
Office Tower: Lateral loads in the 10 story office tower
are resisted by the existing steel frame/infill masonry
perimeter walls in the longitudinal direction, and by a com-
bination of the existing steel frame/infill masonry perim-
eter walls, and two lines of new steel concentric braced
frames in the transverse direction. In order to assess the
participation of the existing masonry infill for lateral re-
sistance, in situ testing of the infill was performed in con-
junction with finite element modeling (FEM) and analy-
sis to determine the steel frame/infill masonry strength
and stiffness properties. From the tests and the FEM
analysis, it was determined that a shear strain limit of
0.1% would preclude severe cracking and stiffness deg-
radation of the masonry infill. It was also determined that
100% of the longitudinal (north-south) lateral forces and
75% of the transverse (east-west) lateral forces could
be resisted by the existing steel frame/infill walls. Two
Steel Tips December 1994 5
ALL AROUND BELOW
DIAPHRAGM BRACINQ
UNDERFLOOR
14th
lines of concentric braced frames were added in the trans-
verse direction to resist the remaining 25% in that direc-
tion. These braced frames utilize the same eight W12
columns that support the trusses under the clock tower,
thus saving steel. These braced frames extend down to
the 7th floor where they transition to concrete shear walls.
On each braced frame line, the individual braced frames
are coupled together with concentric braces at the 9th
and 13th floors (see Figure 2).
An average of 24 tons or 5.5 pounds per square foot
(PSF) of steel were added to each floor in the office tower
portion of the building, including new steel framing for
new floor openings and new collector beams. Existing
structural steel averaged over 25 PSF.
FLOOR FRAMING PLAN
Figure 8
sufficient steel area to resist the added seismic overturn-
ing forces induced at the ends of the shear walls. The
added plates create "box shaped" columns.
Above the 3rd floor, crescent shaped historic windows
could not be closed in with concrete shear walls because
of the need to light important interior 3rd floor spaces. To
solve this problem, steel shear walls made from plates
up to 2 inches thick were designed with half circle open-
ing to accommodate the windows. These steel shear
walls are set within and connected above and below to
the concrete shear walls using shear studs and welded
rebar dowels.
Podium: The podium portion of the building (1st floor to
3rd floor) contains significant historic spaces, and re-
quired stiffening to seismically protect the historic hollow
clay tile partitions. Asystem of new interior concrete shear
walls, located in the core areas, was designed to extend
down to new trusses in the basement. Existing 12 by 12
inch "H" shaped riveted steel columns are located at the
vertical edges of the new shear walls. Steel plates up to
4 inches thick were welded to these columns to provide
Basement: The podium concrete shear walls terminate
on new 8 foot deep doubled steel transfer trusses in the
basement. These are used to distribute the building over-
turning moment reactions over a broad base footprint.
Trusses straddle the existing steel columns and are con-
nected to them by welds to new jacking corbels. Con-
crete encases these trusses to provide additional stiff-
ness and to tie the double trusses together.
The retrofit design required the attachment of new, heavy
vertical steel plates, or corbels, to the bases of the riv-
eted columns to make it possible to lift the entire dead
6 Steel Tips December 1994
load reaction with hydraulic jacks as shown in Figure 9.
Such lifting is required in order to cut out the bottom sec-
ion to install the isolators. of columns
The weldability of each column was demonstrated by
welding a 6 inch long piece of A36 bar to the riveted
angle flange of the column and simply bending it over at
a 90 degree angle. The test bar folded over in a ductile
manner for each column with neither the weld nor the
base metal cracking or failing.
Prior to attaching the corbels, fillet welds were added to
connect the riveted column angles to the plates, using
the FCAW process. This welding revealed an unexpected
setback: the original fabricator had coated the original
faying surfaces of the column components with a tar like
substance prior to riveting them together. The welding
heated the tar and caused it to expand into the new weld
metal, forming unacceptable porosity in the weld. This
problem was resolved by placing a small stringer pass
at the seam using the less heat intensive SMAW pro-
cess, then following through with the FCAW process.
?ii
Formation of lamellar tearing in the old column flanges
was another problem. The propagation of this tearing,
which occurred at two locations, stopped before it
reached the first row of flange rivets. The tearing was
repaired by backgouging and rewelding, and the prob-
lem was eliminated by resequencing the placement of
the welds to minimize shrinkage stresses and by using
stringer passes instead of "weaving."
A horizontal two way grid of paired A572 grade 50 W24
girders was used throughout the basement to tie the re-
inforced column bases together into a new diaphragm
and to serve as jacking beams. The basement plan is
shown in Figure 10. These girders were welded to the
new corbels to provide lifting capacity and to flexurally
stiffen the column bases against seismic rotation. After
the erection of these girders, the columns were jacked
to relieve their load, and their bases were cut and re-
moved to make room for the new isolators. The rectan-
gular bays created by the new girder grid were infilled
with tubular steel diagonal bracing to provide in-plane
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Figure 9
Steel Tips December 1994 7
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8 Steel Tips December 1994
MAT FOUNDATION
OUTRIGGER TRUSS ELEVATION
Figure
stiffness for the new basement diaphragm. The new dia-
phragm of girders and tubular bracing slopes upward to
the perimeter elements, which were positioned at a higher
elevation to avoid the need for deep perimeter retaining
walls.
Figure 11 shows modifications to the perimeter basement
walls to accommodate a new continuous reinforced con-
tcrete tie beam (not shown) placed just above the perim-
eter isolators. This concrete beam encases the struc-
tural steel corbel attachments on the existing riveted col-
umns. The ends of the outrigger trusses are connected
to the concrete beam to help control uplift. (Refer to the
section on uplift control below).
13
The W24 framing was not sufficient for lifting the bases
of the four largest columns. These 24-inch square riv-
eted box columns each had dead Icad reaction of ap-
proximately 4,000,000 lbs. In order to spread the Icad of
each column over four large isolation bearings, a four
legged "cruciform" welded box beam was fabricated us-
ing A572 grade 50 plates with thicknesses of up to 2.5
inches. The isolators beneath this assembly were sup-
ported by new box "spreader" beams, similar to the cru-
ciform beams, which spread the 4,000,000 lb. reaction
over the existing foundation. Figure 12 shows the jack-
ing arrangement. Special measures were taken by the
fabricator to minimize warpage of the connecting plates
of the box beamelements during welding. Some warpage
of the bearing surfaces was inevitable, and this was re-
solved using epoxy injection techniques to provide for
solid plate-to-plate bearing.
Figure 11: Modifications to Perimeter Walls
Figure 12: Column Jacking for Bearing Installation
The need for two to four isolators at individual columns
required the use of very large baseplates to spread the
Icad to the foundation mat. This caused a concern about
Steel Tips December 1994 9
grouting operations and the potential of voids forming
beneath the plate. The contractor took special precau-
tions to effectively place and consolidate the grout to pro-
vide for a solid bearing interfacewith the foundation. Their
efforts were validated using full width lateral cores be-
neath several baseplates to verify that the grout had no
voids.
Solving the Problem of Isolator Uplift with
"Outrigger" Trusses
Even with reduced lateral loading due to seismic isola-
tion, the 324 feet height of the building creates large seis-
mic overturning forces, which cause localized uplift forces
to develop at certain isolators. To control this potential
uplift, a two-way series of 8 foot deep trusses was de-
signed to span the entire basement, acting like outriggers
on select column lines. Figures 13 and 14 show the
trusses, which were constructed using A572 grade 50
plate box and W24 chords, with W12 web elements. They
were erected in 15' to 20' long segments that were field
connected using complete penetration butt joint welds.
The trusses were then encased with reinforced concrete
to increase their stiffness. The trusses will limit the uplift
occurring at the isolators to 0.25 inch during a maximum
credible earthquake. To validate this approach, the pro-
totype isolators were successfully tested in combined
shear and tension with vertical displacement (stretch) of
0.25 inch.
I
the layout of the isolators in the basement. Figure 16 is a
photo of the 4 isolators installed under one of the large
columns mentioned earlier. The isolators range in diam-
eter from 29 inches to 37 inches, and are approximately
19 inches high. The isolators were manufactured by Dy-
namic Isolation Systems Inc. at their plant in Wellington,
NewZealand. The calculated ultimate seismic base shear
for the isolated building is about 13% G, and the first
mode period of the isolated building is 3.2 seconds with
lateral displacement of 13 inches.
Figure 16: Installed Isolators
Figure 14: Trusses
Isolation Bearings
Of the 113 laminated steel and rubber seismic isolators
used in the building, 36 have lead cores. Figure 15 shows
Summary
The versatility and strength of structural steel was used
in a variety of unique ways in the retrofit design. Steel
connections were designed with enough tolerance to ac-
commodate existing field conditions, and welding to the
old original A9 riveted steel was generally not a problem.
When retrofit work is completed in 1995, the Oakland
City Hall will be the tallest seismically isolated building in
the world. Seismic isolation using laminated rubber iso-
lations devices under the building will dramatically re-
duce expected seismic forces in the building. Seismic
isolation proved to be both technically feasible and eco-
nomical. The use of isolation devices required less ret-
rofit work in the building superstructure resulting in sav-
ings in steel bracing and concrete shear walls, with mini-
mum impact on the historic interior of this landmark build-
ing when compared to conventional retrofit design.
10 Steel Tips December 1994
i
)
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'
WALL
A B O Y F - -
CONCRETE
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O
0
0
0
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2' -2' SEISMIC GAP
ALL AROUND
NEW RETAINING
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FOUNDATION PLAN & SEISMIC ISOLATOR LAYOUT
Figure 15
Acknowledgments References
Owner: City of Oakland, California
Architect: VBN/Willis/Carey Co. Associated Architects,
Oakland, CA
VBN Architects and Michael Willis Associates, "Evalua-
tion of Earthquake Damage and Repair Required by
Code," Final Report in Volumes for the City of Oakland,
November 1990.
Project Manager: Turner Construction Company, San
Francisco, CA
Contractors:
General Contractor:
Overaa/Miller, Richmond, CA
Steel Subcontractor.'
Bostrom Bergen Metal Products, Oakland, CA
Base Isolator Bearing Installation:
Sheedy Company, San Francisco, CA
Base Isolator Bearing Supplier:
I Dynamic Isolation Systems, Inc., Berkeley, CA
Site Specific Hazard Analysis, Oakland City Hall, pre-
pared by Dames and Moore, August 10, 1990.
Design and Implementation of Base Isolation for the Seis-
mi c Repair and Retrofit of Oakland City Hall by W.
Honeck, M. Walters, V. Sattary, P. Rodler in the Fifth U.S.
National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Chi-
cago, IL, Proceedings Vol. I, July 1994. Earthquake Re-
search Institute, Oakland, CA. pp. 633-642.
Photo Credits: Robert Canfield, San Francisco, CA (Fig-
ures 5, 7, 11, 12, and 16)
Steel Tips December 1994 11
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Verco Manufacturing, Inc.
Vulcraft Sales Corp.
The local structural steel industry (above sponsors) stands ready to assist you in
determining the most economical solution for your products. Our assistance can
range from budget prices and estimated tonnage to cost comparisons, fabrication
details and delivery schedules.
Funding for this publication provided by the California Iron Workers Administrative Trust.