Equation
Equation
Equation
= 1
8 00521 . 0
d
L
ln
L
R
V
+ = N ln
S
L
d
L
ln
NL
R
MV
656 . 0
2
1
8 00521 . 0
= 1
8 0624 . 0
d
L
ln
L
R
V
NOTICE
For these equations to be valid the soil must be homogeneous and L >>d. With low resistance backfill, as
coke, d is taken as the diameter of the coke and L as the length of the backfill provided it does not extend
too much greater than the length of the anode (about 1.5 times the coke diameter).
Modified Dwight's Equation for Multiple Anodes Installed Horizontally
R
H
= Resistance, in ohms, of horizontal anode to earth
= Resistivity, in ohm-cm, of backfill material (or earth)
L =Length of anode in feet
S =Twice depth of anode in feet
d =Diameter of anode in feet
= 10,000 ohm-cm
L = 7.0 feet
S = 12.0 feet
d = 0.667 feet
R
H
= 22.49 ohms
NACE
Companion to the Peabody Book
October 26, 2000
Revision 1.1
+
+
+ +
= 1
4 4 00521 . 0
2 2 2 2 2
L
L S
L
S
dS
L S L L
ln
L
R
H
NOTICE
For these equations to be valid the soil must be homogeneous and L >>d. With low resistance backfill, as
coke, d is taken as the diameter of the coke and L as the length of the backfill provided it does not extend
too much greater than the length of the anode (about 1.5 times the coke diameter).
Galvanic Anode Life
Weight = Weight = 240 lbs
Efficiency = Efficiency = 0.90
Utilization Factor = Utilization Factor = 0.85
Current = Current = 2.0 A
Mg Life = Zn Life = 3.9 yrs
Solution
Potential
(Cu-CuSO4)
-1.1 V
-1.4 to -1.6 V
-1.7 to -1.8 V
Efficiency
90%
50%
50%
Anode
Zinc
Std. Mg
Hi-Pot Mg
500
500
370
Consumption
Rate
(kg/amp-hr)
23.7
17.4
17.4
Output
(amp-hr/lb)
5.9 yrs
Mag Anode Zinc Anode
240 lbs
0.50
0.85
2.0 A
NACE
Companion to the Peabody Book
October 26, 2000
Revision 1.1
Amps. in Current
Factor n Utilizatio Efficiency Lbs in Wt. Anode
Life Years Magnesium
=
116 . 0
Amps. in Current
Factor n Utilizatio Efficiency Lbs in Wt. Anode
Life Years Zinc
=
0424 . 0
1. Anodes installed in suitable chemical backfill.
2. Current efficiency with current density. The shown efficiency, and the resulting consumption rate, are
at approximately 30 milliamps/ft of anode surface. Efficiencies are higher at higher current densities and
lower at lower current densities.
3. The potentials are solution potentials. When calculating driving potentials, the difference between the
protected structure and the anode, allow for anode polarization. Anode polarization is also influenced by
current density at the anode surface. For magnesium polarization allow for 0.1 V anodic polarization.
Zinc in a proper backfill is not usually subject to significant anodic polarization and the solution potential
may be used.
Rectifier Total Circuit Resistance
R
Gbed
=Ground bed resistance (ohms) R
Gbed
=
3.08 ohms
R
C
=Cable resistance (ohms) R
C
=
0.097 ohms
R
S
=Pipeline/structure to earth resistance (ohms) R
S
=
7.53 ohms
R
T
=Total circuit resistance (ohms)
R
T
=
10.71 ohms
Deep Anode Ground Bed Resistance
= Effective soil resistivity (ohm-cm) = 10,000 ohm-cm
L =Anode length (feet) L = 40 feet
d =Anode diameter (feet) d = 0.667 feet
R
H
=
Resistance to earth of a vertical single anode (ohms)
R
H
= 6.73 ohms
Rectifier Efficiency
K =Meter constant DC Amps = 1.00 A
N =#of revolutions of disk DC Volts = 2.00 V
T =Time in seconds K = 0.005
N = 4
T = 10 sec
Efficiency = 27.78%
NACE
Companion to the Peabody Book
October 26, 2000
Revision 1.1
S C Gbed T
R R R R + + =
T
KN
Power Input AC
3600
=
100 =
Power Input AC
Power Output DC
Efficiency %
Amps DC x Volts DC Power Output DC =
= 1
8 00521 . 0
d
L
ln
L
R
V
=
Dwight's Equation for Single Vertical Anode Resistance to Earth - millimeters
= Soil resistivity in ohm-cm = 10,000 ohm-cm
L =Rod length in mm L = 2134 mm
d =Rod diameter in mm d = 203 mm
R
V
=
Resistance of vertical rod in ohms
R
V
= 25.6 ohms
Dwight's Equation for Single Vertical Anode Resistance to Earth - meters
= Resistivity of backfill material (or earth) in ohm-cm = 10,000 ohm-cm
L =Length of anode in meters L = 2.13 m
d =Diameter of anode in meters d = 0.203 m
R
V
=
Resistance of one vertical anode to earth in ohms
R
V
= 25.6 ohms
Dwight's Equation for Multiple Vertical Anodes in Parallel - meters
= Soil resistivity in ohm-cm = 10,000 ohm-cm
N =Number of anodes in parallel N = 10 each
L =Length of anode in meters L = 2.13 m
d =Diameter of anode in meters d = 0.203 m
S =Anode spacing in meters S = 3.0 m
R =Resistance of vertical anodes in parallel to earth in ohms R = 4.52 ohms
NACE
Companion to the Peabody Book
October 26, 2000
Revision 1.1M
= 1
8 59 . 1
d
L
ln
L
R
V
= 1
8 00159 . 0
d
L
ln
L
R
V
+ = N ln
S
L
d
L
ln
NL
R 656 . 0
2
1
8 00159 . 0
NOTICE
For these equations to be valid the soil must be homogeneous and L >>d. With low resistance backfill, as
coke, d is taken as the diameter of the coke and L as the length of the backfill provided it does not extend
too much greater than the length of the anode (about 1.5 times the coke diameter).
Modified Dwight's Equation for Multiple Anodes Installed Horizontally
R
H
= Resistance, in ohms, of horizontal anode to earth
= Resistivity, in ohm-cm, of backfill material (or earth)
L =Length of anode in meters
S =Twice depth of anode in meters
d =Diameter of anode in meters
= 10,000 ohm-cm
L = 2.13 m
S = 3.7 m
d = 0.203 m
R
H
= 22.52 ohms
NACE
Companion to the Peabody Book
October 26, 2000
Revision 1.1M
+
+
+ +
= 1
4 4 00159 . 0
2 2 2 2 2
L
L S
L
S
dS
L S L L
ln
L
R
H
NOTICE
For these equations to be valid the soil must be homogeneous and L >>d. With low resistance backfill, as
coke, d is taken as the diameter of the coke and L as the length of the backfill provided it does not extend
too much greater than the length of the anode (about 1.5 times the coke diameter).
Galvanic Anode Life
Weight = Weight = 109 kg
Efficiency = Efficiency = 0.90
Utilization Factor = Utilization Factor = 0.85
Current = Current = 2.0 A
Mg Life = Zn Life = 3.9 yrs 5.9 yrs
Mag Anode Zinc Anode
109 kg
0.50
0.85
2.0 A
1100
1100
815
Consumption
Rate
(kg/amp-hr)
10.8
7.9
7.9
Output
(amp-hr/kg) Anode
Zinc
Std. Mg
Hi-Pot Mg
Efficiency
90%
50%
50%
Solution
Potential
(Cu-CuSO4)
-1.1 V
-1.4 to -1.6 V
-1.7 to -1.8 V
NACE
Companion to the Peabody Book
October 26, 2000
Revision 1.1M
Amps in Current
Factor n Utilizatio Efficiency kg in Wt Anode
Life Years Magnesium
=
. 256 . 0
Amps in Current
Factor n Utilizatio Efficiency kg in Wt Anode
Life Years Zinc
=
. 0935 . 0
1. Anodes installed in suitable chemical backfill.
2. Current efficiency with current density. The shown efficiency, and the resulting consumption rate, are
at approximately 30 milliamps/ft of anode surface. Efficiencies are higher at higher current densities and
lower at lower current densities.
3. The potentials are solution potentials. When calculating driving potentials, the difference between the
protected structure and the anode, allow for anode polarization. Anode polarization is also influenced by
current density at the anode surface. For magnesium polarization allow for 0.1 V anodic polarization.
Zinc in a proper backfill is not usually subject to significant anodic polarization and the solution potential
may be used.
Rectifier Total Circuit Resistance
R
Gbed
=Ground bed resistance (ohms) R
Gbed
=
3.08 ohms
R
C
=Cable resistance (ohms) R
C
=
0.097 ohms
R
S
=Pipeline/structure to earth resistance (ohms) R
S
=
7.53 ohms
R
T
=Total circuit resistance (ohms)
R
T
=
10.71 ohms
Deep Anode Ground Bed Resistance - meters
= Effective soil resistivity (ohm-cm) = 10,000 ohm-cm
L =Anode length (meters) L = 12 m
d =Anode diameter (meters) d = 0.203 m
R
H
=
Resistance to earth of a vertical single anode (ohms)
R
H
= 6.74 ohms
Rectifier Efficiency
K =Meter constant DC Amps = 1.00 A
N =#of revolutions of disk DC Volts = 2.00 V
T =Time in seconds K = 0.005
N = 4
T = 10 sec
Efficiency = 27.78%
NACE
Companion to the Peabody Book
October 26, 2000
Revision 1.1M
S C Gbed T
R R R R + + =
T
KN
Power Input AC
3600
=
100 =
Power Input AC
Power Output DC
Efficiency %
Amps DC x Volts DC Power Output DC =
= 1
8 00521 . 0
d
L
ln
L
R
V
=
1000
CABLE CABLE
C
L R
R
=
*
MD
Current
Anodes of Number =