Norwegian Grammar and Reader - Julius Olson

NORWEGIAN
GRAMMAR AND
READER
WITH NOTES AND VOCABULARY
BY
JULIUS
E. OLSON
PROFESSOR OF SCANDINAVIAN LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE IN THE UNIVERSITY
OF WISCONSIN
CHICAGO
SCOTT,
FORESMAN & CO.
1898
MICROFILMED
BY
UNIVERSITY
OF
TORONTO
LIBRARY
MASTER
NEGATIV
COPYRIGHT, 1897,
BY SCOTT,
FORESMAN & COMPANY.
PREFACE.
This book is an
attempt
to
produce
a
practical
manual for
students that desire to
gain
access to
Norwegian
literature.
It is
designed
not
only
for the
class-room,
but also to meet
the demands of Americans
endeavoring by
means of self-
instruction to
acquire
a
knowledge
of the
language, and,
furthermore,
to serve as a
guide
to that
increasingly large
number of
persons
of
Norwegian parentage,
who,
having
some
knowledge
of
spoken Norwegian,
desire to know some-
thing
of
Norwegian
literature. The wants of these various
classes are somewhat
different,
it is
true,
and the effort to
satisfy
them within the limits of one moderate-sized volume
has
presented many
difficulties. Omissions and eliminations
have been
necessary.
No doubt some will feel that the book
should have contained a series of exercises for translation into
Norwegian.
The
space
devoted to the
Reader,
Notes and
Vocabulary
has
prohibited
this,
in
conformity
with the essen-
tial idea of the
book,
that of
being
an introduction to the
literature of
Norway.
But the Grammar does contain a
large
number of
carefully
translated illustrative
sentences, which,
to the skillful
instructor,
and even to the
eager
student,
may
serve the
purpose
of the more formal
exercises;
for
they
have
been chosen with the double view of
laying something
of a
foundation for a
speaking knowledge
of the
language,
and of
giving
the
beginner
some
familiarity
with the essentials of the
language
before
attempting
the
Reader,
especially
if he does
not have the assistance of an instructor.
iv NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
The selections in the Reader have been made on the basis
of
literary
excellence and historical interest. The aim has
been to make them of such a nature as to
engage
the heart as
well as the head of the
learner,
that he
may
be led to
peruse
them as
literature,
and not
merely
as
reading
exercises. The
first selections will be found to be
comparatively easy;
the
last are of sufficient
difficulty
so that the student who has
mastered them
may
feel that he is
prepared
to read
any
modern
Norwegian
or Danish author. After the
beginner
has
gained
some
knowledge
of the
pronunciation
and a
gen-
eral
familiarity
with the
principal grammatical forms,
he
should
spend
considerable time on some of the first selec-
tions the second and
fifth,
for instance. These are
easy
and
interesting,
and contain
constantly recurring
words and
phrases
that are an
encouragement
in the first efforts at trans-
lation.
The Notes are intended to
give adequate explanations
of
the more difficult
passages
in the
text,
and the
necessary
liter-
ary
and historical information for a due
appreciation
of the
selections in the Reader. It is also
hoped
that
they may
incite the student to seek
beyond
the limits of this book for a
further
acquaintance
with the authors
represented.
The
Vocabulary
does not aim to
give complete definitions,
but
only
such
meanings
as occur in the Reader. In connec-
tion with the list of verbs and the cross-references to the
Grammar,
the
Vocabulary
will be found
sufficiently
full and
complete
so that the laborious and
perplexing
task of
using
an
independent dictionary may
be obviated. When such a
work is needed for
supplementary reading,
Larsen's
"
Dansk-
Norsk-Engelsk Ordbog," Copenhagen, 1897,
is recom-
mended.
In the
preparation
of the Grammar I have been under
special obligations
to
Hofgaard's
"Norsk Grammatik" and
Poestion's "Lehrbuch der
norwegischen Sprache."
In the
matter of
orthography, except
in
regard
to the use of
capital
PREFACE v
letters,
I have followed Aars's
"
Norske
Retskrivningsregler,"
eleventh
edition;
but the selections from Ibsen have not
been normalized.
(See
Notes, p. 257.)
I have seen fit to call this work "A
Norwegian
Grammar
and
Reader,"
instead of
using
the cumbersome and awkward
term
"
Dano-
Norwegian." (See Notes, p. 280.) Although
the common
literary language
of
Norway
is Danish in its
gen-
eral
structure,
it nevertheless
presents
numerous differences in
pronunciation, vocabulary
and
grammatical
details. The
literary activity
that
Norway
has
experienced, especially
dur-
ing
the last
forty years,
has
developed many peculiarities
of
language quite foreign
to Danish.
Norway
has numerous
vigorous
dialects from which modern authors have drawn
pithy
words and
happy
turns of
phrase.
The
language,
like
its
literature,
is instinct with modernness.
THE AUTHOR.
MADISON, Wis.,
December
31, 1897.
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
I. GRAMMAR
Alphabet
I
Capital
Letters 2
Accent,
3
Vowels,
-.;.$
Diphthongs,
8
Consonants
8
Consonantal
Digraphs
and
Trigraphs
n
Vowel
Change,
12
Exercise in
Pronunciation, 13
Articles
14
Exercise on Articles
15
Nouns
Gender, 15
Plural
of, 17
Declension of Case
22
Adjectives,
23
As
Substantives, 27
Indeclinable
28
Possessive,
28
Comparison
of,
28
Pronouns .
>
.
31
Personal, 31
Reflexive, 33
Reciprocal
34
Demonstrative, 35
Possessive 36
Interrogative
,
3
8
-"'Relative
39
Genitive of the
Relatives, 42
Omission of the
Relative,
.......... 4
2
Indefinite
Pronouns,
4
2
The
Expletive,
4
6
vii
viii NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
GRAMMAR Continued. PAGE.
Numerals,
47
Ordinals
48
Fractional
Forms,
.
51
Collectives,
51
Verbs
Conjugation 52
The Weak
Conjugation 52
The
Strong Conjugation, 55
Tense
58
Number
59
Mood 60
Voice 62
Auxiliary
Verbs, 63
Weak
Conjugation,
66
Strong Conjugation, 71
Modal
Auxiliaries,
73
Uses of the Modal
Auxiliaries,
-74
Other Auxiliaries
78
Reflexive Verbs 80
Deponent
Verbs 81
Impersonal
Verbs
83
Compound
Verbs, 83
Abbreviated Verbs 86
Irregular
Presents,
87
Adverbs
87
Classification of
Adverbs,
....
90
Comparison
of
Adverbs, 95
^/Prepositions,
97
Conjunctions,
106
Interjections,
no
Interjectional
Phrases and
Particles,
in
SYNTACTICAL NOTES The Sentence
113
Special
Uses of
Nouns,
.116
Special
Uses of
Pronouns, 117
Special
Uses of
Verbs, 119
Indirect Discourse 120
The
Subjunctive
Mood
121
The Infinitive
122
Participles
123
v/The
Passive,
.
124
CONTENTS
SYNTACTICAL NOTES Continued.
PAGE.
Ellipsis
126
Punctuation,
128
II. READER i.
Faderen, Bjornson, 132
2. Per
og
Paal
og
Esben Askelad
Moe, 134
3.
Den norske
Bonde,
Zetlitz, 139
4. Oyvinds Sang
Bjornson, 140
5.
Gudbrand i Lien Moe,
141
6. Ved Aarskiftet Bull,
145
7.
To sterke
Egge, 146
8.
Faedrelandssang, ...."
. .
Bjornson, 148
9.
Gamle Hans
Grenader, I, II,
. . . .
Moe, 150
10.
Agnes
Ibsen,
159
11. Sankt Matthaeus's
Evangelium 159
12.
Valg, Bjornson,
162
13. Slaget
ved
Svolder, I, Petersen,
162
14. Slaget
ved
Svolder, II, Poulsen,
164
15.
Olav
Trygvason,
*
Bjornson, 167
16. Haakon Haakonson som
Konge,
....
Keyser
%
168
17. Kong
Haakons Gildehal
Ibsen, 169
1 8. Dalvise
Wergeland, 170
19.
End om vi klaedte
Fjeldet Bjornson, 171
20. Over de hoie
Fjelde, Bjornson, 174
21. Einar
Tambarskj
selves Dod
Poulsen,
176
22.
Bergliot, Bjornson, 179
23.
Hansteen
og
Abel
Poulsen,
183
24.
Elsk din Naeste
Bjornson, 184
25.
Til Ole Bull
Welhaven,
185
26. Peter Andreas Munch
Eriksen,
186
27.
Af
"
Kongsemnerne,
"
Ibsen, 190
28. Vi vil
Hilditch,
194
29.
Af
Norges
Historic En
Fortaelling,
. .
Hilditch, 195
30. Solveigs Sang,
Ibsen,
201
31.
Dumme Maend
og
Trold til
Kjaerringer, Asbjornsen,
201
32. Ungbirken,
Moe, 203
33. Balstemning,
Kielland,
205
34.
Til min
Gyldenlak Wergeland,
211
35.
Til
dem,
som
sorger,
naar de kunde vaere
glade,
CoI
tin,
2ii
36.
En Broder i
Nod, Ibsen,
215
st NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
READER Continued. PAGE.
37.
Blind-
Anne, Moe, 217
38.
For
Bjornstjerne Bjornson JRanders,
221
39.
ToTaler
Ibsen, 223
40. Indledning
til
Grundloven, Sars,
227
41. Bylgja,
. Lie,
230
42.
Kunsten
og
Moralen, Collin, 232
43.
I Rosenlund under
Sagas
Hal,
. . .
Welhaven,
234
44. Indledning
til den norrone
Literatur,
. .
Jager, 235
45.
Island, Munch, 238
46. Vikingetidens
Sedelaere, Overland, 239
47.
Dei vil altid
klaga og kyta
Aasen,
245
48.
Forfederne,
Vinje, 246
49. Vaardag Garborg, 247
50.
ThordFoleson
Sivle,
248
III. NOTES
250
IV.
VOCABULARY, 284
V. LIST OF
STRONG,
MIXED AND IRREGULAR
VERBS,
. .
324
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR.
THE ALPHABET.
I. In
Norwegian
both the German and the Roman
characters are used. The
former, however,
are
gradually
yielding
to the latter. The letters of the
alphabet
are as
follows :
ROMAN.
2 NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
ROMAN. GERMAN. NAME.
T,t
,
t
tay*
U,
u
U,
U
ou
(in 'you,'
see
9).
V,
v
$,
t)
vay*
W,
w
3,
n>
dobbelt
vay
X,
x
, 5
ex
Y,
y g),
t)
eef (with
pouting
lips).
^
z
3.5
set
yE,
ae
2@,
fc
af (in 'am').
0,0,
(o) 0,0
ut(in'urn').
Aa,
aa
(A, a) 5la,
aa awe
(see
13,
a).
*
Care must be taken in
pronouncing
these
equivalents
not to
Introduce the "vanish." The vowel sounds in
Norwegian (except
diphthongs)
are all
simple, whereas,
in
English, long
vowels have
almost
always
a
compound
or
partially diphthongal quality,
called
vanish. If these
English
sounds be
graphically represented by
curves,
the
Norwegian
sounds will be
represented by straight
lines.
j-
As these vowels
(y,
se,
6)
have no
corresponding
sounds in
English,
it is
impossible
to
represent
them
exactly
with
English
letters.
They
take their names from their
simplest
value.
CAPITAL
LETTERS.
2.
Formerly capital letters,
besides
being used,
as in
English,
at the
beginning
of a
sentence, etc.,
were also
used for all nouns and words used as
nouns,
and for some
pronouns (see 70);
but not for
proper adjectives; as,
en amerikansk
Stat,
an American state. The official
i /
orthography
of
Norway
and
Denmark,
as at
present
taught
in the
public schools,
uses
capital
letters
only
at
the
beginning
of a
sentence,
in the second
personal pro-
nouns
I, De, Dem,
you,
and the
possessive adjective
Deres, yours,
and in
proper
names;
but not in
titles,
nor
in the names of the months or
days
of the
week.
But
many
writers,
especially
in
newspapers,
do not follow
the official
orthography.
ALPHABET
3
ACCENT.
3.
In native Scandinavian
words,
and words derived
from native German
words,
the accent is
usually
on the
root
syllable,
as
Barn, child, Bdrndom,
childhood. In
compound
words the first
part
(unless
it is a
prefix)
has
the
primary
and the other the
secondary
accent,
as
ts-hus,
ice-house. Words with the
prefixes
be-,
er- or
ge-
never
have the accent on the first
syllable,
while those with
for-
and u- often do. Nouns of Latin
origin
are
usually
accented on the last
syllable;
as, Stu-dent, Kul-tur,
Sol-
ddt. Verbs of
foreign origin
are accented on the
penult;
as, stu-de-re,
to
study; re-for-me-re,
to reform.
On account of the numerous
variations,
rules
relating
to
accent, except
those of the most
general kind,
are of
but little assistance to the
beginner.
For an
explanation
of musical accent or inflection
(
To-
nelag)
see first
page
of Notes.
VOWELS.
4.
The vowels are
a, e, i, o, u, y,
ce,
6 and aa
(or d*).
For convenience
a, o, u,
and aa are called hard
vowels,
e, i,
y,
se and
6,
soft.
The distinction between
long
and short vowels must be"
learned
chiefly by practice,
but the
following
observations
will be found useful.
In
pronouncing
the
Norwegian
vowels the
lips
are
brought
into more
prominent play
than in
English,
for in
the
production
of the rounded
vowels, o, u,
y,
6 and
aa,
a
considerable
pouting
of the
lips
is
necessary,
and in the
unrounded
vowels, i, e,
and
ce,
a decided
"chinking"
or
spreading
out of the corners of the mouth must be
practiced.
In accented
syllables
a vowel is
usually long
when
it
precedes
a
single consonant,
as
Dag, day;
Kultur,
culture. It is short when it
precedes
two
consonants,
*
The character a is
originally Swedish,
but is now
gradually displacing
the
Norwegian
and Danish aa.
4 NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
especially
a double
consonant,
as in
Helt, hero; Bakke,
hill.
The
long
sound of a vowel is
not,
however,
affected
by
the combination of different consonants
resulting
from the
addition of inflectional or tense
endings,
unless the com-
bination be
-dt; as, spare,
to
save,
and
sparte, saved,
in
both of which cases the vowel is
long.
Before -dt the
vowel is
always short; thus,
in the
adjective god, good,
the
vowel is
long,
but in
godt,
the neuter form of the same
adjective,
the vowel is short on account of the combina-
tion dt.
a. In words with the same
spelling
but different
length
of vowel
and different
signification,
where
ambiguity may easily
arise,
the
long
sound of the vowel is often indicated
by
the
sign
of
accent;
thus/bV
is the
past
tense
oifare,
to
fare,
go, while/bf
is the
preposition 'for,'
and has a short vowel.
b. In some words the short sound of the vowel
is,
by
some
writers,
shown
by
a
doubling
of the final
consonant;
thus,
viss,
certain
;
Dugg,
dew
;
Egg, egg. (In vis,
wise
;
Dug,
cloth
;
Eg, oak,
the vowel is
long.)
C. When a final consonant is doubled in the
plural
of nouns and
in the
plural
and definite forms of
adjectives,
the
preceding
vowel is
short; thus, Gut,
boy, Gtttter,boys
;
en let
Bog,
a
light
book,
lette
Boger, light
books,
den lette
Bog,
the
light
book.
5.
A has the sound of a in 'father
1
: the difference be-
tween
long
and short a is
only quantitative.
Ex.:
long,
Fa-der, father; Mad, food;
short
(i.
e.
pronounced
with
the same
position
of the vocal
organs,
but more
quickly),
Fad-der,
sponsor-, gam-met,
old; Mand,
man.
6. E and ae are treated
together,
because their values
exactly correspond.
These are:
i)
The closed
sound,
long,
which is like
English
a in
'lay'
without its vanish-
ing
or
diphthongal quality.
Ex. :
le,
laugh
; Sne,
snow
;
Sten,
stone
; leve,
live
; Tree,
tree
; 23rce,
glacier
; Knee,
knee : and the same sound s hor
t,
as in
et,
a or an
; Bredde,
breadth;
fedt, (neuter
of
fed, fat).
2)
The
open
sound, long,
which is
equal
to
English
e in 'ell.' Ex.:
Fcedre, fathers; Glade,
joy;
ALPHABET
5
Sted, place; Kjedel,
kettle;
and the same sound
short,
which
is like e in ebb.' Ex.:
Mcend, men;
hcenge^ hang;
Fjeld,
mountain; let,
light; Seng,
bed.
Af&ff*
a. Unaccented
e,
when
final,
is
very
short,
and before
liquids
(/,#/,, r)
in final
syllables
is
practically suppressed.
Ex.:
He-ste, horses;
beg-ge
% both; vak-ker, (pr. vak-tfr), pretty;
Han-
del
(pr. han-d'l},
trade;
li-den
(pr. K-(Tn),
little.
3)
The broad sound before r in the accented
syllable
of native root-words. This sound is like the
English
at
in 'air'
(pronounced
with a
spreading
of the
lips).
Ex.:
long
in
er, am, is,
are
; her,
here
; Hcer,
army
; vcere,
to be
;
short
(like
a in
c
at')
in
sterk,
strong;
vcerd,
worth.
b. In words where r is an inflectional or tense
ending,
and in
foreign
words,
e and ce do not have this broad
sound,
but
follow the
general
rule;
that
is,
are
long
or
short,
according
to their
position.
Ex.: ser
(from
at
se),
sees;
mer
(the
com-
parative
of
meget, much),
more;
Mandr
(a foreign word),
manner; Eurojxz-er, European.
C. There are
exceptions
to the
general
rules in
regard
to the
pronunciation
of e and ce. In
fact,
the
pronunciation
of them
not
only
is different in Denmark and
Norway,
but varies in
different
parts
of
Norway.
The
following irregularity
is
important: de,
they,
and De
t
you,
are
pronounced
like the
English
combination
'dee';
and
jeg;
I,
may
be
approximated
by
the
English 'yea,' quickly pronounced,
with a
slight
suggestion
of an ee sound at the close.
7.
I lo n
g
is like e in
c
he,'
or i in
<pique,'
as
Mil, mile;
Is, ice; Tid, time; ri-de,
to ride. When short it is like
i in
4
it,'
as
Fisk, fish; Lin-ned, linen; lid, fire;
spil-le,
to
play.
a. In the
following pronouns
the vowel * has a
very irregular
pronunciation: mig,
me,
dig,
thee,
sig (the reflexive), himself,
etc.;
they
are
pronounced nearly
like
the
English
words
may,' 'day,' 'say.'
To be
exact,
the
-ig
of these words has the
same
phonetic
value as the
-eg
of
jeg, explained
above in
6,
C.
8. O has a closed and an
open sound,
each of which
may
be
long
or short. The closed
o,
long,
has
the.
6
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
sound of our oo in
'food,'
uttered with a more decided
projecting
of the
lips
than is usual. Ex.:
Fod, foot; Mod,
courage ; god, good
; stor, large ; moden, ripe.
The short
sound is different
only
in
quantity,
like oo in 'foot.' Ex.:
Ost,
cheese
; Bonde,
peasant ; bort,
away.
1)
The
open
o is the same as aa
(d).
It
may
be
approximated by pronouncing
the
English
'awe' with a
rounding
of the
lips.
It is between the sound of 'awe'
and 'oh.'
2) Open
o, long,
occurs
principally
before v and
g,
also in the
possessive adjective vor,
our. Ex. :
Bog,
book;
jLov,
law
; do-ven, lazy ;
og,
and.
3) Open
o, short,
is the same as the
long except
in
quantity.
It occurs much more
frequently
than the short
o
closed,
and should be
carefully practiced.
It is like the
German o in Gott. That
is,
the
Norwegian godt (the
neuter of
god, good)
is like the
English 'got' pronounced
quickly
with a
projecting
and
rounding
of the
lips.
Ex.:
Fos,
waterfall
;
at
holde,
to hold.
9. U,
1 on
g,
is like ou in
'you':
it is the closed o
long,
thrown further forward in the mouth
;
as in
Gud,
God
;
Jul (pronounced
like the
English
'yule'),
Christmas; du,
thou. The short sound is
nearly
like oo in 'foot.'
Ex.:
Gut,
boy
; Hund,
dog.
Care should be exercised not
to
give
initial u its
English
sound as in 'union.'
10.
Y,
long,
is the
English
ee
pronounced
with a
projecting
and
rounding
of the
lips.
It is the
equivalent
of the German u and the French u. Ex. :
By, city; Lyd,
sound
; ty-ve, twenty
; Dyr,
animal
; kry-be,
to
creep.
Short
y
differs from the
long only
in
quantity.
Ex. :
Byg-ge,
to build
; Lyst, pleasure
;
Styk-ke, piece
; Styr-ke, strength.
a. In the numerals
fyrretyve, forty; sytten,
seventeen; sytti,
seventy,
the
y
of the first
syllable
has
the
sound of d
(see 12.)
ALPHABET
7
11. ^B
(sometimes
written
A^
a)
has the same sound
as e
(see 6.)
a. The use of e instead of
e,
and vice
versa,
is somewhat
per-
plexing. Many
words
formerly
written with <# now have the
simpler
letter
e\
in others the ce is retained for
etymological
and other reasons. The
following general
rule is observed
in the official
orthography
of
Norway:
<^ is
always
used to
represent
the e sound in words which have a related or
derivative
word
in a or aa. Ex.: Fce-dre
(from
Fa-der,
father),
fathers;
Fcerd
(fromfare,
to
go), expedition;
Seed
(from
saa,
to
sow),
seed.
b. In
consulting
a lexicon for a word that has one of these
letters
(e
or
ce),
the above
irregularity
should be
kept
in
mind.
Thus,
the word for
'priest'
in most lexicons will be
spelled Freest,
whereas in modern literature the more com-
mon form is Prest.
12.
0,
(6),
has no
equivalent
sound in
English. Long
is like the German 6 in
Gothe,
or the French eu in
$eur.
It
closely
resembles the vowel sound in the
provincial
American
pronunciation
of
'burn,' only
the learner must
be careful not to introduce an r sound after o where
there is no r. To
produce
it the
lips
must be well
rounded and
projected.
Ex.:
0, island; 0re,
ear;
ho-re,
\\zzx\fo-de,
feed; rod,
red. Short is different
only
in
quantity.
It is
equivalent
to the French eu in
peu^
or the
German o in
Goiter^
and resembles the u in
'hurry.'
Ex.:
Host, autumn;
Lofte, promise;
Soster,
sister.
a. Before
gn,
6 has the sound of the
diphthong 6i, (i4, 2),
the
g becoming
silent.
Thus,
the word
Logn
is
pronounced
as
though
written Loin.
13.
Aa
(a), long,
has the same sound as
open
o
(see
8,
i).
Ex.:
Aal, eel; Daad, deed; aaben^
open;
gaa, go.
The short sound differs
only
in
quantity.
Ex.:
Haand, hand; maat-te,
must.
a. The names of the letters // and k have this
soui|d;
namely,
haa and kaa.
8 NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
DIPHTHONGS.
14.
The
diphthongs
are
ei, 6i,
au
(sometimes ou),
and
in words of
foreign origin, ai,
oi and eu. le is not a
diphthong; thus, bi-e,
to
wait; Pi-e-tet,
piety
; Fa-mi-li-e,
family.
Some modern authors write
j
instead of i in
these
diphthongs,
a substitution not
recognized
in official
orthography.
1
)
Ei is a
compound
sound made
up
of the a in
'age'
and the e in 'eat'
pronounced rapidly together.
It has
its exact
equivalent
in the Scotch
ey
in
'gey.'
Ex.:
Seil,
sail
; Vei,
way ; rei-se,
travel.
a. In the words Veir
t weather,
and its derivative
Uveir, storm,
ei has the sound of <z before
r,
that
is,
like e in 'there.'
b. E
before
gn
and
gl,
when these consonants
belong together
in the root of a
word,
has
(with
few
exceptions)
the same
sound as the
diphthong ei, the^- being
silent or rather fused
in the e. Ex. :
Tegn, sign
;
Egn, region
;
Tegl,
tile. But in
egne (the plural
of
egent own)
the e has its
ordinary long
sound,
because the
g
and n do not
belong together
in the
root.
2)
0i is a
very
common
diphthong.
It has the sound
of o followed
quickly by
a short
z,
both sounds
being
run
together
into one
syllable.
Ex.:
hoi, high;
Stoi^
noise.
3)
Au is much like the
English
ou in
'house,'
but some-
what closer.
Ex.
:
Au-gust, August; Haug,
hill.
C. Eu
in
Eu-ro-pa
has the same sound as
au,
but in other words
it has the sound of the
Norwegian diphthong
61,
as in neu-
trdl,
neutra.l;far-ma-ceut, pharmacist.
4)
Oi is found
only
in a few
foreign
words. It is like
oi in 'oil.' Ex.:
Kon-voi,
convoy.
CONSONANTS.
15.
B has the same sound as in
English
:
Bad,
bath
;
Bi-bel,
bible.
a. Before 5 or t in accented
syllables
b has the sound of
/:
drcebt,
killed
; dobt, baptised.
CONSONANTS 9
b.
B, d, g
are called
soft,
and
p, t,
k hard consonants. In
many
Norwegian
words where a
long
vowel is followed
by
a soft
consonant,
the latter has the sound of its
corresponding
hard
consonant.
Thus, Pi-be, pipe,
is in modern
usage pronounced
Pi-pe; Baad, boat,
is
pronounced Baat,
and
syg,
sick,
becomes
syk.
Some
authors,
especially Bj6rnson,
now use this
phonetic spelling.
16. C is now found
only
in
foreign words,
where it has
the sound of
s;
as
Cen-trum, center;
Of-fi-cer,
officer;
Dis-
ci-pel, disciple.
Words of
foreign origin, formerly
written
with
c,
where the c was
hard,
are now written with
k\
as
Kritik,
Kandiddt.
17.
D is
usually
like the
English d; asZ?tf#</,deed ; bi-de,
to bite.
a. For the t sound of d after
long vowels,
see
15,
b.
b. Before
st,
d is
always
silent;
as
bedst,
best. Before s in a
short
syllable
d has the sound of
t,
although
here, too,
especially
in
colloquial language,
it is
silent,
the vowel
remaining
short;
as in
Sfids, point; Trods, defiance; plud-
se-lig (pr. plus-se-li}, suddenly.
C. In
many
words d is silent after the
liquids 1,
n and
r;
thus
Mandy
man
; Land,
land
; Fold,
fall
;
haard,
hard. There are
so
many exceptions
to this
rule, however,
that the
beginner
had better not
apply
it
except
in
poetry,
where the
rhyme
may require
it. Thus
Jord
and
Mor,
han and Land make
perfect rhymes.
18. F is like
English f except
in the
preposition
and
prefix of,
of, where,
as in
English,
it has the sound of
v;
as
df-bryde,
to break off.
19.
Q in all unaccented
syllables
and before the
hard vowels is like
g
in
'good';
as
dd-de, street;
god,
good;
gul, yellow; drd-ge,
to
draw;
N6r-ge, Norway.
Before the soft vowels in accented
syllables
it has
the sound of
English y
in
'yield';
as
gi-ve, give; gy-se,
shudder;
gore (for gjb're)
;
gerne (for gjerne).
a. Before
t, g
has the sound of k:
Digt, poem; Pligt, duty;
neg-te,
to
deny.
10 NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
b. In the
adjective
and adverbial
endings -ig
and
-lig
the
g
is
silent,
the /
retaining
its short sound:
al-drig,
n&\er
\fcer-dig,
ready; mer-ke-lig,
remarkable,
as also in
mer-ke-lige (the
plural form).
When t is added to these
endings (to
form
the
neuter),
the
g
has a k sound:
merkeligt; nod-ven-digt,
necessary.
C. In naturalized French words with a
^-before
a soft
vowel,
the
g
is
sounded,
not as in
French,
but like
English
sh;
as
ge-ni (pr. she-nee), genius; etage (pr. e-ta-she), story (of
a
house).
d. In the combination
gj
the
g
is silent.
Many
writers
drop
the
j
of this combination in
places
where the
pronunciation
is not
affected;
that
is,
before the soft
vowels,
where
g
has
the sound of
Norwegian /, English y.
Thus
gjore
and
gore,
to
do,
are identical in sound and
signification; similarly Gjest,
or Gest
(pr. yest), guest; gjennem,
or
gennem, through.
20. H is sounded as in
English.
It is silent before
j
and
v and in the combination th
;
as
Hus, house; Fri-hed,
freedom
; but, Hjem
(pr.
yemm),
home;
Hjul
(pr. yule),
wheel;
hvad, what; livid,
white
; hvi-le,
rest.
21. J has the sound of
English y;
as
ja9 yes; Jord^
earth
;
ja-ge,
chase.
22. K has the same sound as in
English, except
before
the soft vowels in accented
syllables,
where it
approximately
has the sound of ch in 'church.' Ex. :
As k in
English
:
kal-de,
to
call; Klok-ke, bell; Kul-tur,
culture. As ch: Kir-ke
(only
in the accented
syllable),
church; Ki-ste, chest;
kys-se,
to kiss.
a. The exact sound of this soft k
may
be
produced by pro-
nouncing
'chest' without
allowing
the
point
of the
tongue
altogether
to touch the
palate.
For k in consonantal
digraphs
and
trigraphs,
see
31.
23. L, m,
n and
p
have
practically
the same sounds as
in
English
;
as
Lam-fa lamp
;
Peng-e, money
;
Sangông
;
lum-pen, paltry.
24. Q
has the sound of k and is
usually
so written. In
modern
orthography
qu
becomes
kv,
in which combination
CONSONANTAL DIGRAPHS
11
both letters are sounded. Kvinde
(pr. K'vin-de),
woman;
Kvad,
a
song ; Kvarto,
quarto.
25.
R
is rolled and
always distinctly
heard :
as, Ravn,
raven;
rig,
rich; mere, more; veer-re, worse;
Styrke,
strength.
26. 5 is
always sharp
like
English
ss :
So-len,
the
sun;
le-
se,
to read
; Ro-se,
rose,
27.
T is sounded as in
English; as, Stat, state;
Ting,
thing; stot-te,
to
support.
In the
monosyllabic ending
-tion it has an sh
sound;
as in Na-tion
(pr. na-shoon);
Konversation. Sometimes this
ending
is written
sjon.
28.
V,
in native
words,
is like
English z>/ as, Vin-du,
window; Vand, water; va-dc,
wade.
W
appears only
in
foreign
names,
and has the sound of v.
a. V has the sound of f :
i)
before t after a short vowel in in-
flectional forms of words whose roots have
v\ as,
havt
(from
have);
stivt
(from stiv}', 2)
before s after a short vowel when
the root has
v\ as, Havsens, Livs-glcede; 3)
in Vi-6l
t vioUt,
Violin.
b. V is
usually
silent after I:
as, Solv, silver; >for/v,
half
; tolv,
twelve
; selv, self,
(but
not in
selve).
It is also silent in
Provs/,
dean.
29.
X is now used
principally
in
foreign
words. For
the sake of
brevity,
however,
it is used
by many
writers,
even in native
words,
instead of its
equivalent ks; as,
Text
or
Tekst, text;
strax or
straks, immediately.
a. Initial x in
foreign
words has the sound of
sharp
s:
Xantippe.
30.
Z has the
sharp
sound of s:
Zigeuner, gipsy.
CONSONANTAL
DIGRAPHS
AND
TRIQRAPHS.
31.
The
following
are to be noted:
i
)
Bj,
where both consonants are
distinctly
sounded, j
having
its usual
(_y)
sound;
as
Bjorn,
bear.
2)
Gj,
which has the value of
simple j; as,
gjore, do;
Gjest, guest
(19, d).
3)
Kj,
which has the sound of k before a soft vowel
(22, a.)
; as,
kjo-re,
drive
; Kjob-mand,
merchant.
4)
Skj,
which has the sound of
sh;
as
Skjeg (pr.
shegg),
beard
\for-skjel-lig,
different. Sk before a soft
vowel in an accented
syllable
has the same sound.
a. In the combinations
gj, kj
and
skf
before a soft vowel in
accented
syllables,
the
/
is
dropped by many
writers both in
Norway
and Denmark. The official
orthography
of
Norway
has not
adopted
this elimination. Both Ibsen and
Bjornson
regularly
discard this
j.
In these authors one will find
gore
for
gjore;
Gtest for
Gjest;
skcere for
skjoere.
5)
Th,
where the h is
always
silent;
as
Thor, Thor;
Throne,
throne
; The-a-ter,
theater.
b. The // in th is now
usually dropped
in all words
except tki,
for
(because),
to
distinguish
it from
//, ten,
and
//,
the im-
perative
of ti-e
t
to be silent.
VOWEL CHANGE.
32.
In the formation of
derivatives,
the
plural
of
nouns,
and the
comparison
of some
adjectives,
a somewhat
regular
change
of vowels takes
place.
This is called Mutation or
Umlaut.
Thus,
a to
*e,
as
Mand, man; Mcend,
men.
Navn, name; ncevne,
to name.
glad, glad ; Glcede,
joy.
aa
(d)
to
ce,
as
Haand, hand; Hcender,
hands.
saa,
to
sow; Seed,
seed.
o to
(<?),
as
Klo,
claw
; Kloer,
claws.
love,
to
promise
;
Lo'fte,
a
promise.
stor, large ; storre, larger.
u to
y,
as
ung, young
;
yngre, younger.
tung, heavy
;
Tyngde, weight.
VOWEL CHANGE
13
It will be observed that these
vowel-changes
are
always
from
hard vowels
(a,
aa, o,
and
u)
to the
corresponding
soft ones
(ce,
0,
y).
These
changes
were
originally produced by
a
process
of assimilation effected
by
the
appearance
of certain letters
(or sounds)
in the inflectional
endings
of words. In Old
Norse i
(/)
and u
(-w)
are "the two themes which hit back in
this
way, assimilating
the root vowel half
way
to
themselves,
and thus
producing
a delicate
harmony." (Vigfusson
and
Powell,
Icelandic
Reader.)
EXERCISE
IN PRONUNCIATION.
har et
Hjemi,
det* er saa
godt,
I have a home it is so
good
Skjont
5
kun
6
en liden
Hytte;
although only
a little hut
Men ei
n
for noget Konge-slot*
but not for
any royal-castle
vilde det*
bort-bytte*.
would it
(away) exchange
Der har
jeg
baade Far
og
Mor
there have I both father and mother
Og
mine Soskend^^
kjcere
ll
\
and
my
brothers-and-sisters dear
Der dcekkes
1 "*
dag
U
gen
mit Bord
1
**
& O
there is-decked
daily my
table
Hvad
1 4
kan
jeg
mer
begjcere
1 5
?
what can I more desire
J
) /isf
like
'yea.'
a
)
h
before/
is
silent; / likej/;
the vowel short.
3
)
/ is
silent.
4
)
dt like ti
;
vowel short.
) skj
like sh.
6
)
vowel short.
7
)
ti like
a in
'age.'
8
) ng
like
ng
in
'singer.' ) primary
accent on
bytr.
10
)
k has a
hard sound.
J1
) ^/like
ch.
12
)
a like e.
13
)
d is silent
(after r)\
vowel
long;
rhymes
with
Mor,
like 'moor' and 'boor' with rolled r.
14
)
// before v is silent.
) gj likej/,
i.
e., g
before
j
is
silent,
and
/
is like
English_y.
ARTICLES.
33.
The
gender
of nouns in
Norwegian
is
grammatical.
It is either common or
neuter,
and is indicated
by
the
articles. There are two
articles,
the definite and the
indefinite,
both of which are inflected.
34.
The indefinite article in the common
gender
is
en,
a or
an;
in the
neuter,
et.
Thus,
en
Mand,
a
man;
en
Kvinde,
a woman
;
en
Bog,
a book
;
et
Hus,
a house
;
et
Rige,
a
kingdom.
a. Nouns
denoting profession
and
occupation usually
omit the
indefinite article where in
English
it would be used: Han er
Lcege,
he is a doctor. Det er
vanskeligt
at blive
Forfattcr,
it is
difficult to become an author.
35.
The definite article has two forms:
i)
A
noun without an
adjective
is made definite
by adding
the
indefinite article to it as a
suffix,
-en
(
or -n
)
for the common
gender,
-et
(or -t)
for the neuter.
Thus, Manden,
the
man; Kvinden,
the
woman;
Bogtn,
the
book; //kret,
the
house
;
Rige\.,
the
kingdom.
This is called the
post-
positive
article
;
its
plural
form is -ene or -ne for both
genders.
Thus, Mczndent,
the men
; Kvinderne,
the
women
; Ifusene,
the houses.
36.
2
)
When the noun is
preceded by
an
adjective,
the
post-positive
article is not used. In such a case the form
den, the,
for the common
gender,
det for the
neuter,
and
de for the
plural
(of
both
genders)
precedes
the
adjective
as in
English.
Thus,
den
gode
Mand,
the
good
man
;
den
gode
Kvinde,
the
good
woman
;
det
gode
Hus,
the
good
house
;
de
gode
Mcend,
the
good
men
;
de
gode
Huse,
the
good
houses
;
de
gode
Kvinder,
the
good
women.
a. The definite article is used with abstract nouns and those
taken in a universal sense.
Thus,
t'vet er
langt,
life is
long;
Jerneit
er
sterkt,
iron is
strong.
ARTICLES 15
b. It is often used where
English
uses a
possessive adjective; as,
Gutten satte Hatten.
faa Hovedet,
the
boy
placed
his hat
upon
his head.
C. In
colloquial language
both definite articles are
frequently
used at the same
time; thus,
den
gode
Mandetl,
the
good
man;
det store
Huset,
the
large
house;
de brune
Hestene,
the
bay
horses.
EXERCISE
ON ARTICLES.
en
Hest,
a
horse; Heste,
horses.
Hesten,
the horse
; Hestene,
the horses.
en
By,
a
city
;
Byer,
cities.
Byen,
the
city
; Byerne,
the cities.
en
Kone,
a woman
; Koner,
women.
Konen,
the woman
; Konerne,
the women.
et
Hus,
a house
;
Huse,
houses.
Huset,
the house
; Husene,
the houses.
et
Aar,
a
year;
Aar,
years.
Aaret,
the
year;
Aarene,
the
years.
et
Barn,
a child
; Born,
children.
Bar
net,
the child
; Bornene^
the children.
NOUNS.
GENDER.
37.
Nouns have two
genders,
common and neuter. This
is indicated in the
singular
by
the articles
(34)
and also
by
adjectives
and
pronouns.
a. In Old
Norse,
the
language
of the
Sagas,
still
spoken
in Ice-
land in an almost
unchanged
form,
nouns are
masculine,
feminine or
neuter;
in the
Norwegian
dialects these
genders
are still
preserved
in the three forms of the
article; as,
ein
JHfann,
a man
;
el
fCona,
a woman
;
eit
Barn,
a child.
ein
Stol,
a
chair;
ei
Dor,
a
door;
eit
Hits,
a house.
38.
The
grammatical gender
of a noun is often de-
termined
by
the natural
gender,
but
usually by
its
ending.
16
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
There
are, however,
so
many exceptions that,
as in
German,
the
gender
of nouns must be learned
by practice.
The
following general
rules
may
be
given.
39.
Of the common
gender
are :
i
)
The names of
living beings,
trees and
plants,
divisions
of land and
water,
the
heavenly
bodies,
the seasons and
other divisions of
time; as,
en
Kvinde,
a
woman;
en
Hund,
a
dog;
en
Birk,
a
birch;
Rug
-en,
the
rye;
en
0,
an
island;
en
Elv,
a
river;
en
Stjerne,
a
star; Sol-en,
the
sun;
Host-en,
the
autumn;
en
Uge,
a week. /vJh*j
.
2)
Derivatives in
-e, -d, -de,
-et and in
-else, -sel,
-ing,
-ske,
-dom and
-hed; as,
en
Gave,
a
gift;
en
Fccrd,
an
expedition;
en
Hoide,
a
height;
Skabelse-n, creation;
en
Advarsel,
a
warning;
Barndom, childhood; Blindhed,
blindness.
40.
Of the neuter
gender
are:
1)
Nouns
denoting substances,
names of cities and
places,
letters and
languages,
and other
parts
of
speech
used as
nouns; as, Papir-et,
the
paper; Kjb'd-et,
the
meatjx*y^
Guld-et, gold; Vand-et, water;
det
sydlige Europa^
southern
Europe;
det
gamle Norge,
old
Norway;
det
norske
Sprog,
the
Norwegian language ;
det stumme
e,
silent e
;
mit
Ja
er saa
godt
som dit
Nei,
my yes
is as
good
as
your
no.
2)
Nouns with the
endings
-ri
(-/),
-ende, -domme,
-maal,
and -skab
; as, Slaveri,
slavery
;
et
Foretagende,
an
enterprise;
Herredb'mme, dominion;
et
Sporgsmaal,
a
question;
Venskab,
friendship.
Also nouns derived from verbs without the addition of
an
ending
; as,
et
Spring,
a
leap ;
et
Slag,
a blow.
41.
In some nouns the
gender changes
with the
signifi-
cation; as,
en
Ark,
an
ark;
et
Ark,
a sheet
(of paper).
en
Bid,
a
morsel;
et
Bid,
a bite.
NOUNS
17
en
Brud,
a bride
;
et
Brud,
a breach.
en
Verk,
a
pain;
et Verk. a work.
en
Raad,
a
counsellor;
et
Raad,
advice.
42.
Compound
nouns
usually
take the
gender
of their
final
member; as,
et
Is-hus,
an
ice-house;
et
Arm-baand,
a
bracelet
;
en
Hus-fugl,
a domestic bird.
43.
The natural
gender
in some words is indicated
by
the
ending; as, Grevlnde, countess,
from
Grew, count;
Lovinde, lioness,
from
Love, lion; Veninde, lady
friend,
from
Ven, friend; Baronesse, baroness,
from
Baron,
baron;
Kassererske,
from
Kasserer, treasurer;
Direk-
trice, directress,
from
Direktor,
director.
THE
PLURAL
OF NOUNS.
44.
The
plural
of nouns is
usually
formed
by adding
r, er,
or e.
Some, however,
form the
plural by
a
change
(umlaut)
of the root
vowel,
and others
change
the vowel
and take an
ending
as well.
Many
nouns have the same
form for both numbers.
45.
Nouns
may
be classified
according
to the manner
in which
they
form their
plurals.
CLAS5 I.
46.
Nouns
ending
in an unaccented e add r to form
the
plural
;
as en
Abe,
an
ape,
Aber et
^3Lble,
an
apple,
^JSbler;
en
Begravelse,
a
burial,
Bcgravelser
;
Veninde,
lady
friend,
Veninder
;
en
Krone,
a crown
(a
coin,
about
27 cents),
Kroner
;
en Ore
(a
coin,
the hundredth
part
of
a
Krone),
Orer.
a.
Note the
following exceptions
: en
Bonde,
a
peasant,
Bonder
;
et
Oie,
an
eye,
Oine;
et
Ore,
an
ear,
Oren
(or Orer).
CLASS II.
47.
The
following
classes of nouns form their
plurals
by adding
er:
i
)
Those that end with the root vowel
; as,
en
Aa,
a
rivulet,
Aaer.
en
By,
a
city, Byer.
en
Li,
a
slope,
Lier.
en
Sjo,
a
sea,
Sjoer.
en
Bro,
a
bridge,
Broer.
en
Ske,
a
spoon,
Skeer.
en
Hei,
a
ridge,
Heier.
et
Trtz,
a
tree,
Trceer
(or
Trcer).
en
Mo,
a
heath,
Moer.
a. The
important exceptions
are: en
Hoi,
a
hill,
height, Ho'te;
en
Floi,
a
vane, Floie;
en
Vet,
a
road,
way,
Veie;
en
Sko,
a
shoe,
Sko.
2)
Those
ending
in
-en, -el, -sel,
-ing (also -ning
and
-ling},
-hed, -skab,
and
-r/y as,
en
Aften,
an
evening, Af-
tener.
en
Kjedel,
a
kettle,
Kjedler*
et en
ass,
et
Kjokken,
a
kitchen,
Kjok-
kener.
en
Lidenskab,
a
passion,
Li-
denskaber.
en
Lang
sel,
a
longing,
Lcengsler
*.
en
Arving,
an
heir,
Ar-
vinger.
en
Bygning,
a
building,
Bygninger.
en
Lcerling,
a
learner,
Leer-
linger.
en
Dumhed,
stupidity,
Dum-
heder.
et
Maleri,
a
painting,
Ma-
lerier.
b. Some
personal
nouns like
Olding,
old
man,
and
Slcegtning,
relative,
usually
add e instead of er to form the
plural.
3)
Derivatives in d and
/y as,
en
Bygd,
a
district,
Byg-
der.
en
Dyd,
a
virtue, Dyder.
en
Drift,
an
impulse, Drif-
ter.
en
Kunst,
an
art,
Kunster.
en
Slegt,
a
race,*
family,
Slegter.
en
Magt,
a
power, Magter.
en
Udsigt,
a
prospect,
Ud-
sigter.
T;'iixû
en
Vekst,
a
growth,
Vekster.
*
Words
ending
in -tl
drop
the e before the / when a
syllable
is added.
THE PLURAL OF NOUNS 19
/} )
Most
foreign nouns,
especially
those
having
the accent
on the final
syllable;
as,
et
Hcf,
a
court,
Hoffer*.
en
Nation,
a
nation,
Natio-
ner.
en
Melodi,
a
melody,
Me-
lodier.
en
Prest,
a
priest,
Prester.
en
Part,
a
part,
Parter.
en
Student,
a
student,
Stu-
denter.
en
Kandiddt,
a
candidate,
Kandidater.
en
Figur,
a
figure, Figur
er.
en
Grad,
a
degree,
Grader.
en
General,
a
general,
Ge-
neraler.
C.
Foreign
words
ending
in
-urn, drop
this termination when
they
receive the
plural
or the definite
ending;
as,
et
Sttidtum,
a
study;
Studier^ studies; Studiet,
the
study.
5 )
Other
parts
of
speech
used as nouns
;
as
ingen
Men-
ner*,
no buts
(men, but); mange
Neier,
many
noes,
(nei, no).
CLASS HI.
48.
Many monosyllabic
nouns that add er in the
plural
also
modify
the
root-vowel; as,
en
Rod,
a
root,
Rodder.
en
Tand,
a
tooth,
Tcender.
en
Taa,
a
toe,
Tceer.
en
Nat,
a
night,
Ncetter.
en
And,
a
duck,
en
Bog,
a
book,
Boger.
en
Fod,
a
foot,
Fodder.
en
Haand,
a
hand,
Hcender.
CLASS IV.
49.
The
following
classes of nouns form their
plural
by adding
e :
i)
Most
monosyllabic
nouns of the common
gender
(and
many
of the
neuter)
that end in a
consonant; as,
en
Arm,
an
arm,
Arme.
en
Bjorn,
a
bear,
Bjb'rne.
en
Bcenk,
a
bench,
Bcenke.
en
Birk,
a
birch,
Birke.
en
Dverg,
a dwarf
,Dverge.
en
Dor,
a
door,
Dore.
/C^-
*
All
monosyllabic
words
(and
other words with the accent on the last
syllable)
with a short
vowel, ending
in a
single
consonant,
double this consonant
when a
syllable
is added.
en
Hat,
a
hat,
Hatte.
en
Elv,
a
river,
Elve.
en
Fjord,
a
fjord, Fjorde.
en
Gaard,
a
farm,
Gaarde.
en
Havn,
a
harbor,
Havne.
en
Hest,
a
horse,
Heste.
en
Kniv,
a
knife,
Knive.
en
Vceg,
a
wall,
Vcegge.
a. There are
many exceptions
to this
class; as,
en
Aand,
a
spirit,
Aandcr.
en
Bred,
a
border,
Bredder.
en
Bon,
a
prayer,
Banner.
en
Gjest,
a
guest, Gj
ester,
en
Mast,
a
mast,
Master,
en
Ven,
a
friend,
Venner*.
In some words of this class
usage
varies in
Norway
and
Denmark,
the
Norwegians inclining
to. the -er
ending.
Es-
pecially
in
colloquial language
in
Norway many
words of this
class have an -er
ending
in the
plural ;
as
Hester, horses,
for
Heste,
as it is
usually
written. These forms are
gradually
finding
their
way
into literature.
2
)
Nouns
ending
in -er. In most of these words the e be-
fore the r is
dropped
when the e of the
plural
is
added; as,
en
Ager,
a
field,
Agre.
en
Finger,
a
finger, Fingre.
et
Theater,
a
theater,
The-
atre.
en S
osier,
a
sister,
Sostre.
et
Kloster,
a
cloister,
Klostre.
en
Vinter,
a
winter,
Vintre.
But derivatives
usually
retain the
ej as,
en
Borger,
a
citizen,
Bor-
gere.
en
Sanger,
a
singer,
San-
gere.
en
Bager,
a
baker,
Bag
ere.
b. The
following
nouns of this class
modify
the vowel as well:
en
Fisker,
a
fisherman,
Fi-
skere.
et
Bceger,
a
goblet, Bcegere.
en
Kunstner,
an
artist,
Kunstnere.
en
Fader,
a
father,
Fcedre.
en
Modcr,
a
mother,
Modre.
en
Broder,
a
brother,
Br&dre.
en
Datter,
a
daughter, Dotre-\.
3)
Nouns
ending
in -dom which double the final con-
sonant;
as
Rigdom,
wealth,
Rigdomme\,
riches;
For-
dom,
prejudice,
Fordomme.
t
The
singular
was for-
*
Thus also
Vennen,
the friend. See note
p.
21.
merly
Dotter.
$
Thus also :
Rigdommen
t
the wealth.
THE PLURAL OF NOUNS 21
CLASS V.
50.
A few nouns form their
plural by merely modifying
the
vowel; as,
et
Barn,
a
child,
Born. en
Mand,
a
man,
M&nd.
en
Gaas,
a
goose
Gas,
(or
Gjces).
CLASS VI.
51.
Most neuters
ending
in a consonant do not
change
in the
plural.
et
Aar,
a
year.
"
Baal,
a funeral
pyre.
"
Brod,
(a
loaf
of)
bread,
"
Lam,
a lamb.
"
Lys,
a
light.
et
Bud,
a commandment.
"
Spring,
a
leap.
"
Slag,
a blow.
"
Svar,
an answer.
"
Forsog,
an
attempt.
a. There are
many exceptions
in this
class,
some
adding
e and
others
er; as,
et
Bjerg,
a m
ountain,
Bjergc.
et
Blad,
a
leaf,
Blade,
et Bord
%
a
table,
Borde.
et
Sted,
a
place,
Steder.
et
Hoved,
a
head,
Hoveder.
et
Skib,
a
ship,
Skibe.
et
Tag)
a
roof, Tagc.
et
Navn,
a
name,
Navne.
etBryllup,
etBidsel,
a
bridle,
Bidsler.
b. In
colloquial language many
of the words of this class which
by
exception
take e to form the
plural,
follow the
rule,
that
is,
are the same in both
plural
and
singular;
as, Bord, Hus,
Navn,
Skib.
C. Some nduns are used
only
in the
plural ; as, Forceldre^ parents ;
Soskende,
brothers and
sisters;
Forfcedre,
ancestors
;
Penge,
money.
Note. The numerous
exceptions
to the
general
rules for the
formation of the
plural
will indicate that this branch of the
Norwegian language
can be mastered
only
after
long
and
careful
practice.
This
fact, however,
need not be
discouraging
to one who desires to
acquire
an accurate
reading knowledge
of the
language,
as the
articles,
adjectives
and the context
generally
aid in
detecting
whether a noun is
singular
or
plural.
22
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
DECLENSION OF NOUNS.
CA5E.
52.
Nouns have three
cases,
the
nominative,
the
genitive
or
possessive,
and the accusative or
objective.
The
genitive
case,
both
singular
and
plural,
is formed
by adding
s. The
accusative of nouns is
always
like the nominative.
Thus,
SING.
Nom. en
Mand,
a man.
Gen. en
Mands,
a man's.
Ace. en
Mand,
a man.
N. en
Kvinde,
a woman.
G. en
Kvindes,
a woman's.
A. en
Kvinde,
a woman.
N. et
Brev,
a letter.
G. et
Brevs,
a letter's.
A. et
Brev,
a letter.
N. et
Aar,
a
year.
PLU.
Mcend,
men.
Mcends,
men's.
Mcend,
men.
Kvinder,
women.
Kvinders,
women's.
Kvinder,
women.
Breve,
letters.
Breves,
letters'.
Breve,
letters.
Aar,
years.
Aars,
years'.
Aar,
years.
G. et
Aars,
a
year's.
A. et
Aar,
a
year.
53.
When the noun has a
post-positive
article,
the s of
the
genitive
is added to the article.
Thus,
SING.
N.
Afanden,
the man.
G.
Mandens,
the man's.
A.
Manden,
the man.
N.
Kvinden,
the woman.
G.
Kvindens,
the woman's.
A.
Kvinden,
the woman.
N.
Brevet,
the letter.
G.
Brevets,
the letter's.
A.
Brevet,
the letter.
PLU.
M&ndene,
the men.
Mcendenes,
the men's.
Mcendene,
the men.
Kvinderne,
the women.
Kvindernes,
the women's.
Kvinderne,
the women.
Brevene,
the letters.
Brevenes,
the letters'.
Brevene,
the letters.
DECLENSION OF NOUNS 28
N.
Aaret,
the
year.
Aarene,
the
years.
G.
Aarets,
the
year's.
Aarenes,
the
years'.
A.
Aaret,
the
year.
Aarene,
the
years.
a.
Proper
names that end in s form the
genitive by adding
an
apostrophe
and
s;
as Plans's
Bog,
Hans's book. This
may
be
obviated
by saying Bogen
til Hans.
b.
Foreign
names often retain the
foreign genitive
form;
as
Kristi
Dod,
the death of
Christ;
Petri
Breve,
the
epistles
of
Peter.
C. In Old Norse the s is added to both the noun and the
post-
positive
article. Remnants of this are found in
Norwegian
in such forms as Livsens for
Livets,
and Dodsens for Dodens.
ADJECTIVES.
54.
Adjectives agree
with substantives in
gender
and
number
(not
in
case),
not
only
when
they precede
them,
but also when used
predicatively.
55.
When the noun in the
singular
is used
indefinitely
(that
is,
without
any preceding limiting word),
or with
the indefinite article en or
et,
the
simple
form of the ad-
jective
is
used,
if the substantive is of the common
gender,
and t is
added,
if it is of the neuter
gender.
This is some-
times called the
Strong
Declension.
Ex.:
god
Mad,
good
food;
godt
Vand, good
water.
en
godMand,
a
good
man
;
et
godt
Barn,
a
good
child.
Manden er
god,
the man is
good;
Barnct er
godt,
the child is
good.
Bogen
er
stor,
the book is
large
;
Bordet er
stort,
the table is
large.
Den er
stor,
it is
large
;
det er
stort,
it is
large.
a. Final / of the neuter is omitted in:
i) adjectives
that end in
t; as,
et let
Sind,
a
light
mind;
et sort
Lam,
a black
lamb;
2)
some
adjectives having
a vowel before final
d; as,
glad,
happy
;
fremmed, strange
; lad, lazy
; kaad,
frisky
; 3)
derivative
adjectives
in
sk\ as,
et
krigersk
Folk,
a warlike
people;
norsk
Sprog, Norwegian speech;
but radicals in sk follow the
gen-
eral
rule; as,
ferskt Kjod,
fresh
meat;falskt Vidnesbyrd,
false
witness
; 4) adjectives ending
in a vowel
; as,
et vantro
Menncske,
an incredulous
person;
but
ny
t
new
;
fri,
free; sto,
steady,
and
those in -aa follow the
general
rule; as,
ct
frit
Folk
y
a free
people;
et
nyt Hus,
a new
house;
et
graat Hoved,
a
gray
head.
56.
When the noun is
plural,
the
adjective agreeing
adds
,
no matter what the
gender may
be,
or what words
precede.
Ex,:
gode
Mcend, good men;
gode
B5rn, good children;
disse store
Byer,
these
large
cities
;
mine
gamle
For-
celdre,
my
old
parents;
Hestene er
kaade,
the horses
are
frisky*
vi er
unge,
we are
young.
57.
When the
adjective
is
preceded by
the definite
article,
a
demonstrative,
a
possessive adjective,
or a noun
in the
genitive
case,
it has the
ending
e in both
genders
and numbers. This is sometimes called the Weak Declen-
sion.
Ex.: den store
Bog,
the
large
book;
det store Bor
d,
the
large
table.
denne store
Hesi,
this
large
horse
;
dette store
Dyr,
this
large
animal.
min sterke
Arm, my strong
arm;
mit sterke
Barn,
my strong
child.
hans klare
0ie,
his clear
eye;
hans klare
0ine,
his
clear
eyes.
Haralds store
Tanke,
Harold's
great thought;
Guds
hellige
Ord,
God's
holy
word.
a.
Adjectives ending
in aa
(a)
do not take the e
ending (either
in
the
plural
or the
definite);
as,
graa
Katte,
gray
cats;
stnaa
Born,
little
children;
de blaa
Oine,
the blue
eyes.
b.
Monosyllabic adjectives having
a short root vowel and
ending
in a
single
consonant,
and other
adjectives ending
in a
single
consonant with the accent on the last
syllable,
double the
consonant
before
adding
c in both the definite and the
plural
ADJECTIVES
25
forms; as,
den lette
Vet,
the
easy way;
det smukke
Barn,
the
pretty
child;
smukke
Blomster,
pretty
flowers;
en violet
Farve,
a violet color
;
but violette
Farver,
violet colors.
Adjectives
ending
in sow also double the final
consonant; as,
en virksom
Lcerer,
an active
teacher;
virksomme Lcerere
t
active
teachers;
betcenksomme
Mennesker,
discreet
people.
C.
Participial adjectives
and other native words
ending
in et
change
this
ending
to ede instead of
simply adding e; as,
en
elsket
Moder,
a dear
(beloved)
mother;
but min elskede
Moder,
my
dear
mother;
elskede
Brddre,
beloved
brethren;
en
kroget
Vei,
a crooked
road;
but den
krogede Vet,
the crooked
road;
krogcde
Veie,
crooked roads.
d.
Adjectives
of two or more
syllables ending
in
<?/, en,
or er
drop
this e before the final consonant when e is
added; thus,
en edcl
Daad,
a noble
deed;
den edle
Daad,
the noble
deed;
en
kristen
Prest,
a Christian minister
;
kristne
Menneskcr,
Christian
people;
en
mager
Hest,&
lean
horse;
de
magre Heste,
the lean
horses.
e. In
elliptical expressions
where the
limiting
word is
omitted,
and also in exclamations and in
address,
the
adjective
retains
the e
ending;
as,
(min) kj&re Ven,
my
dear
friend;
rige
Kmid,
du lover
godt!
rich
Knud,
you promise
well!
jeg
arme
Mand,
I,
poor
man!
58.
The
following adjectives drop
the n of the
simple
form when the / of the neuter is added. Some of the
plurals
are
irregular.
COMMON. NEUTER. PLURAL.
en,
a or
an,
et
den, the,
det de
liden, small,
lidet smaa
nogen, some,
any, noget nog
en
{nogle}
megen,
much,
meget
andcn, other,
andet andre
hvilkcn, which,
hvilket hvilkc
min,
my
(mine),
mit mine
din,
thy,
dit dine
sin,
his
own,
sit sine
eget egne
26
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
Ex.: en liden
Gut,
a little
boy ;
et lidet
Barn,
a little child.
nogen
Mand,
any
man
;
noget
Menneske,
any person.
nog
en
^bler,
any apples
;
nogle
Êbler
',some
apples.
megen
Godhed,
much
kindness;
meget Vand,
much
water.
en anden
Ting,
another
thing
;
et andet
Sted,
another
place ;
andre
Steder,
other
places.
hvilken
Bog,
which
book;
hvilket
Papir,
which
paper;
kvilke
Boger,
which books.
mln
eg
en
Fader,
my
own
father;
mit
eget Barn,
my
own
child;
mine
egne
Born,
my
own children.
a. The
past participles
of
strong
verbs when used in an
adjective
sense,
undergo
a similar
change; as,
skreven, written, skrevet,
fkrevne.
59.
The
following
demonstrative and indefinite
adjec-
tives are
irregular:
den, that,
det de
denne, this,
dette disse
mangen, many a,
mangt mange
in
gen,
no,
intet
ing
en.
Ex.:
Jeg
liker ikke den
Herre,
I do not like that
gentleman.
Denne
Bog og
dette
Papir
er
mine,
this book and
this
paper
are mine.
Disse
Boger
er ikke
dine,
these books are not
yours.
Jeg
saa
ingen
Mand,
intet Barn
og ingen
Heste,
I saw no
man,
no child and no horses.
a. In
colloquial language
a noun
preceded by
a demonstrative
frequently
has the
post-positive
article also.
Ex.:
Jeg glemmer aldrig
den
Dag&b
t
I shall never
forget
that
day.
ADJECTIVES
AS SUBSTANTIVES
27
*Jeg
har ikke seet denne Gutten
for,
I have not seen this
boy
before.
Hvem bor i det Huset?
who lives in that house?
Hvor er disse Hestev\&
fraf
where are these horses from?
60. The
following
words are also used both
adjectively
and
substantively:
hin, that,
hint hine
hver, each, every,
hvert
samme, same,
samme samme
saadan, such,
saadant saadanne
slig,
such, sligt slige
(somt)
somme,
some.
begge,
both.
Ex. : / hine
gamle
Tider var der en
Konge,
in those
olden times there was a
king.
Hvert eneste Barn var
smukt, every single
child
was
pretty.
Den samme Skurk var her
igaar,
the same villain
was here
yesterday.
Saadanne
Ting
interesserer
mig,
such
things
interest me.
Det er ikke
hyggeligt
at bo i
slige
Huse,
it is not
pleasant
to live in such houses.
Begge
disse Mcznd har vceret mine
Venner,
both
(of)
these men have been
my
friends.
Somme Folk liker ikke at
arbeide,
some
people
do
not like to work.
ADJECTIVES AS SUBSTANTIVES.
61.
Qualifying adjectives may
be used
substantively,
and when so used take the
adjective endings.
Ex.: For
meget af
det
gode,
too much of a
good thing.
En
blind,
a blind man
(or woman);
den
blinde,
the
blind man
(or woman);
de
blinde,
the blind.
28
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
Salige er(e)
de
fattige
i
Aanden,
blessed are the
poor
in
spirit.
Den
fattige
suited,
de
rige
led
Savn,
the
poor
man
starved,
the rich suffered want.
Vifik
hverken vaadt eller
tort,
we
got nothing
to
eat or drink
(literally:
'neither wet nor
dry').
a.
Adjectives, including comparatives
and
superlatives,
used
substantively may
also be used in the
genitive.
Ex.:
Defattiges
Born
lider,
the children of the
poor
suffer.
At save
denretfcerdiges Sovn,
to
sleep
the
sleep
of the
just.
INDECLINABLE ADJECTIVES.
I/
62.
Adjectives
that end in
<?, es,
and in s with a
pre-
ceding
consonant are
indeclinable; as,
et
ringe
Belob,
a
small
amount;
et
of
sides
Sted,
an
out-of-the-way place;
vorfcclles
Ven,
our mutual friend.
a.
Tt'/freds, contented,
and
gammeldags,
old-fashioned,
take the
regular
e
ending
when definite or
plural,
but
they
cannot
take the / of the
neuter;
as den
tilfredse Drunning,
the con-
tented
queen;
but et
tilfreds
Sind,
a contented
mind;
gammel-
dagse
Folk,
old-fashioned
people.
b. Indeclinable are also
t'del, mere, lutter,
sheer
;
as lutter
Tov,
sheer
nonsense;
idel
Armod,
abject poverty.
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES.
63.
The
possessives might properly
be treated under
adjectives,
but
being
derived from
pronouns they
are more
readily
understood after these have been
studied,
and
for that reason
they
will be
given
under Pronouns. See
76.
COMPARISON
OF ADJECTIVES.
64. Adjectives
form the
comparative
and
superlative
by suffixing
ere or re and est or
st,
and in certain cases
(as
in
English) by
the use of
mere,
more,
and
mest,
most.
Most
monosyllabic adjectives
form the
comparative by
adding
ere,
and the
superlative by adding
est.
COMPARISON OF
ADJECTIVES
29
Ex.:
rig,
rich, rigere, rigest.
glad)
glad, gladere, gladest.
hoi,
high,
hoi
ere,
hotest,
sterk, strong,
sterkere,
sterkest.
let,
light,
letter
e,
lettest*.
Adjectives ending
in
-ig, -lig
and -som have ere in the
comparative
and st in the
superlative.
Ex.:
Jlittig, diligent,
Jlittlgere,
flittigst.
lykkelig, happy, lykkeligere, lykkeligst.
virksom, active,
virksommere,
virksomst.
a. The same elision of e in
adjectives ending
in
er, el,
and en
takes
place
in the
comparison
of
adjectives
as in their
declension. See
57,
d.
Ex.:
doven,\azy,
dovnere,
dovnest.
cedel, noble, cedlere,
cedlest.
mager,
lean,
magrere, mag-rest.
65.
The
comparative
and
superlative may
also be ex-
pressed by
mere
(mer),
more,
and
mest,
most, preceding
the
adjective.
This must be done in the
comparison
of
derivative
adjectives ending
in
en, et,
sk
(isk},
and other
adjectives ending
in
ed,
es
(and
s with a
preceding
conso-
nant),
and also all
participial adjectives.
The last
usually
end in ende for the
present,
and et for the
past, participle.
Ex.:
sortladen, darkish,
mere
sortladen,
mest sortladen.
Similarly:- bakket,
hilly, krigersk,
warlike,
frem
med,
strange, udvortes, external,
gjczngs, prevalent,
and
elskende,
loving, elsket, loved,
and
many
others.
a* Mere is used to
express
the
comparative
in a
phrase
like the
following:
Han er mere doven end
syg,
he is more
lazy
than sick.
b.
Comparatives
and
superlatives
do not take the
ending
t to
indicate the neuter.
Ex.: Amerika er et
rigere
Land end
Norge,
America is a richer
land than
Norway.
Det sterkeste Bord er det
bedste,
the
strongest
table is
the best.
*
For the
doubling
of the consonant see
foot-note, p.
21.
30
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
C.
Superlatives
take the inflectional
ending
e like the
simple
adjective, except
when used
predicatively.
Ex. : Han er den
rigeste
Mand i
Byen,
he is the richest man in
the
city.
Min
kjcereste
Ven var her
idag, my
dearest friend was
here
today.
Johansjorste
Tanke var at
lobe, John's
first
thought
was
to run.
but,
Dette Ur er
bedst,
this watch is best.
Mine SEbler er
bedst,
my apples
are best.
66. The
following adjectives modify
the vowel besides
taking
the
regular endings
to form the
comparative
and
superlative
:
stor,
large,
storre,
storst.
lang, long, Icengere, Icengst.
tung*, heavy, tyngre, tyngst.
faa,
few,
fcerre, far
rest.
67.
The
following adjectives
are
compared irregularly
:
gammel,
old, celdre,
celdst.
god, good,
bedre,
bedst.
ond
(vond),
bad, vcerre,
vcerst.
liden, small,
mindre mindst.
mange, many. flere, Jlest.
meget,
much, mere,
mest.
ncer, near, ncermere,
nczrmest.
68. Some
adjectives
are found
only
in the
comparative
and
superlative, being
in
reality
formed from
adverbs; as,
(nede),
down, nedre, lower, nederst,
lowest.
(ude),
out, ydre, outer, yderst,
outermost.
(oven},
above, ovre,
upper,
overst,
uppermost.
(midt),
middle, midtre, middle, midterst,
middlemost.
(bag),
back,
bagre,
back,
bagerst,
hindmost.
(frem},
forth,
fremre,
further,
fremst,
furthermost.
a. The
comparatives bagre
and midtre are used as
positives;
as,
Den midtre
Dor,
the middle door.
Det
bagre
Vindu,
the back window.
*
.This
adjective
has also the
regular
forms
tungere
and
tungest.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS 31
b.
The
following
indeclinable forms are to be noted:
Mire,
the
right (hand
or
side);
venstre,
the
left; nordre, northern;
son-
dre, southern; ostre, eastern; vestre*,
western.
Ex.: Min hoire
Haand,
my right
hand.
Det venstre
Parti,
the
party
of the Left.
C. The
following superlatives
occur:
forst,
first;
forrest,
fore-
most; sidst, last; ypperst, uppermost; agterst (cf. agter, astern,
aback),
rearmost;
eneste
(cf.
en,
one), only, single.
d. All
comparatives
and
superlatives
when used
substantively,
take s to form the
genitive.
PRONOUNS.
69. Pronouns,
like
nouns,
have three
cases,
but in
reality
the
genitive
forms of the
personal pronouns
are
used
mainly
as
possessive adjectives.
To aid the
begin-
ner, however,
these forms will be
given
in
parentheses
so
as to indicate the
corresponding possessive adjectives.
a.
There are no
prepositions,
verbs or
adjectives
in
Norwegian
that
govern
the
genitive.
In this connection it is to be
noted that the
preposition
til in Old Norse
governs
the
genitive,
and some
phrases (now usually
treated as
adverbs)
in the modern Scandinavian
languages
still retain the
genitive ending;
as
tilfjelds (til,
to;
Fjeld, mountain),
to the
mountains;
tilvands
(Vand,
water), by
water;
til Lands
og
Vands,
on land and
sea; tilbunds,
to the
bottom;
tilsengs,
abed,
to
bed;
til
Alters,
to sacrament.
There are also some
sporadic
remains of a dative after a
preposition
in
phrases
like: tildode
(til, to; Dod,
death),
to
death
;
Hive
(i,
in
; Liv,
life),
alive.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
70.
The
personal pronouns
are:
FIRST PERSON.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Nom.
/"f,
I.
z>/,
we.
Gen.
(min,
my
or
mine).
(vor,
our).
Ace.
mig,
me.
os,
us.
*
The
synonyms nordlig, sydlig, dstlig
and
vestlig
are
regular.
f
For the
irregular pronunciation
of some
personal pronouns
see
7,
a.
SECOND PERSON.
N.
du,
them.
/*, you.
G.
(din, thy
or
thine). (eders,
jers, yours).
A.
dig,
thee. eder
(jer),
you.
THIRD PERSON.
N.
han,
he.'
hun,
she. den or
det"\,
it.
de,
they.
G.
(hans,\\\s). (hendes^,hers). (ê.y
or
^te,its).(*fer&y,theirs).
A.
/20#z,
him.
hende,
her. <&?* or
<&/,
it.
dem,
them.
POLITE
FORM
OF THE SECOND PERSON.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
N.
De,
you.
De,
you.
G.
(Deres, your). (Deres, your).
A.
Dem,
you.
Dem,
you.
Polite address
requires
the use of the forms
De,
Deres,
Dem,
which are in
reality
the
plurals
of the third
personal
pronoun capitalized.
The forms
du,
din,
dig
and
I,
eders
(jers),
eder
(jer),
the
pronouns
of the second
person,
familiar
form,
are used in
addressing
relatives and
intimate
friends;
but in
colloquial
language
an
irregular
form dere is
commonly
used instead of / and eder.
The
common
people
often use dere instead of the
regular
polite
form
De,
(Deres),
Dem,
which should
always
be
used in
addressing strangers
and others with whom one
is not on familiar terms.
Ex.: Hvor har du
vceret,
mit Barn? where have
you
been,
my
child?
Born,
har I
(dere)
seet min Stok?
children,
have
you
seen
my
cane?
Kjcere
Far
og
Mor,
det er
hyggeligt
at vcere
hjemme
hos eder
(dere) igjen,
dear father
and
mother,
it is
pleasant
to be at home with
you again.
Hr.
N.,
kan De
huske,
hvor
jeg traf Demforst?
Mr.
N.,
can
you
remember where I met
you
first?
*
Written with a
capital
letter to
distinguish
it from the
preposition /,
in.
t
Den or
det, depending
upon
the
grammatical gender
of the antecedent.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS 33
a. Jers
and
jer
are sometimes used instead of eder and edcrs.
In
poetry they
are often used
interchangeably
to accom-
modate the meter.
Ex.: "Men eder var han mere
god;
Han
dryssed
Rcedseli
jert
Blod^
(Ibsen).
In the last line
consistency
would
require
eders instead
oijcrt.
b. Den and del as
simple personal pronouns usually
refer to
animals and
things.
Ex.: Manden holdt
meget af
Hunden
og
vilde ikke drcebe
den,
the man
thought
a
great
deal of the
dog
and would
not kill it.
Jeff kjobte
en
ny Bog,
men liker den
ikke,
I
bought
a new
book,
but do not like it.
Hvor er Uret? Det
ligger faa
Bordet,
where is the
watch? It is
lying
on the table.
C. As in German the
polite
form of the second
personal pro-
noun is the
plural
of the third
personal pronoun capitalized.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.
71.
The reflexive of the first and second
personal pro-
nouns
is,
in both
numbers,
the accusative.
Ex. :
Jeg slog mig,
I hurt
myself.
Lad
dig
ikke
bedrage,
do not let
yourself
be deceived.
Nu maa vi
skyndeos,
now we must
hurry (ourselves).
Har I
anstrengt
eder? have
you
exerted
yourselves?
The reflexive of the third
personal pronouns,
both
singular
and
plural,
is
sig
(Germ. sick}.
It refers to the
logical subject
of the verb with which
it is used. The
recasting
of a
sentence, however,
is often
necessary
to
avoid
ambiguity.
Ex.: Han Icesie
sig
blind,
he read himself blind.
De
trczngte sig igjennem, they
forced themselves
through.
Hun
negter sig
intet,
she denies herself
nothing.
Han bad ham
kjobe sig
en
Bog,
he asked him to
buy
himself
a book,
The reflexive of the
polite
form
De,
you,
is not
sig,
as we
might expect,
but the accusative Dem.
Ex.: S<zt
Dem,
be seated
(lit.
seat
yourself).
Har De moret Dem
iaften?
have
you
amused
your-
self this
evening?
a. The reflexives are more
commonly
used in
Norwegian
than
in
English.
See Reflexive
Verbs, 176.
Ex.: Stormen
lagde sig,
the storm abated
(lit.
laid
itself).
Lykken
vender
sig ofte,
fortune often
changes.
They
are also used in a dative sense
; as,
Han ventede
sig
ikke et saadant
Udfald,
he did not
expect (for himself)
such
a result.
b. The use of the reflexive in the third
person plural
differs in
Norway
and Denmark. Danish
may
have: De
slog
dern
selv, they
hurt themselves. In
Norwegian
this sentence
must read: De
slog sig
selv. For a similar difference in the
reflexive
possessive
see
76,
a.
RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS.
72.
The
reciprocal pronouns
are hinanden
(hin^^ the,
anden,
other),
and hverandre
(hver,
each). Strictly,
hinanden should be used of
two,
and hverandre of more
than
two,
but
they
are often used
interchangeably,
hver-
andre
being
much more common in
ordinary language,
even when
only
two are referred to.
Ex.: Disse to Brodre
ligner
hinanden som to Draaber
Vand,
these two brothers resemble each other as
two
drops
of water.
Fcettere
siger
ikke
De,
men du til
hverandre,
cousins
do not
say 'you,'
but Hhou' to each other.
Vi skalbcere hinandens
Byrder,
we should bear each
other's burdens.
De elskede hverandres
Born,
they
loved each other's
children.
*
ffinn, kin,
hit are the Old Norse forms of the definite article.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 35
73. Begge, both,
is a dual
pronoun
and also a
pro-
nominal
adjective.
Baade,
both,
is a
conjunction
(see 183).
In some of the
Norwegian
dialects baade is used in the
sense of
begge. Begge,
as a
pronoun,
has the
genitive
begges.
Ex.:
Jeg gav
ham en
of
de to
Boger,
men han vilde
have
begge,
I
gave
him one of the two
books,
but
he wanted both.
Vi har vceret
paa begge
Steder,
we have been in
both
places.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
74.
The demonstrative
pronouns
are den and
det,
that;
denne and
dette,
this;
and hin and
hint,
that
(yon,
yonder).
The context alone indicates whether den
(and det)
is a
personal pronoun,
a demonstrative
pronoun,
or a demonstrative
adjective.
As a demonstrative it is
more
emphatically pronounced.
Ex. :
Bogen Ugger,
hvor
jeg lagde
den,
the book lies
where I laid it.
Denne
Bog
er
min,
den
Bog
er
hans,
this book is
mine,
that book is his.
Denne er
min,
den er
hans,
this is
mine,
that is his.
Det maa ikke
gjores,
it must not be done.
Det maa ikke
gjores,
that must not be done.
Denne* Mands Hustru er
syg,
this man's wife is ill.
but,
Dennes^
Hustru er
syg,
this one's wife
is ill.
SINGULAR.
COM. NEU.
N.
den, that,
defy
G.
dens,
dets.
A.
den,
det.
COM. NEU.
denne, this,
dette.
dennes,
dettes.
denne,
dette.
COM. NEU.
hin, that,
hint,
hins,
hints,
hin,
hint.
*
Note that
adjectives
do not have case,
t Used
substantively,
and hence has a
genitive
form.
j
Den or
dtt,
denne or
dette,
kin or hint
according
to the
grammatical gender
of the antecedent.
PLURAL.
N.
de,
those.
disse,
these.
hine,
those.
G. deres. disses. hines.
A. dem. disse. hine.
a.
Hin, that,
yon,
is
frequently
used in
writing (in speaking
den,
del is more
common)
to indicate
something
at a
distance,
or to refer to a noun in a
preceding sentence,
when it means
'the former.'
Ex.:
Begge
disse Veie
forer
til
Byen;
denne er en
Gjenvei,
kin
gjor
store
Kroge^
both of these roads lead to the
city;
this is a
short-cut,
that makes
large
detours.
75.
Selv,
self, even,
is an intensive.
Ex. :
Jeg
selv var
tilstede,
I
myself
was
present.
Hun Iceser den selvsamme
Bog,
she is
reading
the
identical book.
Selv
Kong
en
negtede
at
hjcelpe,
even the
king
refused to aid.
Selve
Kongen gjorde
det,
the
king
himself did it.
l
Glem dit
Selv,
men tab det
Hike"*,
forget your self,
but do not lose it.
POSSESSIVES.
76.
The
simplest
form
(i.
e. the common
gender,
singular)
of the
possessive pronouns,
or
adjectives,
as we
shall call
them,
is the same as the
genitive
of the cor-
responding pronoun.
Possessive
adjectives agree
with
the substantives with which
they
are used in
gender
and
number; as,
min
Hat,
my
hat;
mit
Barn,
my
child;
mine
Boger, my
books. Possessives that end in s are
indeclinable*
; as,
hans
Hat,
his hat
;
hans
Barn,
his
child;
hans
Boger,
his books.
Sin is the
possessive adjective corresponding
to the
reflexive
sig.
*
On account of this fact
possessives ending
in s are
by Norwegian gram-
marians looked
upon
as
pronouns; they
are here classed as indeclinable
possessive
adjectives,
because their use is
identical
with those
possessives
that are decHned.
POSSESSIVES 37
In the
following complete
list the three forms
(com-
mon,
neuter and
plural)
are
given
:
Ex.
mit,
38
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
Jeg
bad ham
gaa
til sit
Hjcm,
I told him to
go
to his
home.
Bornene elskede sin
Fader,
the children loved their father.
b. As in
English
and
German,
the
possessives
may
be used
substantively.
Ex.: Hvorledes
gaar
det med
dig og
dine? how
goes
it with
you
and
yours?
Han arbeider
for sig og
sine,
he works for himself and his
(family).
Jeg
har
gjort
mit,
nu maa du
gjdre dit,
I have done
my
(share),
now
you
must do
yours.
C. In
colloquial language
the
possessives
frequently
follow the
noun,
which then takes the
post-positive
article.
Ex.: Hvor er Hesten win? where is
my
horse?
Det er Barnet
mit,
it is
my
child.
Han elskede Bornene
sine,
he loved his children.
Der var
ingen,
som vilde
kjobe
Êblerne
hendes,
there was
no one who wanted to
buy
her
apples.
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
77.
The
interrogatives
are hvem*
(hvo),
who; hvad,
what;
hvilken,
which
;
and hvad for en
(or et),
what
(cf.
German was
fur ein.)
The form hvo is used
only
in solemn
style; as, Hvo,
som
sparer
sit
Ris,
hader sin
Son,
he that
spareth
his
rod,
hateth his
son.
Hvilken and hvad
for
en are also used
adjectively.
78.
The
interrogatives
are declined as follows:
SINGULAR.
N. hvem
(hvo),
who, hvad, what, hvilken, which,
hvilket.
G.
hvis,
whose, hvis, whose,
hvis.
A.
hvem, whom, hvad, what, hvilken,
hvilket.
PLURAL.
N.
hvem, hvad,
hvilke.
G.
hvis, hvis,
hvis.
A.
hvem, hvad,
hvilke.
*
Note that
h before v is silent.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
89
Ex.: Hvem ser os ? who sees us?
Hvem ser vi? whom do we see?
Med hvem
gik
han? with whom did he
go?
Hvem
gik
hun med? with whom did she
go?
Hvad er dette ? what is this ?
Hvad
sagde
han ? what did he
say
?
Hvad er han ? what is he ?
ffvis
Bog
er dette? whose book is this?
Hvilken
Bog
talte De om? which book did
you
speak
of?
Hvilken burde
jeg
Icese? which
ought
I to read?
Hvilket Bord sad han ved? which table did he sit at?
Ved hvilket skal
jeg
sidde ? at which shall I sit ?
Hvilke Born var i Huset? which children were in
the house?
Hvilke var
paa
Gaden ? which were on the street ?
Hvad
for
en
Bog
er det? what book is that?
Hvad er
detfor
et Barn? what child is that?
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
79.
The relative
pronouns
are
som, who,
which or
that; der, who,
which or
that;
hvilken
(-et, -e),
which;
hvem, who;
and
hvad,
what.
The declension of the relatives is as follows:
SINGULAR.
N.
som, der, hvem, hvad, hvilken,
hvilket.
G.
hvis, hvis, hvis, hvis, hvis,
hvis.
A.
som, hvem, hvad, hvilken,
hvilket.
PLURAL.
som, der, hvem, hvad,
hvilke
hvis, hvis, hvis, hvis,
hvis
som, hvem, hvad,
hvilke
a. From the above
paradigm
it will be seen that in the relatives
the accusative is like the nominative
(excepting
der,
which
has no
accusative),
and that hvis is used as the
genitive
of all
the relatives.
40
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
80. Som is
by
far the most common relative. It
may
refer to both
persons
and
things
in all
persons
of either
number and
gender.
Ex.: Er det
dig,
som har skrevet dette Brev? is it
you
who have written this letter?
Det er
mig,
som har
gjort
det,
it is I who have
done it.
Hvor er
Damen,
som talte til Dem ? where is the
lady
who
spoke
to
you?
Her er
Bogen,
som han har
Icest,
here is the book
that he has
read.
81. Som cannot be
preceded by
a
preposition ;
as in
English
the
preposition may
come at the end of the clause.
If for
any
reason it is desirable to have the
preposition
before the
relative,
some other relative must be used instead
of som.
Ex.: Han er en
Lcege,
som De kan stole
paa,
he is a
physician
whom
you
can
depend upon.
or,
Han er en
Lcege, paa
hvem De kan
stole,
he is a
physician upon
whom
you
can
depend.
Der er
Bogen,
som
jeg
talte
om,
there is the book
which I
spoke
of.
or,
Der er
Bogen,
om hvilken
jeg
talte,
there is the
book of which I
spoke.
82. Der can
only
be used as
subject.
It is used to
avoid a too
frequent repetition
of
som,
or instead of
som,
the
relative,
when som
meaning
'as' or 'like' stands in
proximity.
Ex.:
Den,
der
(or som)
ikke vil
arbeide,
skal ikke
cede,
he
(the one)
who will not
work,
shall not eat.
Han talte som
en,
der
Icznge
har vceret
syg,
he
spoke
as one who has
long
been ill.
83.
Hvem can refer
only
to
persons,
and as a relative
cannot be used as a
subject except
when it is indefinite.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS 41
It is used instead of
som,
when it is desirable to have the
relative follow the
preposition,
and also to avoid the
repetition
of som and der.
Ex.: Der
gaar
Damen,
med hvem
jeg
talte,
there
goes
the
lady
with whom I
spoke.
Denne Kone har en
Mand,
hvem
(or som) ingen
liker,
this woman has a husband whom no one likes.
Han
sagde,
at
hvem,
som
vilde,
kunde
komme,
he
said
tjiat
whoever wished
might
come.
84.
Hvilken
(hvilket,
hvilke)
is used when the ante-
cedent is followed
by
another noun
;
also when the ante-
cedent is a
phrase
or sentence.
Ex. :
Jeg Icegger
et Brev i
Bog
en,
hvilket De vil
behage
at
give
min
Ven,
I
put
a letter in the
book,
which
you
will
please give my
friend.
Han
fortalte
os om sine
Reiser,
hvilket morede os
meget,
he told us of his
travels,
which
pleased
us
greatly.
85. Hvad,
as a
relative,
is used much like the
English
'what',
but it is
frequently
rendered
by
'that'. It is found
especially
in
elliptical
sentences for det
som,
that which.
Ex.: Hvad du
lover,
maa du
holde,
what
you promise,
you
must
keep,
or, Det)
som du
lover,
maa du
holde,
that which
you
promise you
must
keep.
Han
harfaaet
alt,
hvad
jeg
havde,
he has
got
all
that I had.
Svar
mig, paa
hvad
jeg spb'rger,
answer me
(to)
what I ask.
86.
Hvo, who,
and
hvad, what,
as indefinite
relatives,
are used when the antecedent is not
expressed; they may
or
may
not be followed
by
som or der.
Ex. : Hvo lidet
saar,
lidet
faar,
who little
sows,
little
reaps (gets).
42
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
Hvo,
som
vover,
han
vinder,
who
ventures,
(he)
wins.
Hvo intet
eier,
letvindt
vover,
who
nothing owns,
readily
ventures.
Jeg
har
gjort,
hvad der kunde
gjore**,
I have
done what
(there)
could be done.
a. In the above sentences den
som,
the one
who,
may
be sub-
stituted for
kvo,
and det som for hvad. Hvo is used in the
more solemn
styles,
but also in
proverbs.
GENITIVE OF THE
RELATIVES.
87.
As noted
before,
hois is the
genitive
of all the
relatives.
Ex.:
Jeg vcelger mig
en
Ven^
paa
hvis Troskab
jeg
kan
stole,
I choose
(for me)
a friend
upon
whose
fidelity
I can
depend.
Dette er
Barnet,
hvis Moder dode
igaar,
this is
the child whose mother died
yesterday.
OMISSION OF THE RELATIVES.
88. As in
English
the
relative,
when
objective, may
be omitted.
(See 215).
Ex.: Hvor er
Brevet,
De har skrevet? where is the
letter
you
have written?
Det var
mig,
han talte
om,
it was I he
spoke
of.
INDEFINITE
PRONOUNS.
89.
The indefinite
pronouns
are
det, it; man, one;
en, one; nogen,
some
one; somme, some;
ingen,
no
one;
mangen,
many
a
(one);
anden, other; al, all;
hver or
enhver,
every
one;
enhversom
heist,
whosoever,
and
other words
ending
in
-somhelst,
-soever.
*
The 5
ending
of a verb
usually
indicates the
passive.
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 43
Of these det and man are used
only
in the nominative.
The
genitive
of the others is formed
by adding
s,
and the
accusative is the same as the nominative. The neuter and
plural
forms will be noted under each word. Most of the
indefinite
pronouns may
be used
adjectively. (See
senten-
ces under
each).
90. Det, it,
is used as the indefinite and
impersonal
subject
of a
verb,
answering
to the
English
'it'; as,
Det
regner,
it is
raining.
Det er
mig,
it is I. Det er ikke
sandt,
it is not true.
91. flan, one*,
is also used as indefinite
subject
to
a verb.
Ex. : Man
siger, they say, people say,
it is said.
Man kan ikke altid stole
paa,
hvad Folk
siger,
one
cannot
always depend upon
what
people say.
92. En, gen. ens, one,
may
be used in the same sense
as
man;
it is more common in
colloquial language
than man.
Ex. : Hvad skal en
egentlig
tro om
sligt?
what can one
really
believe in
regard
to such
(things)?
Det er ens
Pligt
at
hjcelpe
de
fattige,
it is one's
duty
to
help
the
poor.
93.
Nogen, anyone, anybody, somebody,
someone,
anyone; gen. nogens;
neut.
noget, something, anything;
plu. nogen, any,
and
nogle,
some.
Nogensomhelst,
neut.
nogetsomhelst, any
one at
all,
is an intensive.
Ex.: Har
nogen
seet min Bror? has
anyone
seen
my
brother?
Der er
nogen,
som har
taget
mine
Penge, (there
is)
some one
(who)
has taken
my money.
Han
sagde
ikke
noget,
he did not
say anything.
*
Sometimes translated
'we,' 'they,' 'people;'
cf. French
on,
Germ. man.
Jeg fortalte
det ikke til
nogensomhelst,
I did not
tell it to
anyone
at all.
Jeg
har ikke
sagt nogetsomhelst
om
det,
I have not
said
anything
whatsoever about it.
a.
Nogen,
in the
plural,
is
usually
rendered
by 'any'
and
nogle
by
'some',
but in
colloquial language nogen (contracted
to
no'en)
is
generally
used instead of
nogle.
Ex.: Har De
nogen Bogcrf
have
you any
books?
Jeg
har
nogle,
I have some.
94. Ingen,
no
one,
nobody
; gen. ing
ens
;
neut. intet
;
plu. ing-en;
intensive
ingensomhelst
;
neut. intetsomheist
y
nothing
whatever.
Ex.: Er
ingen hjemme?
is no one at home?
Noget
er bedre end
intet, something
is better than
nothing.
Har De
nogen Penge?
have
you any money?
Jeg
har
ingen (ingensomkelst),
I have none
(none
whatever).
Ingen
blir
livid,
fordi
han
gjor
en anden
svart,
no
one becomes white because he makes another black.
95. Somme, some;
gen.
sommes,
is
synonymous
with
nogle.
Ex.: Somme liker
ham,
somme
ikke,
some like
him,
some
don't
(lit.
not).
Somme Folk klandrer
Alting,
some
people complain
of
everything.
96. Matlgetl,
many
a; gen. mangens;
neut.
mangt
plu. mange; gen. manges.
The form
mangen
en,
many
a
one,
is also common.
Ex. :
Mangen
en ler
idag,
som maa
grade imorgen,
many
a one
laughs to-day,
who must
cry
to-
morrow.
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
45
Tjenere siger
saa
mangt,
servants
say
so
many
(things).
Mangen
ler med Munden
og grceder
i
Hjertet,
many
a one smiles
(lit.
with his
mouth)
who
weeps
in his heart.
97. Anden, another; gen.andens;
neut.
andet,
anything
else;
pi
u.
andre; gen.
andres. These words are
usually
preceded by
an article.
Ex. : En anden maa have
gjort
det,
another must have
done it.
Har De ikke andet at
fortcelle mig?
have
you
nothing
else to tell me ?
Nogle forlod
ham,
andre
fulgte
ham,
some forsook
him,
others followed him.
Den ene
gik
videre,
den anden kom
tillage,
the one
went
on,
the other came back.
Den enes Dod er den andens
Brod,
one's death is
another's bread.
(One
man's meat is another
man's
poison).
Andre
Tider,
andre
Seder,
other
times,
other cus-
toms.
98 AI, all;
neut.
alt;
plu.
alle; gen.
alles.
Al,
in the
common
gender,
is used
only
as an
adjective.
An
equiva-
lent of alt is
Alting, everything
;
and of
alle, allesammen,
all, everybody.
Ex. : Al Verden
ved,
at han
lyver,
all the world knows
that he lies.
Alt har en
Ende, everything
has an end.
Naar Enden er
god,
er
Alting godt,
all's well that
ends well.
Jeg
husker ikke
altsammen,
I do not remember
everything.
Jeg
likte dem
allesammen,
I liked them all.
Allesammen var
tilstede,
all
(of them)
were
present.
46
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
99.
Hver and
Enhver, each,
every ; gen. hvers, enhvers\
neut.
hvert,
ethvert. Hver has an
equivalent \n.Hvermand,
everybody.
Intensive forms are : alle
og
enhver,
each
and
everybody;
hver eneste
en, every single
one;
en
og
hver,
anybody
;
but hver
og
en,
each and
everybody.
Ex. : Hver er
lykkelig paa
sin
Vis,
each is
happy
in his
own
way.
Enhver er
sig
selv
ncermest,
each is nearest unto
himself.
Han
gav mig
lidt
of
hvert,
he
gave
me a little of
everything.
Det er no
get,
alle
og
enhver kan
se,
that is some-
thing
each and
everybody
can see.
Brevbogfor
Hvermand,
universal letter-writer.
Vi ventede ham hvert
Oieblik,
we
expected
him
every
minute.
100. The
following
forms in
som-helst,
-soever^
should also be noted as indefinites : enhver
somhelst, any-
body, everybody;
hvemsomhelst, whosoever;
hvadsom-
helst,
whatsoever
;
and
hvilkensomhelst, hvilketsomhelst,
hvilkesomhelst, whichsoever,
the last
being
used
only
adjectively.
Ex. : Det kan ikke enhversomhelst
gjore,
not
every
one
can do that.
Sporg
kvemsomhelsf,
De
vil,
ask whomsoever
you
please.
Hvadsomhelst
jeg gjor,
er
urigtigt,
whatever I
do is
wrong.
THE EXPLETIVE.
101.
Der,
like the
English
'there,'
is an
expletive,
and,
as in
English,
has the same form as the adverb of
place,
der,
there.
NUMERALS
47
Ex. : Der var
mange
Folk i
Forsamlingen,
there were
many people
in the
assemblage,
Er der
nogen hjemme?
is there
anyone
at home?
Der er intet
Ltzgemiddel
mod
Doden,
there is no
remedy
for death.
Der herskcde
dyb
Stilhed i
Forsamlingen, deep
silence
prevailed
in the
assemblage.
a. Der is sometimes used in the sense of
det, it; as,
Der
sagdes
igaar,
at
Dronningen
var
farlig syg>
it was
reported yesterday
that the
queen
was
dangerously
ill.
NUMERALS.
102. The cardinal numerals
are:
i, en,
neut. et.
20, tyve.
2,
to
(tvende}.
3,
tre
(trende}.
A,fire.
$,fem.
6,
seks.
7, syv.
8,
otte.
9,
ni.
10,
ti.
1 1
,
elleve.
1 2
,
tolv.
13,
tretten.
1
6,
seksteri*.
17, sytten\.
1
8,
atten.
19,
nitten.
2 1
,
en
og tyve.
30,
tredive
(tretti).
60,
seksti.
70, sytti.
80,
otti
(otteti).
90,
nitti.
100,
hundrede
{hundre).
101,
hundrede
og
en.
1000,
tusend
(tusende,
tusen).
3000,
tre tusend.
1450,
et tusend
fire
hundrede
og
femti,
or
fjorten
hundrede
og
femti.
1896,
atten hundrede seks
og
nitti.
En
Million,
a million.
To
Milhoner,
two millions.
*
Pronounced as
though
written seis-ten.
t
Pronounced sdtten.
%
Pronounced
fdrti, jOrretyve.
Pronounced sdtti.
48
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
a. En and
et, one,
to
distinguish
them from the indefinite
articles,
are sometimes written dn or een
t
dt or ett.
Tvende,
two,
and
trende, three,
are older
forms,
no
longer
used in
the
spoken language.
Tredive,
thirty,
is as
yet
more com-
mon than tretti.
Tusend, thousand,
is in accordance with
the official
orthography,
but the form tusen is
gradually
displacing
it. In like manner
otteti,
eighty,
and kundrede
are
giving way
to the shorter forms 0#i and hundre.
b. The Danes
(and
to some extent the older
generation
of
Norwegians
in certain
parts
of the
country)
have a
system
of
counting by
2o's from
50
to 100.
Thus,
50
is
halv-tre-sinds-tyve,
or halvtres
(kalvtreds).
51
"
en
og halvtresindstyve,
or en
og
Jialvtres.
60
"
tresindstyve,
"
tres
(treds).
70
"
halvfjersindstyve,
"
halvfjers.
80
"
firsindstyve,
"
firs.
90
"
halvfemsindstyve, halvfems.
The old word
Sinde,
now obsolete
except
in a few com-
pounds,
means
'time;'
thus
tre-sinds-tyve
means three times
twenty.
C. When the noun does not follow these numerals the abbreviated
forms are used
; as,
Han
dode,
da han var to
og tresindstyve
Aar
gaminel,
he died when he was
sixty
two
years
old; but,
Han
dode,
da han var to
og
tres.
d. When
preceded by
the definite article or a
possessive,
en and
et become
ene;
as den
ene,
det
ene,
the one.
Ex.: Den ene
Bog
er
mm,
den anden
Karls,
(the)
one book is
mine,
the other Carl's.
e. When used
substantively
Hundrede and Tusend have in the
plural
Hundreder and Tusender.
ORDINALS.
103.
The ordinal numerals are
adjectives,
formed
by
adding
-ende,
-nde or -de to the
corresponding cardinals,
except
in the
following
:
Jorste,
first;
anden
(nwk.andef),
second;
tredje,
third
;
fjerde,
fourth;
sjette,
sixth;
ellevte^
eleventh; tolvte, twelfth;
and
tredivte,
thirtieth. Hun-
drede and tusende have no distinct ordinal forms.
ORDINALS 49
The ordinals are as follows :
den
{det
or
de)forste,
iste.
den,det,syttende, ijde.
den anderi*
(neut.
det an-
"
attende,
i8de.
det),
2den.
"
nittende, igde.
den,
det
tredje,
jdie.
"
tyvende,
2ode.
"
fjerde^
4de.
"
0"
tyvende,
2ide.
"
femte,
jte.
"
tredivte, jote.
"
sjette,
6te.
"
firtiende {fyrrety-
"
syvende,
?de. vende},
4ode.
"
ottende,
8de.
"
femtiende,
jjode.
"
niende, gde.
"
sekstiende,
6ode.
"
tiende,
lode.
"
syttiende, jode.
"
ellevte,
lite.
"
ottiende,
8ode.
"
tolvte,
i2te.
"
nittiende, gode.
"
trettende, ijde.
"
hundrede,
xoode.
"
fjortende,
I4de.
"
hundrede
ogforste,
"
femtende,
i^de.
loite.
"
sekstende,
i6de.
"
tusende,
looode.
a. The ordinals are
usually preceded by
the definite
article,
(or
a
possessive adjective),
but in some set
phrases
it is
omitted;
as #/
syvende og
sidst,
finally.
In
colloquial language, especi-
ally
with
forste,
the article is
frequently
omitted;
as Forste
Gang, jeg
saa
ham,
var Jian en liden
Gut,
the first time I saw
him he was a little
boy.
b. The Danish cardinals
(IO2, b.)
take the
regular ending -*<?<*;
thus, halvtresindstyvende,
fiftieth
; tresindstyvende,
sixtieth.
C. Variatives are formed
by
the aid of the noun
Slags, kind;
thus,
/re
Slags,
three kinds
;
begge Slags,
both kinds
;
//e
Slags
all kinds.
Ex. : Zter er
mange Slags
Mennesker i
Verden,
there are
many
kinds of
people
in the world.
Vi
fik
tre
Slags Vin,
we
got
three kinds of wine.
*
In
colloquial language andre, although
a
plural form,
is
frequently
used
instead of anden and andet.
4
50
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
d. Ite'ratives are formed
by
the aid of the noun
Gang, time; thus,
to
Gauge,
twice;
tre
Gange,
three
times;
to ad
Gangen,
two at
a time. En
Gang,
once,
is to be
distinguished
from
engdng,
once,
once
upon
a time.
Ex.: DC kom dn ad
Gangen, they
came one at a time.
Jeg
har seet ham kun en
Gang,
I have seen him but once.
Der var
engdng
en
Konge,
som hed Harald
Haarfager,
there was once a
king
who was called Harold the
Fairhaired.
e.
Multiplicatives
are formed
by
the aid of the word
dobbelt,
double; thus,
after the forms
enkelt,
single,
and
dobbelt, double,
we have
tredobbelt, triple, jirdobbelt, quadruple.
The word
Fold, fold,
is
principally
used of
crops
in relation to the seed
(in
a
figurative
sense as
well).
Ex.:
Jeg-
saa kun et enkelt Menneske i
Huset,
I saw but one
single person
in the house.
Han
fik
dobbelt Lon
for
sit
Arbeide,
he received double
pay
for his work.
Hveden
giver
i denne
Egn
over ti
Fold,
wheat
yields
in
this
region
over ten fold.
f. Dimidiatives are
formed,
from 2 to
20,
by prefixing halv, half,
to the
ordinal,
and denote a
quantity
half a unit less than the
corresponding
cardinal; thus,
halv-anden
(neut. andet)==en og
en halv
=
ij.
halv-tredje
=
to
og
en halv
=2%.
halv-fjerde
=
tre
og
en halv
=3%.
Ex.: Det er omtrent halvandet
Aar,
siden det
hcendte,
it is about
a
year
and a half since that
happened.
Bogen
koster halvanden
Krone,
the book costs a crown and
a half.
g.
In
giving
the time of
day,
the
parts
of the
hour,
especially
the half
hours,
are likewise
given
in relation to the
following
hour,
but with the cardinals instead of the ordinals.
Ex.: Hvor
mange
er Klokken? what o'clock is it?
Den er
halv-tre,
it is half
past
two.
Klokken er tre Kvartdr til
elleve,
it is a
quarter
to eleven
Den
mangier
et Kvarter i elleve
t
it is a
quarter
to eleven.
COLLECTIVES 51
h. In
enumerating
a series the
following expressions
are used:
for detforste,
in the first
place, firstly.
for
det
andet,
in the second
place, secondly.
for
det
tredje,
in the third
place, thirdly.
i. The
following
numeral forms sometimes occur: selvanden
another and
myself (lit. myself
the
second), selvfferde,
three
others and
myself,
etc.
FRACTIONAL FORMS.
104.
Fractions are formed with the word Del
(or
Part),
part,
with the
proper
ordinal
prefixed
; thus,
en
Tredjedel,
a third
;
en
Tiendedel,
a tenth
;
to
Ottendedele,
two
eighths ;
en
Fjerdedel,
a fourth. Other forms for 'fourth' or
4
quarter
'
are en
Kvart,
et
Kvarter,
en
Fjerding.
Ex.: Han har mistet en
Tredjedel af
sin
Formue,
he has
lost a thircl of his fortune.
Min Kniv er tre
og
to Ottendedele Tommer
lang,
my
knife is three and two
eighths
inches
long.
COLLECTIVES.
105.
The most common collectives are:
et
Par,
a
couple,
a
pair.
en
Snes,
a score.
et
Dusin,
a dozen.
en
Tylft,
a dozen
(used
of
en
Bog,
a
quire.
et
Ris,
a ream.
en
Favn,
a fathom.
en
Alen,
an ell
(two feet),
large objects).
Ex. : Min Sb'ster
kjobte
ti ParHansker
og
to Par
Sko,
my
sister
purchased
ten
pairs
of
gloves
and two
pairs
of shoes.
Jeg trcengerfem
Dusin
Knappertil,
I need five dozen
buttons more.
Min Far er over tre Alen
iHoide,
my
father is over
six feet in
height.
VERB5.
CONJUGATION.
106. Verbs are divided into two
conjugations,
the Weak
and the
Strong, according
to the
way
in which
they
form
the
past
tense,
and
partly
the
past participle.
As in
English,
the
principal parts
of a verb are the
present infinitive,
the
past
tense,
and the
past participle.
The infinitive
usually
ends in an unaccented
e,
by
the
dropping
of which the
root or stem is found.
When, however,
the root of the
verb ends in
aa, e, o,
y,
or
6,
the infinitive
ending
e is
usually
not written in modern
Norwegian
or
Danish,
and
even when
written,
it is not sounded.
Thus,
at
gaa,
to
go;
at
se,
to see
;
at
tro,
to believe
;
at
sy,
to sew
;
at
do,
to die.
THE WEAK CONJUGATION.
107.
Verbs of the weak
conjugation
form the
past
tense
by
the addition of a
syllable
or
syllables {ede,
de,
or
te)
to
the root and do not
change
the root vowel. There are two
classes of verbs in thjs
conjugation.
Those of the First
Class take the
ending
-ede in the
past tense,
and -et in the
past participle
; thus,
PRES. INF.
.
PAST TENSE. PAST PART.
at
elske,
to
love, elskede,
elsket.
at
fiske,
to
fish,
fiskede, Jisket.
at
vente,
to
wait,
vent
ede,
ventet.
at
tro,
to
believe, troede,
troet.
at
huske,
to
remember, huskede,
husket.
To this first class
belong
those weak verbs whose
roots will not coalesce with the
simpler ending
-te
in the
past
tense,
especially
those whose
root-endings
are
t, ndl, ndr,
and
sk\ as,
at
lytte,
to
listen,
lyttede, lyttet.
at
kaste,
to
throw, kastede,
kastet.
THE WEAK
CONJUGATION
53
at
vandre,
to
wander, vandrede,
vandret.
at
handle,
to
act, handlede,
handlet.
108. Weak verbs of the Second Class
add -te in the
past
tense and -t in the
past participle.
To this class
belong
especially
those weak verbs whose roots end in the com-
binations
mm, Id, nd,
and
ng/
as,
Icere, learn,
Icerte,
Icert.
bruge,
use, brugte, brugt.
glemme, forget, glemte*, glemt.
kalde, call, kaldte,
kaldt.
kcende,
happen,
hcendte,
hcendt.
hange, hang, hcengte, hczngt.
109.
Some verbs with the
regular endings
of the above
class also
modify
the root vowel. As
they
have the
characteristics of both weak and
strong
verbs
they
are some-
times called MixedVerbs. This class contains the
following
:
bringe, bring, bragte, bragt.
dolge,
conceal,
dulgte, dulgt.
folge,
follow,
fulgte, fulgt.
kvcele, choke, kvalte,
kvalt.
rcekke, reach, rakte,
rakt.
sporge,
ask,
spurgte, spurgt*
smore, smear, smurte,
''*
smurt.
strcekke, stretch, strakte,
strakt.
scelge,
sell,
solgte, solgt.
scztte, set, satte,
sat.
trade, tread,
traadte,
traadt.
tcelle, count,
talte\,
talt.
vcekke^,
excite, vakte,
vakt.
vcelge,
choose,
valgte, valgt.
*
It is a
general
rule with all
parts
of
speech
that
if,
through
inflexion or
elision,
a consonant
immediately
follows a double
consonant,
one of the double
consonants is
dropped.
t Short
/
distinguished
from
lalte,
the
past
of
tale,
to
speak, (no),
which
keeps
the vowel
long.
See
4.
%
This verb has also the forms vcekkede and
vakket>
when it
means 'to
awaken'
; as,
han vakkede
mig,
he awoke me
;
det
v*kt< min
Medlidenkfd,
it excited
my compassion.
54
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
no. Some weak verbs have the
endings
of both of
the above classes. Where
euphony
will
permit it,
there
is a
tendency
in modern
Norwegian
to use the
simpler
endings
of the second
class,
the
longer
forms
being
retained in the more exalted or solemn
styles
; thus,
tale,
speak,
talte,
talt.
or, talede,
talet.
lege, play, legte, legt.
or,
legede, leget.
svare, answer, svarte,
svart.
or, svarede,
svaret.
a. The final e of the
ending
ede is often
dropped
in verse. In
colloquial language
this is also
generally
done,
in which case
the d has a / sound. This
change
is
beginning
to
appear
in
modern
literature,
and some authors write / instead of d.
Ex.:
"
Da
flammed
hans
Blik>
da saa han
tilbage,
Da maned han
f
rein sine
Bryllupsdage"
Det banket
(bankede)
paa Daren,
there was a
knocking
at the door.
in. The
original ending
of the
past
tense of weak
verbs was -de. In the written
language
this is retained in
modal auxiliaries
(see 135),
and in the
following words,
three of which also
change
the vowel.
gjore,
do,
gjorde, gjort.
l
<zgge, ^y, lagde, lagt.
do, die,
dode,
(dod, adj.)
ske,
happen,
skede
(or skete\ skeet(sket).
sige, say, sagde, sagt.
have, have, havde,
havt.
a. But in
colloquial language
and in the
writings
of some
modern
authors,
a few other
verbs,
especially
those whose
roots end in a
vowel,
have de in the
past tense,
and d in the
past participle;
thus,
naa, reach,
naadde
(naaede),
naad
(naaet).
bry(de\
mind,
brydde
(brod\
bryd
(brudt).
THE STRONG
CONJUGATION
55
saa, sow,
saadde
(saaede),
saad
(saaet\
60, dwell,
bodde
(boede),
bod
(boet).
tro, believe,
trodde
(troede),
trod
(troet).
112. The
past participle,
when the
meaning
will
permit,
may
be used as an
adjective.
The definite and
plural
forms
of such
adjectives
have the
ending
ede,
if the
participle
ends
in
et;
and
te,
if the
participle
ends in t
;
thus,
en elsket
Son,
a beloved son
;
min elskede
Son,
my
beloved son.
et elsket
Barn,
a beloved
child;
mit elskede
Barn,
my
beloved child.
et
gjemt
Brev,
a hidden
letter;
gjemte
Breve,
hidden letters.
THE STRONG
CONJUGATION.
113.
To the
Strong Conjugation belong
those verbs
that do not form their
past
tense
by
the
addition^
of a
syllabic ending
to the root: with few
exceptions,
they change
the root vowel in the
past
tense,
or in both the
past
tense and the
past participle.
Ex.:
tage,
take,
Ex.:
tage, tog, taget, tagen, tagne*.
skrive, skrev, skrevet, skreven,
skrevne.
.
synke,
sank, sunket, sunken,
sunkne.
komme, kom, kommet, kommen,
komne.
a. The
tendency among
modern writers is to
drop
the forms for
the common
gender
and the
plural
of the
past participle.
In
speaking
this is
generally
done.
Thus,
Bogen
er skrevet
(in-
stead of
skreven)',
Brevene er skrevet
(instead
of
skrevne).
But when these
participles
are used as
participial adjectives
preceding
the
noun,
the
regular adjective
forms are used.
Ex.: en skreven
Tale,
a written
speech;
den skrevne
Tale,
the
written
speech.
et skrevet
Brev,
a written
letter;
det skrevne
Brev,
the
written letter.
skrevne
Taler,
written
speeches;
de skrevne
Breve,
the
written letters.
115.
On the basis of
change
in the root
vowel,
strong
verbs
may
be divided into six classes. There
are,
however, slight
variations in each
classj\
1. The first class has the vowel series i
(y
or
ae)
a u
in the
principal parts.
INF. PAST. PAST PART.
Ex.:
briste, break, brast,
brustet.
binde, bind, bandt,
bundet.
synge,
sing,
sang, sunget.
hjcelpe, help, hjalp, hjulpet.
brcende, burn, brandt,
brcendt.
sidde, sit, sad,
siddet.
2. The second class has the vowel series i
(e)
a i
(e),
and some
irregular
forms.
*
For the elision of the e see
49,
2.
t
In the
examples only
the neuter form of the
past participle
is
given.
A
Complete
list
of
strong
and
irregular
verbs will be found at
the
end of the volume.
THE STRONG
CONJUGATION
57
Ex. :
give,
give,
gav, givet.
ligge,
He
(recline),
laa,
bede,as\a, bad,
bedet
(bedt}.
vcere, be, var,
vceret.
se, see, saa,
seet.
cede, eat, aad,
cedt.
bare, bear, bar,
baaret.
3.
The third class has the vowel series i e e.
Ex.:
blive, become, blev,
blevet.
shrive, write, skrev,
skrevet.
gribe, grasp, greb, grebet.
bide, bite, bed,
bidt.
4.
The fourth class has the vowel series
y
6 u
(6).
Ex.:
bryde, break, brod,
brudt.
skyde, shoot,
skjod,
skudt.
stryge,
stroke,
strog, stroget.
fyde,
float,
Jlod, fydt.
5. The fifth class has the vowel series a
(aa
or
e)
o
-a
(aa
or
o).
Ex.:
drage,
draw,
7.
Two
strong
verbs that do not fall into the above
classes are :
faa,
receive,
Jik, faaet.
gaa, go, gik, gaaet.
Note. The
strong conjugation
is the
oldest,
and was undoubt-
edly
for a time the
only
one.
But at an
early period
some
verbs were
given
a weak
conjugation,
and at
present per-
haps
nine-tenths of all
Dano-Norwegian
verbs are weak.
Moreover,
the
language
not
only
forms no new
strong verbs,
but it has also
changed many
verbs that were
originally
strong
to weak.
Thu,
the
past
tense of the verb
vokse,
to
grow,
was once
voks, making
it a
strong
verb. Later this
tense became
voksede,
a weak verb of the first
class,
and
finally
vokste,
a weak verb of the second class.
TENSE.
116. As in
English,
the
only simple
tenses in
Norwegian
are the
present
and
past,
the others
being
formed
by
the aid
of
auxiliary
verbs. The
present
tense is
regularly
formed
by adding
r to the infinitive. The tenses of the indicative
are illustrated
by
the
following
forms of the weak verb
rose,
to
praise,
the
principal parts
of which are:
rose, roste,
rost.
Present:
jeg
roser,
I
praise.
Past:
"
roste,
I
praised.
Perfect :
"
har
rost,
I have
praised.
Pluperfect
:
"
havde
rost,
I had
"
Future:
"
skal
(vil}
rose,
I shall
(will) praise.
Put. Perfect:
" " "
have
rost,
I shall
(will)
have
praised.
117.
Intransitive verbs
denoting
definite
motion,
or a
change
of
condition, usually require
the
auxiliary
vsere,
to
be,
instead of
have,
to have.
Thus,
Present:
jeg
kommer,
I come.
Past:
u
kom,
I came.
Perfect :
"
er
kommen,
I have come.
NUMBER 59
Pluperfect
:
jeg
var
kommen,
I had come.
Future :
"
skal
(vil)
komme,
I shall
(will)
come.
Fut.
Perfect:
"
skal
(vil)
vcere
kommen,
I shall
(will)
have come.
118. There are no forms of the verb in
Norwegian
that
correspond
to the
progressive
and
emphatic
forms of the
English
verb.
Thus,
I
praise,
I am
praising,
and I do
praise,
are
expressed byjeg
roser. Where it is
necessary
to indicate the differences of the
English
forms it must be
done
by
other words and
phrases.
NUMBER.
119.
In modern
Norwegian
and Danish the
spoken,
and
to a
large
extent the
written, language
has the same form
for both
singular
and
plural
of the
verb,
and for all
persons.
Thus,
in the weak verb
vente,
to wait :
Present:
jeg
venter,
vi
venter,
du
"
7
"
han de
"
Past :
jeg
ventede,
vi ventede.
Perfect:
jeg
har
ventet,
m har ventet.
Pluperfect: jeg
kavde
ventet,
vi havde ventet.
Future :
jeg
skal
(vil)
vente,
vi skal
(vil)
vente.
Fut, Perfect:
jeg
skal
(vil)
have
ventet,
vi skal
(vil)
have
ventet.
120. In the older
literature,
and to some extent
among
the more conservative writers of the
present,
a distinct
plu-
ral form is used. This will be referred to as the Classical
form.
Thus,
Present: vi
vente,
instead of vi venter.
Perfect : vi have
ventet,
" "
vi har ventet.
Future: vi skulle
(ville)
vente,
"
vi'skal
'(vil)
vente.
The
past
tense of verbs of the weak
conjugation
is
60
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
always
the same in both
numbers,
whether classical or
modern.
Thus,
jeg
tcenkte,
vi tcenkte.
jeg
elskede,
vi elskede.
But
strong
verbs
having
a
long
root
vowel,
and
ending
in a
consonant,
and
forming
their
past
tense
by
a
change
of
vowel,
add an e to form the older or classical
plural.
Thus,
jeg tog,
vi
toge; jeg
blev,
vi bleve.
MOOD.
121. Verbs have the
following
moods:
indicative,
sub-
junctive,
conditional and
imperative,
to which
may
be
added the infinitives and
participles.
The Indicative has six
tenses,
as in
English
:
present, past,
perfect, pluperfect,
future and future
perfect
(see 116).
122. The
Subjunctive
has but one
tense,
the
present,
and is
always
identical in form with the infinitive. It is
used in concessive
clauses,
or to
express
a wish.
Thus,
Gud
hjcelpe
ham,
(may)
God
help
him.
Han vcere
aldrig
saa
sterk,
let him be ever so
strong.
a. The
subjunctive
is not
very commonly
used,
as the
optative
idea and concession are
usually expressed by
the aid of some
auxiliary
verb.
Thus,
Han vcere
aldrig
saa
sterk,
may
be
expressed by
the use of lad
(the imperative
of
lade,
to
let):
Lad ham vczre
aldrig
saa sterk.
123.
The Conditional has two
tenses, present
and
perfect,
formed
by
the use of the
auxiliary
vilde,
or skulde
(the
past
tenses of
ville, will,
and
skulle,
shall).
Thus,
Present:
jeg
vilde
(or skulde}
rose. I would
(or should)
praise.
Perfect:
jeg
vilde
(or skulde}
have
rest,
I would
(or
should)
have
praised.
124.
The
Imperative
has but one
tense,
the
present,
which is
usually
identical with the root of the
verb;
that
MOOD
61
is,
it is formed
by dropping
the final e of the
infinitive; as,
Tag
mine
Boger^
take
my
books. But if the stem of the
verb ends in a combination of consonants which
euphony
will not
permit
to end a
word,
the e of the infinitive is re-
tained in the
imperative,
as in
aabne,
to
open ; handle,
to
act
;
fordre,
to demand. Verbs in
-ige
also retain the e
;
as,
Uleilige
Dem
ikke,
do not trouble
yourself.
In the older
language,
and at
present
also in solemn
style,
the
plural
of the
imperative
is formed
by adding
an
r to the infinitive.
Thus, Born,
elsker eders
Porceldre,
children,
love
your parents.
125.
The Infinitive
usually
ends in an unaccented e*.
It has three forms:
present, perfect
and future. The
perfect
is formed
by
the aid of the
auxiliary
verbs have or vcere
(see 114),
and the future
by
the aid of the
auxiliary
skulle
or
ville,
infinitive forms
corresponding
to the defective
English
verbs
<
shall
'
and will.'
Thus,
Present: at
elske,
to love.
Perfect: at have
elsket,
to
have loved.
Future: at skulle
(ville}
elske,
to be about
(to
intend)
to love.
at
komnie,
to come.
at vczre
kommet,
to have
come.
at skulle
(ville)
komme,to
be about
(to intend)
to
come.
126. The Present
Participle
is formed
by adding
-ende
to the stem of the
verb; as, elskende,
loving;
kommende,
coming.
When used
adjectively
this
participle,
like
adjec-
tives in
e,
is
indeclinable; as,
et
skrigende
Barn,
a
crying
child
;
en slaaende
Sandhed,
a
striking
truth.
The Past
Participle
of weak verbs ends in -t or
-et; as,
tcenkt
(from tcenke),
and elsket
(from elske).
When used
adjectively,
the
plural
and definite forms of
participles
*
For
exceptions
see 106.
ending
in -/ add
,
and those in -et
change
this
ending
to
-ede.
Thus,
brcendte
Skibe^
burned
ships
;
det brcendte
Skib,
the
burned
ship.
elskede
Venner,
beloved friends
;
min elskede
Ven,
my
beloved friend.
The
past participles
of most
strong
verbs have three
endings, -et, -en, -ne, neuter, common,
and
plural,
re-
spectively.
(See
58,
a.)
VOICE.
127.
What has been said in
regard
to mood and tense
indicates that the Active Voice in
Norwegian grammar
is
like that of
English.
The Passive
Voice, however,
is some-
what different. It is
usually
formed
by
the aid of
the auxil-
iary
verb
blive^
'become'
(
German
werden),
whose auxil-
iary again
is
vcere,
c
be.'
Hence,
the tenses of the
passive
are formed
by adding
the
past participle
of the
principal
verb to the tenses of the verb blive.
Thus,
Present:
jeg
bliver
rost,
I am
praised.
Past: blev
"
I was
"
Perfect:
"
er bleven
"
I have been
"
Pluperfect:
var bleven
"
I had
" "
Future:
"
skal blive
"
I shall be
"
Fut. Perfect:
"
skal vcere bleven
rost,
I shall have been
praised.
128. But in certain
tenses,
namely,
the
present, past
and
future,
the
passive may
be formed
by adding
the suffix -s
or -es to the
corresponding
tense of the active. The
pres-
ent indicative
drops
the
ending
r before
adding
the suffix.
That
is,
the tenses of
any
transitive verb in the
active,
that
do not contain a
past participle, may
take this suffix to form
the
passive, except
the
subjunctive
and
imperative.
Thus,
AUXILIARY VERBS 63
ACTIVE.
PASSIVE.
at
elske,
at
elskes,
or at blive elsket.
jeg
elsker,
jeg
elskes,
or
jeg
bliver
"
jeg
clskede,
jeg
elskedes,
or
jeg
blev
"
jeg
skal
elske,
jeg
skal
elskes,
or
jeg
skal blive
"
These two forms of the
passive
are often
interchange-
able,
but each has idiomatic
uses,
for a discussion of which
see
211, 212, 213.
a. The s of this
passive
is the 5 of the reflexive
pronoun sig (Old
Norse
sik),
which has become
joined
to the verb. Old Norse
has a middle voice formed
by adding
the reflexive
pronoun
(or
a mutilated form of
it)
to the verb. In some verbs the
original
reflexive
meaning
is still
retained; as,
de sarnies de
samle(r) sig, they
assemble.
de undresde
nndre(r) sig; they
wonder.
b. The
pronoun stg
is also used
reciprocally,
and hence some
verbs in 5 have a
reciprocal meaning. Thus,
at slaas
(from
at
slaa,
to
strike),
to strike each
other,
i. e. to
fight;
at
modes,
to
meet;
at
skilles,
to
separate;
tn sees
igjen,
we
(shall)
meet
(see
each
other) again.
AUXILIARY VERBS.
129.
The
auxiliary
verbs used in
making
the
compound
tenses and the
passive
voice of other verbs are :
have,
have
;
vcere,
be
; blive,
become
;
and the modal auxiliaries
skulle, shall,
and
ville,
will.
They
are also used as inde-
pendent verbs,
and have their own
conjugation.
In the
following paradigms,
of the forms skal or
vil,
and skulde
or
vilde,
skal alone is
given
in the
future,
and vilde in the
conditional,
for the sake of
brevity.
For the correct
usage
of each see
138
and
139.
At have.
Principal parts
:
have, havde,
havt.
INDICATIVE.
Present: I
have,
etc.
jeg
\ vi\
du I
har,
I > har
{have).*
han
} de}
Past: I
had,
etc.
jeg
havde,
vi havde.
Perfect: I have
had,
etc.
jeg
har
havt,
vi har
{have)
havt,
Pluperfect:
I had
had,
etc.
jeg
havde
havt,
vi havde havt
Future: I shall
have,
etc.
jeg
skal
have,
vi skal
{skulle)
have.
Future Perfect: I shall have
had,
etc.
jeg
skal have
havt,
vi skal
(
skulle
)
have havt.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Present:
may you,
or
he,
have.
du,
han
have, 7,
de have.
CONDITIONAL.
Present: I
would,
or
should, have,
etc.
jeg
vilde
have,
vi vilde
have.
Perfect: I
would,
or
should,
have
had,
etc.
jeg
vilde have
havt,
vi vilde have havt.
IMPERATIVE.
Present:
have,
or do thou
have,
etc.
hav,
hav
{haver).
INFINITIVES.
Present: at
have,
to have.
Perfect: at have
havt,
to have had.
Future: at skulle
have,
to be about to have.
PARTICIPLES.
Present:
havende, having.
Past:
havt,
had.
*
To accustom the
eye
to the older or classical
plurals
these are
given
in
parentheses.
AUXILIARY VERBS
65
a.
ffar,
the
present
indicative of this
verb,
is a contracted form
of haver.
b. The
infinitive, /tave,
in
colloquial language
is now
regularly
pronounced Aa,
and this form is
slowly finding
its
way
into
print.
The same
may
be said of hadde for havde.
130.
At vsere.
Principal parts:
vcere, var,
vceret.
INDICATIVE.
Present :
jeg
er,
vi er
(ere).
Past :
jeg
var,
vi var
(vare).
Perfect:
Jeg
har
vceret,
vi har
(have)
vceret.
Pluperfect '.Jeg
havde
vceret,
vi havde vceret.
Future:
jeg
skal
vcere,
vi skal
(skulle)
vcere.
Fut. Perf. :
jeg
skalhave veer
et,
viskal(skulle)
havevceret.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Present:
du,
han
vare, I,
de vcere.
CONDITIONAL.
Present:
Jeg
vilde
vcere,
vi vilde vcere.
Perfect :
Jeg
vilde have
vceret,
vi vilde have vceret.
IMPERATIVE.
Present:
veer,
veer
(vcerer).
INFINITIVES.
Present: at vcere.
Perfect : at have vceret.
Future: at skutte vcere.
PARTICIPLES.
Present: vcerende.
'Past: vceret.
131.
At blive.
Principal parts:
blive^ blev, blevet, -en,
-ne.*
*
For the three
endings
of the
past participle
of
strong
verbs see
114.
6
66
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
INDICATIVE.
Present :
jeg
bliver,
vi bliver
(blive).
Past:
jeg
blev,
vi blev
(bleve).
Perfect:
jeg
er*
bleven,
vi er
(ere)
blevne.
Pluperfect:^'^
var
bleven,
vi var
(vare)
blevne.
Future :
jeg
skal
blive,
vi skal
{skulle)
blive.
Fut. Perf. :
jeg
skal vcere
bleven,
viskal(skulle)
vcere blevne.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Present:
du,
han
blive, I,
de blive.
CONDITIONAL.
Present:
jeg
vilde
blive,
vi vilde blive.
Perfect:
jeg
vilde vcere
bleven,
vi vilde vcere blevne.
IMPERATIVE.
Present:
bliv,
bliv
(bliver).
INFINITIVES.
Present: at blive.
Perfect: at vcere bleven.
Future : at skulle blive.
PARTICIPLES.
Present: blivende.
Past:
blevet,
-en -ne.
a. Instead of
Miver,
the
present tense,
a contracted form blir is
very
often
used,
especially
in
speaking.
In the
perfect
and
pluperfect tenses, blevet,
the neuter form of the
past participle,
may
be used instead of the common form bleven. See
114,
a.
WEAK CONJUGATION.
FIRST CLASS.
132.
At elske.
Principal parts: elske, elskede,
elsket.
ACTIVE.
INDICATIVE.
Present:
jeg
elsker.
Past :
jeg
elskede.
*
The
auxiliary
of blive is
vare,
not have. See
117
and
127,
WEAK
CONJUGATION
67
Perfect :
jeg
har elsket.
Pluperfect: jeg
havde elsket.
Future :
jeg
skal elske.
Future Perfect :
jeg
skal have elsket.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Present :
du,
han elske*.
CONDITIONAL.
Present :
jeg
vilde elske.
Perfect :
jeg
vilde have elsket.
IMPERATIVE.
Present: elsk.
INFINITIVES.
Present: at elske.
Perfect: at have elsket.
Future : at skulle elske.
PARTICIPLES.
Present : elskende.
Past: elsket
\
plu. elskede^.
PASSIVE.
INDICATIVE.
Present:
jeg
bliver
elsket,
or
jeg
elskes.
vi bliver elskede
J,
or vi elskes.
Past:
jeg
blev
elsket,
or
jeg
elskedes.
vi blev
elskede,
or vi elskedes.
Perfect:
jeg
er bleven elsket.
vi er blevne elskede.
*
The second and third
persons
are
given
in the
subjunctive
as the first
person
is
very rarely
used.
t
In the
conjugation
of the above verb in the active voice
only
the first
person
singular
of each tense is
given,
as the other
personal endings
are the
same, except
in the older or classical
style,
where the
plural
of the
present
indicative
drops
the r
of the
singular;
as vi elske
;
the
perfect
is vi have elsket
/
the future vi skulle
(or
ville") elske,
and the
plural
of the
imperative
is elsker. The full forms are shown in
the
auxiliary verbs, 129
and
130,
which see.
%
elskede is the
plural
of the
past participle
elsket. See 112. In
colloquial
language
and
by many
modern writers the
plural
forms in the
passive
are not used.
58
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
Pluperfect: jeg
var bleven elsket.
vt var blevne elskede.
Future :
jeg
skal blive
elsket,
or
jeg
skal elskes.
vi skal blive
elskede,
or vi skal elskes.
Fut. Perf. :
jeg
skal vcere bleven elsket.
vi skal vcere blevne elskede.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Present:
du,
han blive
elsket..
I,
de blive elskede.
CONDITIONAL.
Present:
jeg
vilde blive
elsket,
or
jeg
vilde elskes.
vi vilde blive
elskede,
or vi vilde elskes.
Perfect:
jeg
vilde vcere bleven elsket.
vi
" "
blevne elskede.
IMPERATIVE.
Present: bliv elsket.
"
elskede.
INFINITIVES.
Present : at blive
elsket,
or at
elskes.
Perfect: at vcere bleven elsket.
Future : at skulle blive elsket.
PARTICIPLE.
Past:
elsket\
plu.
elskede.
a. From the above it
may
be observed that where the
passive
in 5
is not
used,
some form of blive must be used with the
past
participle
of the
principal
verb to make a
passive. Special
attention is called to the fact that the
past participle may
be
used with the verb
vcere,
but this combination Indicates a
condition,
or the result of an
action,
not its
endurance,
and
hence is not
passive.
Thus,
Huset er
bygget,
the house is built.
Huset bar vczret
bygget^
the house has been built.
The
corresponding passives
of the above sentences are:
Huset bliver
bygget>
the house is
being
built.
Huset er bleven
bygget,
the house has been
(become)
built.
WEAK
CONJUGATION
69
The form liar vceret
bygget
cannot
properly
be used of a house
still
standing;
er bleven
bygget
must be used. The
English
translation is the same for both.
EXAMPLES.
MedLov skalLand
bygges,
with law shall the land be built.
En Vise blev
sunget,
a
song
was
sung.
Kristiania
anlagdes af
Kristian den
fjerde,
Christiania
was founded
by
Christian IV.
Haralds Son Haakon blev sendt over til
England,
hvor han
opfostredes
hos
Kong
ÊLdelsten,
Harold's son Haakon
was sent over to
England,
where he was
brought up
at
the court of
King
Athelstan.
Fremlceggerjeg
dette
Papir
i
Retten,
saa bliver De db'mt
efter
Lovene,
if I
produce
this document in
court,
you
will be
judged according
to the law.
Det maa
indrommes,
at han er et
Gem,
it must be admitted
that he is a
genius.
Lykurg befalede,for
han
do'de,
at
Ashen,
naar hans
Lig
var
brcendt,
skulde hastes i
Havet,forat
ikke
engang
denne skulde blive
bragt
til
Sparta, Lycurgus
ordered
before he died that his
ashes,
when his
body
was
burned,
should be cast into the
sea,
in order that not
even these should be
brought
to
Sparta.
SECOND CLASS.
133.
At
kalde,
to call.
Principal parts: kalde, kaldte,
kaldt.
ACTIVE.
INDICATIVE.
Present:
jeg
kalder.
Past:
jeg
kaldte.
Perfect :
jeg
har kaldt.
Pluperfect: jeg
havde kaldt.
Future:
jeg
skal kalde.
Fut, Perf.:
jeg
skal have kaldt.
70
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Present :
du,
han kalde.
CONDITIONAL.
Present :
jeg
vilde kalde.
Perfect :
jeg
vilde have kaldt.
IMPERATIVE.
Present: kald.
INFINITIVES.
Present: at
kalde.
Perfect: at have kaldt.
Future: at skulle kalde.
PARTICIPLES.
Present : kaldende.
Past:
kaldt; plu.
kaldte.
PASSIVE.
INDICATIVE.
Present:
jeg
bliver
kaldt,
or
jeg
kaldes.
vl bliver
kaldte,
or vi
"
Past :
jeg
blev
kaldt,
or
jeg
kaldtes.
vi blev
kaldte,
or vi
"
Perfect:
jeg
er bleven kaldt.
vi er blevne kaldte.
Pluperfect \jeg
var bleven kaldt.
vi var blevne kaldte.
Future:
jeg
skal blive
kaldt,
OYjeg
skal
kaldes.
vi skal blive
kaldte,
or vi
" "
Fut.
Perf.:y^
skal vcere bleven kaldt.
vi skal vcere blevne kaldte.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Present:
du,
han blive kaldt.
CONDITIONAL.
Present:
jeg
vilde blive
kaldt,
or
Jeg
vilde kaldes.
vi vilde blive
kaldte,
or vi
"
Perfect :
jeg
vilde vcere bleven kaldt.
vi vilde vcere blevne
kaldte.
STRONG
CONJUGATION
71
INFINITIVES.
Present: at blive
kaldt,
or at kaldes.
Perfect: at vcere bleven kaldt.
Future: at skulle blive
kaldt,
or at skulle kaldes.
PARTICIPLE.
Past: kaldt
\
plu.
kaldte.
STRONG CONJUGATION.
134.
At
give,
to
give;
at
komme*,
to come.
Principal parts
:
give, gav, givet,
-en,
-ne.
komme, kom, kommet, -en,
-ne.
ACTIVE.
INDICATIVE.
Present;
jeg giver.
(vi give}.
Past:
jeg gav.
(vi gave}.\
Perfect:
jeg
har
givet.
(yihavegivet}.
Pluperfect \jeg havdegivet.
(vi
" "
).
Future:
jeg
skal
give.
(yi
skulle
give).
Fut, Perf. :
jeg
skal have
givet.
(vi
skulle have
jeg
kommer.
(vi komme).
jeg
kom.
(vi
kom).^
Jeg
er kommen.
vi er
(ere)
komne.
jeg
var kommen.
vi var
(vare)
komne.
jeg
skal komme.
(vi
skulle
komme}.
jeg
skal vczre kommen.
vi skal
(^skulle)
vcere komne.
givet}.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Present:
du,
han
give. \
du,
han komme.
*
Komme is
given
as an
example
of intransitive verbs that take the
auxiliary
vtxre. It has of course no
passive.
t
The older or classical
plural
of the
past
tense of
strong
verbs
ending
in a
single
consonant with
along
root vowel takes an
tf
the vowel in kom is
short,
hence
no e. See lao.
72
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
CONDITIONAL.
vilde
give.
Perfect
'.jeg
vilde have
givet.
jeg
vilde komme.
jeg
vilde vcere kommen.
Present:
giv.
IMPERATIVE.
kom.
(kommer*}.
INFINITIVES.
Present: at
give.
Perfect : at have
givet.
Future: at skulle
give.
at
komme.
at vczre kommen.
at skulle
komme.
PARTICIPLES.
Present:
givende.
Past:
givet^
-en,
-ne.
kommende.
kommet, -en^
-ne.
PASSIVE.
INDICATIVE.
Present :
jeg
bliver
givet\,
or
jeg gives.
vi bliver
givne,
or vi
"
Past:
jeg
blev
givet,
or
jeg gaves.
vi blev
givne,
or vi
"
Perfect :
jeg
er bleven
givet.
vi er blevne
givne.
Pluperfectty^
1
var bleven
givet.
vi var blevne
givne.
Future :
jeg
skal blive
givet,
or
jeg
skal
gives.
vi skal blive
givne,
or vi
" "
Fut. Perf. :
jeg
skal vcere bleven
givet.
vi skal vcere blevne
givne.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Present:
du,
han blive
givet.
I,
de blive
givne.
*
The forms
given
in
parentheses throughout
this
conjugation
are the clas-
sical
plurals.
t
For
irregularity
in the use of the
past participle
of
strong
verbs see
114,
a.
MODAL AUXILIARIES
73
CONDITIONAL.
Present:
jeg
vilde blive
givtt,
or
jeg
vilde
gives.
vi vilde blive
givne,
or vi
" "
Perfect:
jeg
vilde vcere bleven
givet.
vi vilde vcere blevne
givne.
IMPERATIVE.
Present: bliv
givet; plu.,
bliv
(bliver) givne.
INFINITIVES.
Present: at blive
givet
,
or at
gives.
Perfect: at vcere bleven
givet.
Future: at skulle blive
givet
!
,
or at skulle
gives.
PARTICIPLE.
Past:
givet, given, givne.
EXAMPLES.
Han
giver meget
til de
fattige,
he
gives
much to the
poor.
7
e
g S
av ham de
Penge, jeg
havde,
I
gave
him the
money
I had.
Hans Embede har
givet
ham
meget
at
bestille,
his office
has
given
him much to do.
Jeg
skal
give
Dem en interessant
Bog
at
Icese,
I shall
give you
an
interesting
book to read.
Hans
Samtykke
er bleven
givet,
his consent has been
given.
Giv
mig
Brevet,
som
ligger paa Bordet,
give
me the
letter which is
lying
on the table.
MODAL
AUXILIARIES.
135.
The modal auxiliaries are
skulle, shall; ville,
will; maatte, must,
to be
obliged;
kunne, can,
to be able
;
turde, dare,
to be
permitted;
and
burde,
ought;
all of
which
(unlike
the
corresponding English words)
have
the three
principal parts
of
ordinary verbs,
and hence are
complete
in the
indicative;
the
subjunctive
and
imperative
are
wanting.
The
present
tense is
irregularly formed,
as
may
be seen from the
following
:
INFINITIVE.
at skulle
mile
USES OF THE MODAL AUXILIARIES
75
significations
of each will be
given, however,
with sen-
tences in illustration.
As in
English,
the modal auxiliaries are used with the
infinitive with the
sign
(at)
omitted;
but
they
are also
frequently
used without
any dependent infinitive, especi-
ally
with verbs
denoting motion,
in which case the
infinitive
may
be
supplied
from the context.
138.
Skulle. Besides
being
used in
forming
the
future
tense,
this word denotes
duty
or
obligation.
It
sometimes
implies
the exercise of
authority,
and is also
used in
reporting something
on the
authority
of another.
It is
frequently
rendered 'is
to,'
'are to.'
Ex. :
Jeg
skal ikke
glemme
det,
I shall not
forget
it.
Du skal ikke
stjcele^
thou shalt not steal.
Ifan skulde have vidst
bedre,
he should have known
better.
Hvor skal han hen? where is he
going?
Han skal
bort,
he is
going away.
Hvis det skulde
ske,
if that were to
happen.
Den drukner
ei,
som
hcenges
skal,
he will not
drown who is to be
hanged.
Kongen
skal vcere
dod,
the
king
is said to be dead.
Han
sagde,
at han skulde
komme,
he said that he
would come.
139,
Ville. As the
primary meaning
of skulle
implies
duty
or
obligation,
that of ville denotes
will, desire,
intent
or choice. It is also used in
forming
the future tense
(especially
in the second and third
persons).
It
may
be
used also to indicate a
report
or
rumor,
and
frequently
implies impending action,
where it is to be rendered 'be
on the
point
of or 'be about to.'
Ex.: Han vil
ride,
vi andre vil
kjore,
he desires to
ride,
we others wish to drive.
76
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
Han ved
ikke,
hvad han
vil,
he does not know
what he wants.
Jeg
vilde
gjerne
se
hende,
I should like to see her.
Jeg
vilde heller blive
her,
I would rather remain
here.
Man
siger,
han vil til
England, they say
he in-
tends
(to go)
to
England.
Det ml
sige*,
that is to
say.
Der ml
Penge
til,
it will take
money (money
is
necessary).
Vilde De vcere saa
god
at
hjcelpe
ham,
would
you
be so kind as to
help
him.
Rygtet
vil
vide,
at hun er
forlovet,
rumor has it
(wants
to
know)
that she is
engaged.
Vil
gaa (in
dramatic
directions),
about to
go.
Han vilde
netop
reise,
he was
just
on the
point
of
going.
140.
Maatte. This word
primarily expresses necessity.
It also
implies permission,
and therefore renders both
'must' and
'may.'
It has a
variety
of other shades of
meaning,
which
may
be
gathered
from the
following
examples
:
Ex.: Alle
Ting
maa have en
Ende,
all
things
must have
an end.
Jeg
maa reise
imorgen,
I must
go
to-morrow.
Den
svagere
maa
give
efter,
the weaker must
yield.
Jeg
maatte love ham at
blive,
I had to
promise
him
to
remain.
Vi har
begge
to maattet
arbeide,
we have both been
obliged
to work.
Hun maa vcere over
sytti
Aar,
she must be over
seventy.
Maa
jeg folge
med?
may
I
go
too?
*
Often abbreviated to d. ?>. j.
USES OF THE MODAL AUXILIARIES
77
For
mig
maa han blive eller
reise,
so far as I am
concerned he
may
either remain or
go.
Man maatte
tro,
one could not but believe.
Gid vi snart maatte hore
fra
ham,
would that we
soon
might
hear from him.
141.
Kunne. This
word,
like the
English
*
can,'
denotes
ability
and
possibility.
It also means to know.' It is
frequently
rendered
'may.'
Ex. :
Jeg
kan ikke arbeide Ian
g
ere,
I can work no
longer.
Enhver maa
gjore,
hvad han
kan,
each must do
what he can.
En Sten kan
ikkejlyde,
a stone cannot float.
Jeg
kunde slet ikkc
sove,
I could not
sleep
at all.
Det kan
gjerne
vcere,
that
may
be
(is
quite
possible).
Jeg
kan Icese
norsk,
I can read
Norwegian.
Han kan
engelsk, tysk og fransk,
he knows
Eng-
lish,
German and French.
Den,
som kan et
Haandverk,
har en
Kapitdl,
he
who knows a trade has a
capital.
Den,
som er
reed,
kan blive
hjemme,
he who is
afraid
may
remain at home.
Han kan
gaa,
naar han
ml,
he
may go
when he
pleases,
Dette Barn kan
meget for
sin
Alder,
this child
knows a
great
deal for its
age.
Det har
jeg kunnet,
siden
jcg
var et
Barn,
that I
have known since I was a child.
Han kunde
Digtet
udenad,
he knew the
poem by
heart.
Det kunde
jeg
tcenke,
that's what I
thought!
(or,
I
thought
as
much).
142.
Burde. This word
expresses duty
and
propriety.
Its
English equivalent
is
c
ought.'
78
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
Ex. : Du bor
gjore
det,
you ought
to do it.
Dette burde han have
vidst,
this he
ought
to have
known.
/ Tordenveir bor man ikke
soge Ly
under
Trceer,
in a thunderstorm one
ought
not to seek shelter
under trees.
Som det
sig
hor
og
bor,
as is
fitting
and
proper.
143.
Turde. The
primary meaning
of this verb is
'dare,'
'venture.' In imitation of the German
durfen,
it is
frequently
used in
asking permission
; maa, however,
is the
better word. It also
signifies, especially
in the
past tense,
a
probable contingency.
Ex.: Hun tor ikke
sige,
hvad hun
mener,
she does not
dare to
say
what she thinks.
Jeg
turde ikke
sporge
ham,
I did not dare to ask
him.
Tor du svare
mig
saaledes? dare
you
answer me
thus?
Tor
jeg sporge
?
may
I ask ?
Om
jeg
tor
sige,
if I
may say
so.
Det turde vel hcende
sig,
it
may possibly happen.
OTHER AUXILIARIES.
144.
Besides the auxiliaries that have been
enumerated,
two
others,
faa and
mon,
require
mention.
Faa. The usual
meaning
of this verb is
'get,' 'receive;'
but its
present
tense
(faar) may
be substituted for skal
(or vil)
have of the future
perfect indicative,
and its
past
tense
(j>)
for skulde
(or vilde)
have of the
perfect
con-
ditional.
Ex.: JVaar
jeg faar spist,
skal
jeg komme,
when I
(shall)
have
eaten,
I shall come.
OTHER AUXILIARIES
79
Han
sagde,
at han skulde
komme,
saa snart han
jik spist,
he said that he would
come,
as soon as
he had
(should
have)
eaten.
Naar
jeg faar
last
Bogen,
skal
jeg
sende den
tilbage,
when I
(shall)
have read the
book,
I
shall send it back.
This verb also has a
variety
of idiomatic
meanings,
especially
that of 'have to.'
Ex. : Du
faar hjczlpe
ham, you
will* have
to
help
him.
Nu
faar
du
komme,
now
you
will have to come.
Han
Jik
selv betale
det,
he had to
pay
for it himself.
Jeg gjorde
mit,
nu
faar
du
gjore
dit,
I did
my
(part),
now
you
will have to do
yours.
Lad
mig faa
se,
let me
(get to)
see.
Jeg
har ikke
faaet
skrevet saa
meget,
som
jeg
vilde,
I have not
(gotten)
written as much as I
wanted to.
"Naar du
faar
harvet,
toad
jeg
har
ploiet,
Faar du at
vide,
hvad
jeg
har doiet"
When
you
(shall)
have
harrowed,
what I have
plowed,
you
will
(get
to)
know what I have endured.
145.
Mon
(or monne).
These forms are remnants of
the Old Norse verb
muna,
to
remember;
they
are used
only
in verse and in archaic
style,
much like the
English
'doth.'
They
are followed
by
an
infinitive,
and are either
present
or
past,
as indicated
by
the context.
Ex.:
u
De
skjendte og
brcendte,
hvor de
drog frem,
Al Folkeret monne de krcznke"
In the above
couplet
the context shows that monne de
krcenke,
'they
did violate' is the
past
tense. But in the
following couplet,
mon true is
present,
and hence should
be rendered 'doth threaten':
*
The
present
tense in
Norwegian
is
very
often used for the future.
80
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
"End kneiser en Stb'tte
paa
samme
Sted,
Som
Norges
Uvenner mon true"
Tiden ceder med
sharpen Tand;
saa lidet monne hun
levne,
time eats with a
sharp
tooth;
so little doth it
(she)
leave.
REFLEXIVE VERBS.
146.
Reflexive verbs are
very
common in
Norwegian.
Any
transitive verb
may
have a reflexive
pronoun
as its
object,
but verbs are
regarded
as
properly
reflexive
only
when
they
are
always
used
reflexively,
or when
they
have
a
special meaning
in this use. The
conjugation
of reflexive
verbs offers no new
features,
as will be seen from the fol-
lowing present
tense of the verb at skamme
sig,
to be
ashamed :
jeg
skammer
mig.
du
"
dig.
han
"
sig.
vi skammer os.
I
"
eder
de
"
sig.
a. The
pronoun
used in
polite
address is
De,
the
plural
of the
third
personal pronoun capitalized.
The reflexive of the
polite
form, however,
is not
sig-,
but
Dem,
the accusative of
De; thus,
De behover ikke at skamme
Dem,
you
need not be ashamed*.
147.
As indicated
above,
some verbs can
only
be used
reflexively;
this includes
especially
a number of verbs
with the
prefixes
be- and for-.
Ex. : Hun
forbarmede sig
over
'ham,
she took
pity
on him.
Han
befatter sig
ikke med saadanne
Ting,
he does
not meddle with such
things.
De
benytter
Dem ikke
of
Deres For
del,
you
do not
use
your advantage.
Og
det
begav sig,
and it came to
pass.
Han
begav sig paa
en
Reise,
he set out
upon
a
journey.
*
For other
examples
see reflexive
pronouns, 71.
DEPONENT VERBS
81
Tag dig
i
Agt
! take care !
Han har
ofte taget sig of mig,
he has often taken
an interest in me.
Hvad vil du nu
tage dig
til? what do
you
now
intend to do ?
148.
Some verbs
change signification
when
they
are
used
reflexively.
Ex.: Hun
forestillede
ham
for mig,
she introduced him
to me.
De kan
forestille
Detn,
hvor det
gik, you
can im-
agine
how it went.
Han har
opfort
et stort
Hus,
he has erected a
large
house.
Han har
opfort sig godt,
he has behaved well.
149.
Other
peculiarities
in reflexive verbs
may
be ob-
served from the
following
sentences :
Det
forstaar sig, (it
is a
matter)
of course.
Doren aabnede
sig,
the door
opened.
Toget bevcegede sig langsomt,
the train moved
slowly.
By
en har ik&e
forandret sig,
the
city
has not
changed.
Han
folte sig ganske frisk igaar,
he felt
quite
well
yesterday.
Man kan ikke
forlade sig paa
hans
Lofter,
one cannot
depend upon
his
promises.
Folket samlede
sig,
the
people
assembled.
Lykken
vender
sig ofte,
fortune often
changes.
a. From the above sentences and their translation it is evident
that reflexive verbs are often difficult to render into
English.
Before
consulting
the
dictionary
for a verb the learner should
ascertain whether it is followed
by
a reflexive
pronoun.
DEPONENT
VERBS.
150.
Deponent
verbs are those that have a reflexive or
passive ending
without a reflexive or
passive signification.
They
end in
s,
and this
s,
as we have seen
(128,
a,
b),
is
a remnant of the reflexive or
reciprocal signification.
In
modern
Norwegian
it
usually
indicates the
passive voice,
but it sometimes indicates that the verb is
reflexive,
re-
ciprocal
or
deponent.
The
following
are
examples
of de-
ponents:
at
blues,
to be
ashamed,
to
blush;
at
Icengcs,
to
long;
at
aides,
to
grow
old;
at
lykkes,
to
succeed;
at
undres,
to wonder
;
at
mindes,
to
remember;
at
enes,
to
become
agreed.
151.
Deponent
verbs
belong
to the weak
conjugation.
The
present tense, however,
does not take the
regular
r
ending,
and both the
past
tense and the
past participle
retain the s of the infinitive. The
past participle
is
usually
the same as the
past tense,
but an abbreviated form is
sometimes
used,
as
may
be seen from the
following:
INFINITIVE. PAST. PAST PART.
at
lykkes, lykkedes, lykkedes
{lykkets
or
lyktes).
at
enes, enedes,
enedes
genets).
a. Some of the
deponents
are
inceptive
or inchoative
verbs;
thus,
at
gronnes,
to
grow green;
at
celdcs^
to
grow
old. Other
inceptives
end in
-ne; thus,
at
blegne,
to
grow pale;
at
mor&ne,
to
grow
dark.
152.
The
following
sentences will illustrate the
usage
of
deponent
verbs:
Han
Iczngtes efter
at se sit
Hjem,
he
longed
to see his
home.
Hvor hun har
Icengtes efter dig,
how she has
longed
for
you.
Hun celdedes ikke
tidlig,
she did not
grow
old
early.
Det har
lykkedes mig
denne
Gang,
I have succeeded
this time.
Det vil ikke
lykkes
ham,
he will not succeed.
Jeg
undres,
hvad han
synes
om
mig,
I wonder what he
thinks of
me.
COMPOUND VERBS
83
Jeg
mindes at have seet
ham,
I remember
having
seen
him.
Han
sagde
til dem: kives ikke
paa Veien,
he said to
them,
"do not
quarrel
on the
way."
De
kappedes
med hverandre i
Lcesning, they
vied with
each other in
reading.
Der er intet at slaas
om,
there is
nothing
to
fight
about.
Denne Mand
og
Kone kan
aldrig
enes,
this man and
wife can never
agree.
Det
begynder
at
dages, day
is
beginning
to dawn.
IflPERSONAL VERBS.
153-
Some verbs are
only
used
impersonally
; thus,
Det
regner og lyner,
it thunders and
lightens.
Det har rimet
inat,
there was a frost last
night.
Det sker ikke
ofte,
it does not
happen
often.
154.
Some
impersonal
verbs
may
take a definite sub-
ject,
but
only
in the third
person
; as,
En
Ulykke
skete,
a misfortune
happened.
Forsoget mislykkedes,
the
attempt
did not succeed.
155.
Some
passive
verbs are used in an
impersonal
sense; as,
Der
(or det} siges,
at kan er i
Fcengsel,
it is said that
he is in
prison.
Der
findes
dem,
som ikke tror
det,
there are those who
do not believe it.
COMPOUND VERBS.
156.
Many compound
verbs are formed in
Norwegian
by prefixing inseparable particles,
or
by
the aid of various
other
parts
of
speech, namely,
nouns,
adjectives, prepo-
sitions and adverbs.
84
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
The
inseparable prefixes
are
an-,* be-, er-, for-, fore-,
mis-,
und- and
van-, by
means of which such verbs as
the
following
are formed :
at
dngaa^
to
concern,
from
gaa, go.
"
dnkomme,
to
arrive,
"
komme,
come.
"
dngribe,
to
attack,
"
gribe^
seize.
"
begribe^
to
comprehend,
" "
grasp.
"
beskrive,
to
describe,
u
skrive,
write.
"
betcenke,
to
consider,
"
tcenke,
think.
"
erkjende,
to
acknowledge,
"
kjende,
know.
"
erholde,
to
obtain,
"
holde,
hold.
"
forbinde^
to
combine,
"
binde,
bind.
"
fordreie^
to
distort,
"
dreie,
turn.
"
f
or
flg
e
->
to
pursue,
"
folge,
follow.
"
forekomme^
to
occur,
"
komme^
come.
"
forebygge,
to
prevent,
"
bygge^
build.
"
mistcenke,
to
suspect,
"
tcenke,
think.
"
undgaa,
to
escape,
"
gaa
y go.
*'
v&ncere^
to
dishonor,
*'
cere^
honor.
a. In a few
phrases
the
particle
an is used
separably.
When
thus used it
gives
the verb an
entirely
distinct
meaning.
Ex.: Det
gaar
ikke
an,
that will not do.
Del kommer an
fiaa dig,
it
depends upon you.
Sangen slog godt
an,
the
song
was well received.
157.
The
prefixes for-f
and fore- must be
carefully
noted,
as
they give
the
compound very
different
significa-
tions.
Thus,
at
forg
act,
to
perish,
but,
atforegaa,
to take
place.
"
forstaa,
to
understand,
" "
forestaa,
to
manage.
"
fordrage,
to
endure,
" "
foredrage,
deliver,
execute.
"
forgive
to
poison,
" "
foregive,
to
pretend, allege.
*
Of these
prefixes,
an-, fore-,
mis-,
and -van- are
always accented;
the others
never,
in verbs.
t
The
prefix for
is not the
preposition,
but is the
equivalent
of the German
ver,
-while
fore
is the
equivalent
of the German vor
/
thus
jorgaa
and
foregaa
are
the German
vergehen
and
vorgehen.
COMPOUND VERBS 85
158.
Verbs
compounded
with nouns and
adjectives
are
always
used
inseparably
; as,
at
korsfceste,
to
crucify, iromKors^
a
cross,
ftnd/fe$/,
fasten.
"
raadsporg-e,iQ
consult,
"
Raad, advice,
"
sporge,
ask.
"
godtgjore,
to
indemnify,
"
godt, good,
"
gjore,
make.
"frigive,
to
release,
"
fri,
free,
"
give, give.
159.
Verbs
compounded
with
prepositions
and adverbs
are
separable.
Sometimes both
parts
retain their literal
meaning
j
but
usually
the
compound acquires
a
secondary
or
figurative meaning.
The context must often indicate
in what sense the
compound
is used.
Thus,
at
bortfalde*,
to
disappear,
at
falde
bort,
to fall
away.
"
tilbagekalde,
to
revoke,
"
kalde
tillage,
to call back.
"
opdrage,
to
educate,
"
drage op,
to
pull up.
"
indblcese,
to
inspire,
u
blccse
ind,
to blow into.
"
udeblive,
to fail to
appear,
"
blive
ude,
to remain out.
"
overscette,
to
translate,
u
scette
over,
to
ferry
across.
u
averse,
to
overlook,
"
se
over,
to look over.
"
undersoge,{ investigate,
"
soge
under,
to seek under.
"
tiltale,
to
address,
"
tale
til,
to
speak
to.
"
overvinde,
to
overcome,
"
vinde
over,
to win over.
160. In some
compounds separation
of the
prefix
does
not affect the
meaning.
The
disjoined
forms are more
common in
colloquial language. Thus,
at
gjcnnemlcese,
and,
at Icese
gjennem,
to read
through.
"
sammenregne,
" "
regne
sammen,
to reckon
together.
"
istandscette,
" "
scette
istand,
to
put
in order.
"
ihjelslaa,
" "
slaa
ihjel,
to
put
to death.
"
tilhore,
" *
hore
til,
to
belong
to.
"
vedkomme,
" "
komme
ved,
to concern.
In some cases the
particle,
whether
disjoined
or
not,
has
given
the verb a
signification,
the
origin
of which
*
Separable
verbs
always
take the accent on the
prefix.
86
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
is
not,
or but
faintly,
indicated
by
the
composite parts ; as,
at
udse,
to
select,
at se
ud*,
to look
(appear).
"
tilstaa,
to
confess,
"
staa
til^.
"
tilslaa,
to knock down
(at auction),
"
slaa
til,
to suffice.
a. The
variety
of
meanings
that a verb
may
assume
through
the aid of a
single particle may
be illustrated
by
the verb
tale,
to
speak,
and
til, to,
in the
following
sentences:
Faderen talte til sit
Barn,
the father
spoke
to his child.
Lcereren talte Barnet haardt
til,
the teacher censured the child.
Han tiltalte Folket med disse
Ord,
he addressed the
people
in
these words.
Jeg
vilde ikke tiltale ham
faa Gaden,
I would not accost him
on the street.
Han er tiltalt
for Tyveri>
an action has been
brought against
him for theft.
Hendes Vcesen tiltaler
mig
ikke,
I do not
fancy
her manners.
b. From the above it will be seen that before
consulting
the
dictionary
for the
meaning
of a
verb,
care must be exercised
to ascertain whether it is to be construed with a
particle.
In
any good dictionary
the
particles
with which a verb
may
be used are
given
under each verb with illustrative
phrases.
ABBREVIATED VERBS.
161. In
colloquial language many verbs,
especially
those whose infinitives end in
-de, -ge
and
-ve,
have
abbreviated forms in which these
endings
are
droppedj.
These abbreviations never occur in the
present participle
or in forms
having
the
passive ending
-j; thus,
at
be,
for at
bede,
to
ask,
pray.
"
bit)
" "
blive,
to
become,
remain.
"
bio,
"
blode,
to bleed.
*
This verb is also used in its literal sense
'
to look out.'
t This verb has a
variety
of
significations,
the most common of which is ex-
pressed
in the
following:
Hvorledes staar del til? How do
you
do?
t
These forms are
gradually finding
their
way
into
the literature of the
language.
ADVERBS
87
at
bry,for
at
bryde,
to care
"
by,
" "
byde,
to offer.
to
ha,
" "
^<zz;,
to have.
/a,
" "
/<&,
to let.
"
r#<z,
" "
raade,
to advise.
"
j/,
u
sige,
to
say.
"
/a,
" "
tage^
to take.
The
present
tense of the above verbs is formed
by
adding
r to the abbreviated
infinitive; as,
Jeg
ber
dig,
I ask
you.
IRREGULAR PRESENTS.
162. Besides
vsere,
to
be,
and the modal
auxiliaries,
there are several other verbs whose
present
tense is
irregularly
formed.
They
are
bsere,
to
bear; gjore,
to
do;
and
vide,
to know. In the case of the first
two,
the
present
tense is formed
by dropping
the e of the infinitive
instead of
adding
r. The
present
tense of vide is ved.
Ex.: Han
gjor
altid sin
Pligt,
he
always
does his
duty.
Jeg
ved
ikke,
hvad
jeg
skal
gjore,
I do not know
what I shall do.
Han beer
(or bcerer*)
en
Byrde paa Ryggen,
he
bears a burden on his back.
ADVERBS.
163.
Adverbs are either
primitive,
as
ofte^ often;
nu, now;
or
derivative,
as
godt (from
the
adjective
god),
well;
hoit
(adj. hoi], high,
loud.
Ex.: Han er
ofte
i
By
en,
he is often in the
city.
Denne Dame
synger godt,
this
lady sings
well.
*
The verb bare
may
have either form in the
present.
Det er ikke
nb'dvendigt
at tale saa
hb'it,
it is not
necessary
to talk so loud.
164.
Most adverbs are formed from
adjectives
in the
following ways:
1
) By
the addition of
-t,
thus
making
the adverb iden-
tical in form with the neuter of the
adjective.
But in
modern
usage, adjectives ending
in
-ig
and
-lig
are used
adverbially
without this
ending.
Ex.: Kom snart
(adj.
snar,
quick) igjen,
come
again
soon.
Gutten
opforte sig pent,
the
boy
behaved
nicely.
Bor han
langt
herifra?
does he live far from here?
Sonnen handlede ikke
cerlig
mod sin
Fader,
the
son did not act
honorably
toward his father.
Jegfortalte
ham
oprigtig,
hvad
jeg
mente,
I told
him
honestly
what I
thought.
2) By
the addition of
-e,
as
Icenge* (adj. lang, long),
a
long
time;
bare
(adj.
bar,
bare), only;
and ilde
(adj.
ild,
bad), badly.
Ex.: Der var bare to Born i
Huset* there were
only
two children in the house.
Han Jiar vceret
Icenge
i
Udlandet,
he has been
abroad a
long
time.
Det
gik
ham
ilde,
he fared
badly.
3) By adding
-lig,
as
snarlig, quickly; nylig, recently;
sandelig, truly, verily ;
msselig, certainly, surely.
Ex.:
Jeg
har
nylig
vceret
paa
en
Reise,
I have
recently
been on a
journey.
Jeg
ved
sandelig
ikke,
I
really
do not know.
Sandelig siger jeg
eder, verily,
I
say
unto
you.
Visseligen
har Herren
besb'gt dig
i denne
Nat,
surely
the Lord hath visited
you
this
night")*.
*
The adverb
langt
means
'far';
for the vowel
change
in
lange,
see
32.
t
In solemn
style,
the
-/ênding may
have the form
-ligen;
as
sandeliffen,
visseligen, ugudeligen, jevnligen, hyppigen.
ADVERBS
89
4) By adding
-vis
(English <wise'),
as
heldigvis,
fortunately
;
muligvis,
possibly.
Some substantives also
may
take this
ending
;
as
delvis, partly
;
parvis,
in
couples.
Ex.:
Heldigvis traf jeg
ham
hjemme, fortunately
I
found him at home.
Jeg
kommer
muligvis igjen
om en
Time,
I shall
possibly
return in an hour.
Studenterne marscherede
parvis
nedad
Gaden,
the
students marched down the street
by
twos.
165.
Some adverbs are in
reality prepositional phrases;
as,
tilsengs (til,
to,
Seng, bed),
abed;
tilstede
(Sted,
place), present
;
istand
(Stand,
condition),
in
order,
con-
dition;
idag (Dag, day), to-day;
undertiden
(
Tid,
time),
at
times;
afsted (Sted, place), away.
Ex.: Bornene
gik tidlig tilsengs,
the children went to
bed
early.
Der var
mange
Folk
tilstede,
there were
many
people present.
Eieren maa holde Huset
istand,
the owner must
keep
the house in
repair.
Undertiden skriver han smukke
Vers,
at times he
writes beautiful verses.
Han red
afsted
i
Galop,
he rode off at a
gallop.
For
other
compound
adverbs formed with
prepositions
see
176.
166. Some adverbs
compounded
of other
parts
of
speech
are in
reality elliptical phrases; as,
vistnok
(vist,
certain, nok,
enough), surely,
no
doubt;
maaske
(maa,
may,
ske,
happen), perhaps, may-be; kanskt*, perhaps.
Ex.: Han er vistnok en
meget intelligent
Mand,
he is
no doubt a
very intelligent
man.
*
Of the two adverbs maaske and
kanske,
the latter is in much more com-
mon use.
Jeg
kan kanske
faa
se Havet
igjen,
I
may per-
haps get
to see the ocean
again.
167.
A few adverbs are formed from other
parts
of
speech by adding
the adverbial
endings -sinde, -lunde,
-ledes,
and -deles
;
as
ingensinde,
never
;
nogensinde,
ever;
ingenlunde, by
no
means,
not at
all;
ligeledes,
like-
wise,
also
; scerdeles,
especially, very
; aldeles,
entirely,
at all.
Ex.: Har han
nogensinde
vceret Lcerer? has he ever
been a teacher?
Jeg
er
ingenlunde
istand til at
hjcelpe ham,
I am
by
no means able to
help
him.
Han har vist
sig
scerdeles
hoflig,
he has shown
himself
very polite.
Jeg
er aldeles
til/reds
med
ham,
I am
entirely
satisfied with him.
Det er aldeles ikke
sandt,
it is not true at all.
168.
Participles, especially
the
present,
are used as
adverbs without
change
of form.
Ex. : Vandet er
kogende hedt,
the water is
boiling
hot.
Hun er udmerket
vakker,
she is
remarkably pretty.
169.
Some nouns take the
ending
-ende to form adverbs.
Ex.: Natten var
begende
mork,
the
night
was
pitch
dark.
Vandet er isende
koldt,
the water is ice-cold.
CLASSIFICATION OF
ADVERBS.
170.
According
to their
signification
adverbs
may
be
divided into the
following
classes:*
i)
Adverbs of
time; as, da, then; nu, now; endnu,
yet; Icenge, long
; undertiden,
at times.
Ex.: Da reiste han
sig og
svarede,
then he arose and
answered.
*
Only
a few of the most common adverbs of each class are
given
as ex-
amples.
The illustrative sentences show their
position.
CLASSIFICATION OF ADVERBS
91
Han sidder nu i
Fccngsel,
he is now in
prison.
Han var her nu
nylig,
he has
just recently
been
here.
Er det endnu ikke
godt
nok? is it not
good enough
yet?
Bi ikke
for Icenge,
do not wait too
long.
Han er undertiden
noget underlig,
he is at times
somewhat
strange.
2)
Adverbs of
place;
as, der, there; her, here; hvor,
where;
nogensteds, anywhere;
etsteds,
somewhere.
Ex.: Der
harjeg ofte
vceret,
there I have often been.
"Der bra folk
gaar,
der er Guds Veie"
(there)
where
good people
walk,
there are the
paths
of
God.
Her staar
jeg, jeg
kan ikke
andet,
here I
stand,
I
can not do otherwise.
Hvor bor han nu? where does he live now?
3)
Adverbs of
manner; as, saa, so; saaledes, thus;
vel, well; anderledes,
differently;
and on the whole ad-
verbs identical in form with
adjectives,
as
hoit,
langt,
etc.
Ex.: Saaledes var det
fordum,
men nu
langt
anderledes,
thus it was
formerly,
but now
quite
otherwise.
Lev
vel,
good bye.
Hans Tale var vel
lang,
his
speech
was rather
long.
Jeg
liker ham
meget godt,
I like him
very
well.
4)
Adverbs of
degree; as,
meget, very; overmaade,
extremely
;
ganske, quite ;
for,
too
;
altfor, altogether
too
;
neppe, scarcely;
kun,
only.
Ex. : Denne Hest er
meget
sterk,
this horse is
very strong.
Kjobmanden gjorde mig
en overmaade stor
Tje-
neste,
the merchant did me a
very great
service.
Jeg
er endnu ikke
gan
ske
fardig,
I am not
yet
quite ready.
Gutten er
noget
slov,
the
boy
is somewhat
dujl.
5)
Adverbs of
contrast; as,
dog,
still;
alligevel,
nevertheless; ellers, otherwise,
else.
Ex.: Det er
dog
ei min
hjemlige Strand,
still it is not
my
native shore.
Han
gjorde
det
alligevel, skjont
han vidste
bedre,
he did it
nevertheless,
although
he knew better.
Jeg
har ellers intet at
bemerke,
I have
nothing
else to
say.
6)
Adverbs of
concession; as,
rigtignok,
to be
sure,
indeed
; vistnok,
no doubt.
Ex.: Han har
rigtignok engang
vceret
her,
he
has,
to
be
sure,
once been here.
Det er vistnok
Icenge
siden,
it is no doubt
long ago.
7)
Adverbs of cause and
effect; as,
derfor,
there-
fore,
for that reason
; altsaa, hence;
folgelig, consequently.
Ex.: De er min bedste
Ven; derfor viljeg sige
Dem
det,
you
are
my
best
friend,
for that reason I wish to
tell it to
you.
Jeg
kan
hjcelpe
ham
og
burde altsaa
gjore
det,
I am able to
help him,
and hence
ought
to do so.
Han er den
svagere, og folgelig
maa han
give
efter,
he is the
weaker,
and
consequently
he
must
yield.
8)
Adverbs of
assurance; as,
ja
and
jo, yes;
sande-
lig, truly,
indeed. The difference between
ja
and
jo
is
this :
ja
is the affirmative answer to a
positive question;
jo,
the affirmative answer to a
negative question,
or the
contradiction of a
negative
statement.
Ex.: ErManden
hjemme? Ja,
is the man at home? Yes.
Er ikke Manden
hjemme? Jo,
is not the man at
home? Yes.
Han er ikke
hjemme,
he is not at home.
yo
t
han
er,
yes,
he is,
CLASSIFICATION OF ADVERBS
93
Jo
is also
very frequently
used in a
strictly
adverbial
sense with a
variety
of
significations.*
Ex.: Han er
jo streng,
men ikke
urimelig,
he is indeed
strict,
but not unreasonable.
Der er han
jo, why,
there he is.
Han har
jo
vceret her
for,
he has been here
before,
hasn't he?
Jeg
ved det
jo
nok,
of course I know that.
Du har
jo givet mig
dit
Ord,
you
have,
you
know.
given
me
your
word.
9)
Adverbs of
negation; as,
ikke and
ei, not;
heller
ikke and ei
heller,
nor
;
langtfra, by
no means
;
endsige,^
not to
say.
Ex.: Fruen mdste
ikke,
hvad hun skulde
sige,
the
lady
did not know what she should
say.
Jeg kommer,
enten han er tilstede eller
ei,^
I will
come,
whether he is
present
or
not,
Han er en
klog
Mand;
men Broderen er heller ikke
nogen
Nar,
he is a clever
man,
but the brother is
no fool either.
Han vil ikke
arbeide;
ei heller skal han
spise,
he
will not
work;
neither shall he eat.
Det er
langtfra
ikke
ntin^lening,
it is
by
no means
my opinion.
Han har ikke betalt
Renterne,
end
sige Kapitalen,
he has not
paid
the
interest,
to
say nothing
of the
capital.
10)
Adverbs of
interrogation; as, naar, when; hvor,
how
(of degree)
; hvorledes,
how
(of manner);
hvorledes
det,
how
so;
hvorfor, why
; hvor,
w
T
here; mon,
I wonder.
*
Compare
the German
ja
in: Er ist
ja
mein
So/in,
and see 1 86.
t
End
sige
is a
corruption
of the Old Norse enn
sidr,
still less.
$
Ei is a
synonymn
of
ikke;
it is not common in
prose;
it is retained in some
set
phrases, especially
in connection with enten.
94
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
Ex.: Naar saa De ham sidst? when did
you
see him last?
Hvor
gammel
er Deres Far? how old is
your
father?
Hvor
langt
har De
gaaet
? how far have
you
walked ?
Hvorledes
gaar
det? how
goes
it
(how
do
you do)
?
Hb'r,
hvor* han snakker \ hear how he talks !
Hvorfor
er han kommen
tilbaget why
has he re-
turned ?
1 1
)
Adverbs of
emphasis; as,
ogsaa,
also,
too
;
endog,
even; alene,
only,
alone; bare,kun
and blot
ft only; netop,
just; iscer,
especially.
Ex.: Han har vceret
paa
Skolen
og
i Teatret
ogsaa,
he
has been at
school,
and at the theater also.
Jeg
har ikke blot seet
ham,
men
ogsaa
talt med
ham,
I have not
only
seen
him,
but also talked with
him.
Han var ikke alene en
klog,
men en
god
Mand,
he
was not
only
a
clever,
but a
good
man.
Jeg
skal bare have en
Bog,
I
only
want a book.
Hun er kun seksten Aar
gammel,
she is
only
sixteen
years
old.
Det var
netop det,
jeg
vilde
sige,
that was
just
what
I
wanted to
say.
171.
Some adverbs which
imply
definite motion toward
or
away
from a
place
are made to indicate
locality
merely by taking
the
ending -e;
as
ud, ude,
out
; ind, inde,
in, bort, borte,
away,
off;
hjem, home; hjemme,
at
home;
hen,
henne
(see sentences).
Ex. : Manden
gik ud,
the man went out.
Han er
ude,
he is out.
Han red ind i
Skoven,
he rode into the woods.
*
In
colloquial language
hvorledes is often contracted to h-vor.
Strictly
hvor
is an adverb of
place meaning 'where',
or an adverb of
degree.
t
In
Norwegian (but
not in
Danish)
bare
% only,
is more
commonly
used than
kun and blot.
COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 95
Han rider inde i
Skoven,
he is
riding
in the woods.
Min Mand er ikke
hjemme, my
husband is not at
home.
Han kommer ikke
hjem idag,
he will not come home
to-day.
Lcereren reiste bort
imorges,
the teacher went
away
this
morning.
Han blir borte en
Uge,
he will be
away
a week.
Hun kastede
Bogerne
hen
paa
Bordet,
she threw
the books over on the table.
Bogerne ligger
henne
paa
Bordet,
the books are
lying
over on the table.
Hvor
gik
Baruet hen ? where did the child
go
?
Hvor er Barnet henne ? where is the child ?
172.
The adverbs hen
(indicating
motion
from)
and
her
(motion toward)
are found in various
compounds;
as,
derhen,
thither
; kvorhen,
whither
;
her
hen,
hither
;
herefter,
hereafter;
herfra,
from here.
COMPARISON
OF
ADVERBS.
173.
There are but few
adverbs,
strictly speaking,
that admit of
comparison.
Comparative
and
superlative
adverbs so-called are for the most
part adjectives
used
adverbially.
The
only
adverbs whose
comparatives
and
superlatives
do not occur as
adjectives
are
ofte,
often
; tidt,
(tit),
often*;
and
gjerne\, willingly;
thus,
ofte, oftere, oftest.
tidt, tiere,
tiest.
gjerne,
hellere
{heller),
heist.
Ex.:
Ofte
kommer sort
Unge af
hvidt
Eg\,
often a black
chick comes from a white
egg.
*
Ofte
and tidt are
synonyms;
the former is the more
emphatic,
and is in much
more common use.
t
Gjerne (cf.
German
gerri)
admits of a
variety
of translations. It indicates
desire or
preference. (See sentences).
%
In
proverbs
the article is
usually
omitted to make the sentence more
pithy.
(See
221).
96
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
Det sker
oft
ere nu end
for
,
it
happens
oftener now
than
formerly.
Man
finder
ham ved den Tid
oftest hjemme,
one is
most
apt
to find him home at that time.
Vi
gaar
som
oftest paa
Teatret om
Aftenen,
we
usually go
to the theater in the
evening.
Tidt har en liden
Aarsag frembragt
store Virk-
ninger,
a small cause has often
produced great
effects.
Du maa ikke komme tiere
{oftere}, you
must not
come
any
more.
Jeg
saa ham alt som
tiest,
I saw him
every
now
and then.
Han vilde
gjerne gjore
det,
he would
gladly
do it.
Jeg
vilde
gjerne
se den
Mand,
I should like to see
that man.
Hun vilde hellere
gaa
end
ride,
she would rather
walk than ride.
Jeg
drikker heist
Vand,
I
prefer
water.
174.
Adverbs derived from
adjectives,
or identical in
form with
them,
have the same
comparatives
and
super-
latives
; thus,
ilde,
badly, vcerre^ vcerst,
vel
(Q? godt))
well, bedre, bedst,
Icenge, long
(of time), Icengere (Icenger} Icengst,
lidt,
slightly,
a
little, mindre, mindst,
meget,
much, mere, mest,
ho
it,
highly, loudly, hoiere, hoist,*
hurtig, quickly, hurtigere, hurtigst.
Ex.: Naar vcerst det
syntes,
det
gik
ham
bedst,
when
things
looked
worst,
he succeeded best.
^SErlighed
varer
Icengst, honesty
is the best
policy
(lasts
the
longest).
*
Before an
adjective
or adverb hdiest becomes
hdist\
as hSist
unaturlig
ex-
tremely
unnatural.
PREPOSITIONS 97
Lyden gaar hurtig
; Lyset gaar
endnu
hurtigere,
sound travels fast
; light
travels still faster.
Han talte
meget
hoiere
idag
end
igaar,
he
spoke
much more
loudly to-day
than
yesterday.
PREPOSITIONS.
175.
As in
English, prepositions regularly govern
the
accusative,
or
objective
case.
Ex.:
Jeg jik Bogen fra
hans
Soster,
I
got
the book
from his sister.
Jeg gav
den til hende
igjen,
I
gave
it back to her.
176.
Old Norse had four
cases,
and some of the
pre-
positions governed
the
genitive
and dative. In the modern
Scandinavian
languages
there are
many
remnants of these
constructions,
especially
with the
prepositions
///, to,
and
i,
in.
They
occur in
prepositional phrases,
now treated
as adverbs and
usually
written in one
word; as,
tilsengs
(Seng, bed),
abed;
tillands
(Land, land),
on
land;
til-
vands
(
Vand,
water),
on
water,
by
sea;
tilfods (JPod,
foot),
on
foot;
tilbords
{Bord, table),
at
table;
Hive
{Liv,
life),
alive
;
itide
(
Tid,
time
),
in time
;
isovne
(
Sovn,
sleep),
asleep;
underveis
(
Vei,
way),
on the
way.
Ex.: Bornene
gik tidlig tilsengs,
the children went to
bed
early.
Landets
Krigsmagt
tillands
og
tilvands,
the coun-
try's
forces on land and sea.
Her tillands
strafes
en saadan
Handling,
in this
country
such an act is
punished.
Er den
gamle
Mand endnu Hive ? is that old man
still alive?
Denne Gut
gaar ofte
isovne,
this
boy
often walks in
his
sleep.
Vi modte ham
underveis,
we met him on the
way.
177.
The most common
simple prepositions
are the
following
:
ad, to, at,
toward.
of,
of,
from.
bag,
behind.
blandt
(iblandt}, among.
efter, after, according
to.
for, for,
before
(position).
fra,
from.
for,
before
(time).
gjennem
(igjennem),
thro
ugh.
hos, with,
at the house
of,
among.
i
(archaic udi),
in.
inden,
within.
178.
Other
prepositions
in
pounds,
are:
bagefter,
behind,
(after-
wards).*
bagved,
behind.
foran, before,
in front of.
forbi, past.
formedelst,
on account of.
foruden, without,
besides.
ifolge, according
to.
istedetfor,
instead of.
mellem
(imelleni),
between.
med,
with.
mod
(imod),
against,
toward.
om,
about.
over, over,
above.
paa, on, upon.
samt, together
with.
siden,
since.
til,
to.
irods,
in
spite
of.
nden, without, except.
ved, at,
by.
common
use, mostly
com-
indenfor, within,
inside.
omkring,
around.
ovenfor,
above.
ovenpaa, upon,
on
top
of.
ovenom,
round
about,
above.
tvertimod, contrary
to.
uagtet,
in
spite
of.
udenfor,
outside of.
179.
Prepositions
are used in a
great variety
of idiomatic
senses,
the discussion of which
belongs
to the
dictionary.
The
following
sentences will illustrate some of the more
common
usages
of the
simple prepositions:
*
Most of the
prepositions
in this list
may
also be used as adverbs.
PREPOSITIONS 99
Ad,
Lad to komme ad
Gang
en,
let two come at a time.
Hen ad
Aft
en blev
jeg meget
sulten, along
towards
evening
I became
very hungry.
Af.
Den,
som
gjor
Nar
af
alle,
er selv en
Nar,
he who makes
fun
(a fool)
of
everybody,
is himself a fool.
De lo
af
os,
they laughed
at us.
Jeg kjender
ham
af
Navn,
I know him
by
name.
Moderen elskede JBarnet
af ganske Hjerte,
the mother
loved the child with all her heart.
Bag.
Vi sad
bag
ham i
Kirken,
we sat behind him in church.
Hunden laa
bag
Ovnen,
the
dog lay
behind the stove.
Blandt
(iblandt).
Jeg regner
ham blandt mine
Venner,
I count him
among
my
friends.
Brevet laa blandt andre
Papirer,
the letter
lay among
other
papers.
Efter.
Den ene kom ridende
efter
den
anden,
the one came
riding
after the other.
Han skal hede Finn
efter
sin
Fader,
he is to be called
Finn after his father.
Efter
min
Mening
er det ikke
rigtigt, according
to
my
opinion
it is not
correct.
For.
Jeg
er kommen
tilbage for
din
Sky
Id,
I have returned
for
your
sake.
Hvor
meget
skal De have
for
det? how much are
you
to have for that?
Han Iceste en Fort
celling for mig,
he read a
story
to me.
Det er det samme
for mig,
it is indifferent to
me.
100
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
Fra.
Jeg
har ikke hort
fra
ham
nylig,
I have not heard from
him
recently.
Gaa ikke
fra mig,
do not leave me.
Vi arbeider
fra Morgen
til
Aften,
we work from
morning
till
night.
Hvor er han
fra
? where is he from ?
For.
Skolen sluttede to
Uger for Jul^
school closed two
weeks before Christmas.
Dette
indtraf
kort
for
den store
Ildebrand^t\\\s
occurred
shortly
before the
great
fire.
Jeg
kom
for nogen af
de
andre,
I came before
any
of
the others.
Qjennem
(igjennem).
Hestene maatte vade
gjennem
JBlven,
the horses had to
wade
through
the river.
Tyven trcengte sig gjennem Mcengden,
the thief forced
his
way through
the crowd.
Hun har
gaaet gjennem meget
i sit
Liv,
she has
gone
through
a
great
deal in her life.
Vi reiste
gjennem mange
store
Byer^
we traveled
through
many large
cities.
Hos.
Scet
dig
hos
os,
sit with us.
Denne
unge
Dame bor hos
os,
this
young lady
lives at
our house.
Bliv hos Bornene en
Stund,
stay
with the children a
while.
Hos
Tyskerne
er det
anderledes, among
the Germans it
is different.
I.
Begge
hans Sonner er i
Frankrige,
both of his sons are
in France.
PREPOSITIONS 101
Morderen sidder nu i
F<zngsel,
the murderer is now in
prison.
Der er
godt
Staal i min
Kniv,
there is
good
steel in
my
knife.
Det var
gjort
i et
Oieblik,
it was done in a moment.
Inden.
Det skete inden disse
jire Vcegge^
it
happened
within
these four walls.
De holdt
sig
inden Landets
Grcenser, they kept
within
the borders of the land.
Vi venter hans Ankomst inden
nogle
fact
Dage^
we
expect
his arrival within a few
days.
Imellem
(mellem).
Hun
gik
imellem sine to
Brodre,
she walked between
her two brothers.
Der er bare en
Uge
mellem
Jul og Nytaar,
there is
only
a week between Christmas and New Year.
Min celdste Son er mellem atten
og
nitten Aar
gammel,
my
eldest son is between
eighteen
and nineteen
years
old.
Med.
Presten talte
Icenge
med
hende,
the minister talked with
her a
long
time.
Jeg
har hort derom med
Forundring,
I have heard of
it with astonishment.
Med
Penge
kan man udrette
meget^
with
money
one can
accomplish
much.
Det
gaar langsomt
med
Arbeidet,
it
goes slowly
with
the work.
Mod
(imod).
Dyrene sogte Ly
mod
Uveiret,
the animals
sought
shelter
against
the storm.
Det er imod mine
Grundscetninger^
it is
against my
principles.
102
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
Mod
Aften begyndte
det at
sue,
towards
evening
it
began
to snow.
Om.
Bornene satte
sig
om
Bordet,
the children seated them-
selves about the table.
Den
gamle
Soldat
fort
alte
meget
om
Krigen,
the old
soldier told
many things
about the war.
Henrik
Jccger
har skrevet to
Boger
om
Ibsen,
Henrik
Jasger
has written two books on Ibsen.
Om
Aftenen
er Lee
gen
altid
hjemme,
in the
evening
the
physician
is
always
at home.
Om Sommeren er det smukt
paa
Landet,
in the summer
it is beautiful in the
country.
Over.
Fuglen Jloi
over
Huset,
the bird flew over the house.
Den
Sag
har
jeg Icenge
tcenkt
over,
that matter I have
long thought
about.
Det
gaar
over min
Forstand,
it is
beyond my compre-
hension.
Kongen
seirede over sine
Modstandere,
the
king
was
victorious over his
opponents.
Paa.
Moderen
lagde
Barnet
paa Sengen,
the mother laid the
child on the bed.
Mine Forceldre bor
nupaaLandet, my parents
now reside
in the
country.
Hvad er Navnet
paa
den Mand? what is the name of
that man ?
Jeg
har endnu ikke svaret
paa
hans
Brev,
I have not
yet
answered his letter.
Samt.
Han indbod Faderen
og
Sonnen samt den hele
ovrige
Familie,
he invited the father and son with all the rest
of the
family.
PREPOSITIONS
103
Siden.
Min
gamle
Ven har vceret
sengeliggende
siden
Jul, my
old friend has been in bed since Christmas.
Siden den
Dag
har han ikke talt til
mig,
since that
day
he has not
spoken
to me.
Jeg
har ikke seet min Tante siden
ifjor
Vinter,
I have
not seen
my
aunt since last winter.
Til.
Barnet kan tcelle til
tyve,
the child can count to
twenty.
Tyskland
og Frankrige
ruster
sig
til
Krig, Germany
and France are
preparing
for war.
Vi onskede
Brudeparret
til
Lykke,
we
congratulated
the
bridal
couple.
Min Datter blir atten Aar til
Hasten,
my daughter
will
be
eighteen years
old in the fall.
Trods.
Han blev
valgt
til President trods al
Modstand,
he was
elected
president
in
spite
of all
opposition.
"Kom,
berg
hans
Sjcel
trods Veir
og
Vind"
come,
save
his soul in
spite
of wind and weather.
Uden.
Der var
ingen hjemme
uden
*
Konen,
there was no one
at home
except
the wife.
Denne
Bog
er uden
Titelblad,
this book is without a
title
page.
Ingen
bliver Mester uden
Ovelse^
no one becomes a master
without
practice, (practice
makes
perfect).
Han
gjor
intet uden sin Kones
Raad,
he does
nothing
without his wife's advice.
*
Undtagen>
the
past participle
of
undtage
t
to
except,
is
frequently
used as a
preposition,
in the sense of
'
excepting.'
104
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
Under.
Han havde hundrede Mcend under
sig,
he had a hundred
men under him.
Jeg
staar
langt
under ham i
Lcerdom,
I am far beneath
him in
learning.
Under Samtalen
Jlk jeg
vide,
at han var
Lcege, during
the conversation I found out that he was a doctor.
Ved.
Lcereren sad ved min hoire
Side,
the teacher sat at
my
right
side.
Han holdt
mig Icenge
ved
Haanden,
he held
my
hand a
long
time.
Han blev saaret i
Slaget
ved
Gettysburg,
he was wounded
in the battle of
Gettysburg.
Det var
ifjor
ved denne
Tid,
at han
dode,
it was last
year
at this time that he died.
Jeg
kunde ikke
gjore
ved
dette,
I could not
help
this.
Han
opnaaede
Embedet mere ved andres
Anbefalinger
end ved
egne Fortjenester,
he
got
the office more
through
the recommendations of others than
through
his own
merits.
180. The
prepositions af, efter, for, om, over, uden,
til and ved
may govern
an
infinitive,
with the at
expressed,
where the
English usually
has the
participial form,
if a
preposition
is used.
Ex.:
Jeg
er
kjed af
at hore hende
synge,
I am tired of
hearing
her
sing.
Han er kommen
for
at tale med
Dem,
he has come
for the
purpose
of
talking
with
you.
Jeg bryder mig
ikke om at se
hende,
I do not care
about
seeing
her.
Hun var
hjertelig glad
over at se
mig,
she was
heartily glad
to see me.
PREPOSITIONS
105
Efter
at have
spist lagde
han
sig,
after
having
eaten,
he went to bed.
Uden at
sige
et Ord
forlod
han
Forsamlingen,
without
saying
a
word,
he left the
meeting.
Ved at
gaa
i Forbon
for
ham
frelste
hun hans
Liv,
by interceding
for him she saved his life.
181.
Prepositions
are
frequently
used without an
object,
especially
if the word that would be the
object
has been
used before in the sentence.
Ex. : Han
tog
en Stok
og slog
med,
he took a cane and
struck with
(it).
Vil De
gaa
med? do
you
wish to
go
with
(us)
?
Hun
bruger
en Hat med sorte JBaand
paa,
she
wears a hat with black ribbons on
(it).
182.
Many prepositions
are
compounded
with the
adverbs
der, her,
hvor and some
others,
thus
forming
adverbs. These
compounds
are much more common in
Norwegian
than in
English;
thus,
derfra,
from
there,
thence; dermed,
therewith; hermed, herewith; hvormed,
wherewith,
with
which;
hvorfra,
from
where, whence;
hidtil, hitherto; derom, concerning
that.
Ex.: Det kom
deraf,
at han ikke var
hjemme,
this came
from the fact that he was not at
home,
Derom har
jeg
ikke hort et eneste
Ord,
about that
I have not heard a
single
word.
Det,
hvorom han
talte,
er
ganske utroligt,
that of
which he
spoke
is
quite
incredible.
Dermed var han
tilfreds,
with that he was satisfied.
Hidtil er alt
gaaet godt,
hitherto
everything
has
gone
well.
Hermed ml
jeg
slutte,
with this I will conclude.
For
prepositions
used in
composition
with
verbs,
see
159
and 160.
CONJUNCTIONS.
183.
Conjunctions may
be divided
according
to their
use into
co-ordinating
and
subordinating conjunc-
tions.
Co-ordinating conjunctions
are divided into
various
classes,
as follows:
i. COPULATIVE.
Og,
and
;
ogsaa,
also
;
baade
og,
both and
;
saavel
som,
as well as
; end,
in the sense of
og.
Ex.: Det tordner
og lyner*.
Her maa en arbeide baade sent
og tidlig.
Saavel Faderen som Sonnen blev
straffet.
Hvorledes har De det ?
Tak,
meget
bra;
end De?
2. DISJUNCTIVE.
Eller, or;
enten
eller,
either
or;
hverken
eller,
neither
nor;
heller
ikke,
nor.
Ex.: Onsker De Melk eller Vand?
Han
skyr
hverken lid eller Vand.
Denne Mand kan ikke skrive
og
kan heller ikke
Icese.
3. ADVERSATIVE.
Men,
but.
Ex.: Han var
engang rig,
men nu er han
fattig.
Hun er
smuk,
men ikke saa smuk som Sosteren.
4.
CAUSAL.
Thi,for,
for.
Ex.:
Jeg
har
hjulpet
denne Gut med
Penge;
thi han
er
fattig.
Rent
fattig
er
ingen,
thi Tiden er
Penge.
Han kan ikke
komme,for (thi}
han er
syg.
184.
Subordinating conjunctions
are divided into
the
following
classes :
*
The illustrative sentences
given
under
Conjunctions
are not translated. For
new words see
Vocabulary.
CONJUNCTIONS
107
i. TEHPORAL.
Da, when, since; naar*, when, whenever;
efterat,
vA\.w,for,forend,
before;
inden before
(literally:
within
the time
before);
idet, as, when,
in the moment
that,
(German indem};
medens, imedens, imens, mens, while;
indtil, til, until,
\i\\\fra, ifra, (elliptical
for
fra
den Tid
da],
since; siden, as, since; som,
as. This last word has
the
compounds
altsom, according as;
ligesom, netop som,
retsom,
bedst
som, just as;
saa
Icenge
som,
so
long as;
saa
snart
som,
as soon as.
Ex.: Da Faderen
dode,
flyttede
Sonnen bort.
En ond Herre savnes
ogsaa,
naar der kommer en
vcerre.
Naar* han var i
Byen,
kjobte
han Aviser.
Efterat
Balder var
dod,
Jik
Ondskaben Overhaand.
Jeg agter
at
besoge ham,forendjegforlader
Bven.
Ing
en kan kaldes
lykkelig,
inden han er dod.
Idet"\
han kom ind
gjennem
Doren,
Jik
han Oie
paa mig.
Han sad
og
talte til
mig,
medens
jeg
skrev.
Enfaar
smide,
medens
Jernet
er varmt.
I dit
Ansigts
Sved skal du cede dit
Brod,
indtil du
bliver til
Jord igjen.
Jeg
har
kjendt
ham,
frajeg
var Barn.
Vi har ikke hort
fra
vor
Datter^
siden hun reiste
hjemmefra.
Somjeg
sad
og
Iczste,
hortejeg
no
gen
banke.
Bedst som det
var,
ho'rte han en
Dur\.
*
Naar,
'
when
',
is used with a
present, perfect,
or future
tense,
and with a
past
tense when the sense is 'whenever.' Da is used with a
past
or
pluperfect
tense.
Compare
German -wenn and als.
t
"
On
coming
1
through
the door
"
etc.
Participial phrases
are much less
common in
Norwegian
than in
English. Ordinarily they
are
represented by
full
adverbial clauses introduced
by
some
conjunction,
as in the above sentence.
See
209.
%
All of a sudden he heard a
rumbling.
108
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
a. CAUSAL.
Fordi,
because
;
efterdi,
whereas,
since
;
eftersom,
inas-
much
as, according as; da, since, as,
seeing that;
siden*
since,
as.
Ex.:
Jeg
roste
ham,fordi
han
fortjente
det.
Eftersom
du har vceret tro i det
mindste,
skal du
have
Magt
over ti Stceder.
Det er
forskjelligt, eftersom
man ser det
fra
den
ene eller den anden Side.
Da han ikke har
besogt mig, gaar jeg
heller ikke
til ham.
Jeg
er
fornoiet
dermed,
siden De er det.
3.
CONDITIONAL.
Hvis, if; dersom, if,
in
case; om, if, whether; naar, if;
uden,
unless
;
saafremt, provided
that;
medmindre
(med^
with; mindre,
less),
unless,
except; if
aid
(/,
in, Paid,
case)
in
case,
if.
Ex.: ftvis du vil
hjcelpe mig,
saa kan du
give mig
Penge.
"
Ifvis alt du
gav foruden
Livet,
Da
vid,
at du har intet
givet" (Ibsen.)
Dcrsom
ing
en anden
vil^
saa vil
jeg.
Om
jeg
kan,
skal
jeg gjore
det.
Sig mig,
om han bor her.
Jeg
skal
gjore
det,
naar han vil indestaa
for
Fol-
gerne.
Han er
aldrig fornoiet,
uden han er alene.
Saafremt
han
forlanger
det,
vil det ikke blive ham
negtet.
Du komnier ikke
herfra,
medmindre du lover at
komme
tilbage.
If
aid han
kommer,
naar
jeg
er
borte,
maa du bedc
ham vente.
CONJUNCTIONS
109
4.
CONCESSIVE.
Skjont
(or
endskjont, omendskjont}, tiagtet,
hvorvel
(or
ihvorvel},
endda,
all
meaning
*
although',
are used to
denote an actual concession.
Om, although;
selv
om,
even
if;
om
end, though;
om
saa,
even
though,
are used to
denote a
possible contingency.
Ex.: Herren er
kjendt af
alle,
skjont
Herren
kjender
kun
fact.
Man vilde ikke lade
mig
kommc
ind,
uagtet mange
andre
havdefri Adgang.
Hun er smukkere end
Sosteren,
hvorvel denne er
meget yngre.
Jeg
vilde ikke vczre i hans
Sted,
om
jeg Jik
hele
hans
Rigdom.
Om
Jorden skalv,jeg
blev endda.
Om det saa koster mit
L,iv,
skaI del
gjores.
5.
FINAL.
Forat,
in order that
(denoting purpose)
;
saa
at,
so that
(denoting
a
consequence);
udcn
at,
without
(German
ohne
dass)
;
paa
det
at,
in order that
(German aufdass).
Ex. Vi er
forsigtige,forat
vi kan
undgaa
Fare.
Han
raabte,
saa at det kunde hores
fiaa
Gaden.
Der
gaar
intet Aar
hen,
uden at Havet
fordrer
sine
Ofre
under
Vinterfisket.
6.
COMPARATIVE.
Som
(ligesont),
as,
usually
with
.$##, so,
in the
principal
clause; end, than;jo jo* (orjo desto),
the the
(by
how
much
by
so
much).
Ex.: Som man
saar,
saa skal man hoste.
"
Som Naturens Haand dem
skabte,
Saa de
gren, og
saa de
gabte" (Ibsen).
Dette er mer end nok.
Du svarer
mig paa
andet end
det, jeg sporger
om.
*
Like the
English equivalents
'the-
the',
these forms are
really
adverbial.
Jo for, jo heller,
(the
sooner the
better).
Jo for
du taler med
hende,
desto bedre
{desbedre).
Jo
mere man
har,
desmere vil man have.
Jo
ho'iere man
stiger, jo
mer er man
udsatfor
at
falde.
If the
particley<?
is
repeated
in two or more
appositional
clauses,
the
principal
clause has desto
(or des)
instead of
So,
which
may
be used in
simpler sentences;
thus:
Jo
mere
man
sogte
at
berolige
ham,
jo Jlere
Grunde man
anforte,
desto
hidsigere
blev
han,
the more one
sought
to calm
him,
the more reasons that were
adduced,
the more vehe-
ment he became.
INTERJECTIONS.
185.
The
interjections
most
commonly
used are almost
self-explanatory,
and need no
special
discussion. The
principal
ones are illustrated
by
the
following
sentences:
Aa,
er det
dig
?
oh,
is it
you?
Aa,
Gud troste
mig,
God
pity
me
(good heavens!)
Aahaa,
var det
dig
!
ha,
it was
you,
was it?
Aha,
jeg forstaar,
ah,
I understand.
Aha,
der har vi den store
Hemmelighed!
ah,
there we
have the
great
secret!
Au,
hvor ondt det
gjorde!
oh,
how that hurt!
Ak,
det
erfor
sent, alas,
it is too late.
Akja,
det vented
jegjo, alas,
that I of course
expected.
Fy
skam
dig
! shame!
Hys,
hun er
dod, hush,
she is dead.
Hei,fremmedkarl,far
ei
saafort!
ho, stranger,
not so
fast!
Heisan,
Gut!
ho,
boy!
(here
we
go!)
Hu,
nei
da,
hvor hult det
klinger
!
oh, mercy,
how hollow
it's
rumbling!
INTERJECTIONS
111
Huttetu,
hvor
jegfryser
!
oh,
how cold I am!
Ne^ nei,
har du hb'rt
sligt,
I
declare,
have
you
ever heard
anything
like it.
0,*
lad
mig
leve!
O,
let me live!
O,
hvor
tungt
det er at
vente, O,
how hard it is to
wait.
Pyt^jeg
behover
ingen Ting!
Pshaw,
I need
nothing!
Tvi
dig
I fie
upon you
!
Top! agreed!
a
bargain
!
Uf,
du skrcemmer
mig, goodness, you frighten
me !
Uf
da,
hug
han ikke
Fingren of! Mercy,
if he didn't
chop
his
finger
off !
INTERACTIONAL PHRASES
AND
PARTICLES.
186. Note the
following phrases,
which are of an
interjectional
nature: Far
vel, good bye,
(farewell);
Mange
Tak,
many
thanks
;
Ingen Aarsag,
no trouble at
all,
don't mention
it;
Om
Forladelse\,
I
beg your pardon;
Veer saa
god,
be so
good, please;
Gud
bevares\, (God
preserve
us)
the saints
preserve us;
Lad
gaa,
never
mind.
Detforstaar sig,
of course.
The
particles dog, though, yet, however;/*?, yes,
indeed;
nok,
surely; -vel,
possibly,
I
suppose,
often
modify
the
meaning
of the whole sentence in a
way
not indicated
by
their
primary significations.
The finer shades of
meaning
that these
simple
words
may express
must be learned
by
careful observation.
The
following
sentences will indicate some of the
idiomatic uses of these words:
*
O is used in more solemn
expressions
than act. It is seldom used in collo-
quial language.
t The full
phrase
is:
'Jeg
her dm
Forladelse,
I
beg pardon.
$
So common a
phrase that,
when not
emphatic,
it is the
equivalent
of the
English
'
of course '.
Dog.
Hor
dog,* huadjeg siger, please
listen to what I
say.
Vi maa
dog endelig gaa derhen,
we must
really
go
there.
Det er
dog altfor gait,
that's too bad.
Hun er
dog
ikke
syg, why,
I
hope
she is not ill.
Det er
dog herligt
at vcere
rig,
what a fine
thing
it is to
be rich !
Tag dog
Toiet
of,
do take off
your wraps.
Du
fryser dog
vel
ikke,
I
hope you
aren't cold.
Jo.
Nei,jeg
ved
detjo\
nok,
og
du
harjo givet mig
dit
Ord,
no,
of course
not,
and then
you
know
you
have
prom-
ised me.
Du
harjo
vceret der ?
you
have been
there,
haven't
you
?
Der er
hanjo, why,
there he is.
Jeg harjo sagt dig,
at du ikke maa
gjore det,
you
know
I have told
you
that
you
must not do it.
Du
erjo
bleven
Enke, you
have become a
widow,
I hear.
Nok.
Du
kjender mig
nok ikke
igjen, you evidently
do not
recognize
me.
Du
finder
ham
nok,
you
will
surely
find him.
Det
kanjeg
nok tcenke
mig,
that I can
easily imagine.
Det kan nok
hcende,
perhaps
(I
dare
say.)
Det
trorjeg nok,
I do not doubt it.
Vel.
Han kommer
vel^ igjen,
I
suppose
he will return.
Det var vel
dig,
som
tog Bogen,
I
suppose
it was
you
who took the book.
*
Compare
the German dock.
t
Compare
the German
ja.
% Compare
the German viohl.
SYNTACTICAL NOTES 113
Jeg
behover vel ikke en
ny
Billet,
I
hope
I shall not need
a new ticket
(or,
I don't
suppose etc).
Man kan vel ikke stole
paa
hans
Lofte,
I don't
suppose
one can
depend upon
his
promise.
SYNTACTICAL NOTES.
THE SENTENCE.
187,
The order of words in a
simple Norwegian
sen-
tence
beginning
with
t]he
grammatical subject
is
practically
the same as in
English. If, however,
the sentence
begins
with a word or
phrase
which is not the
grammatical
sub-
ject,
nor
grammatically
connected with
it,
the
personal
verb
precedes
the
subject.
But
conjunctions
do not
affect the natural order.
Ex.: Nu er
detfor
sent,
now it is too late.
Mod
Aft
en kom han
hjem,
towards
evening
he came
home.
/
Slutningen af
1715
kom Karl XII.
tilbage
til
Sverige,
at the close of
1715
Charles XII. returned
to Sweden.
Trcet
af
den
lange Gang,
satte
jeg mig paa
en
Bcenk,
tired from the
long
walk I seated
myself
upon
a bench.
Nogle
drcebte
han,
andre lemlcestede
han,
somme
jagede
han
fra
Landet,
some he
killed,
others he
maimed,
some he banished from the
country.
188. The inverted order must also be used in a
prin-
cipal
clause when a subordinate clause
precedes.
Ex.: Da* Harald blev 80 Aar
gammel,
delte han
Riget
mellem sine
Sonner,
when Harold was 80
years
old he divided the
kingdom among
his sons.
*
The
position
of the
subject
will
always
indicate whether da is an adverb or
a
conjunction;
when an adverb
(meaning
'
then
')
it causes the inverted order.
Ex.: Da reiste han
sig og svarede,
then he arose and answered.
Da han havde reist
sig, begyndte
han at
tale,
when he had
arisen,
he
began
to
speak.
114
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
du vil
hjcelpe mig,
saa kan du
give mig
Penge,
if
you
wish to
help
me,
you
can
give
me
money.
Naar Enden er
god,
er
alting godt,
all's well that
ends well.
Efterat
Balder var
dod,Jik
Ondskaben
Overhaand,
after Balder was
dead,
evil
got
the
upper
hand.
189.
The
regular
order of words in
dependent
and
relative clauses is about the same as in
English, except
that the
negative
must
precede
the
personal
verb.
Ex.: Folket
klagede
over,
at
Kong
en
bestandig
holdt
sig
udenfor
Landet,
the
people complained
that the
king
was
constantly
out of the
country.
Den kan
ogsaa tygge,
som ikke har alle
Tcender,
the one who has not all his
teeth,
can also chew.
Stortinget
havde
udtalt,
at "den store Flerhed
of
det norske Folk
sikkerlig
ikke onsker
nogen
ncer-
mere Forbindelse mellem de
forenede
Riger og
Danmark",
the
Storthing
had declared that "the
great
majority
do not desire
any
closer union be-
tween the united
kingdoms
and Denmark."
190.
The order in an
interrogative
sentence is substan-
tially
the same as in
English.
Ex.: Hvem var den
Mand,
som
gik forbi?
who was the
man that
passed?
Kan De ikke
hjcelpe mig
? can
you
not
help
me ?
Har han ikke Icest
Bogen
? has he not read the book ?
Skjulcr
nu Normcendenes
Konge sig,
eller har han
flygtet,
eller hvor er
Guldhjelmen
? is the
king
of
the
Norwegians
in
hiding,
or has he
fled,
or where
is the
golden
helmet?
t
A condition
may
be
expressed by omitting
the conditional
particle
hvis and
placing
the verb
first; thus,
Vil du
hjcelpe mig,
saa kan du
give mig Penge.
Note
that when the conditional clause
precedes,
the conclusion is
generally
introduced
by
saa.
SYNTACTICAL NOTES
115
IQI.
Some
writers, following
German
usage, frequently
permit
an inverted
participial phrase having
the nature of
an
adjective
to come between the article and the noun.
This is rendered into
English by
a relative clause or
participial phrase, following
the noun.
Ex. : Han var en
of
sin Samtid haardt behandlet
Mand,*
he was a man who was
severely
treated
by
his
age
(contemporaries).
Den
pact
den
ijde
Mai
1814.
vedtagne
Grundlov
staar endnu ved
Magt
i
Norge,
the constitution
adopted
on the
i^th
of
May 1814
is still in force
in
Norway.
Digtet modtoges
med en til Entusiasme
grcznsende
Tilslutning,
the
poem
was received with a
sym-
pathy bordering
on enthusiasm.
Under dcnne Dato
{den
28
September lpj)
be-
hagede
det Hans
Majestcet
at resolvere: "At in-
gen Forfoining
bliver at
trczffe
i
Anledning of
den
of
Stor
ting
et den
19.
Juli
d. A.
angaaende
Budgettet for
det
fcelles
Konsulatvczsen under
Post
I.fattede
Beslutning
om
Opsigelse of
det
mellem
Norge og Sverige
hidtil bestaaende Fsel-
lesskab i Konsulatvczsen til
Ophczvelse fra
i.
Januar 1896
at
regne
. . .
.".
On this date
(Sep-
tember
25th 1893)
it
pleased
His
Majesty
to re-
solve: That no
steps
will be taken in
regard
to
the
Storthing's
resolution
(Article I)
of
July 19,
this
year, concerning
the
budget
for the common
consular service and the notice therein contained
of the
abolition,
reckoning
from
January
i,
1895,
of said common consular service heretofore ex-
isting
between
Norway
and Sweden.
*
The words in
heavy-faced type belong together
as article and noun.
SPECIAL USES OF NOUNS.
192.
The
possessive (or genitive)
case of substantives
is much more
commonly
used in
Norwegian
than in
English,
where the
prepositional phrase
with 'of is
pre-
ferred with nouns
denoting
inanimate
objects.
Ex. :
Johans Bog Hgger paa
Bordet,
John's
book lies
on the table.
Orfeus's* Spil
tcemmede de vilde
Dyr^ Orpheus'
music subdued the wild animals.
De
nye Troppers
Ankomst
afgjorde Slaget,
the
arrival of the new
troops
decided the battle.
Alle Husets Folk laa
og
sov,
all the
people
of the
house
lay sleeping.
Trceets Blade er
gronne^
the leaves of the tree are
green.
Jeg
har seet
defattiges Sorger og
Glceder,
I have
seen the sorrows and
joys
of the
poor.
Lcenge efter
Kristendommens
Indforelse
i
Norge
vedblev den
gamle
Tro at holde
sig, long
after
the introduction of
Christianity
in
Norway
the
old faith held its own
(lit.
continued to maintain
itself).
"Hvi 1) lev min
Sjce-l
da
fodt
i
Kjod,
Naar
Kjb'dets
Elsk er
Sjalens
Dod?
"
(
Ibsen
).
"Why
was
my
soul then born in the
flesh,
when
the love of the flesh is the death of the soul?"
In
colloquial language
a
preposition
(til
or
paa)
is often
used instead of the
possessive.
Ex.: Han var Broder til
Prinsessen,
he was a brother
of the
princess.
Om
Morgenen gik
Vesle-Per ind i Stuen til Store-
Per,
in the
morning
Little-Peter went into
Big-
Peter's house.
*
Note that the
apostrophe
is used
only
with nouns
ending
in a sibilant
(s
or
z).
SPECIAL USES OF PRONOUNS 117
Hun
klippede
med
Fingrene efter
Ncesen
paa
Man-
den,
she
snipped
with her
fingers
at her husband's
nose.
Husene til de
fattige
var i Udkanten
af By
en,
the
houses of the
poor
were in the outskirts of the
city.
193.
A substantive
denoting
measure or
quantity
is
followed
by
the noun
designating
what is measured or
otherwise referred
to,
without a
preposition.
Ex.: Lcereren har en stor Masse
Boger,
the teacher has
a
large
number of books.
Jeg
har
kjobt flere*
Flasker
Vin,
I have
bought
several bottles of wine.
Gutten
spiste fire
Skiver
Brod,
the
boy
ate four
slices of bread.
Han
gav
Enken ti Fund
Sukker,
he
gave
the
widow ten
pounds
of
sugar.
PIvad
Slags
Vin drikker De
heist,
what kind of
wine do
you prefer.
Substantives that denote
measurement,
as in the
above,
are
always
used in the
singular
unless
they
end in e.
Ex.: Veien er ti Fod
(not Fodder)
bred,
the road is ten
feet wide.
But,
Isen var
syv
Tommer
(sing. Tomme) tyk,
the ice
was seven inches thick.
SPECIAL USES OF
PRONOUNS.
194.
The second
personal pronoun
often
precedes
a
proper
noun in direct and familiar
address, especially
as
a vocative. It
may
also
precede
a noun in exclamations.
Ex.: Du
Karl,
har du seet Stokken min?
Carl,
have
you
seen
my
cane?
*
The word
flere,
the
comparative
of
mange,
'many,'
is often used in the
sense of
'
several.'
118
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
Sov
du, dyreste
Gutten min !
sleep, my
most
pre-
cious
boy.
Du holder
diggodt,
du
Tord,
you keep young,
Tord
(or,
you
hold
your
own
well,
Tord).
Du store Verden! hvorledes
gik
det til? heavens!
(lit.
thou
great world),
how did that
happen?
195.
In
colloquial language
the third
personal pronouns
are
frequently
used before names of
persons
and animals.
Ex.: Han Ole Bull var en
prcegtig
Kar,
Ole Bull was a
splendid
fellow.
"Havde han
Anders,
Far
min,
levet"
sagde
Per,
if
Anders,
my
father,
had
(only)
been
alive,
said
Peter.
"
Du er nu saa
klog
med dine
Forundringer
bestan*
dig,
du"
sagde
han Per
og
han
Paal,
you
are
always
so wise at
wondering,
said Peter and Paul.
196.
In
colloquial language
the
personal pronoun
is
often
repeated
at the end of the clause.
Ex.: "Har du
Guldceblet,
du?"
spurgte Kong
en,
have
you
the
golden apple?
asked the
king.
Da
jeg
kom til
Byen,
var der
ingen,
som vilde
kjobe
Koen,
saa
byttede jeg
den bort mod en
Hest,
jeg,
when I
got
to the
city,
there was no one that
would
buy
the
cow,
so I traded it off for a
horse,
(I did).
'^Ja,
det skal du
rigtig
have Tak
for,
det"
sagde
Konen, yes,
that
you
must
really
have thanks
for,
(that),
said the wife.
197.
The
possessive pronoun
is used in vocative ex-
pressions
where the
English
uses the
personal pronoun.
Ex.: Nu skal du
faa
se,
din Tosk! now
you
shall
see,
you
dunce!
Hoire
ret,
din Fusker !
right
dress, you bungler!
SPECIAL USES OF VERBS 119
Mener du
det,
din
Dogenigt
! do
you
think
so,
you
good-for-nothing
!
SPECIAL USES OF
VERBS.
198.
The
present
tense
may
be used for the
past
in
lively
narrative
(the
historical
present).
Ex. : "Den
Toft
en
ligger
ikke sikkert under
mig" sagde
So'nnen
og
reiste
sig for
at
Icegge
den tilrette.
I det samme
glider
den
Tilje,
han staar
paa;
han
slaar ud
Armene,
giver
et
Skrig og f
alder i
Vandet,
"that seat does not lie
securely
under
me,"
said the
son,
and arose to fix it. At the
same time the bottom-board on which he is stand-
ing slips;
he throws out his
arms,
utters a shriek
and falls into the water.
199.
In modern
usage
the
present
tense
largely sup-
plies
the
place
of the
future, especially
if the context
indicates
futurity.
Ex.: Han kommer
imorgen,
he comes
(will come)
to-
morrow.
Jeg
kommer
tillage
om
fjorten Dage,
I shall
return in two weeks.
De stanser
snart,
tcenkte
Ravnen,
they
will soon
stop, thought
the raven.
Jeg
kommer i din
Angers
Stund,
I shall cosne in
the hour of
your repentance.
Jeg
bier
her,
til Helmer kommer
ned\
jeg siger
ham,
at han skal
give mig
mit Brev
igjen,
I
shall wait here until Helmer comes
down;
I shall
tell him that he must
give
me back
my
letter.
200. In
dependent
clauses the
past
and
pluperfect
tenses of the indicative are
frequently
used for the tenses
of the
conditional. This
peculiarity
is
especially
common,
and should be
carefully
noted.
120
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
Ex.: De
mente,
at han kom den nceste
Dag (or,
at han
vilde komme den nceste
Dag}, they thought
that
he would come the next
day.
Han
sagde,
at kvis han blev
fcerdig,
saa reiste han
alterede
imorgen tilbage (or,
saa vilde han alle-
rede
imorgen
reise
tilbage},
he said that if he
got through,
he would return to-morrow.
201. The same
interchange
of tenses as the above
may
be made in the conclusion of conditional sentences con-
trary
to
fact,
and in mutilated conditional sentences.
Ex.: Dersom
jeg
bare
turde,
gik jeg
straks
(or,
vilde
jeg gaa straks},
if I
only dared,
I should
go
immediately.
Dersom
jeg
havde vidst
dette,
var
jeg
ikke kommet
tilbage (or,
vilde
jeg
ikke vcere kommet
tilbage],
if I had known
this,
I should not have returned.
Det havde vceret bedre
for
Dem
(or,
det vilde have
vceret bedre
for Dem},
om De havde
opgivet
den
Udenlandsreise,
it would have been better for
you,
if
you
had
given up
that
trip
abroad.
Hvis
jeg
havde
kunnet,
saa havde
jeg hjulpet dig
(or,
saa vilde
jeg
have
hjulpet dig},
if I had
been
able,
I should have
helped you.
/ dit Sted
gjorde jeg
det ikke
(or,
vilde
jeg
ikke
have
gjort det}, (if
I had
been)
in
your place,
I
would not have done it.
Det var slet ikke
umuligt (or,
det vilde slet ikke
vcere
umuligt},
that would
by
no means be im-
possible.
INDIRECT DISCOURSE.
202. The
change
of tenses from direct to indirect dis-
course
corresponds
to
English usage;
that
is,
the
present
tense becomes the
past,
the
perfect
becomes the
pluper-
fect,
etc.
THE
SUBJUNCTIVE
MOOD
121
Ex.: Direct:
De,
der ikke vil
arbeide,
skctl ikke
cede,
they
who will not
work,
shall not eat.
Indirect: Plan
sagde,
at
dc,
der ikke vilde
arbeide,
skulde ikke
cede,
he said that those who would
not
work,
should not eat.
Direct: Naar hun
faar
mit
Brev,
saa venter
jeg
Bud
fra
hende,
when she
gets my
letter,
I ex-
pect
a
message
from her.
Indirect: Han
sagde,
naar htm havde
faaet
hans
Brev,
saa ventede han Bud
fra
hende,
he said
(that)
when she had received his
letter,
he ex-
pected
a
message
from her.
Direct: Lceser ikke Guttcrne
for Icenge?
are not
the
boys reading
too
long?
Indirect : Moderen
spurgte,
om Gutterne ikke Iceste
for Icenge,
the mother asked if the
boys
were not
reading
too
long.
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
203.
The
subjunctive
mood is not
regularly
used ex-
cept
in
addressing deity,
and in a few set
expressions.
Ex.: Gud
hjcetye ham,
velsigne
ham,
(may)
God
help
him,
bless him.
Herren vcere med
eder,
(may)
the Lord be with
you.
Gud
give,
at det var saa
vel,
God
grant
that it
were so.
Kong
en leve!
long
live the
king.
It is sometimes used to
express
a
wish,
especially
in
poetry;
and in
prose
the
subjunctive
of maatte is
frequently
used.
Ex.: "Hvad czdelt er du
ville,
hvad ret du
gjore"
what-
ever is noble
may you
wish,
whatever is
right,
may you
do.
"Landsmand,
Roserne du
tage,
Og af
dem du
Honning drage!
Men
for alting agtsom
veer,
Kom ei Tornerne
for
ncer* /"
(Wessel.)
Maatte
ingen af
os
opleve
den
Dag
!
may
none of
us live to see the
day.
204.
The
subjunctive may
also be used in
concessive
clauses,
but a
paraphrastic
construction with lade is
generally preferred.
Ex.: Han vcere
aldrig
saa
sterk^
let him be ever so
strong.
Or,
Lad ham vcere
aldrig
saa
sterk,
let him be ever so
strong.
Man
sige,
hvad man
vil, people may say
what
they
please,
THE INFINITIVE.
205.
The infinitive is used in
Norwegian
where En-
glish requires
the verbal noun. But for the infinitive used
as the
object
of a
preposition
a substantive clause
may
be
substituted.
Ex.: Det kan man kalde at
jiske,
that is what we call
fishing.
Han kan den Kunst at
spaa,
he knows the art of
telling
fortunes.
Han reiste uden at
sige Farvel,
he left without
saying good-bye,
Or,
Han
reiste,
uden at han
sagde
Farvel,
he left with-
out
saying good-bye.
Hvor du end
er,
saa
vogt dig for
at blive
drukken,
wherever
you
are,
beware of
getting
intoxicated.
*
In this stanza
tage
and
drage
are
subjunctives,
while veer and kom are irrj-
peratives.
PARTICIPLES
123
Jeg opfordrede
dem til at holde
sig vaagne
ved at
fortczlle
Historier,
I exhorted them to
keep
awake
by telling
stories.
206. The active infinitive is often rendered
by
the
English passive
infinitive.
Ex.: Det var at
vente,
that was to be
expected.
Han er at
beklage,
he is to be
pitied.
Der var ikke en
Lyd
at
hore,
ikke et Liu at
se,
there was not a sound to be
heard,
not a
living
thing
to be seen.
Kongen
lod
bygge mange Kirker,
the
king
caused
many
churches to be built.
207.
The
sign
of the
infinitive,
#/,
c
to,'
is
omitted,
not
only
after the modal
auxiliaries,
but also after the verbs
lade,
let
; hore,
hear
; se,
see
; kjende,
feel
; bede,
ask
;
and
sometimes after
byde,
command,
ask.
Ex.: Han lod dem,
snakke,
he let them talk.
Har De hort hende
synge?
have
you
heard her
sing?
Jeg
har
aldrig
seet hende
arbeide,
I have never
seen her work.
Han bad
mig
komme,
he asked me to come.
Vcegteren
bod os stanse
(or,
at
stanse),
the watch-
man commanded us to
stop.
PARTICIPLES.
208. The
present participle,
so common in
English,
is but
sparingly
used
except
as an
adjective.
But in the
verbs
sidde, staa,
ligge
and
gaa,
after the verb
blive,
usage corresponds
with
English.
The same is true of
such verbs as
may
be used after komme.
Ex.: Hun blev
siddende,
she remained
sitting.
Han kom
gaaende,
he came
walking.
An additional verb
following
the
participle
and con-
nected with it
by
the
conjunction og
must be
put
in the
infinitive.
Ex.: Bedstemor blev siddende
og
binde, grandmother
remained
sitting
and
knitting.
Han
blev staaende der
og gabe,
he remained stand-
ing
there
gaping.
209.
English present participial phrases
are rendered
by
the aid of a clause introduced
by
a
conjunction,
or
by
a
prepositional phrase.
Ex.: Idet
jeg
sad ved det aabne
Vindu,
horte
jeg
den
fjerne
Musik,
sitting
(or,
as I
sat) by
the
open
window,
I heard the distant music.
210. The use of the
past participle corresponds
with
English.
Ex.: Alt
overveiet,
vil
jeg
heller Wive
her,
everything
considered,
I
prefer
to remain here.
THE PASSIVE.
211. There are two
ways
of
forming
the
passive,
either
by
the use of the
auxiliary
blive or
(in
certain
tenses) by
adding
s to the
corresponding
tense of the active voice.*
In
many
cases these two forms are
interchangeable,
but
in some verbs and constructions
usage
does not sanction
the
passive
in
-.?, while,
on the other
hand,
some
require
it. The
passive
with blive indicates more
emphatically
than the other that the
subject
is affected
by
the action of
another. It is therefore
generally
used in definite state-
ments of individual acts or
events;
but there are numerous
exceptions
to this rule.
Ex.:
Bjornson
blev
fodt
den Sde December
1832, Bjorn-
son was born Dec.
8th, 1832.
*
See
iaj
and 128.
THE PASSIVE
125
Gutten blev kaldt
Bjornstjerne,
the
boy
was called
Bjornstjerne.
Rom blev ikke
bygget paa
en
Dag,
Rome was not
built in a
day.
Tyven
er bleven
straff
et,
the thief has been
punished.
212. The
passive
in -s is
especially
used in statements
expressing
that which is
general
or usual.
Ex.:
Digtere fb'des, siger
man,
poets
are
born,
they say.
En Ven
kjendes
i
Nod,
a friend is known in need.
Han kaldtes Broder
Martin,
he was called
(gener-
ally
known
as)
Brother Martin.
Han roses
for
sin
Smag,
he is
praised
for his
(good)
taste.
Gamle
Fugle fang
es ikke med
Avner,
old birds are
not
caught
with chaff.
Strenge
Love skrives med
Blod,
ikke med
Blcek,
rigorous
laws are written in
blood,
not in ink.
213.
The
passive
in -s must be used after the modal
auxiliaries,
unless these
express futurity (skal
and
vil},
or a future
possibility (kan,
maa and
/<?>),
when the
passive
with blive must be used.
Ex.: Verden vil
bedrages,
the world
(the public)
likes
to be deceived.
Êre
den,
som ceres
bor,
honor to whom honor is due.
Dette maa
og
skal
gjores,
this must and shall be
done.
Diamanten maa slibes i sit
eget
Stov,
a diamond
must be
ground
in its own dust.
Gud kan tilbedes
overalt,
God can be
worshipped
everywhere.
Han
gjorde,
hvad
gjores
kunde,
he did what could
be done.
Det skal blive
gjort,
Herre,
it shall be
done,
master.
126
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
Hvis det
hcendte,
saa vilde du selv blive
drabt,
if
that
happened, you yourself
would be killed.
Han tor blive
skuffet,
he
may
be
disappointed.
Jeg
beder
om,
at det maa blive
gjort
straks,
I ask
that it
may
be done
immediately.
Denne
Ordning
kan let blive
forandret,
this
arrangement may easily
be
changed
(a
possible
contingency).
Denne
Ordning
kan med Lethed
forandres,
this
arrangement
can
easily
be
changed
(i.
e. if de-
sired.)
214.
Some verbs
(especially
those
belonging
to the
first class of
strong verbs,
as
drikke,
synge
and
hjcelpe)
cannot take the
passive
in -s in the
past
tense. On the
other hand some cannot take the
passive
with blive in
any
tense
;
these are
especially
vide, have,
faa,
and behove.
ELLIPSIS.
215.
The relative
pronoun
is
frequently omitted,
but
this can be done
only
when it is used
objectively.
Ex.: En tror ikke alt
det,
(som)
en
horer,
one does not
believe all
(that)
one hears.
Alle de
Historier,
(som)
kan
fort
alt
e,
staar i denne
Bog,
all the stories
(that)
he told are in this
book.
Kan du
gjette
den
Gaade,
(som) jeg gav dig
? can
you guess
the riddle I
gave you?
Det er
netop det,
(som) jeg
vil
undgaa,
that is
just
what I wish to avoid.
Du er det eneste
Menneske,
(som) jeg
har
sagt
det
til,
det
eneste,
(som) jeg igrunden bryder mig
om, you
are the
only person (that)
I have told it
to,
the
only
one
(that)
I
really
care for.
E-LLIPSIS
127
The
conjunction
at is also
very
often omitted.
Ex.:
Jeg
ved,
(at)
du holdt
meg
et
of
ham,
I
know
(that)
you thought
a
great
deal of him.
Det er
godt, (at)
de knebne Tider er
forbi,
it is a
good thing
(that)
the hard times are
past.
Er der no
get, (som)
De be
hover,
saa haaber
jeg,
(at)
De
ved,
(at)
De blot har at henvende Dem
til
mig,
if there is
anything (that) you
need,
I
hope
(that) you
know
(that) you
have
only
to
apply
to me.
217.
In
proverbs,
and in
lively narrative, Norwegian
allows a
peculiar
omission of the
conjunction
(usually
idet,
as)
after a direct
quotation
and a verb of
saying.
Ex.:
"
Jeg
er
lige glad" sagde Gutten,
han
greed,
"
I
don't
care,"
said the
boy, (as)
he cried
(i.
e. as he
began
to
cry).
"Et
Eg
er et
Eg? sagde Gutten,
han
tog
det
storste,
"an
egg
is an
egg,"
said the
boy, (as)
he
took the
largest.
"
Tag
i Aaren !
"
raabte
Faderen,
han reiste
sig op
og
stak den
ud,
"
take hold of the
oar,"
cried the
father,
(as)
he arose and held it out.
218. The
comparative particle som, <as,'
may
be omit-
ted,
where its
English equivalent
cannot be.
Ex.: Han
gjorde
det saa
stille,
(som)
han
kunde,
he did
it as
quietly
as he could.
Han
begyndte
at
grcede,
saa snart
(som)
han var
kommen ud
af
Huset,
he
began
to
cry
as soon as
he had
got
out of the house.
219.
After the
past
tense of the modal
auxiliaries,
have
or vcere of a
compound
tense is sometimes omitted.
128
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
Ex.: Hvad var
det,jeg
skulde
(have) sagt?
what was it
that I was to have said?
(i.
e. what was I
going
to
say?).
Det kunde
(have)
vczret en Time
senere,
it
might
have been an hour later.
220. In
lively
discourse the finite verb
may
be
omitted,
corresponding
with a similar
ellipsis
in
English ;
but this
usually
occurs where there is an infinitive
following
a
preposition
to indicate the action.
Ex.: Han ud
af
Doren det
fortesie,
han
kunde,
he
(started)
out
through
the door as fast as he could.
"Hug
selv!"
sagde
Esben til
Oksen,
og
den til at
hugge, "chop away!"
said Esben to the
ax,
and
it
(took)
to
chopping.
221. In
many proverbs
it is common to
drop
the
indefinite article.
Ex.: Brandt Barn
skyr
Ilden,
a burnt child shuns fire.
God
Sag giver godt
Mod,
a
good
cause
gives
courage.
Kjcert
Barn har
mange
Navne,
a
pet
child has
many
names.
Ofte
kommer sort
Unge af
hvidt
Eg,
a black chick
often comes from a white
egg.
Lcerdom
gjor god
Mand bedre
og
slet Mand
vcerre,
learning
makes a
good
man better and a bad man
worse.
PUNCTUATION.
222. Punctuation in
Norwegian
(as
in
German) rigidly
follows the clausal construction of the sentence. This is
especially
true in
regard
to the use of the comma.
Among
modern writers there are
signs
of revolt
against
this arbi-
trary
and unnatural
method,
as it is an obstacle rather than
an aid to
good reading
and correct
interpretation,
PUNCTUATION 129
The
period, interrogation
and exclamation
points
are
applied
as in
English.
The exclamation
point,
however,
is more
freely
used.
223.
The semicolon
usually
indicates a confirmation of
what
precedes.
It must therefore be used before the
causal
conjunctions
thi and
for,
and before adverbs of
cause and
effect,
and of
contrast,
and
usually
before the
conjunction
men.
(See 227).
Ex.:
Rentfattig
er
ingen;
thi Tiden er
Penge.
Spis
ikke Kirsebcer med de
store;
du
faar
bare
Stenene i
Ansigtet.
Han er den
svagere; folgelig
maa han
give efter.
Han kan ikke
komme; for
han er
syg.
Han har
rigtignok engang
ixzret her
;
men dr.t er
meget Icenge
siden.
224.
As in
English,
the comma is used before and
after
parenthetical, appositional
and
explanatory
words or
clauses,
or
any
word of address.
Ex.: Siden den
Dag, sagde
han,
har
jeg aldrig
seet
ham.
Hun
havde,
jeg
ved ikke i
hvormange
Aar,
tjent
hos Prousten.
Skolemesteren,
en
gammel, graahaaret
Mand,
sad
paa
en Krak ved Gruen
og stoppede
sin Pibe.
Mandig
er dette
talt,
Eivind,
og
ncer mit Sind.
225.
A relative clause is
always
set off
by
a comma.
Ex.:
Den,
der
tier,
samtykker.
Den,
som har et
Haandverk,
har en
Kapital.
Kan du
gjette
den
Gaade,
jeg gav dig.
Êgypterne dyrkede
de
Dyr,
hvis
Styrke
de
fryg-
tede.
Jeg vcelger mig
en
Ven, paa
hvis Troskab
jeg
kan stole.
130
NORWEGIAN GRAMMAR
226. The comma must be used between
principal
and
subordinate
clauses,
and between co-ordinate clauses. For
practical
use this rule
may
be stated as follows: The
comma is
always
used to set off a
complete clause,*
unless
the
separation
is so marked as to
require
a semicolon.
Ex. : Naar Enden er
god,
er alt
ing godt.
Da Faderen
dode,
reiste Sonnen bort.
Tyven
tror,
at Hvermand
stjceler.
Hold
op,
mens
Legen
er
god.
Vil
du,
eller ml du ikke.
Han sad
og
talte med
mig,
medens
jeg
skrev.
Sig mig,
om han bor her.
Der var en
Tid,
da
jeg
var
meget
liden
Snart kom en ud
of
Dor
en,
snart var der en
frem-
med,
snart stod Anders ude
og hug
Ved.
Nu tror
jeg, jeg
ved,
hvorfor
han
sagde,
han
var
syg.
227.
A comma is
always placed
before the
conjunction
men,
when the connection between the
parts
of the sen-
tence is
close;
otherwise the semicolon is used.
(See 223).
Ex.: Han er
liden,
men sterk.
Jeg
kan,
men
jeg
vil ikke.
Tiden er
lige lang,
men ikke
lige nyttig.
228. The colon is used before
a direct
quotation.
Ex.: Han
sagde:
"
Mit Navn er Peter?
Filip of
Makedonien
pleiede
at
sige: "Ing
en Stad
er
uindtagelig,
naar der blot er saa stor
Aabning
paa
dens
Mure,
at et
<3Lsel,
belcesset med
Guld,
kan komme derind"
*
J3y
a
complete
clause is meant one in which both
subject
and
predicate
are
expressed.
Thus,
no comma before
og,
as the clause
following
is
incomplete:
Denne
Mand kan ikke shrive
og
kan heller ikke Icese,
PUNCTUATION
131
229.
The colon is often used where
English employs
a word or
phrase
as
"namely,"
"the
following,"
"that
is,"
etc.
Ex.: Loke havde tre Born:
Fenrisulven,
Midgards-
ormen
og
HeL
Imidlertid bliver de
praktiske
Politikere staaende
og kjcevler; og
kommer der saa en med et
uhyre
Krai) som dette : Folkene ml ikke
Iccnger Krig,
men Fred
og Voldgift,
saa
siger
de
overlegent
:
en saare
skjon
Tanke,
men
altfor umulig
til,
at
vi kan indlade os !
230.
The colon
may
be used instead of the
comma,
when
special
attention is directed to what follows.
Ex.: Han er
af simpel
Familie,
kan er
fattig
han er
mer end det : han
erforgjceldet
!
Det
gaar
underli
'gt
til i Verden : Peder Wessel
hcedres som en
kongetro
Danske,
mens en Svenske
reprcesenterer
Norge
i Holmens Kirke.
(Kielland)
.
NORWEGIAN
READER.
1. FADEREN.
Den
Mand,
hvorom her skal
fortaelles,
var den
msegtig-
ste i sit
Prestegjeld
;
hail hed Tord 0veraas. Han stod en
Dag
i Prestens
Kontor,
h0i
og alvorlig. "Jeg
bar faaet en
S0n,"
sagde ban,
a
og
vil have ham over Daaben."
"Hvad
skal ban hedde?" "Finn efter Far min."
"
Og
Fad-
derne?" De blev naevnte
og
var da
Bygdens
bedste
Maend
og
Kvinder af Mandens
Slegt.
"
Er der ellers
noget?" spurgte Presten,
ban saa
op.
Bonden stod lidt.
"Jeg
vilde
gjerne
have ham d0bt for
sig
selv," sagde
ban.
"Det vil
sige paa
en
Hverdag?"
"
Paa
Lerdag
forstkommende,
12
Middag."
"
Er der ellers
noget?"
spurgte
Presten.
"
Ellers er der
ingen Ting."
Bonden
dreiede
Huen,
som vilde ban
gaa.
Da reiste Presten
sig ;
"endnu
dog
dette,"
sagde
ban
og gik lige
bort til
Tord,
tog
bans Haand
og
saa ham ind i
0inene; "give
Gud,
at
Barnet maa blive
dig
til
Velsignelse
!"
Seksten Aar efter den
Dag
stod Tord i Prestens Stue.
"Du holder
dig godt,
du
Tord," sagde Presten,
ban saa
ingen Forandring paa
ham.
"Jeg
bar heller
ingen
Sor-
ger,"
svarede Tord. Hertil
taug
Presten;
men en Stund
efter
spurgte
ban: "Hvad er dit Erende i Kveld?" "I
Kveld kommer
jeg
om S0nnen
min,
som skal konfirmeres
imorgen."
"Han er en flink Gut."
"Jeg
vilde ikke
betale
Presten,
for
jeg
h0rte,
hvad Nummer ban fik
paa
Kirkegulvet."
"Han skal staa Nummer en."
"Jeg
132
FADEREN 133
h0rer
dette,
og
her er ti Daler til
Presten."
"Er der
ellers
noget?" spurgte
Presten,
ban saa
paa
Tord.
"
Ellers er der intet." Tord
gik.
Alter 10b otte Aar
hen, og
saa h0rtes der St0i en
Dag
foran Prestens
Kontor;
thi
mange
Msend
kom, og
Tord
f0rst. Presten saa
op og kjendte
ham. "Dukommer
mandsterk i Kveld."
"Jeg
vilde
begjasre Lysning
for
S0nnen min
;
han skal
gif
tes med Karen
Storliden,
Datter
af
Gudmund,
som her staar." "Dette er
jo Bygdens
rigeste Jente."
u
De
siger
saa,"
svarede
Bonden,
han
str0g
Haaret
op
med den ene Haand. Presten sad en
Stund
og
som i
Tanker;
han
sagde
intet,
men f0rte Nav-
nene
op
i sine
B0ger, og
Msendene skrev under. Tord
lagde
tre Daler
paa
Bordet.
"Jeg
skal blot have
en,"
sagde
Presten.
"
Ved det nok
;
men han er mit eneste
Barn;
vilde
gjerne gj0re
det vel." Presten
tog
mod
Pengene.
u
Det er
tredje Gang,
du
paa
Sonnens
Vegne
staar her
nu,
Tord."
"
Men nu er
jeg ogsaa
f
aerdig
med
ham,"
sagde
Tord
og lagde
sin
Tegnebog sammen, sagde
Farvel
og gik,
Maendene
langsomt
efter.
Fjorten Dage
efter den
Dag
roede Fader
og
Son i stille
Veir over Vandet til Storliden for at samtale om
Bryllup-
pet.
"
Den Toften
ligger
ikke sikkert under
mig," sagde
S0nnen
og
reiste
sig
for at
laegge
den tilrette. I det samme
glider
den
Tilje,
han staar
paa;
han slaar ud med
Armene,
giver
et
Skrig og
falder i
Vandet.
"Tag
i Aaren!"
raabte
Faderen,
han reiste
sig op og
stak den ud. Men da
S0nnen havde
gjort
et
par Tag,
stivner han.
"
Vent lidt !"
raabte
Faderen,
han roede til. Da velter S0nnen
bagover,
ser
langt paa
Faderen
og synker.
Tord vilde ikke ret tro
det,
han holdt Baaden stille
og
stirrede
paa
den
Pletten,
hvor S0nnen var sunken
ned,
som skulde han komme
op igjen.
Der
steg nogle
Bobler
op,
endnu
nogle,
saa bare en
stor,
der brast
og speil-
blank laa atter
Sj0en.
134
NORWEGIAN READER
I tre
Dage og
tre Naetter saa Folk Faderen ro rundt om
denne Pletten uden at
tage
Mad eller S0vn til
sig;
han
soknede efter sin S0n.
Og paa
den
tredje Dag
om Mor-
genen
fandt han ham
og
kom baerende
opover
Bakkerne
med ham til sin Gaard.
Det kunde vel vasre
gaaet
et Aar hen siden hin
Dag.
Da h0rer Presten sent en H0stkveld
nogen
rusle ved D0ren
ude i Forstuen
og
famle varsomt efter Laasen. Presten
aabnede
D0ren,
og
ind traadte en
h0i,
foroverb0iet
Mand,
mager og
livid af Haar. Presten saa
lasnge paa
ham,
f0r
han
kjendte ham;
det var Tord. "Kommer du saa sent?"
sagde
Presten
og
stod stille foran ham. "Aa
ja; jeg
kom-
mer
sent,"
sagde
Tord,
han satte
sig
ned. Presten satte
sig ogsaa,
som han
ventede;
der var
lasnge
stilt. Da
sagde
Tord:
"Jeg
har
noget med,
som
jeg gjerne
vilde
give
til
de
fattige;
det skulde
gj0res
til et
Legat og
baere min
S0ns
Navn;"
han reiste
sig, lagde Penge paa
Bordet
og
satte
sig
atter. Presten taellede dem
op;
"det var
mange
Penge," sagde
han. "Det er Halvten af min
Gaard;
jeg
solgte
den
idag."
Presten blev siddende i
lang
Stilhed;
han
spurgte endelig,
men mildt: "Hvad vil du nu
tage
"dig
for?"
"Noget
bedre." De sad en
Stund,
Tord
med 0inene mod
Gulvet,
Presten med 0inene
paa
ham.
Da
sagde
Presten
sagte og langt:
"
Nu tanker
jeg,
at
S0nnen din
endelig
er bleven
dig
til
Velsignelse."
"
Ja,
nu tsenker
jeg
det
ogsaa selv," sagde
Tord
;
han saa
op, og
to Taarer randt
tunge
nedover hans
Ansigt.
BJ0RNSTJERNE Bj0RNSON.
2. PER OG PAAL OG ESBEN ASKELAD.
Der var
engang
en
Mand,
som havde tre
S0nner,
Per
og
Paal
og
Esben
Askelad;
men andet end de tre S0nnerne
havde han ikke
heller,
for han var saa
fattig,
at han ikke
eiede Naalen
paa Kroppen, og
derfor
sagde
han tidt
og
PER OG PAAL OG ESBEN ASKELAD
135
ofte til
dem,
at de fik ud i Verden
og
se at
tjene
sit
Bred;
hjemme
hos ham blev det ikke andet end
Sultihjel
for dem.
Noget Stykke
borte fra Manden laa
Kongsgaarden, og
lige
udenfor Vinduerne til
Kongen
var der vokset
op
en i
Eg,
som var saa stor
og diger,
at den
skyggede
for
Lyset ,
A
i
Kongsgaarden; Kongen
havde lovet ud
mange, mange-"'
Penge
til
den,
som kunde
hugge
ned
Egen;
men
ingen
var
god
for
det,
for saa fort en skaarede en Flis af
Ege-
leggen,
vokste der to isteden. Saa vilde
Kongen ogsaa
have
gravet
en
Br0nd,som
skulde holde Vand hele
Aaret;
for alle Granderne hans havde Brend
;
men han havde in-
gen, og
det
syntes Kongen
var Skam. Til
den,
som
kunde
grave
en
slig
Br0nd,
at den holdt Vand hele Aaret
rundt,
havde
Kongen
lovet ud baade
Penge og
andet;
men
der var
ingen,
som kunde faa
gjort
det,
for
Kongsgaarden
laa
h0it,
h0it
oppe paa
en
Bakke;
aldrig
f0r havde de
gra-
vet
nogle
Tommer ned
ijorden,
saa kom de ned til haarde
Fjeldet.
Men da nu
Kongen
havde sat
sig
i
Hovedet,
at
han vilde have
gjort
disse
Arbeider,
saa lod han
lyse
fra
alle Kirkebakkerne baade vidt
og bredt,
at
den,
som kunde
hugge
ned den store
Egen
i
Kongsgaarden og
skaffe ham
slig
en
Br0nd,
at den holdt Vand hele Aaret rundt>
skulde faaPrinsessen
og
halve
Riget.
Der var nu nok af
dem,
som vilde
prove sig,
kan du vel
vide;
men alt de
knartede
og hug, og
alt de rodede
og grov,
saa
hjalp
det
ikke; Egen
blev
tykkere og tykkere
for hvert
Hugg, og
Fjeldet
blev nu ikke b!0dere det heller. Om en Stund saa
vilde de tre Br0drene i Veien
og pr0ve sig ogsaa, og
det
var Faderen vel forneiet
med,
for vandt de ikke
Kongs-
datteren
og
halve
Riget,
saa kunde det
dog haende,
at de
fik
Tjeneste
ensteds hos en brav
Mand,
taenkte
Faderen,
og
mere 0nskede han
ikke;
og
da Br0drene
slog paa
det,
at de vilde til
Kongsgaarden, sagde
Faderen straks
ja,
og
saa
lagde
Per
og
Paal
og
Esben
Askelad
afgaarde,
136
NORWEGIAN READER
Da de nu havde
gaaet
et
Stykke,
kom de til en
Granli,
og lige op
for den var en brat
Hei;
saa h0rte de
noget,
som
hug og hug oppe
i Helen.
u
jeg
undres,
hvad det
er,
som
hugger oppe
i
Helen,
jeg
I"
sagde
Esben Askelad.
"
Du er nu saa
klog
med dine
Forundringer bestandig,
du !"
sagde
han Per
og
han Paal
;
"det er da
noget
at forundre
sig
over
ogsaa,
at der staar en
Vedhugger og
knarter
oppe
i Heien."
"Jeg
har nok Moro af at
se,
hvad det
er, lige-
vel, jeg," sagde
Esben
Askelad, og
dermed
gik
han. "Aa
ja,
er du
sligt
et
Barn,
har du
godt
af at la^re at
gaamed!"
raabte Br0drene hans efter ham
;
men han br0d
sig
ikke
om
det, Esben;
han
lagde
afsted
opover
Bakkerne
did,
hvor han h0rte det
hug, og
da han kom
der,
saa
han,
det
var en
0ks,
som stod
og hug paa
en
Furuleg.
u
God
Dag
!
"
sagde
Esben Askelad. "Staar du her
og hugger?" "Ja,
nu har
jeg
staaet her
og hugget
i
mange lange
Tider
og
ventet
paa dig,"
svarede 0ksen.
"Ja, ja,
her er
jeg," sagde
Esben,
han
tog
0ksen
og slog
den af Skaftet
og stoppede
baade 0ks
og
Skaft i
Skreppen
sin. Da han saa kom
ned
igjen
til Bredrene
sine,
begyndte
de at le
og gj0re
Nar af
ham;
"hvad var det for
noget rart,
du fik se
oppe
i Heien?"
sagde
de.
"Aa,
det var bare en
0ks,
vi
h0rte," sagde
Esben.
Da de saa havde
gaaet
en Stund
igjen,
kom de under en
Berghammer; oppe
i den h0rte de
noget
hakkede
og grov.
"Jeg undres,
hvad det
er,
som hakker
og graver oppe
under
Berghammeren, jeg?" sagde
Esben Askelad. "Du
er nu altid saa
klog
til at forundre
dig,
du," sagde
han Per
og
han Paal
igjen;
"har du
aldrig
h0rt
Fuglene
hakke
og
pikke paa
Trasrne f0r?"
"Ja,
men
jeg
har nok Moro af
at
se,
hvad det
er, ligevel, jeg," sagde Esben,
og
alt de lo
og gjorde
Nar af
ham,
saa br0d han
sig
ikke om
det,
han
lagde
afsted
op
imod
Berghammeren, og
da han kom
op
under,
saa
han,
det var et
Grasv,
som stod
og
hakkede
og
grov.
"God
Dag
!"
sagde
Esben
Askelad;
"staar du her
PER OG PAAL OG ESBEN ASKELAD
'137
og
hakker
og graver
saa alene?"
Ja, jeg gj0r det," sagde
Grasvet;
"nu har
jeg
staaet her
og
hakket
og gravet
i
mange lange
Tider
og
ventet
paa dig," sagde
det.
"Ja,
ja,
her er
jeg," sagde
Esben
igjen,
han
tog
Graevet
og slog
det af Skaftet
og gjemte
det i
Skreppen
sin, og
saa ned-
over til Br0drene sine
igjen.
"
Det var vel
noget
fa3lt
rart,
du saa
deroppe
under
Berghammeren
?
"
sagde
han Per
og
han Paal.
"
Aa,
det var ikke
noget videre,
det var bare et
Graev,
vi
herte,"
svarede Esben. Saa
gik
de et
godt
Stykke
sammen
igjen,
til de kom til en
Baek;
t0rste var de
nu alle tre efter
det,
de havde
gaaet, og
saa
lagde
de
sig
ned ved Bsekken for at drikke.
"Jeg
undres
rigtig,
hvor
dette Vand kommer fra?"
sagde
Esben Askelad.
"Jeg
undres,
om du er
rigtig
i
Skallen, jeg," sagde
han Per
og
han Paal. "Er du ikke
gal,
saa forundrer du
dig sagtens
gal
med det allerf0rste. Hvor Baekken kommer fra? Har
du
aldrig
sect Vandet rinde
op
af en Aare i
Jorden
da?"
"Ja,
men
jeg
har nok
Lyst
til at
se,
hvor det kommer
fra,
ligevel, jeg," sagde
Esben
;
han afsted
opmed Baekken, og
alt Bredrene raabte
paa
ham
og
lo af
ham,
saa
hjalp
det
ikke
;
han
gik
sin
Gang.
Da han saa kom
langt opmed,
blev Baekken mindre
og mindre,
og
da han kom endda et
Stykke
f
rem,
fik han se en stor Valn0d
;
fra den silrede
Vandet ud. "God
Dag!" sagde
Esben
igjen; "ligger
du
her
og
silrer
og
rinder saa alene?"
"Ja, jeg gj0r det,"
sagde
Valn0dden;
"her har
jeg Hgget og
silret
og
rundet
i
mange lange
Tider
og
ventet
paa dig." "Ja, ja,
her er
jeg," sagde
Esben
;
han
tog
en Mosedot
og dyttede
i
Hullet,
saa Vandet ikke kunde komme
ud,
og
saa
lagde
han Val-
n0dden i
Skreppen og
satte nedover til Br0drenesine
igjen.
"Nu har du vel
sect,
hvor Vandet kommer fra? Det saa
vel faalt rart
ud,
kan
jeg
taenke?"
sagde
han Per
og
han
Paal.
"Aa,
det var bare et
Hul,
det randt ud
af," sagde
Esben,
og
saa lo de andre to
og gjorde
Nar af ham
igjen
;
138
NORWEGIAN READER
men Esben Askelad bred
sig
ikke om
det;
"jeg
havde nu
Moro af at se det
ligevel, jeg," sagde
ban.
Da de saa havde
gaaet
et
Stykke igjen,
kom de til
Kongs-
gaarden;
men da alle i
Kongeriget
havde faaet
h0re,
at de
skulde vinde Prinsessen
og
halve
Riget,
dersom de kunde
hugge
ned den store
Egen og grave
Br0nd til
Kongen,
saa
var der kommet saa
mange,
som havde
provet Lykken
sin,
at
Egen
var dobbelt saa
tyk og stor,
som den var fra
f0rst af
;
for der vokste ud to Fliser for
hver,
de skaarede
ud med
0ksen,
kan du vel huske. Derfor havde
Kongen
nu sat den
Straf,
at
de,
som
pr0vede .sig og
ikke kunde
faslde
Egen,
skulde sasttes ud
paa
en
0, og begge
0rerne
skulde
klippes
af dem. Men de to Br0drene lod
sig
ikke
skrasmme ved det
;
de troede
nok,
de skulde faa
Egen
ned,
og
ban
Per,
som aeldst
var,
skulde nu til at
pr0ve
f0rst;
men det
gik
med ham som med alle de
andre,
som havde
hugget paa Egen;
for hver
Flis,
han skaarede
ud,
vokste
der to
isteden, og
saa
tog Kongens
Folk ham
og klippede
af ham
begge
0rerne
og
satte ham ud
paa
0en. Nu vilde
han Paal
til;
men med ham
gik
det akkurat
lige ens;
da
han havde
hugget
en
to,
tre
Hugg,
saa de fik
se,
at
Egen
vokste,
tog Kongens
Folk ham
ogsaa og
satte ud
paa
0en,
og
ham
klippede
de 0rerne endda snauere af
,
for de
syn-
tes,
han kunde lasrt at
vogte sig
af Broderen. Saa vilde
Esben Askelad til. "Vil du
endelig
se ud som en merket
Sau,
skal vi
gjerne klippe
af
dig
0rerne
straks,
saa
slipper
du
Bryderiet," sagde Kongen
;
han var sindt
paa
ham for
Br0drenes
Skyld. "Jeg
havde nok Moro af at
pr0ve
f0rst
alligevel," sagde
Esben, og
det maatte han da faa Lov til.
Han
tog
0ksen sin ud af
Skreppen og skjaeftede
den
paa
Skaftet
igjen. "Hug
selv!"
sagde
Esben til
0ksen, og
den til at
hugge,
saa Fliserne
fl0i,
og
saa var det ikke
lasnge,
f0r
Egen
maatte ned. Da det var
gjort, tog
Esben frem
Graevet sit
og
satte det
paa
Skaftet. "Grav
selv!"
sagde
Esben, og
Grasvet til at hakke
og grave,
saa
Jord og
Stene
DEN NORSKE BONDE 139
sprutede, og
saa maatte vel Bronden
op,
kan du tro. Da
han nu havde faaet den saa
dyb og stor,
han
vilde, tog
Esben Askelad frem Valn0dden sin
og lagde
i del ene
Hjerne paa Bunden;
der
tog
han Mosedotten ud af den.
"Silre
og
rind!"
sagde
Esben,
og
den til at
rinde,
saa
Vandet fossede ud af
Hullet;
om en liden Stund var Br0n-
den bredfuld. Saa havde Esben
hugget
ned
Egen,
som
skyggede
for
Kongens Vinduer, og
skaffet Br0nd i
Kongs-
gaarden, og
saa fik han Prinsessen
og
det halve
Riget,
som
Kongen
havde
sagt ;
men
godt
var det for Per
og
Paal,
at de havde mistet
0rerne;
for ellers havde de hver
Tid
og
Time faaet here
det,
alle
sagde,
at Esben Askelad
ikke havde forundret
sig
saa
gait
endda.
J0RGEN
MOE.
3. DEN NORSKE BONDE.
Jeg
er saa
fro,
jeg
er saa
glad,
jeg
er min
egen Herre,
jeg Fogden
ei skal
sp0rge
ad,
om
jeg
tilfreds maa
vasre;
jeg
strsebe kan
og vil, og
Held
skal mede
mig
fra Dal
og Fjeld,
jeg gi'r
min
Skat, gj0r
Ret
og Skjel
og
er min
egen
Herre.
Mit Hus er
lavt;
men mit det
er,
min
egen
Tomt det
baerer,
og
aabent staar det for
enhver,
som
Gud
og Kongen
ssrer.
Kom
Bonde,
b0d
jeg
ham min
Haand,
kom
Ridder,
b0d
jeg
ham min
Haand,
jeg frygter
Gud,
men
ingen
Mand,
og
er min
egen
Herre.
140 NORWEGIAN READER
Min Kost er
simpel, og
min Drik
nedover
Klippen flyder,
og
mon den mere
Styrke
fik,
som Snese Retter
nyder?
mon den er mere
glad
end
jeg,
som henter
paa
en
farlig
Vei
sin rare Vin?
jeg
mener
nei;
Vand
laesker,
styrker,
f
ryder.
Mit Leie
ingen spotte maa,
jeg
holder det i
Êre;
jeg ved,
at S0vn
paa
bare Straa
kan
tryg og kvaegsom
voere.
Naar Sol
forgylder Bjergetop,
jeg
med
fornyet Sjsel og Krop
til
Dagens
Arbeid
stiger op,
og
saadan bar det vaere!
JENS
ZETLITZ,
4. 0YVINDS SANG.
L0ft dit
Hoved,
du raske Gut!
om et Haab eller to blev
brudt,
blinker et
nyt
i dit
0ie,
straks det faar Glans af det h0ie!
L0ft dit Hoved
og
se
dig
om 1
noget
er
der,
som raaber: kom!
noget
med tuseride
Tunger,
som om
Freidighed sjunger.
L0ft dit
Hoved,
thi i
dig
selv
blaaner
ogsaa
et udstrakt
Hva3lv,
hvor det med
Harper klinger,
jubler,
toner
og svinger.
GUDBRAND I LIEN 141
L0ft dit Hoved
og sjung
det
ud!
aldrig
kuer du Vaarens
Skud;
hvor der er
gjserende
Krsefter,
skyder
det Aaret efter.
L0ft dit Hoved
og tag
din Daab
af det
h0ie,
straalende
Haab,
som over Verden hvaalver
og
i hver
Livsgnist skjaslver!
5.
GUDBRAND I LIEN.
Der var
engang
en
Mand,
som hed Gudbrand
;
ban
havde en
Gaard,
som laa
langt
borte i en
Aasli, og
derfor
kaldte de ham Gudbrand i Lien. Han
og
Konen bans le-
vede saa vel sammen
og
var saa
godt forligte,
at
alt,
Man-
den
gjorde, syntes
Konen var saa
velgjort,
at det
aldrig
kunde
gj0res
bedre
;
hvorledes ban bar
sig ad,
var bun
lige
glad
i det. De eiede sin
Jordvei, og
hundrede Daler havde
de
liggende paa
Kistebunden
og
i
Fj0set
to klavebundne
Kj0r.
Men saa
sngde
Konen en
Dag
til Gudbrand:
"Jeg
synes,
vi skulde lede den ene Ko til
Byen og saelge
den,
jeg,
saa vi kunde faa os
nogle Haandskillinger;
vi er saa
brave
Folk,
at vi burde have
nogle Skillinger
mellem
Haenderne,
ligesom
andre bar det. De hundrede
Daler,
som
Hgger paa
Kistebunden,
kan vi ikke
tage
Hul
pan
;
men
jeg
ved
ikke,
hvad vi skal med flere end en Ko.
Og
lidt vinder vi
ogsaa derved,
at
jeg slipper
med at stelle den
ene
Ko,
istedenfor at
jeg
bar
gaaet og maaget og
vandlet
til to."
Ja,
det
syntes
Gudbrand var baade
rigtig og
fornuftig
talt. Han
tog
straks Koen
og gik
til
Byen
med
for at
saelge den;
men da ban kom til
Byen,
var der
ingen,
som vilde
kj0be
Koen.
u
ja, ja,"
taenkte
Gudbrand,
"saa
kan
jeg gaa hjem igjen
med Koen
min;
jeg
ved,
jeg
bar
baade Baas
og
Klave til
den,
og
det er
lige langt
frem
og
tilbage." Og
dermed
gav
han
sig
til at
rangle hjemover
igjen.
Men da han var kommen et
Stykke paa Veien,
m0dte
han
en,
der havde en
Hest,
han skulde
saslge;
saa
syntes
Gudbrand,
det var bedre at have Hest end
Ko,
og byttede
saa med ham. Da han havde
gaaet
et
Stykke linger,
medte han
en,
der
gik og
drev en fed Gris foran
sig, og
saa
syntes han,
det var bedre at have fed Gris end
Hest,og
byttede
saa med Manden.
Derpaa gik
han et
Stykke til,
saa m0dte han en Mand med en
Gjed, og
saa taankte
han,
det
sagtens
var bedre at have
Gjed
end
Gris,
og
derfor
byt-
tede han med
ham,
som eiede
Gjeden.
Saa
gik
han et
langt Stykke,
til han m0dte en
Mand,
som havde en
Sau;
med ham
byttede
han,
for han taenkte: "Det er altid
bedre at have Sau end
Gjed."
Da han nu havde
gaaet
en
Stund
igjen,
m0dte han en Mand med en
Gaas;
saa
byttede
han bort Sauen med
Gaasen;
og
da han saa havde
gaaet
et
langt, langt Stykke,
m0dte han en Mand med en
Hane;
med ham
byttede han,
for han taenkte som saa:
"
Det er
sagtens
bedre at have Hane end Gaas." Han
gik da,
til
det led
langt
ud
paaDagen;
men
saabegyndte
han at blive
sulten,
og
saa
solgte
han Hanen for tolv
Skilling og kjebte
sig
Mad for
dem;
"for det er da altid bedre at
bjerge
Liv
end have
Hane,"
taenkte Gudbrand i Lien.
Derpaa gik
han videre
hjemad,
til han kom til sin nagrmeste Nabo-
gaard;
der
gik
han indom. "Hvorledes er det
gaaet dig
i
Byen
?
"
spurgte
Folkene.
"Aa,
det er nu
gaaet
saa
og
saa,"
sagde
Manden,
"ikke kan
jeg
rose
Lykken min, og
ikke kan
jeg
laste den
heller,"
og
dermed fortalte han dem
det
hele,
hvorledes det var
gaaet
ham fra f0rst til sidst.
"Ja,
du bli'r da
sagtens
vel
modtagen,
naar du kommer
hjem
til Konen
din,"
sagde
Manden
paa
Gaarden;
"Gud
hjaalpe dig!
ikke vilde
jeg
vaere i dit Sted."
"Jeg synes,
det kunde vaare
gaaet meget
vaerre,
jeg," sagde
Gudbrand i
GUDBRAND
I LIEN
143
Lien;
"men enten det nu er
gaaet gait
eller
vel,
saa bar
jeg
saa snil
Kone,
at him
aldrig siger noget,
hvordan
jeg
saa
baerer
mig
ad."
"Ja,
det ved
jeg
vist;
men ikke for det
jeg
tror
det," sagde
Granden.
"
Skal vi vedde
paa
det?"
sagde
Gudbrand i
Lien; "jeg
bar hundrede Daler
liggende
hjemme paa
Kistebunden,
t0r du holde
ligt
imod?"
Ja,
de
veddede, og
saa blev ban der til om
Kvelden,
da det
begyndte
at
m0rkne;
saa
gik
de sammen til bans Gaard.
Der blev Grandmanden staaende udenfor D0ren
og
skulde
lytte,
medens Manden selv
gik
ind til Konen. "God
Kveld !"
sagde
Gudbrand i
Lien,
da ban kom ind.
"
God
Kveld!"
sagde
Konen "aa Gud ske
Lov,
du er der!"
Ja,
det var ban da. Saa
spurgte
Konen,
hvorledes det var
gaaet
ham i
By
en.
"Aa,
saa
og
saa!" svarede
Gudbrand,
"det er
just
intet at rose. Da
jeg
kom til
Byen,
var der
ingen,
som vilde
kj0be
Koen,
saa
byttede jeg
den bort mod
en
Hest,
jeg." "Ja,
det skal du
rigtig
have Tak
for, det,"
sagde Konen;
"vi er saa brave
Folk,
at vi kan
kj0re
til
Kirke,
vi
ligesaavel
som
andre,
og
naar vi bar Raad til at
holde
Hest,
saa kan vi
sagtens laegge
os den til. Gaa ned
og
saet ind
Hesten,
Born!"
"Ja," sagde
Gudbrand, "jeg
bar nok ikke Hesten
heller, jeg
;
da
jeg
kom et
Stykke
paa
Veien,
byttede jeg
den bort for en Gris."
"
Nei,
nei !
"
raabte
Konen,
"det var da
rigtig,
som
jeg
selv skulde
gjort det;
det skal du saamaand have Tak for! Nu kan vi
faa Flesk i Huset
og noget
at
byde
Folk,
naar de kom-
mer til
os,
vi
og.
Hvad skulde vi med Hesten? Saa skulde
Folk
sige,
vi var blevne saa store
paa det,
at vi ikke
laenger
kan
gaa
til Kirke som f0r. Gaa ncd
og
sast ind
Grisen,
B0rn !
"
"
Men
jeg
bar nok ikke Grisen her
heller,"
sagde
Gudbrand;
"da
jeg
kom et
Stykke laenger bort, byttede
jeg
den bort med en
Melkegjed."
"Nei,
hvor vel du
gj0r
Alting
!
"
raabte Konen.
"
Hvad skulde
jeg
med
Grisen,
naar
jeg
ret betaenker
mig!
Folk skulde bare
sagt
: Der-
borte aeder de
op alt,
de
bar; nei,
nu bar
jeg Gjed,
saa faar
144
NORWEGIAN READER
jeg
baade Melk
og Ost, og Gjeden
beholder
jeg
endda.
Slip
ind
Gjeden,
B0rn!"
sagde
Konen.
"Nei,
jeg
bar
nok ikke
Gjeden
heller,
jeg," sagde
Gudbrand;
"da
jeg
kom et
Stykke paa
Veien, byttede jeg
bort
Gjeden og
fik
en
dygtig
Sau for den."
"Nei,"
raabte
Konen,
"du bar
da
gjort
det,
akkurat som
jeg
skulde onsket
mig
alt,
akku-
rat som
jeg
selv havde vaeret med. Hvad skulde vi med
Gjeden? Jeg
maatte da
klyve
i
Berg og
Dale
og
faa den
ned
igjen
til Kvelds.
Nei,
bar
jeg
Sau,
kan
jeg
faa Uld
og
Klaeder i Huset
og
Mad
ogsaa.
Gaa ned
og slip
ind
Sauen,
B0rn !
"
"Men
jeg
bar nok ikke Sauen
laenger, jeg,"
sagde
Gudbrand;
"for da
jeg
havde
gaaet
en
Stund,
byt-
tede
jeg
den bort mod en Gaas."
"
Tak skal du have for
det!"
sagde
Konen, "og mange
Tak
ogsaa
! Hvad skulde
jeg
med Sauen?
Jeg
bar
jo
hverken Rok eller
Ten, og
ikke
bryder jeg mig
om at slide
og
slaebe
og
virke Klseder
heller
;
vi kan
kj0be
Klaeder nu som f0r
;
nu faar
jeg
Gaase-
flesk,
som
jeg laenge
bar stundet
efter, og
nu kan
jeg
faa
Dun i den lille Puden min. Gaa ned
og slip
ind
Gaasen,
B0rn!"
"Ja jeg
bar nok ikke Gaasen heller
jeg," sagde
Gudbrand;
."da
jeg
var kommen et
Stykke linger paa
Veien, byttede jeg
den bort for en Hane." "Gud
ved,
hvordan du bar fundet
paa
det alt!" raabte
Konen;
"deter
altsammen,
som
jeg
havde
gjort
det selv. En Hane! det er
det
samme,
som du havde
kj0bt
et
Ottedags-ur,
for hver
Morgen galer
Hanen Klokken
fire,
saa kan vi
ogsaa
komme
paa
Benene til rette Tid. Hvad skulde vi vel med
Gaasen? Ikke kan
jeg
lave til
Gaaseflesket, og
min Pude
kan
jeg jo fylde
med
Stargrass.
Gaa ned
og slip
ind
Hanen,
B0rn !
"
"
Men
jeg
bar nok ikke Hanen
heller,
jeg,"
sagde
Gudbrand
;
"da
jeg
havde
gaaet
endda et
Stykke,
blev
jeg
skrubsulten,
og
saa maatte
jeg saalge
Hanen for tolv
Skilling
for at
berge
Livet."
"
Naa,
Gud ske
Lov,
for du
gjorde
det,"
raabte
Konen;
"hvordan du steller
dig, gj0r
du
Alting, netop
som
jeg
kunde 0nsket det frem. Hvad
VED AARSKIFTET
145
skulde vi
ogsaa
med Hanen ? Vi er
jo
vore
egne Herrer,
vi kan
ligge
om
Morgenen,
saa
lagnge
vi vil. Gud ske
Lov,
naar
jeg
bare bar faaet
dig igjen,
som steller alt saa
goclt,
traenger jeg
hverken til Hane eller
Gaas,
hverken Grise
eller
Kjer."
Saa lukkede Gudbrand
op
D0ren. "Har
jeg
vundet de hundrede Daler nu?"
sagde
ban,
og
det maatte
da Grandmanden
tilstaa,
at ban havde.
J0RGEN
MOE.
10
6.
VED AARSKIFTET.
Jeg
elsker Tiden: den driver Blodet
som Pulsens
Slag gjennem
Verdens Orden
;
den tar det onde
og gir
det
gode
og
svinder
ydmyg,
naar den er vorden.
Jeg
elsker Tiden : den tar
tilorde,
hvor alle skalv
og
hvor
ingen turde;
den holder Dom over alt vi
gjorde,
gj0r
stort det smaa
og gj0r
smaat det store.
Jeg
elsker Tiden
;
thi Tiden hevner:
det ondes
Tempel
med
Jord
den
jevner;
det
godes evige
Navn den
naevner,
hvor Sandheds
Fylking
mod Sandhed staavner.
Jeg
elsker
Tiden;
thi Tiden breder
Forsonings
Flor om vor traette Pande.
Jeg
elsker Tiden
;
thi Tiden leder
os som en Ven til de stille Lande.
Jeg
elsker Tiden: den skaber
Striden,
som driver Aanden mod
evig
Viden.
Jeg
elsker Tiden: den
skjaenker Freden,
som bserer Aanden mod
Evigheden.
JACOB
BREDA BULL,
7.
TO STERKE.
En
Dvergbirk
stod alene
oppe paa
en Skrent.
Fjeldet
var
nogent og graat omkring
hende
og
brat som en
Vseg
nedenunder. Hun felte ikke sin Ensomhed
lasnger.
Det var kun i
gamle Dage,
da hun voksed
op ting og
for-
haabningsfuld.
Da dr0mte hun om Storhed
og Styrke,
om mildere
Egne,
om
Lyst,
b!0dt Grass
og
Markblomster
omkring
den
h0ie,
ranke Stamme. Hun vilde blive en
stor,
praagtig
Birk.
Men som Tiden
gik,
var de sluknet den ene efter den
anden af hendes
mange lysende
Dr0mme,
og
der var
bleven
tilbage
en
Virkelighed, graa
som
Fjeldvaeggen
som den
tynde
Mos
og
0de som de
lange
Heie. Iste-
detfor den ranke Stamme var hun blevet en
ynkelig
liden
Busk, og
Grenene vendte
opad
vredne som to Haender
i en
inderlig
B0n,
i et fortvilet
Skrig
om Naade
Naade.
Men
Dvergbirken,
hun bad
ikke,
sukked ikke
engang
lasnger.
Hun havde vaennet
sig
til
Sorgen
i det
lange,
ensformige
Liv
paa
den h0ie
Skrent,
hvor Stormen rev
og
sled i
hende,
hvor Kulden
trykked og
Ensomheden
knuged.
Sorgen
var bleven hendes
Ven,
en
uundvaerlig.
I de
Dage, daTaagen
letted
og
Luften var
klar,
saa hun
paaLivet
nede
paa
Marken under
Fjeldvaeggen, lytted
til,
hvad Traerne hvisked om
og glaeded sig
stille med dem.
Dernede havde de samlet
sig,Storbirken,Rognen,Heggen
og mange
flere. Hun beundred dem
alle,
Storbirken
isaer,
uden
Misundelse,
uden
Bitterhed,
endda hun
f01te,
at de
ikke
engang lagde
Merke til hende. Nu da hun
forlaengst
havde
opgivet
selv at blive en stor
og herlig Birk,
var
Storbirkens Venskab det
h0ieste,
hun kunde naa i Livet.
Ofte havde hun vasret nasr ved at snakke til hende
;
men
altid havde det skortet hende
paa
Mod til at
begynde,
endda hun havde saa svaert
meget
at
sp0rge
om. Hun
f01te
sig
altfor liden.
TO STERKE
147
En
Sommermorgen
med Sol over
Fjelde og
Lier,
over
Marker
og
Veie.
Dvergbirken lytted
til Stilheden dernede
paa
Marken. Ikke et Blad rorte
sig.
Ikke et. Kanske
turde hun nu snakke til Storbirken. Hun kunde vel ikke
forstyrre
hende nu. Hun
belagde
sine Ord
meget
pent og
skalv
lidt,
da hun
sagde
: "Du
deilige Storbirk,
sig mig,
hvordan blev du saa sterk? Du blir
gammel
nu;
men du er
alligevel ingen svagelig
Stakkar.
Sig mig,
hvordan blev du saa sterk?
"
Saa
meget
havde
Dvergbirken aldrig sagt paa engang
i
sit Liv. Hun f01te
sig
baade
glad og aengstelig.
Ordene
syntes
hende snart for
dristige,
snart aldeles som de skulcle
vaere
smukke, venlige,
men
alligevel serb0dige.
Stor-
birken lo
lyst og
let.
"
Gudskelov,
hun er da ikke for-
naermet,"
taenkte den lille
og kjendte sig
lettet,
saa
deilig
lettet.
"Jeg
ved ikke
rigtig, jeg.
Alle kalder de
mig
det dei-
ligste
Tree i Skoven. Sol
og
Vind
og Regn
er
gode
mod
mig.
Smaablomsterne samler
sig omkring
min
Stamme,
dufter for
mig og
kalder
mig
sin
kjagre
Ven.
Jeg
ved ikke
rigtig, jeg
;
men
jeg
tror Gladden
gjorde mig
sterk."
"Saa smukt hun
taler,
og
saa
mange
Ord,
him
bruger;
men hun er
jo ogsaa
en
lykkelig en,"
taenkte
Dvergbirken.
"Men du
da,
lille
deilige
Birk,
med din
underlig
fine
Pragt,
hvordan blev du saa sterk?
Ja,
for sterk maa du
vtere,
som kan taale Kulden
og
alle de
rygende
Storme
deroppe.
Havde
jeg
staaet
paa
din
Plads,
saa var
jeg
knaakket over for
laenge
siden hvis
jeg
da ikke havde
frosset
ihjel
forinden."
Og
Storbirken
lo,
som
syntes
hun,
det maatte vaere Moro at se
sig ligge
der knaskket over
eller frosset
ihjel.
"
Glceden kan vel ikke ha
gjort dig
sterk?"
Dvergbirken
var
meget forlegen:
hun
deilig og
sterk!
Hun
gjorde sig
mindre,
end hun
var, og
vilde ikke straks
tro,
at de smukke Ord var
aerlig
mente. Men
Storbirken
148
NORWEGIAN READER
havde da snakket saa
ligetil,
at det kunde nok ikke vaere
Svig.
Det kribled hende fra
Toppen og
ned i Roden af
bare Glade. Det vared en
Stund,
f0r htm kunde
svare,
saa
bevaeget
blev hun:
"Jeg
har
aldrig
taenkt over det
der, og
da er det ikke
saa
godt
at
vide;
men det maa vel vaere
Sorgen,
som
gjorde mig
sterk."
PETER EGGE.
8. F^DRELANDSSANG.
Ja,
vi elsker dette
Landet,
som det
stiger
frem
furet,
veirbidt over Vandet
med de tusend
Hjem,
elsker,
elsker det
og
tsenker
paa
vor Far
og
Mor
og
den
Saganat,
som saenker
Dr0mme
paa
vor
Jord.
Dette Landet Harald
bjerged
med sin
Kjaemperad,
dette Landet Haakon
verged,
medens 0ivind
kvad;
Olav
paa
det Land har malet
Korset med sit
Blod,
fra dets H0ie Sverre taled
Roma midt imod.
B0nder sine 0kser
brynte,
hvor en Haer
drog
frem
;
Tordenskjold langs Kysten lynte,
saa den
lystes hjem.
Kvinder selv stod
op og strede,
som de vare
Msend;
andre kunde bare
grasde
;
men det kom
igjen!
FÊDRELANDSSANG 149
Haarde Tider har vi
d0iet,
blev tilsidst
forstodt;
men i vaerste Ned blaa-0'iet
Frihed blev os f0dt.
Det
gav
Faderkraft at baere
Hungersn0d og Krig,
det
gav
D0den selv sin ./Ere
og
det
gav Forlig!
Fienden sit Vaaben
kasted,
op
Visiret
for,
vi med Undren mod ham
hasted;
thi han var vor Bror.
Drevne frem
paa
Stand af Skammeii
gik
vi
s0derpaa;
nu vi staar tre Br0dre sammen
og
skal saadan staa!
Norske Mand i Hus
og Hytte,
tak din store Gud!
Landet vilde han
beskytte,
skjent
det m0rkt saa ud.
Alt,
hvad Fasdrene har
kjaBmpet,
M0drene har
grasdt,
har den Herre stille
lempet,
saa vi vandt vor Ret!
Ja,
vi elsker dette
Landet,
som det
stiger
frem
furet,
veirbidt over Vandet
med de tusend
Hjem.
Og
som Faadres
Kamp
har ha3vet
det af N0d til
Sei'r,
ogsaa vi,
naar det blir
kraevet,
for dets Fred slaar Leir!
BJ0RNSTJERNE
Bj0RNSON*
150
NORWEGIAN READER
9. GAMLE HANS GRENADER.
I.
Viggo
var nu ti Aar
gammel.
Beates Dukker lod han
i Fred
og
Ro;
han vilde ikke
engang laenger
vaere
Viking,
naar han blev stor. Officer vilde han nu
vaere,
heist
General;
men kunde han ikke straks blive
det,
saa vilde
han
ogsaa
n0ie
sig
med at vasre
L0itnant;
han kunde
jo
altid blive General siden. Hvem tror
du,
han havde faaet
det at vide af ? Af den
gamle
Hans Grenader.
Hans var
Viggos gode Ven,
skj0nt
han var but
og
bidsk mod alle
andre.
Folkene
paa
Gaarden kaldte den
gamle
Grenader som oftest Hans
Bandhund,
for naar
han talte til
nogen,
saa var
det,
ligesom
han
gj0ede og
vilde
bide, sagde
de. Men
Viggo sagde,
at Grenaderens
Ord mere
lignede Tappenstreg
eller
Reveille,
og
det
mente den
gamle
ikke var saa dumt
sagt;
det var
ogsaa
egentlig
fra den
Tid, Viggo og
Hans var saa
gode
Venner.
Hans Grenader holdt sine to
og sytti
Tommer
og
vel
det;
han var skulderbred
og
rank som et
Lys;
han havde
langt,
drivende hvidt
Haar,
som
hang
i eri Pisk nedover
hans r0de
Munderingstr0ie.
Naar han kom vandrende
op
imod Gaarden fra sin
Husmandsplads,
bar han altid 0ksen
paa
den venstre Skulder som et Gevasr
og gik
stiv
og
strunk
og
satte Fodbladene udtilbens
og
holdt
Takt,
som
om
Sergeanten
marscherede
lige
i Ha3lene
paa
ham
og
kommanderede :
"En,
to!
En,
to!"
Han havde
gule
Skindbukser;
men Buksesasler
brugte
han ikke. Derfor var der et halvt Kvarter mellem Troien
og Bukselinningen, og
her
lyste
det ind
paa
bare
Skjorten
Sommer
og
Vinter. Paa Hovedet bar han en
Hat,
som
var r0dbrun af Slid i
Kanterne;
den var vid oventil
og
smal nede ved
Bremmen,
og
i Pullen havde den en
dyb
S0k,
som var fuld af
Vand,
hver
Gang
det
regnede.
Hat-
GAMLE HANS GRENADER
151
tensatte ban altid lidt
paa
Sned over det venstre
0re;men
gik
Hans altfor
kj0n og
sad Hatten altfor
meget paaSnur,
saasagde
Folkene:
"Idag
er Hans Bandhund
og
Gaase-
dammen bans
paa
en Kant
begge
to."
Og
hvor
n0dig Viggo
vilde
r
maatte ban
dog
tilstaa,
at
dette ofte var et slemt
Tegn;
thi Hans havde den
Fell,
at
ban somme Tider drak en liden Taar over T0rsten. Men
Viggo
saa endda ikke saa
ugjerne,
at Hatten sad lidt mer
end
tilb0rlig paa
Snur;
thi da var
gamle
Hans
allervilligst
til at fortaBlle "om den
Tid,
ban laa
ude,"
baade i 88
og
i
8
og
9.
Da fik
Viggo
h0re om
Slaget
ved Kvistrum
og
ved Lier
og
ferst
og
sidst om
"
Prinsen af
Gustenborgen,"
det var Prins Kristian af
Augustenborg,
ban kaldte saa.
"Det var vel Mand !"
sagde
Hans.
"
Sligt Opsyn
skulde
du
aldrig
seet
paa
Karl. Naar ban saa
paa dig,
var
det,
som ban vilcle sede
dig op
i en Bid.
Og slig Snabel,
som
der sad mellem 0inene
paa
ham ! Du ser
paa mig; ja,
til
en
simpel
Grenader at
vsere,
bar Vorherre vasret
ganske
god
imod
mig.
Men Prinsen af
Gustenborgen
ban havde
Naese,
som raabte: afveien !
Og
derfor maatte de unna
ogsaa,
hvor ban viste
sig. Slig
Mand bar der ikke vseret
i
Norges
L^nd hverken f0r eller siden. Gud
velsigne
ham,
der ban
ligger, og
Gud straffe
dem,
som
lagde
ham
der !
"
"Fy!
Prinsen af
Augustenborg
bandede vist
ikke,"
sagde Viggo.
"Mener du
det,
din
Hvalp?
Men det er sandt
nok,
det
gjorde
ban ikke
heller,"
svarede Hans. "Det kom
deraf,
at en General ikke beh0ver at
bande,
det h0rer ikke ham
til;
men for den
gemene
er det
ligesaa
fornodent som at
drikke Braendevin."
Viggo
blev slet ikke overbevist
herved,
tvertimod han
sagde,
at det var Skam
begge
Dele.
"Skam?" svarede Grenaderen. "Ved
du,
hvad Prinsen
af
Gustenborgen sagde,
da han holdt foran Fronten? "En
152
NORWEGIAN READER
Ting
er
Skam," sagde ban,
"
og
det er at vise
Ryggen,
0r
der er slaaet Retraet. Nu ved
du,
hvad Skam
er,
min Gut."
Viggo
forstod
nok,
at det ikke
nyttede
ham at tale den
gamle
Grenader tilrette i denne
Sag ;
derfor
taug
ban en
Stund.
"
Har du
aldrig kjendt nogen Smaagut,
som er
bleven General?
"
spurgte
ban
derpaa. "Nei,
det bar
jeg
aldrig;
men
jeg
bar
kjendt
en liden
Tambur,
som blev
Underofficer. Han var ikke stort st0rre end du
;
men det
var levende
Unge.
Han kunde
gj0re Alting,
hvad det
skulde
vaere;
ban kunde staa
paa
Hovedet
og paa
Benene
og
slaa Hvirvel
lige
fort. Der var bare en
Ting,
ban
havde ondt
for,
og
det var at slaa Retirade. Paa Exercer-
pladsen
kunde ban det som sin ABC
;
men naar ban
lug-
tede
Svenskekrudt,
havde ban
glemt
det med et. L0it-
rianten maatte
give
ham et
Rap
eller
to,
f0r ban kom det
i Hu
igjen.
Men
Gaapaamarsch
kunde ban
slaa,
den
glemte
ban
aldrig, ogden slog
ban somme Tideristedenfor
Retraaten, og
naar Loitnanten var
vred,
undskyldte
ban
sig
med,
at ban havde b0rt
Feil,
<4
det smald saa rundt
omkring
ham," sagde
ban. Men ban
slap
for det meste
fra
det,
for ban havde
engang
reddet
Kapteinens
Liv med
en Snebold."
"Med en Snebold?"
spurgte Viggo.
"Jo, jeg sagde
Snebold,
din
Hvalp;
st0rre Anstalter
brugte
ban ikke. Vi kom stormende
opefter
en Bakke
og
havde Fienden foran
os;
ban var alt kommen
bagom
Bakketoppen.
Det var om
Vinteren,
dyb
Sne var det
og
T0veir til.
Kapteinen og
Tamburnissen var i
Spidsen,
en
otte ti Skridt fremmenfor os. Med det samme de kom
op paa Toppen,
stod Svenskerne der i
Linje.
"
Laeg
an!"
raabte den svenske
Officeren,
og
alle
B0ssepiberne
stod
lige
paa Kapteinen.
Nu vil Svensken
gjerne skyde
over,
ser
du."
''Skyde
over?"
sagde Viggo.
"
I Historien staar
det,
at Svenskerne er de
tapreste
Soldater,
man kan 0nske
sig.
Det var
jo
dem
"
GAMLE HANS GRENADER
153
Men Hans viide ikke h0re
paa
det 0re.
"
Snak har vi
nok af !
"
afbr0d ban.
"
Staar det
paa Prent,
saa er
det,
fordi de har laBrt det af os efter
Foreningen.
Hvordan
skulde
jeg sluppet
helskindet derfra saa
mangen god Gang,
dersom ikke Blaabagrene deres var
gaaet
i
Grantoppene?
Som
jeg siger:
Svensken vil
gjerne skyde
over;
men det
turde Tamburnissen ikke stole
paa,
for det var saa kort
Hold, skjonner
du. Han
greb
ned i
Snehaugen og
klemte
ihob en
Snebold, og
med det samme det blaatr0iede Asenet
aabnede Gabet
og
skulde
sige: "Fyr!"
saa drev Tambur-
nissen til ham med
Bolden,
saa han fik
Forhindring;
han
blev staaende der
og gabe,
for Bolden sad
lige
i Flabben
paa
ham. Imens kom vi
til, og
saa blev der
Baskeleg
paanyt."
"Blev han saa Underofficer?"
spurgte Viggo.
"Ja,
en Stund
efter,
da Prinsen havde faaet
spurgt
det.
Han fik
Underofficersrang, og
det som bedre var : Prinsen
kaldte ham "min S0n." Prinsen holdt forun Fronten.
"Min
s0n," sagde
han til Tamburnissen:
"Jeg
h0rer du
skal vaere brav til at
stoppe
Munden
paa
Svensken,
naar
han vil tale for h0it. Vi vil
prove,
hvad du duer
til,"
sagde han,
og
saa blev Nissen Underofficer."
"Det var
Synd,
han ikke blev
General,"
sagde Viggo.
Han stod lidt
og pudsede
sine
Tr0ieknapper, derpaa sagde
han halvh0it: "Tror
du,
jeg
duede til
General,
Hans?"
"Nei,
h0r
paa
den
Ungkylling!"
svarede Hans. "Saa?
du vil vaere
General,
din
Hvalp? Naa,
naa! bliv ikke rod !
det var ikke saa ilde
spurgt,
det. Men det er vel vanske-
ligt;
for da maa du laere saa
meget,
svsert
meget
"
"Matematik menerdu?"
sagde Viggo;
"den kan
jeg
allerede
noget af, og Sprog ogsaa."
"Ja,
det er brav
nok;
men du maa laere
meget
mere;
du
maa lasre
Reglement, og
det som er
Humlen,
Karl! du
maa laere at
exercere,
saa du
aldrig gj0r
Feil i et eneste
Haandgreb:
Gevaeret maa danse i Na?ven
paa dig, og
naar du slaar
paa
det,
maa det
synge
som
Klokkeren,
naar
ban
synger Amen;og
marschere rnaa du
kunne,
saa stiv
og
stram at
Kuglerne piber
af
Veien,
bare de faar se
dig."
Viggo
vidste
ikke,
hvor ban skulde laere alt dette
;
men
gamle
Hans
sagde,
at det maatte ban laBre i
Krig.
"
Men dersom der nu blev
Krig igjen
"
sagde
Viggo.
"Ja,
du bar
Ret;
dersom det bare
blev,
min Gut! det
var ikke saa dumt
sagt,"
afbrod Grenaderen ham.
"Tror du
saa,
jeg
kunde blive General ?"
spurgte Viggo
videre.
"Ja,
hvem kan vide? Men
vanskeligt
er det. 0inene
er ikke
gale;
du bar det rette
Opsyn.
Men Nassen bar
ikke den
rigtige
Skabelon. Men den t0r vel
yokse
og
kr0ge sig
med
Tiden,"
sagde gamle
Hans.
Det haabede
Viggo ogsaa, og
i det Haab laerte ban at
exercere
og
marschere af sin
gamle Ven;
men ban saa
sig
ofte i
Speilet og
0nskede af
Hjertet,
at Nassen vilde
kr0ge
sig
lidt mere.
II.
En
Eftermiddag
kom
Viggo hjem
fra Skolen med sin
Bogtaske paa Ryggen.
Han marscherede stiv
og
strunk
med
Grenaderskridt;
thi ban taankte
paa
den
Tid,
da han
skulde
ombytte
Tasken med
en,
der var fuld af Patroner.
Gamle Hans stod ude
og
ventede
paa ham, og
da
Viggo
gjorde
Holdt
og lagde
Haanden
paa Hueskyggen, spurgte
den
gamle,
om han kunde
gjette,
hvad
Forasring
der var
kommen
tilgaards.
"Til hvem er det?"
spurgte Viggo.
Grenaderen
svarede,
at det var til
Viggo
selv.
"Hvordan ser det da ud?"
spurgte Viggo igjen.
"
Det er
brunt," sagde
Hans.
"
Gjet
nu !
"
"Pyt,
saa er det vel en brun
Sukkerklump
fra Xante.
Hun kan nu
aldrig huske,
at
jeg
er vokset fra det
Slikkeri,"
sagde Viggo haanlig.
GAMLE HANS GRENADER
155
"
Bid bedre
op!" sagde
Hans
og
smiskede
og gren.
"Dei
er
morkebrunt,
Karl! det
gaar paa
fire
og lepjer
Melk."
"Er du
gal?
Er dct
Jagthund-hvalpen, Kapteinen
lovede
mig?
Er det ?" raabte
Viggo og glemte
med et at
staa stiv
og
rank foran Grenaderen.
"H0ire
ret,
din Fusker!
Javist
er det
saa," sagde
Hans
Grenader.
Men
Viggo gjorde
et
Hallingkast
istedenfor at rette
sig
og styrtede
ind i Stuen. Paa Gulvklaedet tast ved Kak-
kelovnen laa den lille
Hvalp, og
den var saa
smuk,
at
Viggo
ikke kunde se
sig
mast
paa
den. Den var morke-
brun over hele
Kroppen;
men Snuden
og
Labberne var
lysebrune, og
en
lysebrun
Plet havde den over hvert 0ie.
Den var naasten
lige lang og bred, og
da
Viggo
satte
sig
paa
Huk ved den
og strog og klappede
dens blede
Pels,
b0iede den sin
tykke,
korte Hals
og
snusede
og
slikkede
ham
paa
Haanden. Nu havde de hilst
paa
hverandre,
og
fra den Tid saa
Viggo
naasten
ligesaa flittig efter,
om
Hvalpen
voksede
brav,
som om bans
egen
Naese
kr0gede
sig
til Generalsnabel. Men det
gik meget
fortere med
Hvalpen.
Alt eftersom den blev
starre,
fik
Viggo
den
mere
og
mere
kjaBr, og
de var
uadskillelige.
Om Natten
laa Allarm foran bans
Seng,
om
Dagen
sad den ved Siden
af
Viggo,
medens denne laeste sine
Lekser, og
saa
paa
ham
med sine
store,
brune
0ine,
ligesom
den vilde
hja3lpe ham,
naar han kom til et
vanskeligt
Sted
;
siden
fulgte
den med
ham,
hvor han stod
og gik.
Til Skolen maatte den ikke
faa Lov at va3re med
;
men den m0dte ham hver Efter-
middag langt
bortenfor Badstuen
og logrede og peb
af
Glasde,
naar den fik se
ham,
saa
hengiven
var den
Viggo.
En
Vintermorgen
skulde Hans Grenader med
Tjeneste-
gutterne
ned i Skoven
og kjare
T0mmer.
Viggo
havde
Ferier den
Dag,
saa skulde han faa Tilladelse at
f01ge
med. Han
spasndte
da sine Snesokker
paa
Benene
og
fl0itede
paa
Allarm
;
den
sprang og gj0ede og logrede,
da
156
NORWEGIAN READER
den
merkede,
de. skulde til
Skoven;
thi Allarms Fader
var
Jagthund, og
det stak i Blodet. Men
Viggos
Fader
sagde,
at det nok var
raadeligst
at lade Hunden blive
hjemme,
for i Moen
gik
der Graabener i
Flokketal; ja
lige
ned
paa Jordet,
taet under Gaardens
Vinduer,
havde
han sect
Slagfasrden
efter et Par
Stykker,
som havde
lusket der om Natten.
Viggo gjorde
det heist
n0dig,
men
naar Faderen
sagde det,
maatte han
sagtens
lade Allarm
blive
hjemme.
Han
tog
Kobbelet,
spaendte
det om Hun-
dens Hals
og
bandt den til det ene
Sofaben;
sin
gamle
Tr0ie bredte han ved Siden af
Hunden,
forat den kunde
ligge
b!0dt
og
have det
godt.
Men du kan ikke forestille
dig,
hvor Allarm knistrede
og jamrede sig,
da den
merkede,
at den skulde bindes istedenfor at vaere med til Skovs.
Den
lagde sig ganske
flad ned
og
slaebte
sig
henover Gulvet
mod
Viggos
F0dder,
saalangt
Kobbellaenken
naaede,lige-
som den vilde
laBgge sig paa
Knae for ham
og
bede ham
om Frihed
og
om Lov
; og
den saa
op paa
ham med saa
bedr0vede
0ine,
at de
syntes
at
sige
: Har du
virkelig Hjerte
til at
gaa
til Skovs
og
more
dig og
lade
mig
etaa
igjen,
bunden
og
alene?
Nei,
det havde
Viggo
ikke
Hjerte
til.
Han
sagde
til
Faderen,
at det maatte
gaa,
som det
vilde,
saa kunde han ikke
udholde,
at Allarm skulde vaere saa
bedr0vet, og
han
bad,
at han maatte
tage
den med. Fa-
deren smilte
og
svarede,
at han var
bange,
at det vilde
blive Hundens D0d
;
men hvis
Viggo
vilde vove det
og tog
den
med,
fik han
passe
vel
paa
den
og
ikke lade Hunden
komme
sig
af
Syne.
Saa blev den
10st,
og
den,
der var
glad,
var vel
Allarm;
den
sprang og gj0ede,
saa Moderen
holdt for
begge
sine 0ren.
Nede i Skoven kan du
tro,
det var smukt. F0rst reiste
de et
Stykke
efter den
slagne, opkj0rte Vei,
hvor det var
godt
F0re. Alle
sy
v Heste
gik
i
Rad, og
Hans Grenader
og Viggo og
Allarm
gik bagefter
den f0rste. Til
begge
Sider af Veien stod
h0ie,
store Furutraer med sine
gule
GAMLE HANS GRENADER
157
Stammer
op
af
Sneen, og
hist
og
her indimellem stod en
gammel
Gran,
som
haengte
Grenene ned. Dens Bar
kunde man ikke se det mindste
til,
den var kridende hvid
af Sne fra 0verst til
nederst,
der saa man ind
paa
dens
m0rke
bruneLegg.
Men alle
Ungtraarne paabeggeKanter
stod b0iede under Sneens
Vegt ligetil
Marken. Det
var,
ligesom
de havde
taget tykke,
hvide
Kapper paa
for Kul-
den
og
stod
og
bukkede
sig
for
alle,
som
gik
forbi. Men
de hilste ikke h0it. Tvertimod : det var saa
stille,
saa stille i
Skoven;
man h0rte ikke den mindste
Lyd
uden Hestetri-
nene,
som knirkede i Sneen. Hist
og
her saa
Viggo
et
Ulvespor
ved Siden af Veien
;
da talte han hver
Gang
til
Allarni
og sagde,
at den maatte holde
sig
tast til ham.
Og
det
gjorde
den.
Men om en Stund b0iede de af fra Veien ind i
tykke
Skoven. Hans Grenader vadede
foran, og
Sneen naaede
ham
op
til
Knaeet;
saa kom Hestene
og
Gutterne,
den ene
efter den
anden, og
tilsidst
Viggo.
Det var en morsom
Fart. Sneen
dryssede
ned fra Kviste
og
Grene,
saa Kar-
lene var hvide som
Snemaend,
og
det
r0g og dampede
af
Hestene,
fordi Sneen smeltede
paa
dem. Om lidt kom de
til Temmerstokkene
og begyndte
at
spaende
fore. Da
huskede
Viggo
f0rst
paa
Allarm,
han havde rent
glemt
Hunden,
siden de b0iede af fra Veien. Han saa
sig
om
efter
den,
og
med det samme h0rte han Allarm tude
og
jamre
et
Stykke
inde i Skoven. Da merkede
han,
at det
havde vasret
vel,
om han havde
fulgt
Faderens
Raad;
men
nu var det for silde.
Han fattede
0ksen,
som
gamle
Hans havde
hugget
fast
i en
Stubbe,
og styrtcde
bort imellem
Trasrne,
hvor
Hylet
kom
fra,
saa Sneen
sprutede
h0it i Veiret om ham. Det
var ikke
let,
det bar
bortgjennem
vilde
Marken, og
Sneen
naaede ham
langt op paa
Lnaret;
men han merkede intet
dertil,
han var kun
bange,
at han skulde korr.me for sent.
En
Gang
maatte han stanse lidt
og drage Veiret;
da h0rte
158
NORWEGIAN READER
ban atter Hundens
ynkelige Jammer;
men nu led den
svagere.
Han satte
igjen
afsted;
og endelig
kunde ban
skimte bort imellem Traerne. Hunden var ikke at se
;
men tre Ulve stod i en Kreds med Hovederne
indad, og
den f
jerde
laa inde i
Ringen og
bed ned i Sneen.
Viggo
skreg,
saa
detbragede
i
Skoven, og styrtede
10s
paa
Ulve-
flokken med 0ksen i Veiret. Da ban kom Graatasserne
paa
en
syv,
otte Skridt
naer,
blev de tre rsedde for den
tapre
lille Gut
og luskede,
med Kalen mellem
Benene,
ind i
Tykningen;
men den f
jerde,
som laa over
Allarm,
vilde
n0dig slippe
sit
Bytte.
Det var en stor
gulbrandet
Graaben. Den saa
op paa Viggo og gren og glisede
med
de
blodige
Taender. Men
Viggo
taenkte kun
paa
Hundens
Fare.
"
Slipper
du ikke Allarm
paa Timen,
skal du f aa
med
mig
at
gj0re!"
raabte ban
og svang
0ksen h0it over
sit Hoved. Da
syntes
Graatassen
ikke,
det var vaerdt at
pr0ve Legen;
den luskede
langsomt
afsted efter de
andre;
den vendte
sig
endnu
engang og
viste
Taender,
og
saa
blev den borte mellem de hvide Buske.
Dybt
nede i Snehullet laa
Allarm;
den var saa
forbidt,
at den ikke kunde
springe op, og
da
Viggo
10ftede den i
Veiret,
dryppede og
randt Blodet
paa
den hvide
Sne, og
den skalv over hele sit
Legeme
som et
Aspel0v;
men den
slikkede
dog Viggo paa
Haanden.
Med det samme stod
ogsaa gamle
Hans Grenader ved
Viggos
Side. Da ban var kommen lidt til Aande
igjen
efter sit
L0b,
raabte ban
ganske
vred:
"Gjorde jeg,
hvad
ret
var,
burde
jeg
morbanke
dig,
din
Guttehvalp! Synes
du,
det
passer sig
for en
Unge
som
dig,
der ikke er
rigtig
t0r
bag
0rene
endnu,
at
ryge paa
en Graabenflok ? Om
de havde asdt
dig levende,
f0r du havde faaet Suk for
dig,
hvad havde du saa
sagt?"
Da havde
jeg sagt:
"En
Ting
er
Skam,
og
det er at
vise
Ryggen,f0r
der er slaaet Retrcet" svarede
Viggo og
saa visst
paa
Grenaderen.
ST. MATTHÊUS'S EVANGELIUM
159
"Det var ikke saa dumt
sagt.
Naesen er ikke af rette
Art;
men
Opsynet
bar
du, og jeg
tror nassten
Hjertelaget
med," sagde gamle
Hans. Han
tog
Hunden fra
Viggo
og fulgle
ham
hjem
til Gaarden med den.
J0RGEN
MOE.
10.
AGNES.
Agnes,
min
dejlige sommerfugl,
.
.
dig
vil
jeg legende fange
!
Jeg
fletter et
garn
med masker
sma,
og
maskerne er mine
sange
!
"Er
jeg
en
sommerfugl,
liden
og skaer,
sa lad
mig
af
lyngtoppen
drikke;
og
er clu en
gut,
som
lyster
en
leg,
sa
jag mig,
men
fang mig
ikke!"
Agnes,
min
dejlige sommerfugl,
nu bar
jeg
maskerne
flettet;
dig hjaBlper
visst
aldrig
din
flagrende flugt,
snart sidder du
fangen
i nettet!
"Er
jeg
en
sommerfugl, ung og
blank,
jeg lystig
i
legen
mig svinger;
men
fanger
du
mig
under nettets
spind,
sa r0r ikke ved mine
vinger!"
Nej, jeg
skal 10fte
dig varligt pa
hand
og
lukke
dig
hid i mit
hjerte;
der kan du
lege
dit hele liv
den
gladeste leg,
du laerte!
HENRIK IBSEN.
11. SANKT MATTHÊUS'S
EVANGELIUM,
6TE KAPITEL.
Giver
Agt paa,
at I ikke
gj0re
Eders Almisse for
Menneskene for at sees af dem! Ellers have I ikke L0n
bos Eders
Fader,
som er i Himlene.
Derfor,
naar du
160
NORWEGIAN READER
gj0r
Almisse,
skal du ikke lade blaese i Basun for
dig,
som 0ienskalkene
gj0re
i
Synagogerne og paa Gaderne,
paa
det de kunne seres af
Menneskene;
sandelig siger jeg
Eder: De have alt faaet sin L0n. Men naar du
gjor
Almisse,
saa lad din venstre Haand ikke
vide,
hvad din
h0ire
gj0r, paa
det din Almisse kan vasre i
L0ndom,
og
din
Fader,
som ser i
L0ndom,
han skal betale
dig
aaben-
bare !
Og
naar du
beder,
skal du ikke va?re som 0ienskal-
kene;
thi de staa
gjerne og
bede i
Synagogerne og paa
Gadernes
Hj0rner, paa
det de kunne sees af
Menneskene;
sandelig siger jeg Eder,
at de have alt faaet sin L0n. Men
du,
naar du
beder,
da
gak
ind i dit
Kammer,
og
luk din
D0r, og
bed til din
Fader,
som er i
L0ndom,
og
din Fa-
der,
som ser i
Lendom,
skal betale
dig
aabenbare! Men
naar I
bede,
skulle I ikke
bruge overfl0dige Ord,
som
Hedningerne;
thi de
mene,
at de blive
b0nh0rte,
naar
de
bruge mange
Ord. Derfor skulle I ikke vorde dem
lige;
thi Eders Fader
ved,
hvad I have
behov,
f0rend I
bede ham. Derfor skulle I bede saaledes:
Fader
vor, du,
som er i Himlene!
Helliget
vorde dit
Navn! Komme dit
Rige
! Ske din
Vilje,
som i Him-
melen,
saa
og paa Jorden!
Giv os
idag
vort
daglige
Br0d!
Og
forlad os vor
Skyld,
som vi
og
forlade vore
Skyldnere! Og
led os ikke ind i Fristelse! Men fri os
fra det Onde! Thi dit er
Riget, og Magten, og
Êren i
Evighed.
Amen.
Thi,
forlade I Menneskene deres
Overtrasdelser,
skal
ogsaa
Eders himmelske Fader forlade Eder. Men for-
lade 1 ikke Menneskene deres
Overtraedelser,
skal heller
ikke Eders Fader forlade Eders Overtrsedelser.
Men naar I
faste,
skulle I ikke se bedr0vede
ud,
som
0ienskalkene;
thi de forvende sit
Ansigt,
at de kunne
sees af Menneskene at faste
; sandelig siger jeg Eder,
at
de have alt faaet sin L0n. Men
du,
naar du
faster,
da
ST. MATTHÊUS'S EVANGELIUM
161
salv dit Hoved
og
tvaet dit
Ansigt,
at du ikke skal sees af
Menneskene at
faste,
men af din
Fader,
som er i L0n-
dom, og
din
Fader,
som ser i
L0ndom,
skal betale
dig
aabenbare!
Samler Eder ikke
Liggendefaa paa Jorden,
hvor M01
og
Rust
fordasrve, og
hvor
Tyve gjennembryde og
stjaele;
men samler Eder
Liggenclefaa
i
Himmelen,
hvor
hverken M01 eller Rust
fordaerver, og
hvor
Tyve
ikke
gjennembryde,
ei heller
stjaale
! Thi hvor Eders
Lig-
gendefas er,
der vil
og
Eders
Hjerte
vasre.
0iet er
Legemets Lys;
derfor,
dersom dit
0ie er
rent,
bliver dit
ganske Legeme lyst;
men dersom dit 0ie er
ondt,
bliver dit
ganske Legeme m0rkt;
dersom derfor det
Lys,
som er i
dig,
er
M0rke,
hvor stort bliver da M0rket !
Ingen
kan
tjene
to
Herrer;
thi han vil enten hade den
ene
og
elske den
anden,
eller holde
sig
til den ene
og
foragte
den
anden;
I kunne ikke
tjene
Gud
og
Mammon.
Derfor
siger jeg
Eder:
Bekymrer
Eder ikke for Eders
Liv,
hvad I skulle aede
og
hvad I skulle
drikke,
ikke
heller for Eders
Legeme,
hvad I skulle if0re Eder! Er
ikke Livet mere end
Maden, og Legemet
mere end
Klasderne? Ser til Himmelens
Fugle!
De saa
ikke,
hoste
ikke,
samle heller ikke i
Lader, og
Eders himmelske
Fader f0der dem. Ere ikke I
meget
mere end de? Men
hvo iblandt Eder kan
laegge
een Alen til sin
Va3xt, endog
han
bekymrer sig
derfor?
Og
hvi
bekymre
I Eder for
Klsederne?
Betragter Liljerne paa Marken,
hvorledes
de voxel De arbeide
ikke,
spinde
heller ikke. Men
jeg
siger Eder,
at end ikke Salomon i al sin
Herlighed
var
klaedt som een af dem. Klaeder da Gud saaledes det
Graes
paa Marken,
som staar
idag og imorgen
kastes i
Ovnen,
skulde han ikke
meget
mere klaede
Eder,
I lidet
Troende? Derfor skulle I ikke
bekymre
Eder
og sige
:
Hvad skulle vi sede? eller: Hvad skulle vi drikke? eller:
Hvormed skulle vi klaede os? Thi efter alt Saadant
soge
11
162
NORWEGIAN READER
Hedningerne.
Thi Eders himmelske Fader
ved,
at I
have alle disse
Ting
behov. Men
s0ger
f0rst Guds
Rige
og
bans
Retfaerdighed!
Saa skulle
og
alle disse
Ting
tillaegges
Eder.
Bekymrer
Eder derfor ikke for den
Dag
imorgen!
Thi den
Dag imorgen
skal
bekymre sig
for
sine
egne Ting.
Hver
Dag
bar nok i sin
Plage.
12. VALG.
Jeg vaelger mig April
!
I den det
gamle falder,
i den det
ny
faar Faeste
;
det voider lidt
Rabalder,
dog
Fred er ei det
bedste,
men at man
noget
vil.
Jeg vselger mig April,
fordi den
stormer, feier,
fordi den
smiler, smelter,
fordi den Evne
eier,
fordi den Krasfter
velter,
i den blir Somren til!
BJ0RNSTJERNE Bj0RNSON,
13. SLAGET VED SVOLDER.
I.
Da Olav
Trygvasson
havde vaeret
Konge
i
Norge
i fern
Aar,
reiste han med
mange
Skibe til Vendland i Nord-
tyskland
for at hente sin
Dronning Tyras
Eiendomme der.
Mens han var i
Vendland,
havde bans
Uven,
Dronning
Sigrid Storraade,
faaet sin
S0n, Sveakongen Olav,
sin
Mand,Danekongen
S
vein,
ogjarl
Erik Haakonsson til med
en stor Haer at m0de
Kong Olav,
naar han
drog hjem.
De havde
lagt sig
ved
Svolder, og
her ventede de Olavs
Komme. Olav reiste med seksti Skibe fra
Vendland;
SLAGET VED SVOLDER
163
alle
Smaaskibene,
som seilede
fortere,
gik
fra de
andre,
saa Olav bare havde elleve
Skibe,
da ban kom til
Svolder,
og
hele den
fiendtlige
Flaade roede imod ham. Man bad
Kongen
seile sin Vei
og
ikke
lasgge
til
Slag
mod saa stor
en Haer
;
men
Kongen
svarede h0it :
"
Ikke skal mine
Maend tacnke
paa
at
r0mme;
Gud raader for
Livet; aldrig
bar
jeg flyet
i
Strid, og aldrig
skal
jeg gjare
det."
De
begyndte derpaa
at binde Skibene
sammen,
som man
pleiede
i
Sj0slag.
Da man skulde binde Ormen
Lange,
som ban selv var ombord
paa, og
Ormen Skamme
sammen,
kom
Bagstavnen
af Ormen
Lange
til at
ligge langt agterud.
Kong
Olav b0d
derfor,
at man skulde
laegge
det store Skib
laengere frem, og sagde,
at ban ikke vilde vrere den
ag-
terste i
Kampen
blandt alle sine Ma3nd. Da
sagde
Ulv
R0de: "Skal Ormen
Lange Ia3gges
saa
meget lasngere
frem,
som den er
Isengere
end de andre
Skibe,
da bliver
det en haard
Dyst
i Forstavnen
idag." Kongen
svarede:
"
Ikke vidste
jeg,
at
jeg
havde en Mand i
Forstavnen,
som
baade var r0d
og
rasd."
Ulv svarede:
"
Vend du bare
ikke mere
Ryggen agter
i
L0ftningen
end
jeg
i Forstav-
nen."
Kongen
havde en Bue i
Haanden;
han
lagde
en
Pil
paa Strengen og sigtecle paa
Ulv.
"
Skyd
ikke
mig,"
sagde Ulv;
"men
skyd heller,
hvor det bedre
beh0ves;
hvad
jeg gjor,
det
gj0r jeg
for
dig."
Kong
Olav stod i
L0ftningen paa
Ormen
Lange,
h0it
over de andre. Han havde
guldlagt Skjold, forgyldt
Hjelm, og
han var let at
kjende
fra andre Masnd
;
udenpaa
Brynjen
havde han kort r0d
Kjortel. Slaget
blev
skarpt,
og mange
faldt. Einar
Tambarskjaelve
stod i
Krappe-
rummet
agter paa
Ormen
Lange;
han
skj0d
med Bue
og
skj0d
haardere Skud end de andre. Han
skj0d
efter Erik
Jarl,
men traf
Rorknappen lige
over Jarlens
Hoved,
saa at
Pilen
gik dybt
ind.
Jarlen spurgte,
om
nogen
vidste,
hvo
der
skj0d;
men i det samme kom en anden Pil saa naer
Jarlen,
at den fl0i imellem Siden
og
Armen
paa
ham. Da
164
NORWEGIAN READER
sagde Jarlen
til en
Bueskytter,
som stod hos ham:
"Skyd
du den store Mand i
Krapperummet."
Han
skj0d,ogPilen
kom midt
paa
Einars
Bue,
netop
som han
tredje Gang
spaendte
den. Buen brast da i to
Stykker.
Da
sagde
Kong
Olav: "Hvad brast der saa h0it?"
"Norge
af din
Haand, Konge,"
svarede Einar. "Saa stor Brist er visst
endnu ikke
skeet," sagde Kongen; "tag
min Bue
og skyd
med,"
og
i det samme kastede han Buen til ham. Einar
tog den,
trak den straks foran Odden af Pilen
og sagde:
"For
vek,
for vek er
Kongens
Bue!" Han kastede der-
paa
Buen
tilbage, tog
saa
Skjold og
Sverd
og
stred man-
deligen.
Kong
Olav stod i
L0ftningen paa
Ormen
Lange og
skj0d
stundom med
Bue,
stundom med
Kastespyd. Kongen
saa frem i Skibet
og lagde
Merke
til,
at hans Maend 10f-
tede
Sverdene, og hug
tidt
og
of
te,
men at de bed
daarligt.
Da raabte han h0it:
"
L0fter I eders Sverd med saa liden
Kraft,
siden
jeg ser,
at de ikke bider for eder?" En
svarede:
"
Vore Sverde er baade s!0ve
og
fulde af Skar."
Kongen gik
da hen
og
lukkede H0isaedekisten
op;
deraf
tog
han
mange
hvasse Sverd frem
og gav
sine Maend
dem. Men da han rakte den h0ire Arm
ned,
saa
flere,
at
der randt Blod ned under
Brynjeaermen;
men
ingen vidste,
hvor han var saaret.
SIEGWART PETERSEN.
14
SLAGET VED SVOLDER.
II.
Kampen
rasede
paa
det voldsomste.
Mange
af
Jarlens
Maend
faldt,
men fra de svenske
og
danske Skibe str0m-
mede
stadig
friske Krafter
til;
derimod fik Nordmasndene
ingen
Forstaerkning, og
Raekkerne blev stedse
tyndere;
isaer
omkring
Masten var det naesten tomt. Da
pr0vede
Erik
Jarl
selv femtende at
borde, og
han
slap ogsaa op,
men blev m0o!t af Olavs
Svoger, Hyrning,
med
en saadan
SLAGET VED SVOLDER 165
Tapperhed,
at ban kunde vaere
glad
ved uskadt at
slippe
tilbage
til sit
eget
Skib;
hans
Ledsagere
blev dels
draebte,
dels saarede. Efter et kort
Ophold fors0gte Jarlen paany.
Da Skibsbordene
paa mange
Steder var blottede for For-
svarere,
kom ban denne
Gang
ikke alene
op paa
Ormen,
men
traengte ogsaa
Olavs Masnd
tilbage
til
L0ftningen,
hvor de faa overlevende flokkede
sig
om
Kongen
for at
gjere
den sidste haab!0se Modstand. Her faldt de
ypperste
af Olavs
Kjaemper,
som hans
Svogere Hyrning og
Tor-
geir,
Ulv den r0de
og Arnljot
Gellines
Broder,
Vikar af
Tiundaland.
Olav stod endnu i
L0ftningen,
let
kjendelig
fremfor
alle. Da stillede
Kolbj0rn
Stallare
sig
ved hans
Side,
stor
som
Kongen og
aldeles klaedt som han. Der
regnede
Vaaben over
dem,
saa deres
Skjolde
var
ligesom frynsede
af Pile. Da der af hele
Besastningen
kun var
nogle
faa
Maend
tilbage, sprang Kongen og Kolbj0rn
overbord.
Olav holdt
Skjoldet
over sit Hoved
og
sank
straks;
Kol-
bj0rn
derimod fik
Skjoldet
under
sig,
saa at han ikke med
engang gik
til
Bunds,
men blev
tagen op
af
Jarlens
Maend,
der
troede,
at det var
Kongen. Jarlen
saa
dog
straks,
at
det ikke var Olav
og skjasnkede
ham Livet. Livet
skjaen-
kedes
ogsaa
Torkel
Nevja og
Einar
Tambarskjaelve,
der
var blevne
fangne og bragte
for
Jarlen. Slaget
ved
Svolder stod den
pde September
1000.
Olav
Trygvasson
var ved sit Fald
36
Aar
gammel.
Han
eiede alle de
Fuldkommenheder,
som i den Tid skaffede
Agtelse og
tilvandt
Kjasrlighed.
Han var
fager,
sterk
som en
Kjaempe og
uden
lige
som Idrsetsmand. De brat-
teste
Klipper
kunde han
bestige, paa
Aarerne
gik
han
udenbords,
medens hans Maend roede
;
Vaaben
svang
han
lige godt
med
begge
Haender
og legte
med tre Haand-
sverd,
saa det ene altid var i Luften. Derhos var han
munter,
blid
og omgjaengelig, overordentlig gavmild,
vennesasl
og
den
djerveste Kjaempe,
man kunde se
paa
en
166
NORWEGIAN READER
Valplads.
Selv bans
Hensynsloshed,
Haardhed
og
Grum-
hed blev formildede ved den
religiose Iver,
hvoraf de var
fremsprungne.
Intet Under
derfor,
at ban var elsket som
faa norske
Konger.
Det kan
tjene
som Bevis
paa,
hvor
h0it Halfred Vandraadeskald elskede
ham,
at
engang,
da
ban havde
paadraget sig
Olavs
Vrede, tog
ban
sig
saa na?r
deraf,
at den
sterke, trodsige
Mand
grasdende
kastede
sig
for bans F0dder
og
ikke
gav sig,
f0r ban havde faaet Til-
givelse. Og
denne
Kjagrlighed
fremtraadte allermest
r0rende ved bans D0d. Hans Hustru
Tyra,
som var med
paa Toget,
var aldeles
utrostelig.
Erik
Jarl,
der saa hendes
Smerte, gik
hen til
hende,
beklagede
den store
Sorg,
de
havde volclt hende
og
det norske
Folk,
og
tilb0d,
hvis ban
fik
noget
Herred0mme i
Norge,
i alle Henseender at vise
hende den samrne
Harder,
som da hendes Mand levede.
Tyra
takkede for bans
aedelmodige Tilbud,
som bun
gjerne
vilde have
modtaget,
hvis him
kunde,
men
Sorgen
havde
saaledes overvaeldet hende. at bun ikke
Icengere
enskede at
leve. Den niende
Dag
d0de him.
Erling Skjalgsson og
de
andre,
som var seilede i For-
veien, og
ikke fik
deltage
i
Slaget,
kunde
aldrig
forvinde
den
Sorg,
at de havde vaeret borte fra sin
Konge
i
bans
sidste,
stolte Strid.
Endogsaa
Olavs
Hund, Vige,
fortaeller
Sagnet,
vilde
ikke overleve sin Herre.
"
Nu er vi
herre!0se,
Vige,"
skal Einar
Tambarskja3lve
have
sagt
til
den;
da for den
op
med et h0it
Glam, sprang
i Land
og lagde sig paa
en
Haug,
uden at ville
smage F0de,
medens Taarerne trillede
af dens
0ine;
saaledes blev den
liggende,
indtil den dode.
Selv Iivl0se
Ting syntes
for den
almindelige Forestilling
at
deltage
i
Sorgen.
Ormen
Lange,
som tilfaldt Erik
Jarl,
haBldede efter
Slaget
til den ene
Side;
det blev
aldrig
Skib
mere,
og Jarlen
lod det
hugge op.
Som en
Ytring
af det
Kjserlighedens Savn,
som Olavs
D0d
efterlod,
maa det
Sagn opfattes,
at ban var und-
OLAF TRYGVASON
167
kommen
og
levede i
Syden.
Man kunde
ligesom
ikke
forsone
sig
med den
Tanke,
at den elskede
Heltekonge
ikke
lasngere
var blandt de levendes
Tal,
men
klyngede
sig
til den
Mulighed,
at han
paa
en eller anden
vidunderlig
Maade var frelst fra Doden. Men den
Kjaerlighed,
hvor-
med Mindet om Olav
Trygvasson
omfattedes,
blev for
Konged0mmet og
Kristendommen en
St0tte,
som
trsng-
tes haardt i de
Tider,
som nu
fulgte.
VlLHELM POULSEN.
15. OLAV TRYGVASCN.
Brede Seil over
Nordsj0 gaar;
h0it
paa
Skansen i
Morgnen
staar
Erling Skjalgsson
fra
Sole,
speider
over Hav mod Danmark :
"Kommer ikke Olav
Trygvason?"
Seks
og
femti de
Drager laa,
Seilene
faldt,
mod Danmark saa
solbraendte
Masnd;
da
steg
det:
"Hvor bliver Ormen
Lange?
kommer ikke Olav
Trygvason?"
Men da Sol i det andet
Gry
gik
af Hav uden Mast mod
Sky,
blev det som Storm at h0re:
"Hvor bliver Ormen
Lange?
kommer ikke Olav
Trygvason?"
Stille,
stille i samme Stund
alle
stod,
thi fra Havets Bund
skvulped
som Suk om Flaaden:
"
Tagen
er Ormen
Lange,
falden er Olav
Trygvason."
Siden efter i hundred Aar
norske Skibe til
F01ge
faar
heist
dog
i Maane-naetter:
"
Tagen
er Ormen
Lange,
falden er Olav
Trygvason."
16.
HAAKON HAAKONSSON SOM KONGE.
Haakon Haakonsson blev
Norges Konge paa
en
Tid,
da dette
Rige
s0ndersledes af indvorles
Uroligheder;
han
maattelsengekjsempemod maegtigeograenkefulde Fiender,
som snart
aabenbart,
snart
hemmeligen s0gte
at
styrte
ham
fra hans
Kongestol;
men han
gik seierrig
ud af
Kampen,
han skaffede sit Fasdreland Fred i dets indre
og
saa det
f0r sin D0d blomstre i
fornyet
Kraft. Nordma3ndene
elskede
ham,
medens
Naborigerne
hsedrede ham som en
Voldgiftsmand, og Europas Konger fjernt og
nser
s0gte
hans Venskab. Dette var ei heller
ufortjent;
faa
Konger
har besiddet st0rre
og elskvaerdigere Egenskaber
end Haa-
kon. Kraft
og Klogskab
var hos ham
parret
med
Mildhed,
Forsonlighed og sjelden
Ordholdenhed. Han var
skj0n,
velskabt,
rask
og smidig,
veltalende til
Tinge og
munter
blandt sine Venner. Mod den
fattige
var han stedse blid
og
nedladende;
men sad han blandt
H0vdinger,
var hans
Vaesen fuldt af
Vserdighed. Fremmede,
der
bes0gte ham,
sagde,
at de
aldrig
havde sect
nogen,
som bedre end han
forstod
paa
en
Gang
at vaere Kamerat
og
Herre. Den
Smag
for
Videnskaberne,
der udmerkede flere af den Tids
Fyrster
som en Keiser Fredrik
II,
en Alfons X af Kas-
tilien,
synes
ikke heller at vasre Haakon fremmed.
Han forstod
Latin,
han lod flere Skrifter oversastte fra
fremmede
Sprog paa norsk, og
han
yndede
sit Fagdrelands
Historic. I hans sidste
S} gdom
var det hans Tidsfordriv
at h0re de norske
Kongesagaer
forelase. Han
kjendte
KONG HAKONS GILDEHAL
169
n0ie sit Lands
Love,
overholdt dem
strengt og gjorde
sit
til at forbedre dem.
Void,
Drab
og Blodhevn,
som under
de indvortes
Uroligheder
havde
taget Overhaand,
lykkedes
det Haakon
betydelig
at hemme. Han viste sin Iver for
Kristendommen ved at stifte
Hospitaler og Klostre,
ved at
bygge herlige
Kirker
og
ved at omvende en Del hedenske
Bjarmer,
hvem han havde
givet Boliger
i
Malangen
i det
riordligste Norge,
da de var
flygtede
fra 0sten for de i
Rusland
indtroengende Mongoler.
I det hele
agtede
han
Geistligheden, skj0nthan s0gte
atsastte Skranker for dens
Overmod. At
endelig
Folkets Velstand
og
Sikkerhed
laa ham
paa Hjerte,
derom vidner de
Havne,
han for-
bedrede,
og
de
mange
faste
Borge,
han
opferte
rundt om*
kring
i Landet.
RUDOLF KEYSER.
17.
KONG HAKONS GILDEHAL.
Du
gamle
hal med de mure
gra,
hvor
uglen bygger
sin
rede,
sa tidt
jeg dig
ser,
ma
jeg
tsenke
pa
kong
Lear
pa
den vilde hede.
Han
gav
sine detre kronens
skat,
han
gav
dem sit
dyreste eje;
da
jog
de ham ud en
uvejrs-nat,
at faerdes
pa
vildsomme
veje.
Du
hal,
som
tynges
af tidens
vaegt,
du matte det samme
friste;
du
gav
en utaksom
efterslasgt
den
dyreste
skat,
du vidste.
Du
gav
os mindernes
gyldne
h0st,
en
saga
med billeder
rige.
Men h0rtes en eneste senne-r0st
sit "tak"
gennem
natten
skrige?
170
NORWEGIAN READER
Der matte du stS som Albions
drot,
til
leg
for de kade
vinde;
sex hundrede ar hven stormens
spot
omkring
din
granende
tinde.
Nu
dages
det,
gubbe;
dit folk er
vakt;
nu
pr0ver
vi
fejlen
at
rette;
vi flikker med klude din
kongedragt:
du bar alt en narrehaette.
Og derfor,
du bal med de mure
gra,
hvor
uglen bygger
sin
rede,
sa tidt
jeg dig ser,
ma
jeg
tasnke
pa
kong
Lear
pa
den vilde hede.
HENRIK IBSEN,
18.
DALVISE.
Det er min
Sjsel
en
frydfuld Trang
at
gjeste Norges
Dale.
Den
gamle Fjeldkoll
elsker
Sang,
de|
glade Hjerters
Tale.
Kom til den
fagre
Maridal!
til Kleivens svimlende
Portal!
Kom hvorsomhelst!
og Norge
skal
dig
i sin Favn husvale.
Hvor str0mmer ud
Berusning
s0d
fra Dalens Birkelunde!
Det var en Dr0m i
Engles Skj0d
paa
deres Mos at blunde.
Hvad
Harpespil
i denne Boek!
Hvad Melodi! hvor s0d en Skraek!
Bestandig ny
den toner vaek
ak! som fra Perlers Munde.
END OM VI KLÊDTE
FJELDET?
171
Hvad
tasnksomt,
svaermersk 0ie fik
du, Tjernets
stille Vove!
Hvad Ord den susende Musik
i Aasens
dybe
Skove!
Den Mand er ei i
Norge f0d,
som den ei
gj0r
om
Hjertet
b!0d.
Det er bans
Vuggesang,
der 10d
ifra de
dybe
Skove.
Hist slanken
Silje, Heg og
Pil
og Rogn sig
sammenranke.
Det
n0gne Fjeld
de daakke
vil,
det er en
kjasrlig
Tanke.
Saa,
norske
Br0dre, Bryst
ved
Bryst
vi ville med
vemodig Lyst
vor Moders Br0st selv
hylle
til,
det er en
kjaerlig
Tanke.
HENRIK WERGELAND.
19.
END OM VI KLÊDTE
FJELDET?
Der var et
dypt Stup
nede mellem to
Fjeld. Igjennem
det
Stup drog
en
vandrig
Elv
tungt
hen over Sten
og
Ur.
H0it var der
op paabegge
Sider
og brat,
hvorfor den ene
Side stod
bar;
men taet indunder
og
saa naer
Elven,
at den
Vaar
og
H0st
lagde
Vaede hen
over,
stod en frisk
Skog
i
Klynge,
saa
op og
foran
sig og
kunde hverken komme
hid eller did.
"End om vi klaedte
Fjeldet?" sagde
Eneren en
Dag
til
den udenlandske
Eg,
som den stod naBrmere end alle de
andre.
Egen
saa ned for at komme
efter,
hvem det
var,
som
talte,
dernaest saa den
op igjen og taug.
Elven
arbeidede saa
tungt,
at den
gik
hvid,
Nordenvinden havde
lagt sig
ind
gjennem Stupet og skreg iK10fterne,
det bare
Fjeld hang tungt
ud over
og
fr0s. "End om vi klaedte
Fjeldet?" sagde
Eneren til Furuen
paa
den andre Siden.
"Skulde det vaere
nogen,
maatte det vel blive
vi,"
sagde
Furuen,
den
tog sig iSkjeggetogsaa
bort over til
Birken,
"hvadmener du?" Men Birken
glyttede
varsomt
op
imod
Fjeldet,
saa
tungt
laa det ud over
hende,
at hun
syntes
ikke at kunde
drage
Pusten
engang.
"
Lad os
klaede det i Guds
Navn,"
sagde Birken, og
ikke
flere,
end
disse tre
var,
saa
tog
de
paa sig
at klaede
Fjeldet.
Eneren
gik
f0rst.
Da de kom et
Stykke paa Vei,
moclte de
Lynget.
Eneren
vilde
ligesom gaadet
forbi.
"Nei,tag Lynget med,"
sagde
Furuen.
Og Lynget
i Vei. Snart
begyndte
det at
rape
for Eneren. "Bid i
mig," sagde Lynget.
Eneren saa
gjorde,og
hvor der var bare en liden
Rift,
der stak
Lynget
en
Finger ind, og
hvor det f0rst havde faaet en
Finger,
fik Eneren hele Haanden. De krabbede
og kr0b,
Furuen
tungt efter,
Birken med.
"
Det er Saelebod i
det,"
sagde
Birken.
Men
Fjeldet begyndte
at taenke
over,
hvad det vel
kunde vaere for
noget Smaatteri,
som for
og
klorede
op
over det.
Og
da det havde taenkt
paa
dette et Par
hundre
Aar,
sendte det en liden Baek ned over for at se
efter. Det var endda i
Vaarflommen,
og
Baekken smat saa
laenge,
til den traf
paa Lynget.
"
Kjaere, kjaere Lyng,
kan
du ikke
slippe mig
f
rem,
jeg
er saa
liden," sagde
Baekken.
Lynget
havde
meget travlt,lettede
bare
paa sig og
arbeidede
videre. Baekken ind under
og
frem.
"
Kjaere, kjaere Ener,
kan du ikke
slippe mig frem,
jeg
er saa liden." Eneren
saa hvast
paa
den;
men naar
Lynget
havde
sluppet
den
frem,
kunde vel alle Tider
ogsaa
den.
Baekken
op
under
og
frem
og
kom nu
did,
hvor Furuen
stod
og pustede
i Bakken.
"
Kjaere, kjaere Furu,
kan du
ikke
slippe mig
frem, jeg
er saa
liden, jeg,"
sa'
Baekken,
kyssede
Furuen
paa
Foden
og gjorde sig
saa
inderlig
END OM VI KLÊDTE
FJELDET?
173
laakker. Furuen blev skamfuld ved det
og slap
den frem.
Men Birken lettede
paa sig,
f0r Baekken
spurgte.
"
Hi,
hi, hi,''
sa' Baekken
og
voksede.
"Ha, ha, ha,"
sa' Baek-
ken
og
voksede.
a
Ho, ho,
ho!" sa' Baekken
og
kastede
Lynget og
Eneren
og
Furuen
og
Birken
fremstupes og
paa Ryg op og
ned i de store Bakker.
Fjeldet
sad i
mange
hundre Aar
og
taenkte
paa,
om det ikke havde
draget paa
Smilen den
Dag.
Det var
tydeligt
nok.
Fjeldet
vilde ikke blive klaedt.
Lynget aergrede sig,
saa det blev
gr0nt igjen, og
da
tog
det afsted. Frisk Mod !" sa'
Lynget.
Eneren havde reist
sig paa
Huk for at se
paa Lynget,
og
saa
laenge
sad den
paa
Hnk,
til den sad
opret.
Den
kloede
sig
i
Haaret,
satte i Vei
og
bed saa
fast,
at den
syntes, Fjeldet
maatte
kjende
det. "Vil ikke du have
mig,
saa vil
jeg
have
dig."
Furuen
kr0gede
lidt
paa
Taeerne for at
kjende,
om de var
hele,
lettede saa
paa
den
ene
Foden,
som var
hel,
saa
paa
den
andre,
som
ogsaa
var
hel,
saa
paa
dem
begge
to. Den
unders0gte
f0rst,
hvor den havde
gaaet, dernaest,
hvor den havde
Hgget,
og endelig,
hvor den skulde
gaa. Tog
saa
paa
at rusle i
Vei
og lod,
som den
aldrig
havde faldt. Birken havde
s01et
sig
saa
stygt til,
reiste
sig
nu
og pyntede sig. Og
nu bar det
afsted,
fortere end
fort,
opover og
til
Siderne,
i Solskin
og Regnveir.
"Hvad er det
ogsaa
for
noget,"
sa'
Fjeldet,
naar Sommersolen stod
paa,
det
glitrede
i
Duggen, Fuglene sang, Skogmusen peb,
Haren
hoppede,
og
R0skatten
gjemte sig og skreg.
Saa var
Dagen kommen,
at
Lynget
fik det ene 0ie
op
over
Fjeldkanten.
"Aa
nei,
aa
nei,
aa nei!" sa'
Lynget,
og
vaek var det.
"
Kjaere,
hvad er
det,
Lynget
ser,"
sagde
Eneren
og
kom saa A
iclt,
at den fik
kige op.
u
Aa
nei,
aa
nei!"
skreg
den
og
vnr vaek. "Hvad er
det,
som
gaar
af Eneren
id;^g?" sagde
Fuiuen
og tog lange
Skridt
174
NORWEGIAN READER
i Solheden. Snart kunde den 10fte
sig paa
Taeerne
og
glytte op.
"Aa nei!" Grene
og Pigger
blev staaende
ende til Veirs af
Forundring.
Den kavede
afsted,
kom
op, og
vask var den.
"
Hvad er
det,
alle de andre ser
og
ikke
jeg,"
sa'
Birken,
lettede
Skjorterne
vel
op og trip-
pede
efter. Der fik han hele Hovedet
op
med e"n
Gang.
"Aa-aa! staar her ikke en stor
Skog
baade af Furu
og
Lyng og
Ener
og
Birk
oppe paa
Marken
og
venter
os,"
sa'
Birken,
og
Bladene skalv i
Solskinnet,
saa
Duggen
trillede.
"Ja, slig
er det at naa
frem,"
sagde
Eneren.
BjORNSTJERNE Bj0RNSON.
20.
OVER DE H0IE
FJELDE.
Undrer
mig paa,
hvad
jeg
faar at se
over de h0ie
Fjelde?
0iet m0der nok bare Sne
;
rundt
omkring
staar det
gr0nne Trse,
vilde saa
gjerne
over
;
tro,
naar det Reisen vover?
0rnen 10fter med sterke
Slag
over de h0ie
Fjelde,
ror i den
unge
kraftfulde
Dag,
maetter sit Mod i det vilde
Jag,
saenker
sig,
hvor den
lyster,
ser mod de fremmede
Kyster!
L0v-tunge Apal,
som intet vil
over de h0ie
Fjelde!
spraetter,
naar Somren sttmder
til,
venter til nasste
Gang,
den
vil,
alle dens
Fugle gynger,
ved
ikke,
hvad de
synger!
OVER DE H0IE
FJELDE
175
Den,
som bar
laengtet
i
tyve
Aar
over
de hole
Fjelde,
den,
som
ved,
at han ikke
naar,
kjender sig
mindre Aar for
Aar,
h0rer,
hvad
Fuglen synger,
som du saa
tr0stig gynger.
Sladrende
Fugl,
hvad vilde du her
over de h0ie
Fjelde?
Rede du fandt visst bedre
der,
videre
Syn og
h0iere
Trser,
vilde du bare
bringe
Laengsel,
men
ingen Vinge?
Skal
jeg
da
aldrig, aldrig
naa
over de h0ie
Fjelde?
skal denne Mur mine Tanker
slaa,
saadan med Sne-is
og
Rsedsel
staa,
staengende
der til det
sidste,
blive min
D0dning-kiste?
Ud vil
jeg!
ud!
o,
saa
langt, langt, langt
over de h0ie
Fjelde!
her er saa
knugende,
tasrende
trangt,
og
mit Mod er saa
ungt og
rankt,
lad det saa
Stigningen friste,
ikke mod Mur-kanten briste!
Engang, jeg
ved,
vil det raekke frem
over de heie
Fjelde.
Kanske du alt har din D0r
paa
Klem?
Herre min Gud!
godt
er dit
Hjem,
lad det
dog
endnu
stgenges,
og jeg
faa Lov til at
laBnges
!
21.
EINAR
TAMBARSKJÊLVES
D0D.
Harald Haardraade udfoldede stor
Dygtighed
i
Gjen-
nemferelsen af de
Opgaver,
ban havde sat
sig.
Hans
Straeben
gik
ud
paa
at faestne det
Konged0mme,
som
navrilig
Olav den
hellige
havde
grundlagt.
Der var en
Kraft over bans
Regjering,
som
bragte
de stolte Nakker
til at b0ie
sig
for
bam,
men
ogsaa
en
Haardhed,
der
fremkaldte stor Misn0ie
og
forskaffede bam bans Til-
navn. De
maggtige H0vdinger
faldt det
navnlig tungt
at finde
sig
i Haralds
Strenghed.
Blandt dem kan nsev-
nes Landets
ypperste H0vding,
Einar
Tambarskjaslve,
hvis S0n
Eindride,
var
Norges fagreste og kjaakkeste
unge
Mand. Einar havde ved
forskjellige Leiligheder
staaet Harald
imod, og
denne var ham ikke
god.
Men
at komme ham tillivs var ikke
let,
og
Einar havde faaet
beholde alle de
Indkomster,
ban f0r havde
havt, og
en
Magt og
en
Indflydelse,
som
neppe nogensinde
havde
vaeret st0rre.
Kongen
havde
s0gt
at
give
ham en Mod-
vegt
ved at ansaette en
h0ibyrdig Mand,
Islrcnderen Ulv
Uspakesson,
som Lendermand i
B0rsen,
klods
indpaa
Einars Besiddelser.
Men, skj0nt
i
svagere Magtstilling,
gjorde
Einars
Anseelse,
at ban uden
Sammenligning
havde mest at
sige.
B0nderne henvendte
sig
til
ham,
naar der var
noget ;
ban f0rte Ordet for dem
paa Tinget
og
vovede at
sige
Harald
lige op
i bans
0ine,
at Folket
ikke vilde taale
noget
Brudd
paa
Lov
og
Landsret.
Enkelte
Gange gik
ban
dog
for vidt. Da saaledes en
Tyv,
der f0r havde
tjent
hos Einar
og
i
Tjenesten
vundet
bans
Yndest,
blev f0rt frem
paa
et M0de for at
straffes,
br0d ban med vaebnet
Magt lige
for Haralds 0ine ind i
Kredsen
og
befriede Manden. Saaledes som Forholdet
havde udviklet
sig
mellem ham
og Kongen,
var det en
Selvfolge,
at Einar maatte
tage sig
i
Agt.
Han havde
mange
Maend om
sig hjemme paa
sin Gaard
og
endnu
flere,
naar ban
gjestede By
en.
Engang
kom ban til
EINAR
TAMBARSKJÊLVES
D0D
177
Nidaros med otte
Langskibe og
seks hundrede Mand.
Kongen
saa ham
gaa
i Land
og gav
sin
Uvilje
Luft mod
ham i et
Vers,
hvori han
sagde
:
"
Einar tasnker nok selv
at
bestige
Tronen
og
ender
neppe,
f0r han har drevet
mig
af
Riget,
hvis han ikke forinden faar min 0kses
tynde
Mund at
kysse."
Men hvor stolt
og selvraadig
Einar end var i sit For-
hold til
Kongen,
var han
dog
for h0isindet til at
begaa
nogen
Lavhed
og
allermindst den at blive Forrader. Han
blev
engang
sterkt
fristet,
men bestod Pr0ven med Glans.
Harald lod
nemlig nogle
danske
Fanger give
fri
paa
det
Vilkaar,
at de skulde
gaa omkring
til Landets
msegtige,
udgive sig
for Sendebud fra den danske
Konge og
hverve
Tilha3ngere
for ham. De fik
forskjellig Modtagelse
hos
de
forskjellige,
afvistes af
nogle,
men
modtoges
af andre.
SendemaBndene kom
ogsaa
til Einar med Brev
og
Tilbud
fra sin
Konge,
men den h0isindede
H0vding
svarede:
"Hver Mand
ved,
at
Kong
Harald er ikke min
Ven,
medens
Kong
Svein ofte har vist
mig
Venskab. Men
kommer han til
Norge
med en Haer
og herjer Kong
Haralds
Land,
da skal
jeg gj0re
ham Modstand af al min
Magt og hjaslpe
Harald med al den
Styrke, jeg
eier."
Da Harald
h0rte,
hvad
"
Kjaempen paa
Gimse
",
som
han kaldte
Einar,
havde
svaret, sagde
han : "Det ventede
jeg
af
ham,
at han vilde svare som en
Hasdersmand,
skj0nt just
ikke af
Kjaerlighed
til
mig." Kongen
straffede
med
Strenghed
dem,
som ikke havde staaet i
Pr0ven,
men mod Einar viste han
sig
nu
venligere og
indb0d ham
til et Gilde i Nidaros. Einar
kom,
fik en
venlig
Modta-
gelse og
Plads ved
Kongens
Side. Om Kvelden satte
Kongen og
hans
Gjester sig
i en Kreds
paa
Gulvhalmen
;
Hornene
gik rundt, og Stemningen
var
lystig.
Harald
fortalte om sine Bedrifter
udenlands,
men under Fortael-
lingen
faldt Einar i
S0vn.
Kongen
blev fornsermet
over,
hvad han ansaa for en
Mangel paa Opmerksomhed
mod
1-2
178
NORWEGIAN READER
sig, og
lod en viss
Grjotgard,
sin
Fraende,
stikke en Halm-
visk i Haanden
paa
den sovende
gamle.
Denne
vaagnede
og
blev overmaade vred over den
Sp0g,
man havde til-
ladt
sig
med ham
;
men ban
sagde
intet
og gik
den Aften
til
Sengs.
Men om
Morgenen
br0d ban med en Flok
vaebnede ind
paa
det
Loft,
hvor
Grjotgard
laa, og
drsebte
ham. Nu blussede atter Fiendskabet mellem
Kongen og
Einar
op
i
lys
Lue; alligevel lagde
faelles Venner
sig
endnu
engang
imellem,
og
et
Forligsm0de
blev aftalt
i
Kongsgaardens
Maalstue. Her havde
Kongen
ladet
Lemmen traskke for
Ljoren,
saa
Lyset
kun faldt
spar-
somt
ind.
Da Einar kom til
Kongsgaarden,
lod ban
S0nnen, Eindride,
staa udenfor
D0ren,
men traadte selv
ind med de Ord :
"
Det er
jo
m0rkt i
Kongens
Maalstue."
I det samme blev ban overfalden af
Kongens
Maend med
Hugg og
Stik. Han
styrtede
frem mod Harald
og hug
til
ham,
men denne havde dobbelt
Brynje og
blev usaaret.
Einar derimod fik Saar
paa
Saar,
men
sagde
kun: "Hvast
bider nu
Kongens
Hunde." Eindride h0rte Larmen
og
br0d
ind,
men kun for at
f01ge
sin Fader i D0den.
Einars
Ledsagere eggede
vel hinanden
indbyrdes
til at
hevne deres
H0vding,
men det blev
dermed,
thi de
manglede
en
F0rer, og
da
Kongen
kom ud
og
lod sit
Merke saette
op,
vovede de ikke at
angribe, og
Harald
slap
ned til sit Skib
paa
Nidelven
og
roede
ud.
Bergliot,
Einars
Hustru,
havde i
Herberget spurgt
sin
Mands
og
S0nnens Fald
og eggede
B0nderne til
Kamp.
Men
just
i det samme roede
Kongen
ud af
Elven. Da
sagde
hun: "Nu savner vi Haakon
Ivarsson,
vor
Frsende;
thi stod ban her
paa
Bakken,
skulde ikke Einars Bane-
mand ro ud af Aaen."
VlLHELM POULSEN.
"Kraav
ikke,
ven,
at
jeg
skal
gaden klare;
jeg sp0rger
heist;
mit kald er
ej
at svare."
( IBSEN.)
BERGLIOT 179
22.
BERGLIOT.
(I Herberget.)
Idag Kong
Harald
faar
give Ting-fred
;
thi Einar
fulgte
fern hundred Bender.
Eindride, S0nnen,
slaar
Vagt
om
Huset,
irnens den
gamle
gaar
ind til
Kongen.
Saa mindes Harald
maaske,
at Einar
bar tvende
Konger
i
Norge
kaaret,
og giver
Fred
og Forlig paa
Loven
;
bans L0fte var
det,
og
Folket
laenges.
Hvor Sanden
fyger
ned over
Veien,
og
St0i der
stiger!
Se
ud,
min Sko-svend !
Kanske blot Vinden!
thi her er veirhaardt:
den aabne
Fjord
og
de lave
Fjelde.
Jeg
mindes
Byen
ifra min Barndom
:
hid Vinden hidser
de vrede Hunde.
Men St0i der taendes
af tusend Stemmer
!
og
Staal den farver
med
kampr0d
Flamme!
Ja,
deter
Skjold-gny!
Og
se hvad
Sand-gov:
Spyd-b01ger
hvaelve
om
Tambarskjaelve
1
Han er i
Trsengsel!
Trol0se Harald:
Lig-ravnen
10fter
sig
af din
Ting-fred!
Kj0r
frem med
Karmen,
jeg
maa til
Kampen;
nu sidde
hjemme,
det
gjaldt jo
Livet!
(Paa Veien.)
O, B0nder, bjerg
ham,
slaa Kreds
omkring
ham!
Eindride, verg
nu
din
gamle
Fader!
Byg
ham en
Skjold-borg
og giv
ham Buen
;
thi D0den
p!0ier
med Einars Pile!
Ogdu,
Sankt Olav!
aa,
for din S0ns
Sky
Id!
giv
du ham
Gagn-ord
i Gimles Sale!
(Naermere.)
Flokken de
spraenger.
. .
og kjaemper
ei
laenger.
. .
i
B01ger
de
f01ger
hverandre mod
Elven,
hvad er der vel haendt?
hvad
spaar
denne
Skjaslven
?
bar
Lykken sig
vendt?
hvad er det? hvi stanser
nu B0ndernes Skare?. . .
med nedstukne Lanser
to d0de de
kranser,
og
Harald faar fare !
-
hvad
Traengsel
der er
ved
Tingstuens
Port ! . . .
stille al Haer
vender
sig
bort.
Hvor er
Eindride!
Sorgfulde
Blikke
flygter
til
Side,
f
rygter
mit M0de . . .
saa kan
jeg
vide :
de to er d0de !
Rum !
jeg
maa se:
ja,
det er dem !
Kunde det ske?
Jo,
det er dem!
Falden er
herligste
H0vding
i Norden
;
Norriges
bedste
Bue brusten.
Falden er Einar
Tambarskjaelve,
S0nnen ved
Side,
Eindride!
Myrdet
i M0rke
han,
som var
Magnus
mer end
Fader,
Kong
Knud den
riges
kaarede S0nne-raad!
Falden for
Snigmord
Skytten
fra
Svolder,
L0ven,
som
sprang
over
Lyrskog-heden!
Slagtet
i
Baghold
B0ndernes
H0vding,
Tr0ndernes
Haeder,
Tambarskjaalve
!
Hvidhaaret, haedret,
henslasngt
for
Hundene,
S0nnen ved
Side,
Eindride!
Op, op, Bondemaend,
han er
falden;
men
han,
som faeldte
ham,
lever!
Kjender
I
mig
ikke?
Bergliot,
Datter af Haakon fra
Hj0rungavaag ;
nu er
jeg
Tambarskjaslves
Enke.
BERGLIOT 181
Jeg
raaber
paa
eder,
Haer-b0nder:
min
gamle
Husbond er falden.
Se, se,
her er Blod
paa
hans
blege Haar,
eders Hoveder kommer det over
;
thi det bliver koldt uden Hevn.
Op, op, Haermsend,
eders
H0vding
er
falden,
eders
^re,
eders
Fader,
eders B0rns
Glsede,
hele Dalens
Eventyr,
hele Landets
Helt,
her er han
falden, og
I skulde ikke hevne?
Myrdet
i
M0rke,
i
Kongens
Stue,
i
Tingstuen,
Lovstuen er han
myrdet,
myrdet
af Lovens f0rste
Mand,
o,
Lyn
vil falde fra Himlen
paa
Landet,
hvis det ikke lutres i Hevnens Lue.
Skyd Langskibe
fra Land !
Einars ni
Langskibe ligger
her,
lad dem baere Hevnen til Harald !
O,
stod han
her,
Haakon
Ivarsson,
stod han her
paa
Bakken,
min
Frsende,
da fandt Einars Bane ikke
Fjorden,
og eder,
f
eige, slap jeg
bede !
O, B0nder,
h0r
mig,
min Husbond er
falden,
mine Tankers H0isaede i halvhundred Aar !
Veltet er
det,
og
ved dets h0ire Side
vor eneste
S0n, o,
al vor Fremtid !
Tomt er der nu inden mine to Armer
;
kan
jeg
vel mere faa dem
op
til B0n ?
Eller hvorhen skal
jeg
vende
mig paa Jorden?
Gaar
jeg
bort til de fremmede
Steder,
ak,
saa savner
jeg
dem,
hvor vi levde sammen.
Men vender
jeg mig
derhen,
ak,
saa savner
jeg
dem selv!
Odin i Valhal t0r
jeg
ikke finde
;
thi ham forlod
jeg
i min Barndom.
Men den
nye
Gud i Gimle?
Han
tog jo alt, jeg
havde !
Hevn? Hvem naevner Hevn?
Kan Hevnen vaekke mine dode
eller daekke over
mig
for Kulden?
Findes i den et
tilstaangt
Enkesasde
eller Tr0st for en barnles Mor?
Gaa med eders Hevn
;
lad
mig
vare !
Lasg
ham
paa Karmen,
ham
og
S0nnen !
kom,
vi vil
f01ge
dem
hjem.
Den
nye
Gud i
Gimle,
den
frygtelige,
som
tog
alt,
lad ham
ogsaa tage
Hevnen
;
thi den forstaar han !
Kj0r langsomt
! thi saadan
kj0rte
Einar altid
;
og
vi kommer tidsnok
hjem.
Hundene vil ikke m0de med
glade Hop,
men
hyle og haenge
med Halen.
Og
Gaardens Hester vil
spidse
0ren,
vrinske
glade
mod Stald-d0ren
og
vente Eindrides Stemme.
Men den
lyder
ikke
laenger,
ei heller Einars Skridt i
Svalen,
som raabte
ind,
at nu maatte alle reise
sig,
for nu kom
Hevdingen
!
De store Stuer vil
jeg stange ;
Folkene vil
jeg
sende bort
;
Kvaeg og
Hester vil
jeg salge,
flytte
ud
og
leve ene.
Kj0r langsomt!
thi vi kommer tidsnok
hjem.
HANSTEEN OG ABEL
183
23.
HANSTEEN OG ABEL.
TO AF NORGES F0RSTE VIDENSKABSMÊND.
En
Stjerne
i Videnskaben var Christofer Hansteen.
Han var f0dt i Kristiania
1784.
Allerede som
Skolegut
fattede ban Interesse for de matematiske
Videnskaber, og
da ban som Student blev Lagrer i Matematik ved Latin-
skolen i
Fredriksborg,
kastede ban
sig
over
Sp0rgsmaalet
om
Jordmagnetismen og
vandt ved en Af
handling
derom
det danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Praemie. Straks
efter,
i
1813,
klev ân ansat som Professor ved Universi-
tetet i Kristiania. Han
tog sig
med stor Iver af sin
Gjerning
som
Professor;
med endnu st0rre
fordybede
ban
sig
i Videnskaben. Et
Verk,
ban
udgav paa Tysk
om
Jordmagnetismen,
vakte i den lasrde Verden den
st0rste
Opmerksomhed og
rundt om i
Europa Syn og
Sans for Studiet af denne
Videnskabsgren.
Omfattende
Undersegelser
blev satte i
Gang, og
til Hansteen "sendtes
fremmede Naturforskeres
lagttagelser
som til et alminde-
ligt
Kontor for
magnetiske lagttagelser."
I disse Under-
s0gelser deltog
ban
ogsaa
selv, foretog
saaledes
paa
Statens
Bekostning
i Aarene
1828-30
en Reise til Sibirien
og medbragte
derfra
lagttagelser,
som fik stor
Betydning.
Ham
sky
Ides det
ogsaa,
at vi fik et
Observatorium;
ban
forested den
geografiske Opmaaling, og
ban var
Regje-
ringens stadige Raadgiver
i
Sp0rgsmaal,
der stod i For-
bindelse med bans Videnskab. Han
grundlagde
"Ma-
gazin
for
Naturvidenskaberne,"
hvori ban skrev en Raekke
laerde
Afhandlinger.
Han d0de i
1873.
Da Hansteen var i
Sibirien, bes0rgedes
bans Forelses-
ninger
af en
Mand,
der
skj0nt ganske ung
allerede havde
vundet et stort Navn som
fremragende
Matematiker.
Denne Mand var Niels Henrik
Abel,
et af de st0rste
Genier,
som Verden bar sect. Han var f0dt 1802. Alle-
rede
paa
Skolebamken studerede ban den h0iere Mate-
matik
og begyndte endogsaa
at bearbeide enkelte Dele af
184
NORWEGIAN READER
den. Som Student fortsatte ban disse Studier
og
var den
f0rste
Videnskabsmand,
som
godtgjorde Umuligheden
af
en
almindelig algebraisk Opl0sning
for
Ligninger
af
5te
Grad. I
1825
reiste ban med
offentlig
Underst0ttelse til
Udlandet,
hvor ban
navnlig opholdt sig
i
Berlin,
Wien
og
Paris. Hans Arbeider vakte i Udlandet den st0rste
Op-
merksomhed
og Beundring, og
de
Afhandlinger,
ban
udsendte efter sin
Tilbagekomst,
fik den
rigeste
Aner-
kjendelse.
Men bans Arbeider kunde ikke skaffe ham
en
Stilling
i bans Fasdreland. Hvor stor bans Navnkun-
dighed
end
var,
var Br0det kun
knapt
tilskaaret ham.
Det var
Tider,
ban led
ligefrem
N0d.
Og
da den
syntes
endt,
da ban i
1829
kaldtes til Professor i
Berlin,
kom
Udnaevnelsen
for sent. Den traf ham
paa
D0dsleiet.
Han d0de 6te
April 1829, knap 27
Aar
gammel.
Men
var bans Liv
kort,
vil bans
Navnkundighed
vare. For
hvert Aar siden bans
tidlige
D0d er bans
Verdensry
vokset. Han
var,
som Matematikeren Crelle
siger,
"en
af de
sjeldne
VaBsener,
som Naturen
neppe frembringer
e"n
Gang
i et
Aarhundrede,"
og
bans
Opdagelser
bar,
efter
en anden
tysk
Matematiker, "befrugtet
Matematikens
Jordbund paany
;
de bar f0rt til en Raskke af
nye,
fort-
satte
Opdagelser
og
mere
og
mere udvidet Videnskabens
Omraade."
VlLHELM POULSEN.
24.
ELSK DIN NÊSTE.
Elsk din
Naeste,
du
Kristen-sjaBl,
traBd ham ikke med
Jernsko-hael,
ligger
ban end i St0vet!
Alt,
som
lever,
er
underlagt
Kjasrligbedens Gjenskabermagt,
bliver
den bare
pr0vet.
TIL OLE BULL
185
25.
TIL OLE BULL.
Hvor s0dt at favnes af Aftnens
Fred,
naar Droslen fl0iter i
Skoven,
og
Birken suser ved Elvens
Bred,
og
N0kken
spiller
i Voven !
Det er en vemodblandet
Fryd,
som Nordens Alfer
male,
med
dsempet
Kvad,
med
Harpelyd,
med Suk i dunkle
Dale.
Han stod
og lytted
en
Sommerkveld,
og
havde stemt sine
Strenge ;
da
gik
Akkorden fra Skov
og Fjeld
og
over
duggede Enge.
Og
alle
Strenge klang
dertil
med underbare
Toner,
som Droslens Kluk
og
N0kkens
Spil
og
Sus af Birkekroner.
Og
al den
Smerte,
al den
Lyst,
der bor i Nordens
Zone,
bar
lagt sig
dr0mmende til bans
Bryst
og
zitret
gjenem
bans Tone.
O,
h0r den stille
Melodi,
der
daamper
Stormens Harme!
Din Barndom
vugger sig
deri
paa
0mme
Liljearme.
Det er den
deiligste Strengeklang,
der letter
Laengselens Vinger
;
da
nynner Hjertet
sin
egen Sang,
mens
Strengen
baever
og klinger.
Der er ei
Savn,
der er ei
Nag,
som ei bans
Streng
kan
lindre;
ban vaskker med sit
Trylleslag
en
Vaardag
i dit Indre.
186
NORWEGIAN READER
O,
hil
dig, salige
Toneskald,
med
Guddomsmagt
i din Bue !
Fra
dig gaar Jubelens
Fossefaid
;
du taender
Andagtens
Lue.
Naar Verden
lytter
til dit
Kvad,
og
bsever ved din
Vaelde,
da
skjaelver Glemmigeiens
Blad
af
Fryd paa
dine
Fjelde.
JOHAN
SEBASTIAN WELHAVEN.
26.
PETER ANDREAS MUNCH.
Peter Andreas Munch fedtes i Kristiania den
i5de
December 1810
og
var asldste S0n af davserende LaBrer
ved
Krigsskolen,
siden
Sogneprasst
til
Gjerpen og
omsider
Stif
tsprovst
i
Kristiania,
Edvard
Munch,
en fint dannet
og
kundskabsrig
Mand,
der selv
gav
sin S0n hans f0rste
Undervisning og
senere
paa
en
skj0nsom
Maade fremmede
hans
Udvikling.
I
1823 optoges
Munch i Skiens Ia3rde
Skole,
som
just
samme Aar var bleven stif
tet,
og
som den-
gang
bestyredes
af Knud Ramshart
0rn,
en af de aand-
rigste og dueligste
Rektorer,
som den norske Skolehistorie
kjender.
Af denne Mand dimitteredes han i sit attende
Aar til Universitetet.
Allerede i
Skoledagene
havde
historisk
Lsesning
vaeret Munchs
kjaereste Syssel, ja
han
havde
endog paa egen
Haand arbeidet
sig igjennem
flere
af vore
Sagaer
trods de faa
og
ufuldkomne
Hjaelpemidler,
som
dengang gaves, og
i Kristiania fik snart de
grundige
og
vaekkende
Forelaesninger,
som Rudolf
Keyser dengang
holdt over vor
gamle
Historic
og
det oldnorske
Sprog,
en
afgj0rende Indflydelse paa
hans senere
Retning.
Efter at
have
taget juridisk
Embedsexamen
1834
D* ev ân J
^37
Lektor
og 1841
Professor i Historic ved vort Universitet.
Den
25de
Mai
1863
d0de han i
Rom,
PETER ANDREAS MUNCH 187
Munch var
ubestridelig
ikke alene
Norges,
men
endog
hele Nordens laerdeste
og frugtbareste
Historiker
paa
sin
Tid. Sin Lasrer
og
senere
Kollega Keyser overgik
ban
langt
som Forsker
og Gransker;
men en Historieskriver
som denne blev ban
clog
ikke. Hans Stil var
jevn og klar,
men ktm
undtagelsesvis fyndig
eller
elegant,
bans Frem-
stilling
var
tydelig og ligefrem,
men uden
Praeg
af kunst-
nerisk Bevidsthed. Men i desto st0rre Maal besad ban de
Evner,
som danner den historiske Gransker. I denne
Henseende er det vistnok
vanskeligt
at
opvise
bans Over-
mand. Hans
Arbeidskraft,
Hukommelse
og Sprogtalent
var forbausende
og
satte ham i Stand til at samle en Sum
af
Laerdom,
som for
almindelige
Mennesker var naesten
ufattelig.
Denne bans
Begavelses
mest
glimrende
Side
var bans
Skarpsindighed og
Evne til at kombinere
Kjends-
gjerninger.
Det
var,
som om
intet,
der kunde
tjene
til
Bevis for en
Mening,
formaaede at
skjule sig
for
ham, og
med hvilken
Gjenstand
ban end
beskjaaftigede sig,
forstod
ban altid at
bringe Sammenhasng
tilveie
og
at sammenstille
Enkeltheder
paa
den mest overraskende Maade. I fuld
Felelse af denne
Overlegenhed
satte han
sig
som Hoved-
opgave
at
gjennemgaa og
indtil
yderste
Detail kritisk at
bearbeide alle
Beretninger og
Bid
rag
til vort Faadrelands
Historic, og
det
saaledes,
at han overensstemmende med
sit Motto fremstillede "ikke de
n0gne
Resultater,
der blot
afstedkommer blinde
Meninger,
men hele
Unders0gelsen
selv i dens hele
Omfang."
Munch bar ikke alene
gjennem-
forsket alle vore
egne
Oldskrifter
og Diplomer
med den
yderste Omhyggelighed,
men
ogsaa gjennemgaaet
enhver
engelsk, fransk,
tysk, byzantisk
eller russisk
Kr0nike,
hvor der kunde vasre Haab om at finde
nogettil Oplysning
om
Norge
eller Nordmaend.
Udbyttet
af hele dette
Ap-
parat
meddeler han i stor
Udf0rlighed,
sammenstillet
paa
den
sindrigste
Maade. Saaledes
udgj0r
Summen af
Munchs Arbeide den st0rste
Skat,
nogen
riordisk Histori-
188
NORWEGIAN READER
ker bar efterladt
sig,
selv om de enkelte af bans Menin-
ger neppe
kan
siges
at voere
fuldstsendig begrundede og
saaledes vel heller ikke i
Laengden
vil holde
sig.
Muncbs Hovedverk var "Det norske Folks
Historic,"
8 store Oktavbind. Det havde
engang
vseret bans Plan
at fere sin
Fremstilling lige
ned til
1814, og
selv haabede
ban vistnok
steclse,
at ban idetmindste skulde naa frem til
1536.
D0den overraskede ham
imidlertid, just
som ban
havde f uldendt det
Bind,
der ender med
1397.
Mellem
Munchs
0vrige
Skrifter kan her naevnes bans norske
Mytologi,
bans oldnorske
Grammatik,
bans Beskrivelse
af
Norge
i
Middelalderen,
bans "Underholdende Tildra-
gelser
af
Norges
Historic,"
hvori
ogsaa
Stil
og
Fremstil-
ling
er
m0nstergyldige.
Han bar
tegnet
det bedste eller
rettere
sagt
det forste
og
hidtil eneste
gode
Kart over
Norge.
Han bar havt
vajsentlig
Del i
Udgivelsen
baade
af
Norges gamle
Love
og adskillige gamle Sagaer, lige-
som ban
ogsaa
bar oversat Snorre Sturlassons
Konge-
sagaer.
Hvad ban bar skrevet i
Tidsskrifter,
laerde
og
populate
(selv
udgav
ban i sine senere Aar et
meget
udbredt "Norsk
Maanedsskrift"),
saavelsom i
Aviser,
lader
sig
her ikke
opregne, skjont
der imellem disse bans
mindre Arbeider findes
meget
af det allerst0rste Vffird
og
vistnok kun saare
lidet,
der ikke endnu i en eller anden
Henseende turde have sin Interesse.
Uden
nogen Sammenligning
er saaledes Munch Nor-
ges frugtbareste
Forfatter;
bans Skrifter
overgaar
i
Omfang endog Holbergs,
Henrik
Wergelands og
Maurits
Hansens
og
nsermer
sig
vel
endog
til de
uhyre
Masser,
som Dansken Molbech bar efterladt
sig paa Tryk.
Et
saa udstrakt Forfatterskab af en
Mand,
der ved sin D0d
kun var
53
Aar
gammel,
kunde alene
muliggjores derved,
at Munch ei alene havde en naesten
utrolig
Hukommelse
(ban
kunde
hyppig
med Sikkerhed citere
lange
Steder
udenad af
B0ger,
som ban ikke havde sect i
mange Aar),
PETER ANDREAS MUNCH
189
men dermed
ogsaa
forbandt en
mage!0s
Lethed i
Opfat-
ning og Tilegnelse,
selv hvor det
gjaldt Fag og Studier,
som f0r havde
Hgget
ham f
jernt, og tillige
besad en
ligesaa
ualmindelig
Helbred
og bestandig
kunde
gla3de sig
ved et
let
og
forn0iet Sind. Han arbeidede
lige freidig
ved Nat
som ved
Dag,
i en
Jernbanevogn
som i sit Studerkammer
eller i et Bibliotek. Hertil
kom,at
bans vindende Person-
lighed,
bans
Fserdighed
i de
vigtigste europa3iske Sprog
og fine, elegante
Vaesen satte ham i Stand til at
omgaaes
med alle
Mennesker,
uanseet
Nationalitet,Trosbekjendelse
eller
lignende Hensyn.
Denne sidste
Egenskab
kom ham
navnlig
i
fortrinlig
Grad til
Nytte
i
Rom,
hvis
rige
Arkiver
vistnok
aldrig
f0r i den
Udstra3kning
har aabnet
sig
for
nogen
Protestant.
Munchs Lserdom
og Skarpsindighed
havde
givet
ham
et
europseisk
Navn. Af sine
egne
LandsmaBnd omfattedes
han med en
Kjaerlighed
som maaske
ingen
anden norsk
Videnskabsmand.
Gjentagne Gange lagde Stortingetdisse
F01elser for
Dagen gjennem rigelige Bevilgninger
til den
ber0mte
Historiker, navnlig dengang
det med stor Rund-
haandethed tilstod ham Midlerne til bans
fleraarige Ophold
i Rom.
Tydeligst
viste
sig
maas-ke Folkets
Kjaerlighed
til Munch ved den
almindelige Sorg,
da Budskabet om
bans D0d naaede Fsedrelandet. Over bans Grav i Rom
har bans Landsmamd reist et smukt
Monument.
A. E. ERIKSEN.
"Tonen,
den
egte,
om
aldrig
saa
svag,
den er
dog Sjaelens Laengsel
mod
Dag,
Aandsgnistens Trang
til at
kjaempe sig
fri.
Hellige Tone,
du kan forsone
Livslarmens Disharmoni!" PER SIVLE.
190
NORWEGIAN READER
27.
AF HENRIK IBSENS "KONGS-EMNERNE,"
EN STUE I KONGSGARDEN.
(I baggrunden
er
indgangsdaren; pa
hver af
sidevseggene
mindre
dere;
forrest
pa hajre
side et vindu. En
larnpe
brsender
under
taget.
Tset ved daren til venstre star en
baenk, og Isengere
tilbage
en
vugge,
hvori
kongsbarnet
sover.
Margrete
sidder
knselende hos
barnet.)
MARGRETE
(vugger og synger):
Nu 10ftes laft
og
lofte
til
stjernehvaelven
bla;
nu
flyver
lille Hakon
med
dr0mmevinger pa.
Der er en
stige
stillet
fra
jord
til himlen
op;
nu
stiger
lille Hakon
med
englene
til
top.
Guds
engle sma,
de
vager
for
vuggebarnets
fred
;
Gud
sign' dig,
lille
Hakon,
din moder
vager
med.
(Kort ophold. Hertug
Skule kommer ind fra
baggrunden.)
MARGRETE
(farer op
med et
glaedesskrig og
iler ham
imede.)
Min fader !
O,
hvor
jeg
bar sukket
og laengtet
efter
dette mode !
HERTUG SKULE.
Guds fred med
dig, Margrete
! Hvor er
kongen
?
MARGRETE.
Hos
bisp
Nikolas.
HERTUG SKULE.
Hm, ja,
sa m& ban snart vaere her.
KONGS-EMNERNE 191
MARGRETE.
Og
I vil tales ved
og forliges,
blive venner
igjen,
som
i
gamle dage
?
HERTUG SKULE.
Det vilde
jeg gerne.
MARGRETE.
Hakon vil det
ogsaa gerne; og jeg
beder hver
dag
til
Gud,
at det ma ske.
O,
men kom her
og
se
(griber
bans hand
og
ferer ham hen til
vuggen.)
HERTUG SKULE.
Dit barn 1
MARGRETE.
Ja,
det
dejlige
barn er
mit;
er det ikke
forunderligt?
Han heder
Hakon, ligesom kongen!
Se
her,
hans
0jne
nej,
du kan ikke se dem nu han
sover,
men han har
store bla
0jne; og
sa kan han le
og
raskke haenderne ud
og gribe
efter
mig, og
han kender
mig
allerede !
(Lsegger vuggeklaederne omhyggeligt tilrette.)
HERTUG SKULE.
Hakon far
s0nner, spade bispen.
MARGRETE.
Dette lille barn er
mig
tusende
gange
kaerere end land
og rige, og slig
er det for Hakon
ogsa. Nej,
det er
ligesom jeg
ikke
rigtig
kan tro
pa lykken; jeg
har
vuggen
staende foran min
seng
;
hver
nat,
nar
jeg vagner,
ser
jeg
efter,
om den er
der, jeg
er
ligesom
rsed for at det skal
vaere en dr0m
HERTUG SKULE
(lytter og gar
til
vinduet.)
Er det ikke
kongen
?
MARGRETE.
Jo;
han
gar op
den anden
trappe; jeg
vil hente ham!
(Fatter
faderens hand
og
ferer ham
spagende
hen til
vuggen
igjen.)
Hertug
Skule! Sta
vagt
hos
kongsbarnet imens,
ja,
for ban er
kongsbarn tillige
det husker
jeg
aldrig paa! Og vaguer
ban,
da
b0j dig dybt og
hils
ham,
som
konger
skal bilses! Nu henter
jeg Hakon;
o
Gud,
Gud!
nu skal der da
endelig
komme
lys og
fred
over astten!
(Gar
ud til
hejre.)
HERTUG SKULE
(efter
en kort
og
merk
taushed.)
Hakon bar en s0n. Hans set skal leve efter ham. D0r
ban,
sa er der et
kongs-emne,
som star tronen naermere
end alle andre. Alt trives for Hakon. Kanha3nde ban er
den
urette;
men bans tro
pa sig
selv star fast som
f0r;
bispen
vilde
rygget den,
men fik ikke tid for
d0den,
ikke
lov for Gud. Gud skaermer
Hakon,
ban fik beholde
styrkebeltet.
Nu at
sige
ham det? Nu at
svaerge pa
bispens udsagn?
Hvad vilde det
nytte? Ingen
vilde tro
mig,
hverken Hakon eller de andre.
Bispen
vilde ban
troet i
d0dstimen;
tvivlen vilde have
forgiftet bam;
men
det matte ikke ske.
Og
sS
uryggelig
som
trygheden
sidder
hos
Hakon,
sa
uryggelig
sidder tvivlen hos
mig;
hvilket
menneske
paa jorden
kan
luge
den vsek?
Ingen, ingen.
Jernbyrd
er
baren,
Gud bar
talt, og
endda kan Hakon
vaere den
urette,
mens
jeg forspilder
mit liv.
(Saetter sig
grublende
ned ved et bord
pa hejre side.) Og
om
jeg
nu
vandt land
og rige,
vilde sa ikke tvivlen sidde der
lige-
fuldt
og gnage og
taere
og
hule
mig
ud med sine
evige
isdryp? Jo, jo;
men det er bedre at sidde
deroppe pa
kongssaedet og
tvivle
pa sig
selv,
end at sta nede i flok-
ken
og
tvivle
pa
ham,
som sidder
deroppe.
Det ma
ende mellem
mig og
Hakon! Ende? Men hvorledes?
(reiser sig.) Alma3gtige,
du,
som bar stelt det
slig
for
mig,
du ma
tage skylden
for
det,
som f
01ger
efter
!
(Gar
frem
og tilbage,
stanser
og
taenker
efter.)
Det
gaelder
at
bryde
alle broer
af,
beholde en
igjen, og sejre
eller falde
der,
KONGS-EMNERNE
193
sag'.le bispen
ved
kongsbryllupet
i
Bergen;
det er nu
pa tredje
aret
siden, og
i al den tid har
jeg spildt og
splittet
mine kragfter ved at
vasrge
for alle broerne.
(raskt)
Nu ma
jeg f01ge Bispens
rad
;
nu eller
aldrig!
Vi er
begge
her i
Oslo;
jeg
er mandstaerkere end Hakon
dennegang;
hvorfor da ikke
nytte overtaget,
det er sa
sjelden pa
min side,
(vaklende)
Men nu inat straks ?
Nej, nej!
Ikke inat!
Ha, ha, ha,
der er det
igjen,
overlaggget
ust0heden|
Hakon kender ikke til
sligt;
han
gar
bent
frem, han, og
saa seirer han !
(Ger nogle
skridt bortover
gulvet og
stanser
pludselig
ved
vuggen.) Kongs-
barnet! Hvor
fager
en
pande.
Han
dremmer.
(Breder
taeppet
bedre over
og
ser
laenge pa barnet.)
En
slig,
som
du,
kan
berge meget
i en mands
sjael. Jeg
har
ingen
s0n.
(Bajer sig
ned over
vuggen.)
Han
ligner
Hakon.
(Viger
med
engang tilbage).
Kongsbarnet, sagde dronningen
!
B0j dig dybt og
hils
ham,
som
konger
skal hilses! D0r
Hakon f0r
jeg,
sa 10ftes dette barn
paa kongsstolen; og
jeg jeg
skal sta nedenfor
og b0je mig dybt og
hilse
ham som
konge! (i stigende oprer).
Dette
barn,
Hakons
s0n,
skal sidde
deroppe pi
det
saede,
som
jeg, kanhaende,
er naermere
til, og jeg
skal sta for hans
fodskammel,
med hvide
har, kreget
af
aside,
se al min
livsgjerning
ligge ugjort,
d0 uden at have vaeret
konge! Jeg
er
mandstaerkere end
Hakon,
det blaeser en storm
ikveld,
vinden star udefter
fjorden
! Om
jeg tog kongsbarnet?
Tronderne kan
jeg
lide
pa.
Hvad turde vel Hakon
vove,
nar hans barn var i min
magt!
Mine maend vil
f01ge
mig,
vil sla for
mig og sejre. Jeg
far 10nne dem
konge-
ligt,
si
g0r
de det. Lad
ske!
Skridtet
ud; sluget
over
for f0rste
gang!
Kunde
jeg
se om du har Sverres
0jne
-
eller Hakon Sverressens ! Han sover.
Jeg
kan ikke se det.
(Ophold).
S0vn er vaern. Sov med
fred,
du lille
kongs-emne!
(Gar
over til
bordet).
Hakon
skal
d0mme; engang
til vil
jeg
tale med ham.
18
28.
VI VIL
Vi vil et
Norge greit og frit,
vor
Fars,
vor
Mors,
vort
Arve-eie,
et
Norge,
som
gaar
Tidens
Veie,
et fredsaelt
Norge
uden
Bulder,
som letter B0r
paa
Smaafolks
Skulder,
med
Byrden paa
de sterke
Rygge,
saa hvermand
trygt
sit
Hjem
kan
bygge.
For dette
Norge
bar vi stridt.
Vi vil et
vort
eget Norge ubeskaaret,
vort
eget Norge
hiederbaaret,
saa
aldrig
mere
gaar
en
Alen,
et
Jemtland
eller
Herjedalen
af
Norges Ret,
af
Norges Rige;
et
Norge,
som bar
glemt
at
vige.
For dette
Norge
bar vi stridt.
Vi vil et
skarp
Graense om vor lille Tue
og
Herskerrest i
egen
Stue.
Lad vaere
trangt,
lad vaare
ringe,
naar bare vi
gaar
selv til
Tinge,
og
ikke
sp0r
i
Nabogaard,
om vi t0r raade
egne
Kaar.
Da bar vi frem vort
Norge
stridt.
Vi vil et
Norge greit og
frit
for
Klamp
om
Fod,
for
Nakke-aaget;
et
Norge
med i
Fremskridtstoget,
et
Norge
med i
RydningsfaBrden,
som
bryder
Storvei
gjennem Verden,
som Daad
og Vilje
adler
stor,
et
Norge
vaerd at kaldes Bror.
Vi vil et
Norge greit og
frit.
JACOB
HILDITCH.
AF NORGES HISTORIE 195
29.
AF NORGES HISTORIE.
EN FORTÊLLING.
Det \ar den siclste Historietime for Ferierne. Efter
gammel
Skik
og Brug
var B0rnene i denne Klasse
paa
dette
Tidspunkt
naaet
netop
frem til
Norges nyeste
Historic,
som
begynder
efter den
grundlovgivende
For-
samling paa
Eidsvold i
1814.
Den
gamle Skolelserer,
ban med den
kraftige graa
Manke,
de
hjulrunde Hornbriller, Snusstregerne
under
Nresen
og
den
gammeldags
blaa
Frak,
hadde
idag
faat
den
besynderlige
Ide at h0re hvert enkelt af B0rnene
hele Leksen
igjennem; og
hver
Gang
man var kommen
til Leksens
Ende,
maatte hele Klassen reise
sig.
Han
tog
Linealen ned fra Katedret
og
stilled
sig
foran f0rste
Baenk,
og
idet ban med Linealen
slog energiske,
faste
Taktslag
ud i Luf
ten,
maatte alle B0rnene
plapre
i Munden
paa
hinanden:
Og
som et
merkeligt Eksempel paa
den Nationsbevidsthed
og
sterke
Frihedsgl0d,
som i disse
bevaegede Dage besja3lede
bele det norske
Folk,
kan nnev-
nes den
gamle Skydsbondes
Ord til Eidsvoldsmanden
Sverdrup,
idet den
gamle
Bondemand af sitinderste
Hjerte
udtalte disse Ord: "Saa far da med
Gud,
og
hvad du end
gj0r,
saa
gaa
for Guds
Skyld
ikke med
paa
at
gj0re
os til
en Provins under
Sverige;
thi f0r vil vi
drage
til Gransen
hver eneste Mand
og
bare la Hustru
og
Barn bli
hjemme."
Og lasnge
efterat B0rnenes
syngende Plapren
var for-
stummet,
blev den
gamle
Skolelasrer staaende
og
slaa
Takten ud i
Luften,
mens bans
0ienbryn
fortrak
sig
i
fctrenge Buer, og
Blikket hviled fast
og
bestemt udover
Klassen. Merkes skal
de,
disse
Ord,
Barna
mine;
merkes skal
de, og
erindres af hver
og
en. Kanske bar
jeg
dere
aldrig
mere i
Norges
Historic,
Barna
mine,
kanske
laeser
jeg aldrig
mere
Norges
Historic her
paa
Skolen.
Her er andre Tider
og
andre
Skikke,
her er onde
Dage
med
Nedvserdigelse og Skam;
men det vil
jeg
ialfald,
at
196
NORWEGIAN READER
det Minde skal I alle ta med om eders
gamle Laerer,
at ban
aldrig glemte
at holde
Norges
Histories stolteste Ord frem
for eder
og syne
eder
noget
af al den
Fsedrelandskjserlighed,
som
engang
har braendt i denne
Nation.
For det skal dere
ogsaa
vide,
Barna
mine,
at vor Skam er nu saa
stor,
at der
virkelig
findes Laerere af den
nye Sort,
som med Forsaat
undlader at
indprente
i Elevernes Bevidsthed den stolte
Forsikring,
at hver
Gang
vor
unge, dyrekj0bte
Frihed
blev
truet,
har der vaeret Maend i dette
Land,
som har
staat frem
og
vernet om
den; og
med den
gamle Skyds-
bonde fra
1814
har de vaeret
villige
til at
gaa
til
Graensen,
alle som
en,
om det
traengtes; og
husk
da,
Barna
mine,
at
disse har vaeret Folk af eders
egen Stand,
netop
den
Stand,
som saetter mest
ind,
den
Stand,
som til Faedrelandets
Frelse har set braendte
Gaarde,
nedtrampede
Marker
og
plyndrede Fj0s og
Loft;
og
husk
ogsaa det,
at
Forneg-
terne altid har vaeret fra Nationens anden
Side, Folk,
som
har sat sin
egen Stilling
som Embedsmaend
og deslige
i dette Land hoiere end deres Faedrelands Êre. Saa
langt
er det kommet her hos
os,
Barna
mine,
at vi t0r
knapt
oftere taendes af
Begeistring,
naar vi laeser vort
Norges
Histories stolteste
Traek;
thi de stemmer ikke med
mange
af vore
Dages
Foreteelser;
man
fors0ger
at
glemme og
daekke
over,
hvad vi Nordmsend altid har taenkt
og
villet.
Derfor, Barn,
lad os laese den
gamle
Bondes Ord en
Gang
til
;
Gud
ved,
om de
indprentes
eder oftere.
Han haBved
Linealen,
og
halt over B0rnenes
Plapren
h0rtes bans
dybe
Bas: Saa far da med
Gud,
og
hvad du
end
gj0r
Han stod
og
saa ud
gjennem
Vinduet. Der
var kommen en
egen underlig Stemning
over den
gamle,
godmodige
Laerer. Han hadde en Fornemmelse af
,
at den
forestaaende Ferie vilde
bringe
et eller
andet,
som vilde
gjere
denne Historietime til bans sidste her
paa
Skolen
AF NORGES HISTORIE
197
eller maaske for hele Livet. Det var saa varmt
idag, og
Brillernes Glas blev saa
underlig dugget.
Bag
ham summed
og
hvisked Bernene. De hadde en
ubestemt Anelse
om,
at denne Time var
noget
for
sig selv,
noget,
de vilde mindes. De havde nok set den
gamle
Historielaerer
optaendt og ivrig
saa
mangen Gang tidligere.
De
husked,
hvorledes han hadde
sunget
ud
Bjarkemaalet
for
dem,
saa hele Huset hadde
dirret;
hvorledes han hadde
stillet
sig
i Positur
paa
Katedret med
tilbagelsenet
Hoved
og
funklende 0ine
og ageret
Olav
Trygvasson
i Skibets
L0ftning,
hvordan han
da, myndig,
men
godmodig,
hadde
forklaret:
Ja, slig
stod
han,
Norriges Konge,
den
lyse
Hovding,
i
Leftningen
af sit
Skib;
men den Gutten saa
ikke ud som
jeg,
han hadde saamaend hverken
Bonjour
eller Hornbriller.
Nei,
h0i
og fager,
med
Hjelm paa
Hodet
og gyldent Haar,
som svam om hans h0ie Pande
og
fl0d
paa
de brede Skuldre.
Brynje
bar
han,
som var blaa
og blank, og
hans Sverd hadde Hefte
og
Kors af
purt
Guld, og
hans Bue hadde
tykke Fjasr
af blankt Staal
og
Skja2ftet belagtmed kostelige
Stene;
nsest Einar Tambar-
skjaelves
var det den bedste Bue i
Norriges
Land
og Rige.
Og
de husked
videre,
hvorledes han i
Beretningen
om
Peter
Tordenskjold
hadde
fegtet
i Luften med
Linealen,
git drabelige Hugg
tilli0ire
og tilvenstre,
indtil han satte
Linealen fast mellem
Taenderne,
f0rte Armene frem over'
Hodet
og jumped
fra Katedret ned
paa
Gulvet
og
saa
styrted Tordenskjold sig
ned i
Sj0en lige
for Svenskernes
Nasse
og
sv0mmed ud til sit Skib.
Men alt dette hadde hat et
Skjser
af
Godmodighed
over
sig. Idag
var han bare
Alvor;
mest som han
pleied
vaere,
naar han
sang Fasdrelandssangen
med
dem; og
den
Henrykkelse,
som hans Alvor da
pleied
vaere
parret
med,
var
idag byttet
med en
egen sorgfuld Bekymring.
Han stod fremdeles stille med Haenderne
paa Ryggen
og
saa ud
gjennem
det aabne Vindu. I
Prestegaardens
198
NORWEGIAN READER
Have,
ret over
paa
den anden Side af
Veien,
ikke et Sten-
kast
borte,
saa ban to Maend
spadsere
frem
og tilbage
foran Husets Veranda. Det var Presten
og Verkseieren,
denne lille Flekkes mest formaaende
Maend,
den lille halvt
offentlige,
balvt
private
Skoles
maegtigste
St0tter
og
Styrere.
Han hadde en sterk Fornemmelse
af,
at disseto
hadde vaeret bans
Tilh0rere, tause,
indignerede
Vidner til
bans
Historieimdervisning.
Der
kogte
et voldsomt Sinds-
opr0r op
i ham. Han aabned
begge Vinduer,
alle de
Glas,
som hadde staat lukkede
;
saa vendte ban
sig
mod
Klassen,
m0rkr0d
i
Ansigtet og
med
Tindingernes
Aarer svul-
mende blaa.
Vi skal laBse de vakre Ordene om
igjen,
Barna
mine,
for de skal ikke
glemmes,
de skal ikke
ligge bortgjemte.
Taktfast
svingedes
Linealen
opogned,frem og tilbage:
Og
som et
den Nations-
bevidsthed
og
sterke
Frihedsgl0d,
som i disse
bevaegede
Dage besjaelede
hele det norske Folk
Der h0rtes Skridt ude i
Gangen;
der bankedes
paa
D0ren,
og
Presten traadte
ind, bleg,
med sammenknebne
Laeber
og
m0rke 0ine. Den
gamle
Laerer nikked mod
Presten,
men vedblev at
svinge
sin
Lineal,
idet han med
den venstre Haand
verged
for
sig og
b0d
Respekt
for
Undervisningen,de alvorlige
Ord: Saa far da med
Gud,
og
hvad du end
gj0r,
saa
gaa
for Guds
Skyld
ikke med
paa
at
gj0re
os til en Provins under
Sverige
Presten traadte hen til ham
og
saa ham stift ind i
0i-
nene. Hvortil denne
idelige Repetition
? Hvortil overfor
B0rnene denne
krampagtige Indprentning
af
netop
disse
Ord? Det tar
sig ingenlunde
ud i disse
Dage,
det h0res
som en Demonstration.
Den
gamle
Historielaerer stirred et 0ieblik
paa
sin over-
ordnede. Han traadte et Skridt
tilbage.
Flammende red
og
med dirrende Stemme svared han :
Jo,
det
tjener
til
at
skjaerpe
Barnas
Faedrelandskjaerlighed
;
det
tjener
til at
AF NORGES HISTORIE
199
grundlaegge
Folkets Nationsbevidsthed
;
det
tjener
til at
fremme dets
Selvstaendighedsf01else,
dets Evne til Selv-
staendighed.
Skulde
jeg
kanske fortaelle dem om fire
hundred Aars
uvaardig
Underkastelse
og
ikke rette dem
op
igjen,
ikke taende deres
Begeistring igjen
ved at fortaelle
dem om vort Folks
Gjenf0delse
i
1814?
Skulde
jeg
kanske
Jeg
er sikker
paa,
at ikke
nogen
af B0rnenes For-
aeldre vil
billige
Deres
Optrasden
;
det er Overdrivelse dette
her,
min
gode Bargaard.
Den
gamle
Historielaerer
knapped
sin blaa Frak
;
han
stilled den h0ire Fod frem
og
la den heire Haand ind
paa
Brystet,
mens han med
tilbagekastet
Hoved saa f0rst ud-
over Klassen
og
saa
paa
Presten. Han lo
haanlig.
Det
stemmer,
det
stemmer,
Hr. Pastor! ha! ha! det stemmer!
I
Elsas-Lothringen
faar Barna ikke laese Fransk
paa
Skolen,
i
Slesvig
er det danske
Sprog
forbudt
og
her i
Norge
er det Demonstration at fortaelle Skolebarna om det
norske Folks
Selvstaendighedskamp.
Saa
langt
er det alt-
saa
kommet,
saadybt
er vi altsaa
sunkne|
Ja, ja, jeg
sa
det
netop; jeg
sa det for ikke en halv Time
siden;
dere
horte
det,
Barn
;
ikke sandt ?
jeg
sa akkurat
Hys, hys, Bargaard
!
dette
gaar
ikke
an,
hold
B0rnene udenfor.
Forresten,
vi tales ved i
Eftermiddag.
Nei,
vi tales ikke ved i
Eftermiddag.
De skal faa
det
skriftlig
fra
mig,
Hr.
Pastor;
netop
det,
De
rimeligvis
heist 0nsker.
Presten
lod,
som han ikke h0rte
gamle Bargaards
Ord;
han nikked til B0rnene
og gik.
Den
gamle
Historielaerer blev staaende
oppe
ved Kate-
dret. Han stod
laenge
taus
og
stille
og
saa udover
Klassen.
Man kunde
se,
hvordan Vreden lidt efter lidt mildnedes
ud hos ham
og gik
over i en
sorgfuld Harme;
hvordan
hans
strenge
Blik lidt efter lidt
glattedes
ud,
mens hans
0ine dvseled ved hvert enkelt
Barneansigt.
Et Par
Gange
gik
han hen til Vinduet
og
vendte
Ryggen
mod
Klassen,
mens hans Haender arbeided med det r0de Lommetorklaede
og
Brillerne.
Saa stod han
laenge og
saa udover Klassen
igjen,
indtil
han talte med lav
og sorgfyldt
Stemme: Gud
velsigne
dere,
Barna
mine,
alle som en
;
det er vondt at si Farvel
til
dere;
men
jeg synes,
at
jeg
faar
gj0re
det
alligevel,
nu
som
jeg
ser dere samlet allesammen for sidste
Gang.
Jeg
er
gammel,
ser
dere, og
slettes ikke saa flink
og rask,
som
dere kanske tror
;
husk
paa,
at
jeg
har vaeret Laerer her
ved Skolen i naesten tredive Aar. Der er voksne Maend
her
paa
Stedet,
som ikke var f0dt
engang,
da
jeg
uncler-
viste for f0rste
Gang
her
paa Skolen;
saa dere vil nok
forstaa,
at det ikke er for
tidligt,
om
jeg
blir traet.
Jeg
vil takke dere for alle de
Timer,
vi har
hatsammen;
rigtig
takke
dere,
Barna mine. Dere har fordetmeste vaeret
snille
og laervillige, rigtig snille;
jeg
skulde derfor kanske
gjerne
holdt ved en Stund
endnu;
men der er
nye
Tider
og nye
Skikke,
og jeg
er for
gammel
til selv at lasre den
nye
Skik,
ialfald i
Historieundervisningen.
Ja, ja,
dette
forstaar kanske ikke
dere;
men der var tilslut en
Ting, jeg
vilde be dere om: Inden vi
skilles,
skal vi endnu
engang
mindes de
deilige
Traek fra vort Folks
Kamp
for dets
Selvstaendighed.
Over Brillerne saa han udover
Klassen,
mens han
sagte
svinged
Linealen, og
Bernene reiste
sig
nedover Baenke-
raderne. Det
gamle, graa Ansigt
hadde
aldrig
vaeret saa
mildt
alvorligt, aldrig
saa
spaendt lyttende,
som i dette
0ieblik,
mens han
og
alle B0rnene Ord for Ord
gjentog
de faa
Linjer,
Summen,
det bankende
Hjerte
i al den
gamle
Mands
Undervisning
i vort
Norges
Historic:
Og
som et
den
Nationsbevidsthed
og
sterke
Frihedsglod,
som i disse
bevaegede Dage besjaelede
hele det norske Folk kan naevnes
JACOB
HILDITCH.
DUMME MÊND 201
30.
SOLVEJGS
SANG.
Kanske vil der
g&
bade vinter
og var,
og
nseste sommer med
og
det hele
ar;
men
engang
vil du
komme,
det ved
jeg
visst;
og jeg
skal nok
vente,
for det lovte
jeg
sidst.
Gud
styrke dig,
hvor du i verden
gar!
Gud
glaede dig,
hvis du for hans fodskammel
star!
Her skal
jeg
vente,
til du kommer
igen;
og
venter du
histoppe,
vi traeffes
der,
min ven !
HENRIK IBSEN.
31.
DUMME MJSND OG TROLD TIL
KJAERRINGER.
Der var
engang
to
Kjaerringer,
som
traettede,
saa som
Kjaerringer gj0r
iblandt, og
da de ikke havde andet at
tra3tte
om,
saa
tog
de
paa
at
kjaevles
orn Maendene
sine,
om hvem der var den dummeste af dem.
Jo laenger
de
traettede,
des
argere
blev
de;
tilsidst var de nasr ved at
komme i
Luggen paa
hverandre,
for en ved
det,
at "Ufred
er lettere at
yppe
end at
ende," og
"det er
vondt,
naar
Vettet vanter." Den ene
sagde,
der
gaves
ikke den
Ting,
hun ikke skulde faa Manden sin til at
tro,
naar
hun
sagde
det var
saa,
for han var saa lettroen som
Troldene; og
den anden mente
det,
at om det var
aldrig
saa
gait,
saa skulde hun faa Manden sin til at
gj0re
det,
naar bare him
sagde,
det
skulde
vaare saa
;
for han var
slig,
at han hverken kunde finde Naal eller N0ste.
"
Ja,
lad os saa
prove,
hvem af os der kan faa narret
dem
bedst,
saa faar vi
se,
hvem som er den
dummeste,"
sagde
de da
engang, og
det blev de
forligte
om.
Da saa Manden kom
hjem
af
Skoven, sagde
den ene
Kjaerringen:
"Gud bedre
mig
for
dig!
deter da altfor
ilde,
du er visst
syg,
om du ikke er
feig."
202
NORWEGIAN READER
"
Der vanter ikke andet end Mad
og
Drikke," sagde
Manden.
"Gud bedre
mig
saa sandt!" skraalede
Kjaerringen;
"det blir nok vaerre
og
vaerre,
du ser mest ud som
Lig
i
Synet;
du faar
lasgge dig! Aa,
dette kan
aldrig
vare
laenge."
Saaledes holdt hun
paa,
til hun fik Manden til
at
tro,
ban var D0den
paa
det naermeste
near,
og
fik ham
til at
laegge sig,
folde
Hsenderne,
laegge
ihob
0inene,
og
saa strakte hun
ham,
lagde
ham
paa Ligstraa og
fik ham i
Kisten
;
men for at ban ikke skulde
kvamne,
mens ban laa
der,
havde hun faaet
gjort nogle
Huller i
Fjaelene,
saa ban
baade kunde
puste og
kikke ud.
Den andre
Kjaarringen,
hun
tog sig
et Par
Karder, og
satte
sig
til at
karde;
men hun havde
ingen
Uld
paa
dem.
Manden kom ind
og
saa dette
Abespillet.
"
Der er liden
Hjaelp
i Rok uden
Hjul,
men Karder uden Uld er bare
Kja3rringtul," sagde
Manden. "Uden Uld?"
sagde
Kjserringen; "jo, jeg
bar
Uld;
men du ser den
ikke,
for
den er af det fine
Slaget," sagde
hun. Da hun havde
kardet
fra
sig,
fik hun Rokken frem
og tog
til at
spinde.
"Nei,
dette
gaar
rent
paa
Skade," sagde
Manden
;"du
sidder
jo og
surrer
og skjaammer
ud Rokken
din,
naar du
ikke bar
noget paa
den."
"
Ikke
noget paa
den?"
sagde
KjaBrringen
;
"
Traaden er saa
fin,
at der skal andre
0ine
til at se
den," sagde
hun.
Da hun saa var f
asrdig
med
Spindingen,
saa bommede
bun,
satte Vseven
op,
rendte
og spolede og
vaevede T0iet.
Saa
tog
hun det ud af
Vasven,
stampede
det
og
skar det
til, og syede
Klaeder af det til Manden
sin,
og
da de var
faerdige, hasngte
hun dem
op paa
Stabbursloftet. Manden
kunde hverken
se T0iet eller
Klaederne,
men ban var nu
kommen
i Troen
paa,
at det var saa
fint,
ban ikke kunde
se
det,
og
saa
sagde
ban:
"
Ja,
ja,
naar det er saa
fint,
saa
er det saa fint da."
UNGBIRKEN 203
Men saa var det en
Dag, Kjserringen sagde
til ham :
"
Idag
faar du
gaa
i Grav01
;
Manden i
Nordigaarden
farer
til
Jorden idag, og
saa faar du have
paa dig
de
nye
Kla3-
derne."
Jaha,
han skulde
gaa
i
Grav01et, og
him
hjalp
ham at faa Klsederne
paa,
for de var saa
fine,
at han kunde
rive dem
itu,
om han skulde
hjaelpe sig
selv. Da han kom
op
i
Grav01sgaarden,
havde de alt drukket baade stivt
og
sterkt
der; Sorgen
blev ikke
storre,
da de fik se ham
med de
nye Kirkeklaederne,
skal
jeg
tro. Men da det bar
afsted til
Kirkegaarden, og
den d0de kikkede ud
igjennem
Pustehullet,
slog
han hele Latterd0ren
op:
"Nei,
nu maa
jeg storle,"
sagde
han; "gaar
ikke han Ole
S0rigaarden
splitn0gen
i Grav01et mit!"
Da Folket h0rte
det,
var de ikke sene til at faa
Laaget
af
Kisten, og
den andre Manden med de
nye
Kirkeklas-
derne,
han
spurgte
hvorledes det
gik til,
at hin laa i Kisten
og pratede og
lo,
han som de holdt Grav01 over
;
det var
da
ligere,
om han
grred.
"Graad
graver ingen op
af
Graven,"
sagde
den
anden, og
hvorledes de snakkede
da,
saa kom det for
Dagen,
at det var
Kjaerringerne,
som havde
stelt det til. Saa
gik
Ma3ndene
hjem og gjorde
det klo-
geste,
de
nogen
Tid havde
gjort, og
er der
nogen,
som vil
vide hvad det
var,
saa faar han
sp0rge
Birkefuten.
PETER CHRISTIAN
AsBj0RNSEN.
32. UNGBIRKEN.
En
Ungbirk
stander ved
Fjorden
og Vandspeilet ganske
naBr.
Hvor stor
og
smuk den er vorden
de
Aar,
jeg
har boet her!
Nu 10fter den hvide Stamme
Kronen fra Bredden lav.
Men tro
dog ei,
den vil bramme
den ved ikke selv deraf.
I Guds
og
i hvermands 0ine
den vokser fra
Dag
til
Dag,
og
Kvistene,
som
sig
h0ine,
nu
byde
hver
Sangfugl Tag.
Men Birken undres
derover,
den
kjender
slet ei sin
Rang.
Den boier mod Vandets Vover
saa
ydmyg
Bladenes
Hang.
Just
dette kan den forlene
Skj0nhed
for andre
Traer,
og
lokker hen i dens Grene
al Himlens
vingede
Haer.
Just
det,
at den ikke tsenker
at 10fte sin Krone
op,
men stille Kvistene
saenker,
gj0r skyggende
lun dens
Top.
Hvad kommer det af ? Den skuer
sig daglig
i
B01gens Speil
ved Siden af Krat
og Tuer,
og
skuer saa
deiligt
fell.
Thi alt som mod
Lysets Riger
den hasver sin Krones
Stav,
den
synes
den nedad
stiger
og
vokser
sig
mere lav.
Du
deilige Birk,
du
kjaare!
paa dig
vil
jeg
ofte se.
Gud
give, jeg
maatte
laere,
hvad du
mig
saa smukt kan te:
at vokse i
eget
0ie
nedad med hver en
Dag
at krone
og
at
oph0ie,
det voider da Herrens
Sag!
J0RGEN
MoE,
BALSTEMNING 205
33. BALSTEMNING.
Ad de
glatte
Marmortrin var him
steget op
uden
Uheld,
uden
Anstrengelse,
alene baaret af sin store
Skj0nhed og
sin
gode
Natur. Hun havde
indtaget
sin Plads i de
riges
og maegtiges
Sale uden at have betalt
Adgangen
med sin
./Ere
og
sit
gode Rygte. Og dog
var der
ingen,
som
kunde
sige,
hvorfra hun var
kommen;
men der hviskedes
om,
at det var
dybt
nedenfra.
Som et Hittebarn i en Udkant af Paris havde hun hen-
sultet sin Barndom i et Liv mellem Last
og Armod,
som
kun de have
Begreb
om,
der
kjende
det af
Erfaring.
Vi
andre,
der have vor Kundskab fra.
B0ger og Beretninger,
maa
tage
Fantasien til
Hjaelp,
for at faa en Ide om den
arvelige Jammer
i en stor
By; og
endda er maaske de
skraekkeligste
Billeder,
vi udmale
os, blege
mod
Virkelig-
heden.
Det var i Grunden kun et
Tidssp0rgsmaal,
naar Lasten
skulde
gribe
hende som et
Tandhjul griber den,
der
kommer for naer en Maskine
;
for efter at have
hvirvlet hende rundt i et kort Liv af
Skjsendsel og
For-
nedrelse med en Maskines
ub0nh0rlige Noiagtighed
at
laegge
hende af i en
Krog,
hvor hun
ukjendt og ukjen-
delig
kunde ende dette
Vraengebillede
af et
Menneskeliv.
Da blev
hun,
som det undertiden
haender, "opdaget"
af
en
rig og
h0itstaaende
Mand,
idet hun som
fjortenaars
Barn 10b over en af de bedre Gader. Hun var
paa
Veien
til et merkt
Bagvaerelse
i Rue de
quatre vents,
hvor hun
arbeidede hos en
Madame,
hvis
Specialitet
var Balblomster.
Det var ikke blot hendes
overordentlige Skj0nhed,
der
faengslede
den
rige
Mand,
men hendes
Bevaegelser,
hendes
Vaesen
og Udtrykket
i disse
halvfaerdige
Traek alt
syntes
ham at
tyde
paa,
at her f0rtes en
Kamp
mellem en
oprindelig god
Karakter
og
en
begyndende
Fraekhed.
Og
da han besad den
overfl0dige Rigdoms uberegnelige
Luner,
besluttede han at
gj0re
et
Fors0g paa
at redde det
206
NORWEGIAN READER
stakkels Barn. Det var ikke
vanskeligt
at ssette
sig
i Be-
siddelse af
hende,
da hun ikke tilhorte
nogen.
Hun fik et
Navn
og
blev
anbragt
i en af de bedste
Klosterskoler; og
hendes
Velgj0rer
havde den Glsede at
iagttage,
at de onde
Spirer
d0de hen
og
forsvandt. Hun udviklede en elsk-
vasrdig,
lidt indolent
Karakter,
et
feilfrit, roligt
VsBsen
og
en
sjelden Skj0nhed.
Da hun derfor blev
voksen,
giftede
han
sig
med hende.
De levede et
meget godt og fredsommeligt Egteskab.
Uagtet
den store
Aldersforskjel
havde han en
ubegraenset
Tillid til
hende, og
hun
fortjente
den. Hun var ikke
lyk-
kelig,
men tilfreds. Hendes Karakter
egnede sig
for Tak-
nemlighed. Rigdommen kjedede
hende
ikke;
tvertimod
den
gla?dede
hende
mangen Gang paa
en naesten barn-
agtig
Maade. Men det anede
ingen;
thi hendes Vaesen
var altid sikkert
og va&rdigt.
Man anede
kun,
at det ikke
stod
rigtigt
til med hendes
Oprindelse;
men da
ingen
svarede,
holdt man
op
at
sp0rge
: man har saa
meget
andet
at tasnke
paa
i Paris.
Sin Fortid havde hun
glemt.
Hun havde
glemt
den
paa
samme Maade som vi have
glemt Roserne,
Silkebaandene
og
de
gulnede
Breve fra vor
Ungdom,
fordi vi
aldrig
taenke
paa
dem. De
ligge
nedlaasede i en
Skuffe,
som vi
aldrig
aabne.
Og dog
hsender det en enkelt
Gang,
at
vi kaste et Blik i denne
hemmelige
Skuffe,
da vilde vi
straks
merke,
om
der
manglede
en eneste af disse Roser
eller det allermindste Baand. Thi vi huske det altsammen
paa
en Prik: Minderne
ligge
der
lige friske, lige
s0de
og
lige
bitre.
Saaledes havde hun
glemt
sin
Fortid;
laaset den ned
og
kastet
N0glen
fra
sig.
Men om Natten dr0mte hun
undertiden
skraekkelige Ting.
Hun f01te
atter,
hvorledes
den
gamle Heks,
hos hvem hun havde
boet,
ruskede hende
i
Skulderen,
for at
jage
hende afsted i den kolde
Morgen
til Madamen med Balblomsterne. Da for hun
op
i
Sengen
BALSTEMNING
207
og
stirrede ud i M0rket i den
dodeligste Angst.
Men saa
f01te hun
paa Silketeppet og
de blede
Puder, hendesFingre
fulgte
de
rige Forsiringer paa
hendes
praggtige Seng; og
idet smaa
s0vnige Engleb0rn langsomt
trak det
tunge
Dr0mmeteppe tilside,
n0d hun i fulde
Drag
dette eiendom-
melige, usigelige Velbefindende,
vi
f01e,
naar vi
opdage,
at en ond
og haeslig
Dr0m kun var en Dr0m.
Lasnet
tilbage
i de b!0de
Hynder kj0rte
hun til det store
Bal hos den russiske Ambassad0r.
Jo
naermere man kom
Maalet,
desto
langsommere gik Farten,
indtil
Vognen
naaede den faste
queue,
hvor det kun
gik
Skridt for
Skridt.
Paa den store Plads foran
Hotellet,
der var
rigt oplyst
med Fakler
og Gasflammer,
havde der samlet
sig
en stor
Maengde
Mennesker. Ikke blot
spadserende,
der var
blevne
staaende,
men
hovedsagelig
Arbeidere, Lediggjaan-
gere og fattige
Fruentimmer stode taet
sammenpakkede
paa begge
Sider af
Vognraekken. Lystige
Bemaarknin-
ger og
ufine
Vittigheder
i det
simpleste Parisersprog
haglede
ned over de fine Folk. Hun h0rte
Ord,
som
hun ikke havde h0rt
paa mange Aar, og
hun r0dmede
ved Tanken
om,
at hun kanske var den eneste i den
lange
Vognraskke,
der forstod disse
gemene Udtryk
fra Paris's
Berme. Hun
begyndte
at se
paa Ansigterne omkring
sig;
hun
syntes,
hun
kjendte
dem alle. Hun
vidste,
hvad
de
tcenkte,
hvad der
foregik
i alle disse taet
sammenpak-
kede
Hoveder,
og
lidt efter lidt str0mmede en Haer af
Erindringer
ind
paa
hende. Hun
vergede sig,
saa
godt
hun
kunde;
men hun
kjendte sig
ikke selv
igjen
denne
Aften.
Altsaa havde hun ikke tabt
N0glen
til den
hemmelige
Skuffe;
modstragbende trak hun den
ud, og
Minderne
overvasldede hende. Hun
mindedes,
hvor ofte hun selv
halvt Barn med
grandige
0ine havde
slugt
de fine
Darner,
der
kjerte pyntede
til Bailer eller
Teatre;
hvor
ofte hun havde
graedt
i bitter Misundelse over de
Blomster,
hun
m0isommelig
satte sammen for at
smykke
andre. Her
saa hun de samme
graadige0ine,
den samme
uslukkelige,
hadefulde Misundelse.
Og
de
morke, alvorlige Msend,
der med et halvt
foragteligt,
halvt truende Blik m0nstrede
Ekvipagerne
hun
kjendte
dem alle.
Havde hun ikke selv som liden
Pige ligget
i en
Krog
og
med
opspilede
0ine
lyttet
til deres Tale om Livets
Uretfasrdighed,
om de
riges Tyranni,
om Arbeiderens
Ret,
den han bare beh0vede at udstraekke Haanden for at
tage
?
Hun
vidste,
at de hadede alt
lige
fra de velnaarede
Heste
og
de
h0itidelige
Kuske til de
blanke,
skinnende
Kareter;
men mest
dem,
der sadindeni
disse*umaettelige
Vampyrer og
disse
Darner,
hvis
Smykker og Pynt
kostede
mere Guld end et helt Livs Arbeide
indbragte
en af dem.
Og
idet hun
betragtede Vognraekken,
der
langsomt
bevaegede sig gjennem Msengden,
dukkede en anden
Erindring op,
et
halvglemt
Billede fra hendes Skoleliv i
Klosteret. Hun kom med et til at taenke
paa Fortaellingen
om
Farao,
der med sine
Stridsvogne
vilde
folge J0derne
gjennem
det r0de Hav. Hun saa
B01gerne,
som hun
altid havde forestillet
sig
r0de som
Blod,
staa som en Mur
paa begge
Sider af
JEgypterne.
Da 10d Mose
R0st,
han
udstrakte sin Stav over
Vandene, og
det r0de Havs
B01ger
sloge
sammen
og opslugte
Farao
og
alle hans
Vogne.
Hun
vidste,
at den
Mur,
der stod
paa
hver Side af
hende,
var vildere
og rovgjerrigere
end Havets
B01ger;
hun
vidste,
at der kun udfordredes en
R0st,
en
Moses,
for at
saette dette Menneskehav i
Bevaegelse,
saa at det knusende
veltede
sig
frem, overskyllende
hele
Rigdommens og
Magtens
Glans med sin blodr0de
B01ge.
Hendes
Hjerte
bankede,
hun
trykkede sig skjaelvende
ind i
Hj0rnet
af
Vognen.
Men det var ikke af
Angst,
det
var,
for at de
BALSTEMNING
209
derude ikke skulde se
hende;
thi hun skammede
sig
for
dem. For f0rste
Gang
i hendes Liv stod hendes
Lykke
for hende som en
Uretfaerdighed,
som
noget,
hun skam-
mede
sig
ved. Var dette hendes Plads i den
b!0de,
ele-
gante Ekvipage,
blandt disse
Tyranner og Blodsugere?
H0rte hun ikke snarere til derude i den
bolgende
Masse
blandt Hadets B0rn ?
Halvglemte
Tanker
og
Felelser reiste sit Hoved som
Rovdyr,
der
lange
have vseret bundne. Hun f0lte
sig
fremmed
og hjem!0s
i sit
glimrende Liv, og
med en Art
dasmonisk
Lasngsel
mindedes hun de
skraekkelige Steder,
hvorfra hun var kommen. Hun
greb
i sit kostbare
Knip-
lingsshawl ;
der kom over hende en vild
Trang
til at 0de-
laegge,
til at rive
noget
i
Stykker,
da dreiede
Vognen
ind under Hotellets Portal.
Tjeneren
rev D0ren
op, og
med sit
velvillige Smil,
sin
rolige
aristokratiske
Anstand, steg
hun
langsomt
ned af
Trinet. En
ung
attache'
-agtig Skabning styrtede
til
og
var
lykkelig,
da hun
tog
hans
Arm,
endnu mere
henrykt,
da
han troede at bemerke en
usedvanlig
Glaus i hendes
Blik,
men i den
syvende
Himmel,
da han f01te hendes Arm
skjselve.
Fuld af Stolthed
og
Haab f0rte han hende med
uds0gt Sirlighed op
ad de
glatte
Marmortrin.
"
Sig mig engang, skjenne
Frue ! hvad er det for en
venlig Fe,
der
gav
Dem denne
vidunderlige Vuggegave,
at der ved Dem
og
ved
alt,
hvad der vedr0rer
Dem,
skulde
vasre
noget aparte.
Om det saa ikke er andet end en
Blomst i Deres
Haar,
saa har den en
egen Charme,
som
om den var vaedet af den friske
Morgendugg. Og
naar De
danser,
er det som om Gulvet
b01ger og
f0ier
sig
efter
Deres Trin."
Greven var selv
ganske
forbauset over denne
lange og
vellykkede Kompliment;
thi han havde ellers ikke let for
14
at
udtrykke sig
i
SammenhaDng.
Han ventede
ogsaa,
at
den smukke Frue vilde
ytre
sin
Paaskjennelse.
Men han
blev skuffet. Hun Isenede
sig
ud over
Balkonen,
hvor de
nod
Aftenkj01igheden
efter
Dansen,
idet him stirrede ud
over
Maengden og
de endnu ankommende
Vogne.
Hun
syntes
slet ikke at have
opfattet
Grevens
Bravour,
derimod
horte han hende hviske det uf
orklarlige
Ord : Farao.
Han vilde
just
til at
beklage sig,
da hun vendte
sig om,
og
idet hun
gjorde
et Skridt mod
Salen,
stansede hun
midt foran ham
og
saa
paa
ham med et Par
store,
forun-
derlige 0ine,
som Greven
aldrig
f0r havde sect.
"
Jeg
tror
neppe,
der var
nogen venlig
Fe
knapt
nok
nogen Vugge
tilstede ved min
F0dsel,
Hr.
Greve!
Men
i hvad De
siger
om mine Blomster
og
min
Dans,
har Deres
Skarpsindighed gjort
en stor
Opdagelse. Jeg
skal fortselle
Dem
Hemmeligheden
ved den friske
Morgendugg,
der
vaBder Blomsterne. Det er
Taarer,
Hr. Greve! som Mis-
undelse
og Skjcendsel,
Skuffelse
og Anger
har
gra?dt
over
dem.
Og
naar det
synes
Dem,
at Gulvet
b01ger,
mens vi
danse,
da er
det,
fordi det sitrer under Millioners Had."
Hun havde talt med sin
sedvanlige
Ro, og
efter en ven-
lig
Hilsen forsvandt hun i Salen.
Greven stod
igjen ganske
betuttet. Han kastede et
Blik ud over Folkemassen. Det var et
Syn,
han ofte
havde
sect;
han havde
sagt mange daarlige og
mindre
gode Vittigheder
om dette
mangehodede Uhyre.
Men
f0rst iaften faldt det ham
ind,
at dette
Uhyre
i Grunden
var den
uhyggeligste Omgivelse,
man kunde tanke
sig
for
et Palais.
Fremmede
og generende
Tanker svirrede om i Hr.
Grevens
Hjerne,
hvor de havde
god
Plads. Han var
ganske
kommen ud af
Koncepterne, og
det varede en hel
Polka,
inden han
gjenvandt
sin
Stemning.
ALEXANDER L. KIELLAND.
TIL
DEM,
SOM S0RGER
211
34.
TIL MIN GYLDENLAK.
Gyldenlak,
f0r du din Glans bar
tabt,
da er
jeg
det,
hvoraf alt er
skabt;
ja,
f0r du mister din Krones
Guld,
da er
jeg
Muld.
Idet
jeg
raaber: med Vindvet
op!
mit sidste Blik faar din
Gyldentop.
Min
Sja3l dig kysser,
idet forbi
den
flyver
fri.
To
Gange jeg kysser
din s0de Mund.
Dit er det f0rste med Rettens Grund.
Det andet
give du, kjaere, husk,
min Rosenbusk!
Udsprungen
faar
jeg
den ei at se
;
thi
bring
min
Hilsen,
naar det vil
ske;
og sig, jeg 0nsker,
at
paa
min Grav
den blomstrer af !
Ja sig, jeg 0nsker,
at
paa
mit
Bryst
den Rose
laa,
du fra
mig
bar
kyst;
og, Gyldenlak,
var i D0dens Hus
dens Brudeblus!
HENRIK WERGELAND.
35.
TIL
DEM,
SOM
S0RGER,
NAAR DE KUNDE
VÊRE GLADE.
Noget
af det mest umoralske ved en stor Del af Nu-
tidens
Digtning
er
dette,
at den ikke er
glad.
Den ser
smaat
paa
Livet
og plukker
ud det ekle eller det usle til
Naering
for Blaserthedens
og
Bitterhedens Orm.
Jeg
maa
tsenke
paa,
hvad
Guyau sagde
om de franske Forfalds-
digtere,
om
dem,
som smitter Lasserne med sit
Svartsyn
paa
Livet :
"
De
gj0r
det
Dag
for
Dag
mere folksomt
paa
det Sted i Dantes
Helvede,
som er indredet for
dem,
der i
sin Livstid
greed,
naar de kunde -vcere
glade"
Det er en
Pligt
at vaere
glad
eller at arbeide
sig
frem mod Glaede.
Thi Glaeden
0ger
Livskraften,
mens
Sorgen og
Smerten
svaekker. Det fremhaeves
netop
af de
nyere engelske og
franske
Moralister,
de for hvem Moralen er
Reglerne
for Livets Vekst.
De
gamle
Nordmaend havde
ogsaa erfaret,
at Glasden
gjor
sterk. I et af de
gamle Eddadigte, Havamaal, siger
en
gammel
norsk
Digter
: "Glad
og
munter skal hver
Mand
vaere,
til ban finder sin Bane."
Mandig og glad
var for de
gamle
Nordmaend naar
beslaggtede Begreber.
Olav
Trygvasson
var
"
af alle Maend den
gladeste," if01ge
Snorre.
Og
i det
Digt,
hvor Halfred Vandraadeskald
kalder ham "det bedste af alle
Mennesker,"
fremhasver
Digteren,
at Olav var
"
glad
i Hu." Det var
Kjendemerket
paa
den rette
H0vding.
En anden
Digter,
Tormod Kol-
brunarskald, sang
Viser
og skjemtede,
da ban var
d0delig
saaret. Saa
gjorde Wergeland.
Det er den norske
Dig-
tertype.
"Vaer
glad,
naar Faren veier hver
Evne,
som du
eier," sang Bj0rnson
"i en
tung
Stund."
Og.da
Stathol-
derstriden
gik
ham
imod,
skrev ban "En
glad Gut,"
den
mest straalende af bans
Bondefortaellinger.
"
L0ft dit
Hoved,
du raske Gut! Om et Haab eller to blev
brudt,
blinker et
nyt
i dit 0ie."
Bjernson
er den st0rste Ud-
straaler af
Livsglaede
i sin
Tid,
som
Wergeland
var den
store
glade
Nordmand f0r
ham.
"
Jeg
i slet
Lune,
Morgenblad? J
e
gi
som kun beh0ver et Glimt af Solen
for at briste i h0i Latter af en
Glaade,
jeg
ikke kan for-
klare
mig?"
Hvem
kjender
ikke disse Ord af
Werge-
land ?
Og
fra
Wergeland
kan vi
gaa
videre
op igjennem
Tiden, ligesom
fra
Fjeldtop
til
Fjeldtop stadig
moder
vi en Glaedens
og
Livsmodets
Digter
som
den,
der
rager
op
over de
andre; stadig
er der Solskin
paa Toppene,
den ene
bag
den
anden,
belt
op
til Oldtiden.
Bag Werge-
\
TIL
DEM,
SOM S0RGER 213
land skimter vi
Digterh0vdingen Johan
Nordahl
Brun,for
hvem
Norge
var "muntre
Sjasles Fristed,"
hvor "Glse-
den
fades, og
det udaf selve Naturen." Samt Wessel
og
hele Raskken af
glade
Nordmaend i"det norske
Selskab,"
som lo norsk
Livsglaede
udover
Kj0benhavn. Bag
dem
haever
sig Holberg,
som indledede en
ny
Tid ved at 10sne
et
bergensk Fjeldskred
af Latter.
Bag
ham Fetter
Dass,
den
freidigste
Nordmand der
nordpaa,
endnu f0r
Holberg.
Dr0it
og djervt
Humor i hans "norske Dalevise."
Og
bans
"
Nordlands
Trompet,"
hvor han bestraaler hele Nord-
lasndingens
Liv med sit
lyse
Hum0r,
det er
egte
norsk
Realisme,
fra den allermindst
poetiske
Tidsalder.
Ten-
densen i
Digtet
er friskt
Mod,
udtrykt
allerede i det frei-
dige,
taktfaste
Versemaal,
hvor vi seller med
strygende
B0r,
som naar en Baad
hopper paa B01gerne. Og Digte-
rens muntre Hum0r blev Medvind for
Tusender.
"Vi
tunge
nordiske
Graaveirssjsele," siger Garborg
i
"
Traette Maend." Men selv
han,
som kom fra den
"
m0rke
Kyststribe,"
ser ikke altid Livet saa m0rkt. Han har
jo
glsedet
os alle med Kolbottenbrevene.
Og
har ikke Kiel-
land
lyst op
hele
Kysten
derborte med sit Lime? Nord-
maendene havde
neppe
holdt ud i
Kampen
med en haard
Natur uden Evnen til at
skjemte.
Det er det haarde
Kamp-
liv,
som har
gjort
Munterhed til en Livsforn0denhed her
nord
og
skabt den
freidige, mandige Digtning.
Tsenk
paa
Folkeeventyrene
med deres
brede,
saf
tige
Humor. Taenk
paa
hele den
gammelnorsk-islandske Literatur,
saa fuld af
Skjemt,
hvor en
"
Glaedens Mand" er
hyppigt
som
haedrende
Betegnelse, og
hvor
S0rgmodighed betegnes
som
"Hugsot."
Vi busker
Sagnhelten Ragnar
Lodbrok,
hvor han
synger sig glad
i
Ormegaarden
:
"
Leende skal
jeg
d0 !
"
Eller
Sagnet
om de
fangneJomsvikinger (efter
Slaget
ved
Hj0rungavaag),
som
tog freidige
eller
endog
skjemtende
imod
D0dshugget.
Selv den
gamle,
bistre
Egil Skallagrimsson
synger sig
tilslut
glad
i det storartede;
Digt,
hvori
hanbegyndte
med at
klage
over
"
S0nnetabet."
Sangens
Gave er ham Bod for alle
Sorger.
Men det
skj0nneste
Blad i norsk Literaturhistorie er vel
det,
som
handler om Henrik
Wergeland paa
D0dsleiet. Der hvor
han fik selve Knokkelmanden til at smile
og
reddede sin
lyse Livsglaede
over i sin
Digtning,
hvor den
aldrig
kan
d0. "Mit Sind er
roligt,
klart
og lyst
som
Tjern
i Maane-
skin." "Nu er min
Sjael
en toet
Blom,
saa
nyfodt,
barne-
glad."
Skal dette
lyse
Sind
oph0re
at herske i norsk
Literatur?
Just
nu,
da Folkene
kjaemper
en
tung Kamp
med at lose
urgamle Opgaver,
skal da Nordens blonde
Folk sende sortsmusket
Digtning
ud i
Verden,
som har
mere end nok af den f0r?
To Traek er fremtraedende i den moralske
Bevaegelse,
som isaer i
England f01ger
med Naturvidenskaben
og
dens
Anvendelse
paa
Menneskelivet : det
strenge
Alvor
og
Haevdelsen af
Pligten
at vasre
glad.
Enhver maa udstraale
Livsglsede;
i den er
Lasgedom og Styrke.
Men under al
Glasden
ligger
F01elsen af Livets Alvor. Den
strenge og
alvorlige
Moral,
som
forkyndes
af
mange
naturvidenskabe-
lige Taenkere,
udbreder en
Luft,
hvori det er let at aande.
Som
Fjeldluft
eller som Luften
paa
en klar
Frostdag,
da
den sunde
og
sterke smiler af Livsf01else.
Nyere
Taenke-
res
Skildring
af
Livskampen
som
streng,
men
ogsaa glad,
minder om de
gamle
Nordmsends
strenge Kampliv og
Glsede i
Kampen.
Graekerne kraevede af en
Mand,
at han
skulde vaere
"skj0n og god." Og
vi kan
gjerne
tilf0ie:
"
glad."
Det samme maa vaere vort Ideal. Lad det ialfald
siges
om os
gjerne
med et Smil
,
at vi var
gode og
glade
Nordmaend !
CHRISTIAN COLLIN.
"
Hvor det er
venligt
at haabe
og dromme,
vugges paa
Fremtidens usikre
Havl"-r-
MUNCH,
EN BRODER I N0D 215
36.
EN BRODER I N0D.
Nu flokker
sig
om
Tyras borg,
kan
haende,
sidste
gang,
et folk i
nod,
et folk i
sorg,
med
flaget
halvt
pa stang.
Forladt,
forladt
pa
farens
dag,
forladt i stridens stund
!
Var sadan ment det
nsevetag,
der loved
godt
for Nordens
sag
i Axelstad
og
Lund?
De
ord,
der
fl0d,
som om de kom
fra
hjertet lige hid,
de var da kun en frase-flom
;
og
nu er t0rkens tid!
Det
tra3,
som
blomstrings-10fter gav
i festens
solskinsvseld,
det
star,
af stormen kvistet
af,
som kors
paa
Nordens
ungdomsgrav,
den f0rste alvorskveld!
Det var da
10gn
i
gildeskrud,
kun
giftigt Judas-kys,
hvad
Norges
s0nner
jubled
ud
ved Sundets strande
nys!
Hvad taltes mellem drot
og
drot
ved sidste
kongefaerd?
O,
legtes
om
igen
da blot
kong
Gustafs
leg pa
Stockholms slot
med Karl den tolvtes svasrd!
Et folk i
sorg, pa
d0dsens
tog
af hver en ven
forladt,
sa ender Damnarks
sagabog.
Hvo har dens Finis sat?
216
NORWEGIAN READER
Hvo talte
fej^t,
den slutted
slig:
og tysk
blev
Tyras
void,
mens
Dannebrogs
forrevne
flig
slog
om den sidste Danskes
lig
sit
rosenlagens
fold?
Men
du,
min frelste norske
bror,
som star
pa fredlyst grund
i kraft af Leftets
fagre ord,
forglemt
i fiirens
stund,
stryg
du
pa flugt
fra
fsedrestavn,
jag
over havets
hvselv,
ga glemselsgang
fra havn til
havn,
og
list
dig
til et fremmed
navn,
og gem dig
for
dig
selv!
Hvert
stormsuk,
som i
Norge gar
langs
li fra Danmarks
hav,
dig sp0rgende
med raedsel slar:
min
bror,
hvor blev du af ?
Jeg
stred en livsens-strid for
Nord;
mit
hjemland
blev en
grav;
jeg spejded
over belt
og fjord
forgives
dine snekkers
spor.
Min
bror,
hvor blev du af ?
Det var en
drem.
Vagn
stasrk
og
kaBk
fra folkes0vn til dad !
En bror i n0d! Hver mand
pa
daek:
her
gaelder rappe
rad!
End kan det std i
saga slig
:
dansk,
dansk er
Tyras
void.
End
Dannebrogs
forrevne
flig
kan over Nordens fremtid
rig
sja ud
sin r0de fold!
HENRIK IBSEN,
BLIND-ANNE
217
37.
BLIND-ANNE.
Paa en Sommerreise i
1846
var
jeg
med et Par Reise-
f seller for en
strygende
B0r seilet fra Odde nd
igjennen
den
dybe,
indklemte
S0rfjord og
kom ved Midnatstid i
0sende
Skylregn
til
Ullensvang,
hvor vi under Knut
Oppedals Tag
fandt
Ly og venlig Modtagelse. Skjent
Knut allerede i
Dagningen drog
ud
paa
en Reise til
Reldal,
havde han
dog
forinden truffet saadanne For-
anstaltninger,
at Stedets
navnkundige Sangerske, gatnle
Blind-
Anne, og
min
Morgenkaffe
blev
mig praasenteret
paa
en
og
samme Tid. Da
jeg
kom ned i
Stuen,
sad
hun fremme
paa
Gulvet,
hvor Solen
spillede
ind
igjen-
nem
Vinduet,
i en
Kubbestol,
med
begge
Hasnder foldede
over
Tyk-enden
af sin
lange, paaskraa
mod Gulvet st0ttede
Stav,
og
hvilede
Hagen,
eftertaenksom
og grundende,
paa Haandbagen.
Hun var taus
og
stille;
thi man havde
sendt Bud efter hende
og sagt,
at en Fremmedkarl vilde
h0re alle hendes Historier
og
Viser,
og
nu sad hun
og
s0gte
dem frem i det
gamle, halvtaagede
Minde. Det
var et ved sit
w/Ervagrdighedspraeg
smukt
Ansigt,
som
her hvilede
sig paa
Stokken. Fra den brede Pande var
Haaret,
b!0dt
og
skinnende
hvidt,
med Omhu
str0get op
under den lille sorte
Hue;
over de af
Kopperne
fordaer-
vede,
af Alderen
rynkede og afblegede Traek,
laa en
Klarhed,
en mild
Ro,
som fra den
gamles
indre
Lykke
gj0d sig
over hendes
Aasyn og gjennemtrasngte
hele
hendes Vaesen. Thi
skj0nt
Blind-Anne fra sin
tidligste
Barndom,
da hun i
Kopperne
mistede sit
Syn,
havde
savnet Solens
Glans,
bar hun i
sig
et klart
og
varmende
Lys
: sine Barneaars
Sagn og Sange og
en
urokkelig
Tro. Nu var hun h0it
bedaget,
na3r henimod eller over
de
otti;
men hun var endnu h0i
og
rank af Skikkelse
og
sterkbygget.
Hun
havde,
jeg
ved ikke i
hvormange
Herrens
Aar, tjent
hos Provst
Hertzberg paa Ullensvang
som
Barnepige, og
alle hendes Meddelelser fra
Virkelig-
heden
begyndte og
endte med: "I den
Tid,
jeg
levede
under
Tag
med
salig
Provsten."
Formodentlig
var det
i denne
Stilling
som
Barnepige,
hun havde udviklet sit
forunderlig
smukke
og
sande
Foredrag
af Folkets Tra-
ditioner i bunden
og
ubunden Stil. Nu boede hun hos
en S0ster
og
havde
Fattig-underst0ttelse,
men
led,
som
hun
gjentagende forsikrede,
aldeles
ingen
N0d.
Skj0nt
blind vandrede hun uden Leder
omkring
i
Egnen,
hvor
hun
vilde;
thi hun
kjendte
i
bogstavelig
Forstand hver
Sten i
Stien, og
hun
holdt,
som hun selv
udtrykte sig~,
med den venstre sin Stav
og
med den h0ire vor Herres
ledende Haand. Da
jeg
i
Oppedalsstuen
traadte hen
og
hilsede
paa hende,
10ftede hun Hovedet raskt
op,
hendes
Miner
spaendtes,
de
store, graabrune
0ine rettedes mod
den
talende, og
hun
lyttede skarpt,
som om hun vilde
udforske Indholdet af den
Stemme,
der
opfordrede
hende
til at fremba^re sine
laenge gjemte
Skatte. Men
uagtet
0inene rettedes mod
mig
straalende
og blanke,
havde de
dog
ikke det seende Bliks fikserende
Magt ;
deres Glans
gled
hen i et dr0mmende
Udtryk,
som dannede en
paa-
faldende
Modsastning
til de
opmerksomme Ansigtstraek
og Legemets
iagttagende
Stilling.
Hun
syntes
forn0iet
med den Maade
? hvorpaa jeg
frembar min
Anmodning,
men
spurgte dog
endnu
forsigtig,
hvad
jeg
vilde
gj0re
med hendes Historier
og
Viser.
Jeg
svarede,
at
jeg
vilde
nedskrive
dem,
forat de ikke skulde d0 med hende.
"
Ja,
ja," sagde
hun,
"det samme
sagde gamle Provsten,
naar
han skrev det
op, jeg sang og
fortalte. Vil du have det
paa
Bondemaal eller
paa Bymaal?" spurgte
hun videre.
"
Paa kavende Bondemaal akkurat som de her i Ullens-
vang
taler
og synger,"
var mit Svar. "Han vilde saa
gamle
Provsten
ogsaa," sagde
hun
og
nikkede tilfreds.
Jeg
havde bestaaet min
Pr0ve, og
vi var fra den Stund
virkelige
Venner.
Nu
begyndte
hun at
synge og
fortselle,
og
hver
Gang
BLIND-ANNE
219
him
merkede,
at hendes Tradition interesserede
mig,
sagde
hun med en viss Stolthed : "Aa
jo, jeg
kan
noget
af
hvert,
du !
"
Men
skj0nt
hun var rask
og r0rig
for sin
Alder,
trasttedes
dog
snart hendes Hukommelse
; jeg
maatte tidt
og
ofte
afbryde og
kunde kun
benytte
hendes
bedre
og livligere
0ieblikke. Derfor
aflagde jeg hyppige
Bes0g
i hendes
Hytte, og
disse
gjengjaeldte
hun,
hver
Gang
en
ny
Tradition randt hende i Minde. Naar hun
da ved sin Stav kom rokkende ned til Sorenskriver-
gaarden,
hvor
jeg
i de
f01gende Dage boede, sagde
hun :
"Nu har
jeg
fundet
paa
en
ny
Vise
(eller
et
Eventyr)
til
dig igjen.
Det kan du tro er fint." Altid var hun
glad og tilfreds;
kun en
Gang
h0rte
jeg
hende bittert
klage;
det var over den
yngre Slegt,
som saa rent havde
vendt
sig
bort fra de
gamle
Viser
og Sagn.
4<
I min Barn-
dom
og
i de
Dage, jeg
levede under
Tag
med
salig
Provsten,
var det ikke
saaledes," sagde
hun. "Hver
evige Helgedags Eftermiddag,
vor Herre lod
skabe,
sad
vi
sammen,
alle som i Graenden
var,
baade store
og smaa,
og
fortalte
og sang
til
langt
ud
paa
Kvelden. Det kan
du tro var morsomme Stunder var det
ikke,
Margit?"
spurgte
hun S0steren. Dertil svarede denne
ja og
amen.
Men det er
fornemmelig
fra en
varm,
sollys
Sommer-
morgen
ude i denne
Fjordbreds
yppige og
storartede
Natur,
at
jeg
har beholdt en levende
Erindring
om Blind-
Anne.
Jeg gik og
smaanynnede.
Da h0rte
jeg paa
engang
taet foran
mig
et
venligt
"Gud
signe!" og
da
jeg
slog
0inene
op,
stod Blind-Anne der med sin
Stav. Hun
f0iede til sin
Hilsen,
at him kom
lige
fra
Skrivergaarden,
for nu havde hun
igjen
en
ny
Vise til
mig. Jeg spurgte,
hvorledes hun kunde
vide,
det var
mig,
som kom.
"Jeg
kjender dig paa
R0sten
og paa Gangen,"
svarede hun.
Taet ved Stien stod en
maggtig, gammel Haengebirk og
krummede sine Grene ud i
dristige
Bugtningerj
under
den var en Sten henkastet som til Basnk. Her
tog
vi
Plads, og
Blind -Anne
begyndte
sin
Sang.
Men him
havde
neppe sunget
Strofen
ud,
f0r en
Klynge
B0rn fra
de rundt om
beskjaeftigede
H0folk
nysgjerrige
naermede
sig,
ferst halvt
frygtsomme og n01ende,
en for
en,
men
snart
dristigere og
friere. Om lidt havde hele
Klyngen
leiret
sig
ved Gamle-Annes F0dder. I
F0rstningen
var
deres
Opmerksomhed
delt mellem Anne
og
Fremmed-
karlen,
som sad
og
skrev
op.
Men da Blind-Anne vel
havde
begyndt paa
et
Eventyr,
rev hun snart med
sig
de
smaa
Tilh0rere,
der af den erfarne Munds
Trylleord
villige
loci
sig
f0re fra den solblanke
Dag
ind i
Fjeld-
dybet
til Askeladden
og
Troldet med de ni Hoveder.
Jeg
derimod blev
tilbage
udenfor
og glemte
rent at
f01ge
den
gamles Fortaelling.
Medens de
lette,
sommermilde
Vindpust
bar til
mig Lugt
af
nyslaget
H0
og
en
daempet
Lyd
af
Ljaaens Klang
under
Brynet og
af Arbeidernes
sp0gefulde Tale,
sad
jeg og
saa ud i den smukke Situa-
tion.
Foran,
under
Haengebirkens smidige, s01vglinsende
Vifte,
sad
gamle
Blind-Anne saa
fordybet
i sin
Beretning,
at de snehvide Haar havde 10snet
sig
under Huen
og gled
hende ned over Panden
;
ved hendes F0dder de
barbenede,
barhovede, skjortecermede B0rn,
hvis 0ine
hang
ved den
gamle
Mund
og
vilde
snappe Ordet,
f0r det endnu var
sluppet
over
Laeben; udenfor,
i den tindrende
Julidags Lys
og Glans,
den
nedstyrtende
Breds
yppige L0vpartier, og
saaS0rfjordens gr0nlige Vandspeil,
i hvis lette
Krusninger
Solstraalerne
spillede og glimtede og glinsede
i tusende
Reflekser,
indtil
Fjorden
f
jernt
henne b0iede af
og
lukkede
sine
maegtige
K10fter i
duftige,
mildt henblaanende Forto-
ninger.
Men
paa
den anden
Side,
midt over
Fjorden,
glitrede og
blinkede
Folgefonnens Snekam,
som b0iede
sig
ned
og kyssede Fjeldets
Grass
og L0v,
skinnende hvid
som Blind-Annes
Haar,
der laa over
Sangens og Eventy-
rets vaarfriske Tanker.
Da
jeg Dagen
efter
sagde
Blind-Anne
Farvel, grsed
FOR
BJ0RNSTJERNE BJ0RNSON
22i
hun
og
takkede
mig
for de
gode
Timer,
vi havde havt
sammen. "Vi sees nok ikke mer her
paa Jorden," sagde
hun;"naardu
kommer til
Harang igjen,
er
jeg sagtens
d0d." Hun havde Ret.
Ingen,
som
bes0ger S0rfjordens
vidunderlige
Bredder,
vil finde hende. Nu er hun atter
flyttet
under
Tag
med
salig
Provsten; Ullensvangs
Kirke-
gaard
har med sin Graestorv daekket over dem
begge.
J0RGEN
MOE.
38.
FOR
BJ0RNSTJERNE BJ0RNSON.
Der er en
Tid,
vort Sind er vekt som
Voks,
og Sjaelen
terster efter
Lys og Sandhed,
og Hjertet
slaar for
alt,
hvad der er stort
og skj0nt og
rent
og
lidende i
Verden;
da
Dysten kjasmpes
mellem ondt
og godt,
og
Jorden
ligger
hrak for
aU,
som
saaes,
hin
Vigslens rige
Stund i
Ungdomstiden,
da Leret
formes,
som skal fastne siden.
Vel
da,
om
Lasngslen
i sin
S0gen
fandt
den
Haand,
som
leded, og
den
Arm,
som
10fted,
og kjendte,
var det blot et kort
Sekund,
at det er
sandt,
hvad
Digteren
har
sunget:
u
Salig
den
Isse,
som
Begeistrings
0rn
har suset over med de brede
Vinger!"
Thi det er
just Begeistringens Sekunder,
som Livet adler
og
dets Indhold
grunder.
I>er mindes
mange slige
Stunder her
blandt
Ungdomsflokken
i
Studenterlaget,
da 0iet
funkled,
medens Ordet
fl0i,
og
Tanker
f0dtes,
som
tog
Vekst for Livet.
Der mindes
^n,
da han stod h0i i
Hallen,
hvis
kjendte
Traek vi
rydder
Plads
idag,
og svsermed, maned, tordned,
lyried,
lokked,
mens
Ungdomsskaren
om hans Ord
sig
flokked.
! NORWEGIAN READER
Jeg
ser ham
endnu,
hvor han stod der
kjaek
bin
Valgets
varme
Dag paa
Formandsstolen
og slynged ud,
mens Larmen raste rundt:
"Jeg gaar
ei ned
herfra,
f0r
jeg
blir stemt ned!"
og
hvor ban siden sad her Kveld
paa
Kveld
og
lod sit
rige
Limes Funker
spille,
en
Tid,
da Aandens
Magter
var tilhuse
og
tidt vi h0rte 0rnens
Vinger
suse.
Saa kom der Knuder
paa
den
Traad,
som bandt
bans
Gjernings
Maal med vore
Hjerter
sammen.
Han
gik
sin
Vei,
vi vilde vandre vor
og
holdt ei altid Tritt med
"
Fremtidstoget."
KanhaBnde var ei alt saa ilde
ment,
kanhasnde fandtes Feil
paa begge Sider;
kun e"t vi ved: Skal Verniers
Haandslag due,
man maa ei
trygle
eller la
sig
true.
Men
just
fordi vi
agter hver,
som
gaar
sin rake
Gang
foruden Blik til
Siden;
og just
fordi vi elsker
Kjaempens Kraft,
naar den med Kvindens
Hjertelag
er
parret;
og just
fordi vi
ved,
han eier
Gnisten,
den
taBndende,
fra Aandens
Altar-ild,
vi kan i Aften
enigt
slutte
Ringen
om
H0vdings-hodet
med den brede
Bringen.
Vor Tid bar nok Kritik
og
Tvist
og
Tvil
og
lunkne F01elser
og
lamme Tanker.
Han er
sig selv,
en Svaermer i sin
Tro,
en Mand af
Vilje og
et Barn af
Hjerte.
Det er bans Adelsbrev for
os,
som eier
de
unges
0ie for Ideens
Ret,
selv om han stundom
tramper,
hvad vi tror
paa,
og
haver
det,
vi heist saa kastet
Jord paa.
TO TALER AF HENRIK IBSEN 223
Det dommer
Saga. D0gnets
Strid vil
d0,
og Kanterne,
som
skar,
vil Tiden
jevne.
Hvad nu staar
skarpt
mod
skarpt og
haardt mod
haardt,
det vil i Mindets
Daemrings-skjcer
forsones.
Men Kunstens Verk bar
Evighedena Praag
lig St0tten,
her blandt Stormaends Rad vi stiller
med Tak for
alt,
hvad
skj0nt
ban
gjennem
Livet
vort Folk
og
os i
Digt og
Daad bar
givet!
KRISTOFER RANDKRS.
39.
TO TALER AF HENRIK IBSEN.
Mine Herrer !
Naar det under de senere Aar af mit
Ophold
i Udlandet
stillede
sig
mere
og
mere klart for
mig,
at nu var det
blevet
mig
en Forn0denhed at se
Hjemmet igjen,
saa vil
jeg
ikke
skjule
for
Dem,
at
jeg
under
adsktllig
Uro
og
Tvivlraadigbed
skred til at saette min
Hjemreise
iverk.
Mit
Ophold
her var vistnok bestemt til kun at vaere kort-
varigt,
men
jeg
f01te,
at hvor kort det end
blev,
kunde det
altid blive
langt
nok til at
forstyrre
en
Illusion,
som
jeg
gjerne
vilde vedblive at leve i.
Jeg spurgte mig
selv: med hvad
Slags
Sind vil mine
Landsma3nd
modtage mig?
Den haedrende
Modtagelse,
som de
B0ger, jeg
sendte
hjem,
bar
fundet,
kunde ikke
belt ud vaere
mig betryggende
;
thi
Sp0rgsmaalet
blev
altid : hvorledes er mit
personlige
Forhold til mine Lands-
maend?
Det lader
sig jo nemlig
ikke
negte,
at der
paa
flere
Punkter bar vaeret en
Misstemning
tilstede. Saa vidt
jeg
bar kunnet
opfatte det,
bar Ankerne
imod
mig
vaeret af et
dobbelt
Slags.
Man bar
troet,
at
jeg
i
Lys
af en
utilb0rlig
Bitterhed bar seet
paa
mine
personlige og private
Forhold
i
Hjemmet, og
dernfest bar man
lagt mig
til
Last,
at
jeg
skal have rettet
Angreb paa
Forekomster i vort nationale
Liv,
som efter
manges Opfatning
havde Krav
paa
en
ganske
anden
Behandling
end
Spottens.
Denne for
mig
saa asrefulde
og glaBdelige Dag
tror
jeg
ikke at kunde
benytte
bedre,
end til en
Redegj0relse og
til et Skriftemaal.
Mine
private
Forhold har
jeg aldrig gjort
til nsermeste
Gjenstand
for
noget Digt.
Disse Forhold var
mig
i tid-
ligere tunge
Tider mindre
magtpaaliggende,
end
jeg
siden-
efter
mangen Gang
har kunnet forsvare for
mig
selv.
Naar Edderf
uglens
Rede blev
plyndret
f0rste
og
anden
og
tredje Gang,
saa var det for Illusioner
og
for store Livs-
haab,
den blev
plyndret.
Naar
jeg
under
festlige
Tilstel-
ninger
har fornummet
Mindelser,
som
Dyret
i
Bjorne-
traekkerens
Hasnder,
saa er det
naermest,
fordi
jeg
selv har
staaet
medansvarlig
i en
Tid,
der
begrov
en
deilig
Tanke
under
Sang og Klang.
Og
hvad er saa det at
digte?
For
mig gik
det sent
op,
at det at
digte,
det er
vsesentlig
at
se,
vel at
merke,
at se
saaledes,
at det sete
tilegnes
af den
modtagende,
som
Dig-
teren saa det. Men saaledes sees
og
saaledes
modtages
kun det
gjennemlevede. Og
dette med det
gjennemlevede
er
netop Hemmeligheden
ved den
nye
Tids
Digtning. Alt,
hvad
jeg
i de sidste ti Aar har
digtet,
det har
jeg aandelig
gjennemlevet.
Men
ingen Digter gjennemlever noget
isoleret. Hvad han
gjennemlever,
det
gjennemlever
hans
samtidige LandsmaBnd,
sammen med ham.
Thi,hvis
ikke
saa
var,
hvad
slog
da Forstaaelsens Broimellem den frem-
bringende og
de
modtagende?
Og
hvad er det
saa, jeg
har
gjennemlevet og digtet paa?
Omraadet har vaeret stort. Dels har
jeg digtet paa det,
der
kun
glimtvis og
i mine bedste Timer har r0rt
sig levende,
som stort
og skj0nt
i
mig. Jeg
har
digtet paa det,
der saa
at
sige
har staaet h0iere end mit
daglige jeg, og jeg
har
digtet paa dette,
for at fsestne det
ligeoverfor og
i
mig
selv.
Men
jeg
har
ogsaa digtet paa
det
modsatte,paa det,
der
TO TALER AF HENRIK IBSEN 225
for den indadvendte
Betragtning
kommer til
Syne
som
Slagger og
Bundfald af ens
eget
Vaesen. I dette Tilfaelde
bar
det,
at
digte,
vaeret
mig
som et
Bad,
hvoraf
jeg
har
f01t
mig
at
udgaa renere,
sundere
og
friere.
Ja,
mine
Herrer,
ingen
kan
digterisk
fremstille
det,
hvortil ban ikke
til en vis
Grad, og,
ialfald til enkelte
Tider,
har Modellen i
sig
selv.
Og
bvo er den Mand iblandt
os,
der ikke nu
og
da har f01t
og erkjendt
i
sig
en
Modsigelse
imellem
Ordog
Handling,
imellem
Vilje og Opgave,
imellem Liv
og
Laere
overhovedet? Eller bvo er den iblandt
os,
der
ikke,
ialfald
i enkelte
Tilfaslde, egoistisk
har vseret
sig
selv
nok,
og
halvt
anende,
halvt i
god
Tro har
besmykket
dette Forbold
baade for andre
og
for
sig
selv ?
Jeg
har
troet,
at naar
jeg siger
dette til
Dem,
til Studen-
terne,
da kommer det
netop
til sin rette Adresse. Det vil
blive
forstaaet,
saaledes som det skal
forstaaes;
thi Studen-
terne har
vasentlig Digterens Opgave:
at
klargjore
for
sig selv, og derigjennem
for
andre,
de
timelige og evige
Sp0rgsmaal,
som r0rer
sig
i den Tid
og
i det
Samfund,
han tilh0rer.
I denne Forstand t0r
jeg sige
om
mig
selv,
at
jeg
under
min
Udla3ndighed
har bestrasbt
mig
for at vaere en
god
Student. En
Digter
h0rer af Naturen til de
langsynte.
Aldrig
har
jeg
sect
Hjemmet og Hjemmets
levende Liv
saa
fyldigt,
saa klart
og
saa na3r
indpaa,
som
netop
fra det
fjerne og
under Frava3relsen.
Og nu,
mine
kjaere Landsma3nd,
til
Slutning
et Par
Ord,
som
ogsaa hasnger
sammen med
noget gjennemlevet.
Naar Keiser
Julian
staar ved Enden af sin
Bane, og
alt
styrter
sammen om
ham,
da er der
intet,
som nedslaar
bans Sind saa
dybt,
som den
Tanke,
at
alt,
hvad han
vandt,
var det: at erindres med
agtelsesfuld Anerkjendelse
hos
klare
og
kolde
Hoveder,
medens bans Modstander sad
rig
paa Kjasrlighed
i
varme,
levende
Menneskehjerter.
Dette
er
fremgaaet
af
noget gjennemlevet;
det har sin
15
226
NORWEGIAN READER
Oprindelse
fra et
Sp0rgsmaal,
som
jeg
undertiden har
fremsat for
mig
selv dernede i Ensomheden. Nu er
Norges
Ungdom
kommen til
mig
her i Aften
og
har
givet mig
Svaret i Ord
og
i
Sang, givet mig
Svaret saa varmt
og
saa
fuldt
ud,
som
jeg aldrig
havde ventet at skulde faa h0re
det. Dette Svar vil
jeg tage
med,
som det
rigeste Udbytte
af mit
Bes0g
hos Landsmaendene i
Hjemmet; og
det er
mit Haab
og
min
Tro,
at hvad
jeg
i Aften
oplever,
det er
en
Gjennemlevelse,
som
ogsaa engang
skal finde sin Af-
speiling
i en kommende
Digtnihg. Og
sker
dette,
sender
jeg engang
en saadan
Bog
her
hjem,
da beder
jeg,
at Stu-
denterne vil
tage
imod
den,
som om den var et
Haandslag
og
en Tak for dette
M0de;
jeg
beder dem
tage
imod
den,
som
de,
der er
meddelagtige
i den.
II.
Mine Darner
og
Herrer !
Hjerteligst
Tak for al den
Venlighed,
al den Im0de-
kommenhed
og
al den
Forstaaelse,
som
jeg ogsaa
denne
Gang
har
modtaget
Beviser
paa
her. Der
ligger
en stor
Lykke
i F01elsen af at eie et st0rre Faedreland. Men at
svare
udf0rligtpaa
alle de for
mig
saa haedrende
Udtalelser,
som
jeg nys
har
hort,
det
ligger
udenfor
og
over min
Evne. Der er imidlertid et
saerligt
Ptmkt
deri,
som
jeg
vil tillade
mig
i Korthed at faeste
mig
ved. Det er bleven
sagt,
at
ogsaa jeg, og
det
paa
en fremskudt
Plads,
har
vaeret med at skabe en
ny
Tid i Landene.
Jeg
tror der-
imod,
at den
Tid,
vi nu staar
i,
kunde med
lige
saa
god
F0ie
betegnes
som en
Afslutning, og
at deraf er
noget nyt
i
Begreb
med at f0des.
Jeg
tror
nemlig,
at Naturviden-
skabens Laere om Evolutionen
ogsaa
har
Gyldighed
med
Hensyn
til de
aandelige
Livsfaktorer.
Jeg tror,
at der nu
ret snart forestaar en
Tid,
da det
politiske Begreb og
det
sociale
Begreb
vil
oph0re
at eksistere i de nuvaerende
Former, og
at der ud af dem
begge
vil vokse sarnmen en
INDLEDNING TIL GRUNDLOVEN
227
Enhed,
som
fore!0big
baerer
Betingelserne
for Menneske-
hedens
Lykke
i
sig. Jeg
tror,
at
Poesi,
Filosofi
og
Reli-
gion
vil smelte sammen til en
ny Kategori og
til en
ny
Livsmagt,
som vi nu levende
for0vrigt
ikke kan have
nogen
klarere
Forestilling
om. Man bar ved
forskjellige
Anledninger sagt
om
mig,
at
jeg
er Pessimist.
Og
det er
jeg ogsaa,
for saa vidt som
jeg
ikke tror
paade
menneske-
lige
Idealers
Evighed.
Men
jeg
er
ogsaa Optimist,
for
saa vidt som
jeg
fuldt
og trygt
tror
paa
Idealernes For-
plantningsevne og paa
deres
Udviklingsdygtighed.
Navn-
lig og
naermere bestemt tror
jeg,
at vor Tids
Idealer,
idet
de
gaar
til
Grunde,
tenderer imod
det, jeg
i mit Drama
"Keiser
og
Galilaeer" bar
antyclet
ved
Betegnelsen
"det
tredje Rige."
Tillad
mig
derfor at t0mme mit Glas for
det vordende for det kommende. Det er en
Lerdags
Aften,
at vi her er forsamlet. Efter den kommer Hvile-
dagen, Festdagen, Helligdagen
Jivad man vil.
Jeg
for
mit Vedkommende skal vaere tilfreds med
Udbyttet
af min
Livsuges Arbeide,
hvis dette Arbeide kan
tjene
til atbercde
Stemningen
for den
Dag imorgen.
Men f0rst
og
fremst
skal
jeg
vasre
tilfreds,
om det kan
hjaalpe
til at ha:rde Aan-
derne i den
Arbeidsuge,
som
ufeilbarlig
kommer
bagefter.
Hermed min Tak!
40. INDLEDNING TIL GRUNDLOVEN.
Den
engelske Digter og
Tinker
Coleridge
har
sagt,
at
Statsforfatninger
ikke
lages,
men vokser frem. Dette
gjselder
nu
sserlig
om
Englands
Forfatning, der,
som vi
ved,
har udviklet
sig
lidt efter lidt i L0bet af en Raskke
Aarhundreder
og
er
bygget
mere
paa
Praksis end
paa
Lovparagrafer.
Men i mere eller mindre Grad maa det
samme
gjaelde
om enhver
Forfatning,
der har vist
sig
at
have
Levedygtighed, ogsaa
om vor
egen
af
1814.
Denne
kan,
i
Modsaetning
til den
engelske,
dateres fra et bestemt
228
NORWEGIAN READER
Aar;
den har sine
kjendte og navngivne Ophavsmaend, og
er forsaavidt
"laget;"
men
Aanden,
der har holdt den
oppe,
Kraef
terne,
der har sat det
paaEidsvold istandbragte
konstitutionelle Maskineri i
Bevaegelse og
ladet det virke
til Held for
Folket,
maa stamme fra den
forudgaaende
Udvikling; og
uden disse Kraefter vilde Grundloven af
iyde
Mai
1814
have vaeret et vaerdi!0st
Papir.
Et Folk
taber ikke sin Frihed
og Selvstaendighed,
uden at der er
en indre Br0st ved
det,
en
Mangel
eller en
Sygdom
i dets
Organisation.
Endnu mindre er det
taenkeligt,
at et Folk
skulde
gjenvinde
Frihed
og Selvstaendighed
ved det blotte
Tilfaeldes Gunst eller ved en
enkelt,
om end noksaa frem-
ragende,
Daad.
Klagemaalene
over Danmarks
politiske
Forbrydelser
mod
Norge
i Unions-
og Reformationsperioden
er for-
laengst
forstummede. Man har
forlsengst indseet,
at det
ikke var saa
meget ydre
som indre
Grunde,
der
bragte
det
norske Folks Stats-
og
Aandsliv til at d0 hen
og
lammede
dets Evne
og Vilje
til at
opretholde
sin
Selvstaendighed.
Man velter ikke
laenger Skylden
for
Norges
Fald over
paa
andre;
den faar nu Folket selv ba3re. Anderledes
staar det til med
Fortjenesten
for
Norges Gjenreisning.
Begivenhederne
i
1814 og
de nasrmest
forudgaaende
Aar
frembyder
en saa stor umiddelbar Interesse
og
et saa
rigt
Stof,
at
Historieskrivningen
hidtil har havt fuldt
op
at
gj0re
med at skildre dem
og
endnu kun i
ringe
Grad er
naaet frem til at forklare dem. Det
tilfasidige
ved disse
Begiveriheder
staar derfor fremdeles i
Forgrunden
i den
almene
Opfatning:
de
ydre Grunde,
der fremkaldte Fri-
heds-
og Selvstaendighedsverket,
er
kjendte,
ikke de
indre,
der
gav
det Fasthed
og Varighed.
Vi
ser,
at Grundloven fremdeles
hyppig
kaldes et Hast-
verksarbeide
(hvad
den
ogsaa
er som literaert Produkt
betragtet
eller i
ydre
formel
Henseende,
men
visselig
ikke
i en
dybere
historisk
Mening)
;
der tales fremdeles
hyppig
INDLEDNING TIL GRUNDLOVEN
229
om vor Frihed som om den blev
"saagodtsom funden,"
eller
Fortjenesten
for den
tillsegges
belt
og
holdent en
enkelt Samfundsklasse
(Embedsmandsklassen)
eller en-
kelte Masnd. Dette er en Uret mod de
mange forudgaa-
ende
Slegter,
hvis Arbeide
og Kampe lagde Grunden,
uden hvilken
1814 AarsBygning
i vort Land
aldrig
kunde
vaere bleven reist. Det er en
Miskjendelse
af vor Historic.
Vi skal
se,
at hvad der skete i
1814
var, ligesaa
vel som
hvad der skete i
1536,
et
Udslag
af denne
Historic,
af en
og
samme,
aldrig
afbrudte,
stadigt
fortsatte
Udviklings-
proces
hos Folket. Vi skal
se,
at det er de samme Grund-
forhold i vort
Samfund,
som
paa forskjellige Udviklings-
trin
og
under vekslende Tidskrav
gik
over fra at have
vaeret Folkets
Svaghed
til at blive dets
Styrke.
Gransk-
ningen
af
Aarsagerne
til
Norges
Fald
og
til dets
politiske
og
nationale
Gjenreisning tjener
til at stadfgeste den
S.aet-
ning,
der saa ofte m0der os under det historiske
Studium,
at,
hvad der til en Tid er et
n0dvendigt
Vilkaar for Ud-
vikling og
Fremskridt,
det ender med at blive en
Hindring
for
Udviklingen, og
omvendt. Ethvert civiliseret Samfund
har visse
Eiendommeligheder
i sin indre
Bygning,
som
den fremadskridende
Udvikling
vel
modificerer,
men ikke
belt udsletter. Det er
navnlig
disse
Eiendommeligheder,
der
giver
ethvert Folk det
Sserpraeg,
hvorved det adskil-
ler
sig
fra andre Folk
;
det er
navnlig
til dem man maa
s0ge
hen,
naar man vil forklare den Dalen
og Stigen,
som
iagttages
i ethvert Folks historiske
Liv,
fordi det er
if01ge
dem at Folkene er
forskjellig anlagte
eller
udrustede,
nogle
mere for
en,
andre mere for en anden af de
Opgaver,
som
Verdensudviklingen
stiller, nogle
til at
deltage
i denne
paa
et
tidligere,
andre f0rst
paa
et senere Stadium.
JOHAN
ERNST SARS.
"
Fra Arilds-tid var Nordens Aand
en
Friheds-fugl."
OLE VIG.
41.
BYLGJA.
Hos et Par
gamle Skipperfolk
ude ved Havet var der
en
ung
Gut,
som var kommet ind med et strandet Fart0i.
Ingen vidste,
hvad Land ban var fra. Men med den
voksne Alder blev ban saa hasv
og gjaev
i Vaesen
og
Vekst,
bleg og
brasndende i 0inene
og underlig vakker,
at alle
skjente,
ban var af
noget Slags
fornemt Folk med h0it
Sind.
Heist laa ban ude
paa
Nesset
og
saa udover
Havet,
det
vide
og Iandl0se,
som
vuggede D0nning bag D0nning og
Top bag Top. Aldrig
blev ban tra?t af at se
og speide
hcnne i den
yderste
Rand mellem Hav
og
Himmel,
hvor-
dan
B01geaasene glitrede og legte, steg og
sank. Fred fik
ban
ikke,
f0r en hvid
B01ge
10ftede
sig
over de andre
snart saa
og
snart saa. Han
vidste,
den maatte komme.
Snart skinnede dens brede hvide Skavl i
Solen,
snart
steg
den med et kaadt vildt
Spr0it
mod
Himlen,
snart
glimtede
og gjekkede
den bare som Glans fremme i
Synsranden.
Den skiftede
paa utallig ny
Vis,
til bam bar den Hilsen.
Og
naar
Graagaasen
kom om Vaaren
og
trak bort om
H0sten,
blev ban
aldrig
trast af at staa
og
se efter dem
og
undres,
hvor de for hen.
Men en
Kveld,
som ban sad der
paa Nesset, skj0d
B01gen op
en
Gang og
en
Gang
til
og
nok en
Gang
der
langt
ude. Den taarnede
sig
stedse
masgtigere op
mod
Himlen
og steg og steg,
belt til denrullede sin Skavl som
en hvid funklende
og glitrende
Mur indover Nesset. Han
fik ikke R0st for
sig,
medensden kom velrende imod ham.
Men ud af den
sprang
en
Pige
med et vildt
Ansigt, og
0inene
lyste
af
Lyst og
Trods. Hun
slasngte sig paa
bans
Kna3 rned Armene om ham
og
raabte
gjennem
Suset :
u
jeg
heder
Bylgjaog erevig
Uro.
Aldrig fanger
du
mig.
Det
er
lige
ondt at
kjende mig
mellem
Pigerne
som en
B01ge
mellem
B01gerne.
Men
op
vil
jeg
dukke i din Hu.
Og
al din
Lasngsel og
Elsk skal bli navn!0s
og
havn!0s fra den
BYLGJA
231
Stund,
clu har havt
Bylgja paa Fang," sang
det i Skum-
vasggen,
som hun
igjen veg
ind i
Suget.
Og
fra den Stund
s0gte og
ledte ban
og mente,
at ban
skulde
kjende
hende mellem Tusenders Tusende. Naar
ban saa Kvindernes hvide Skaut r0re
sig
som
B01geraekker
indad
Kirked0ren,
m0dte ban Blikke baade
dulgte og de,
som
smilte,
medens Kinderne skiftede Let
og
Farve. Men
ingen
af dem havde de hendes
0ine,
der lo som Solskin i
Fraaden over det
gr0nne
vilde Hav
og
stak med Blink
som af
Dybets Hemmeligheder. Og,
naar
Pigerne ragede
og
kastede H0et ide korte Saerkeaermer
og,brune
i
Solen,
under Latter
og Lystighed kappedes,
naar det var
ham,
som
kj0rte Lsesset,
hamrede
Hjertet
i
ham, og
0inene
brsendte som m0rk lid. Han tasnkte
paa,
om
hun,
som lo
vildest
og slaengte sig overgivnest
i
Saaterne,
skulde vaere
Bylgja.
Men saa snart bans Blik
fangede hende,
vendte
bans Sind
sig
braat. Ikke var denne
uselige bly
Forvir-
ring Bylgjas
store Haan
og
Trods.
Om
H0sten,
naar de
unge
i
lystigt F01ge plukkede
N0dder, og Pigernes smidige
Liv
og
Skikkelser
og
leende
Aasyn
kom frem
og
svandt mellem
Hasselbuskerne,
randt
mangt underligt
Blik over Bladene. Men
tyktes
de ham
alle som
tamme,
vingeklippede Fugle
i L0vet imod
hende,
som traadte Dansen altid
ny og
daarende derude i Hav-
randen.
Men i den stormfulde
Vintertid,
naar
Maagerne og
al
Himmelens Haer af
Fugle skreg
i den
regngraa Dag, og
Fangsten
0stes
opaf
Garnenesom detblanke
S01v,
medens
Pigerne
stod i Hundreder nede ved
Sj0spr0iten og ivrige
beredte den med
haendige Knive,
blev
det,
som
hun,
ban
stundede efter Nat
og Dag,
kunde vaere naar.
Og,
hvor
den
10sslupne
Latter
skingrede ubaendigst, og Tungerne
slaengte spottende og lystige
Indfald som friskest ud i
Vinden,
syntes ban,
at ban fornam
Bylgjas
salte Havstaenk
ud af de viltre Blik
og
Miner.
232
NORWEGIAN READER
Men om
Uro,
som var navn!0s
og
havn!0s
og kjserere
end al
Lyst
i
Livet,
vidste de
intet, og
over bans
Laengsel
skregog
kredsede dealle kun som smaa
rappe, begjaerlige
Maager
over det store
urolige
Hav. Alt
det,
ban
s0gte
og speidede og pr0vede
Kvinders
mangfoldig fangende
Sind
aldrig
fandt ban
hende,
som Iandl0s
og
strand!0s
i
uudsigelig
skiftende
Fagerhed
lokkede bans Hu.
Og
ban
s0gte
ud fra Menneskene
paa
Havsens ensomme
Veie,
hvor
Kj01en
ikke saetter
Spor.
Didud,
hvor det
lyste
i
vseldige Skimt,
styrede
ban som til
Staevnem0de,
medens Havet sendte Skumskred
og legte
med Livet som
en Kastebold.
Og,
naar ban for lavt Sell for over de store
tordnende
D0nninger,
kunde ban bare
Bylgjas
vilde R0st
i
Skumvaeggen
om Elsk uden
Landfaeste,
navnles
og
haVn!0s.
JONAS
LIE.
42. KUNSTEN OG MORALEN.
Udviklingslasrens
Etik
fremhaever,
at
Dyden
ikke er
noget uorganisk regelret,
som kan naaes e"n
Gang
for
alle. Den er
noget levende,
som maa vokse. Altid
videre er dens
L0sen, opad
did,
hvor Aas bsiner
sig
bag Aas,
mere
og
mere
sandhedskjaerlig,
mere
og
mere
glad
i Kunsten
og
det
skj0nne,
som er
Udtryk
for Krasf-
ternes
Samvirke,
mere
og
mere
glad
i Menneskene
og
ivrig
for at
hjaelpe
hele
Toget
fremad.
Det,
som var
berettiget
i den
antispidsborgerlige Moral,
er
optaget
i
Udviklingslaerens
Etik. Livet skal hverken vaere
pro-
saisk fastboende eller
zig0ineragtig omstreifende,
hverken
tamt eller vildt
;
men som et stort
og eventyrligt Tog
mod f
jerne og vigende Udstgter.
Den fremadskridende
finder altid
noget nyt.
De store Aander maa
gaa
i
Spid-
sen
og drage
hele
Toget
efter
sig,
ikke
gaa
ensomme
paa
Rov,
men for at
s0ge nye
Livskilder for hele
Slegten.
Denne Moral er
elastisk,
ikke saa at den bliver
slap-
KUNSTEN OG MORALEN 233
pere og slappere,
men saa at den strammes for de sterke.
De har det storste Ansvar. For dem er
Pligten noget,
som
vokser,
eftersom Evnerne vokser.
Pligten
vokser
indenifra
og
f01es som
Drivkraft,
som et Bud fra
nye og
storre
Opgaver og
som Forbud om Seire.
Paa
Fremgangslinjernes Tog
kan atte udvikle sit Sser-
praeg,
ikke blot de
fornemme.
Naar man skrider
fremad,
ordner Massen
sig uvilkaarlig
til
Crupper
af
Individer,
hver med sit Virke. De faa bliver F0rere for de
mange.
Ikke som
ensomme,
men som F0rere udvikler de
bega-
vede sin
Eiendommelighed. Kampene
for at
0ge
det
fselles
Gavn,
Vanskeligheden
ved at finde Vei for de
voksende
Millioner,
det er
dette,
som
anspsender
alle
Evner. De lever ikke med i Nutidens store
Livskamp,
disse
Digtere,
som ikke vil vaere med at traekke
Toget
opover
de
farlige Fjeldovergange,
de,
som er
bange
for at
moralisere,
fordi det strider mod Kunstens
Etikette,
de,
som ikke
ser,
at Menneskeheden i det sidste Aar-
hundrede har vokset
uforholdsmaessig hurtig
i
Antal,
og
at det
gjaelder
at finde Livsvei for de
mange og forebygge,
at
Toget
staar fast i en
Snaevring og klumper sig
sammen
til Masse.
Aldrig,
tror
jeg,
har der vaaret mere
Brug
for
Digterne
som
Forkjaempere og Opmuntrere
i
Kampen. Aldrig
har
flere
Digtere s0gt
at
unddrage sig Vernepligten
i den
fselles
Livskamp og
stille
sig
udenfor
paa
en
Fjeldpynt
som
Tilskuere,
der kunde
nyde Nederlagene
mindst
lige
saa
godt
som Seirene.
Taenk
paa Digtere
som
Solon,
der
sang
Mod i sine Lands-
maend
og
fandt ialfald en
fore!0big
Udvei af en social
Sump,
eller
paa
de
gamle Skalder,
som
opmuntrede
f0r
Slaget og bagefter skjemtede
om sine Saar istedenfor at
selvbef01e sin
Sjsels Sygdomme
for et betalende Publikums
0ine,
som
nogle
af de dekadente
Lyrikere.
Taenk
paa
Taillef
er,
som red foran i
Slaget
ved
Hastings,
kastende sit
Sverd i Luften
og gribende
det
igjen,
idet ban
sang
Rolandskvadet som et
Krigsraab,
den
f0rste,
som 10s-
nede
Hugg, og
den
f0rste,
som faldt.
Dr. Brandes bar i den senere Tid
begyndt
at
spotte
over
moraliserende
og folkeopdragende og
"seminaristiske"
Digtere
som
Bj0rnson.
Men i denne Forstand bar Menne-
skehedens st0rste
Digtere
vasret
"
Seminarister,"
ogsaa
Henrik
Wergeland,
som skrev om Oldtidens
Skalder,
Sigvat og
Thormod,
at "de indelukkede ikke sin
Sjael
i
Gemakkerne;
Verdensmoralen var dem
anvist, og
de
s0gte
sin Plads i
Verden,
forhen som
Haerbevaegere og
Kongernes
Laerere,
nu som Ideanf0rere
og
Folkenes
Laarere .... Som f
agre
Luf
tsyn
foran den susende Snekke
glimrede
deres H0ibilleder foran deres Tid." Dette mener
jeg
er den store
Digtertype.
En af Tidens
Ulykker
er
den,
at de fleste
Digtere
er for
lidet Seminarister eller
Folkelagrere,
og
at de fleste Semi-
narister er for lidet Kunstnere.
Endog
de store
engelske
Moralister er i altfor liden Grad
Digtere.
De
gj0r
ikke
Moralen levende nok i sine Verker. Men
Udviklingen
gaar
mod
Samarbeide,
ikke mod Adskillelse mellem Kun-
sten
og
Moralen.
CHRISTIAN COLLIN.
43.
I ROSENLUND UNDER SAGAS
HAL.
I Rosenlund under
Sagas Hal,
der
gjemmes hellige Minder,
med
sagte
rislende
B01gefald
den klare S0kvabaek rinder.
Der er en Kalk saa s0d
og
sval
af dette Vaeld at
t0mme,
og
Nordens Maend fra
Fjeld og
Dal
gaa
did i
vaagne
Dr0mme.
INDL. TIL DEN NORR0NE LITERATUR 235
Thi Elven
nynner
et
gammelt
Kvad,
der basres vidt over
Strande,
om Asers
Drot,
som ved Bredden sad
og
drak af rislende Vande.
Mens
Sagas
Aand i denne Drik
det svundne
aabenbared,
stod Fremtids
Syn
for Odins
Blik,
af Mindets Glans forklaret.
Vi vandre da til den klare Str0m
i
Sagas
fredede
Rige.
Vort Nordens
lyseste
Fremtids- dr0m
vil der af
B01gerne stige.
Thi Odins Êt bar intet
Vaeld,
der mere
lifligt kvasger,
end dette Haab for Nordens
Held,
der bor i Mindets
Baeger.
JOHAN
SEBASTIAN WELHAVEN.
44.
INDLEDNING TIL DEN NORR0NE LITERATUR.
Strengt taget
kan der ikke vsere Tale om norsk Litera-
tur f0r fra
Begyndelsen
af det nittende Aarhundrede.
F0rst efter Adskillelsen fra Danmark
flyttede
Literaturen
hjem
til
Norge og
blev belt
og
holdent en Literatur
paa
hjemlig
Grund.
Der havde nok
lige
fra Middelalderens
Dage
vaeret
Nordmaend,
som skrev
B0ger og
overhovedet
interesserede
sig
for literaare
Sysler
;
men ikke desto min-
dre havde den af den norske Stamme
frembragte
Litera-
tur ikke havt sit Hovedssede i
Norge. Norge
havde vaeret
et
Slags
literal Provins,
ikke blot da det
ogsaa
i
politisk
og
national Henseende var en Provins under
Danmark,
men allerede i Landets
Velmagtsdage, dengang
da det
gamle
norske
Konged0mme
stod i sin allerh0ieste Blomst-
ring. Dengang
var det den Kile fra
Norge udflyttede
236
NORWEGIAN READER
islandske
Stat,
som
spillede
Hovedrollen i Literaturen. Det
var
Islaenderne,
som bevarede Traditionerne fra
Norge,
baade de
poetiske og
de
historiske, og
det var
dem,
som
dels
optegnede,
dels forfattede de
ypperste
Verker,
der
bar
gjort
den
gamle
norr0ne Literatur til et
merkeligt
Parti af
Verdensliteraturen,
hvis heie Vaerd alle fremra-
gende
Literaturhistorikere
Europa
over
anerkjender.
Der bar for et Snes Aar siden eller vel saa det vseret
f0rt en
heftig
Strid
om,
hvad denne Literatur
og
det
Sprog, hvorpaa
den var
skrevet, egentlig
skulde kaldes.
Oldnorsk
paastodes
der fra Nordmasndenes
Side,
oldnor-
disk fra
Danskernes,
som
ogsaa
vilde have sin Del i
den,
og
oldislandsk fra den
bekjendte tyske
Historiker
og
Rets-
historiker Konrad Maurers Kant. Striden blev i sin Tid
f0rt med
megen Heftighed.
Det var ikke frit
for,
at der
kom en Smule
snaeversynt
Patriotisme,
en Smule af
det,
man
paa
fransk kalder
Chauvinisme,
med i
Spillet, og
det
er en
Faktor,
som det
aldrig
er
godt
at
regne med,
aller-
mindst,
naar det
gjaslder Behandlingen
af
videnskabelige
Sp0rgsmaal.
Ernst Sars bar i sin
"
Udsigt
over den norske
Historic"
endelig
fundet en
Benaavnelse,
der for den almin-
delige
Laeser
klinger
som et for!0sende Ord. Han kalder
baade
Sproget og
Literaturen
"norr0nt,"
og
dermed vil
ban have
betegnet,
at baade
Sproget og
Literaturen til-
h0rte Nordmaendene
og
de fra
Norge udflyttede
Nord-
msend,
Islaenderne. At
negte Norge
en Andel i denne
Literatur
gaar ligesaa
lidt an som at
negte
Landet en
Andel
i den dansk-norske Faellesliteratur. Paa den anden
Side
gaar
det heller ikke an at ville
gj0re
den til fselles
nordisk. Studerer man de faa literasre Oldtidsmindesmer-
ker fra
Sverige og specielt
fra
Danmark,
saa finder man
allerede
meget tidligt,
at
Sproget
er
forskjelligt
fra det
norsk-islandske. Den karakteristiske
Ombytning
af haarde
med b!0de Konsonanter
begynder
allerede
meget tidlig
for
Danmarks
Vedkommende, og meget tidlig begynder ogsaa
INDL. TIL DEN NORR0NE LITERATUR
237
den Svaekkelse
og
Afskaffelse af
B0iningsendelserne
der
bar f0rt til det omtrent siden Reformationstiden herskende
danske
og
senere
ogsaa
norske
Skriftsprog.
I
Norge
bevarede de
gamle
Former
sig meget laenger.
Det
Sprog,
hvori Snorre Stuiiasson skrev sin
"
Heimskringla,"
det var
ikke
nordisk,
beller ikke bare islandsk
;
det var norsk-is-
landsk,
norrent.
Og
det samme
gjaelder
Literaturen. Dens seldste
og
ypperste Frembringelser paa
det
poetiske
Omraade er
vistnok
optegnet paa
Island
;
men de lasrde
paa
dette Felt
mener at kunne
paavise,
at det er
Traditioner,
som er
bragt
med
hjemme
fra
Norge, og
som senere bar
gaaet
fra
Slegt
til
Slegt selvf01gelig
medde
Omkalfatringer,som
Tiden
og Udviklingen
bar f0rt med
sig,
indtil de
endelig
blev
optegnede paa
det lille
Stykke udflyttede Norge
derude i
Atlanterhavet.
Der bar
ogsaa
vasret en anden Strid om denne aeldste
norrone
Literatur,
som maa naevnes i denne
Forbindelse,
inden der kan
gj0res noget Fors0g paa
at
skildre,
hvorle-
des
Udviklingen sandsynligvis
bar
gaaet
for
sig.
Da man
i
Ny-romantikens Dage begyndte
at svaerme for den
gamle
"nordiske
Mytologi,"
saaledes som den forelaa i den aeldre
og
tildels i den
yngre "Edda,"
da indbildte man
sig,
at
dette var
noget
belt
og
holdent
originalt
nordisk. Det var
vokset
op
af nordisk
Grund,
og
intet fremmed Fr0 havde
spiret
i denne
Jordbund.
Det var Vidundere af
hjemme-
lavet Poesi
og Visdomjingen
udenlandsk
Tankestr0mning
havde 0vet sin
Indflydelse.
Det var den nordiske
"
Folke-
aand,"
som her havde
nedlagt
sine
dybeste og originaleste
Tanker om
Gud,
Livet
og Verden;og
de var saa
originale
og storslagne,
som de
var, netop
fordi de belt
og
boldent
var vokset
paa hjemlig
Grund. Fremmed Kultur havde
ikke
forstyrret
deres
Oprindeligbed.
Her
oppe
i den
dybe
nordiske Ensomhed havde de faaet Lov til at
gro
frit
og
rigt, og netop
derfor var de saa
storslagne.
Men efter den triumferende Romantiks
Dage
kom der
en
ny
Aand ind i den historiske
og
litersere
Opfatning ;
man haevdede med
Styrke,
at den fremmede Kultur ikke
var en Fiende hverken af national eller literaer
Udvikling
;
man
hsevdede,
at enhver
Glansperiode
saavel i Literatur
som i
almindelig
Kultur beroede
paa
to Faktorer : fremmed
Paavirkning og selvstaandig Tilegnelsesevne.
Havde ikke
den
graeske
Kultur
modtaget
sine
Impulser
fra Asien
og
JEgypten?
Havde ikke Romerne
gaaet
i Skole hos Grae-
kerne? Havde ikke Renaissancens store
Kulturfornyelse
havt sine
Forudsaetninger
i det
gjenvakte Kjendskab
til
Oldtiden? Anderledes var det ikke
heroppe
i Norden
heller. Man havde deklameret om de
lange
norsk-islandske
Vinteraftener som
Hovedaarsag
til den
Vekst,
Literaturen
tog heroppe.
"
Som om der ikke var andre Steder i Ver-
den,
hvor der var
lange Vinteraftener,
og
hvor der
dog
ikke havde udviklet
sig nogen
Literatur,"
husker
jeg
en-
gang,
Ernst Sars bemerkede.
Nei,det
var nok
netop
For-
bindelsen med
Udenverdenen,
som var med om at skabe
det literasre
Liv,
paa
samme Tid som det var de eiendom-
melige Samfundsforhold,
der
gav
dette Liv sit
origin
ale
Praag. Herpaa
beror hele den literaare
Udvikling,
som
begyndte
i
Norge og
endte
paa
Island,
hvor den havde sin
Blomstring.
* HENRIK
JAEGER.
45. ISLAND.
Yderst mod Norden
lyser
en
klar
gjennem Isslag og Taage,
der ved en
Bjergild,
som
aldrig
kan
d0,
Oldtidens Billeder
vaage
derfra
gaar Sagnet
vidt over S0
som en
Maage.
VIKINGETIDENS SEDELÊRE
J
Op
til det saelsomme Eiland
drog
f0rst vore
herlige
Faadre.
Med
sig
fra
Norge
de Heisaedet
tog
for at
opreise
det bedre.
Norr0na-maal de i ensom
Krog
skulde haedre.
Medens det
synkende
Nordens
Magt
deltes
og
maatte
forsage,
blev der
paa
Island bevaret
og lagt
Livssaed for kommende
Dage.
Der nu et
Tegn paa
Stammernes
Pagt
staar
tilbage.
Skjont
vore Fraender
bag
is-daskte Mur
lyde
maa fremmede
Love,
kan de
dog
sende til
Norges
Natur
Lsengselens
Kvad over Vove.
Hjemligt
det naar til os som en Lur
dybt
fra Skove.
ANDREAS MUNCH,
46.
VIKINGETIDENS SEDELÊRE.
I
Sagafortaellingerne
om vore Forfaedres Liv
hjemme
og
ude m0der vi et
tappert og
haardf0rt
Krigerfolk,
der
trods al sin Raahed
og Vildskab,
al sin
Selvraadighed,
Egennytte og Hevngjerrighed og
alt sit Overmod
fortjener
og
vinder
Sympati.
Thi i
Virkeligheden
er det
ydre
frast0dende
Praeg ingenlunde
altid et Daekke over et til-
svarende Vsesen. Stivhed
og Uf01somhed, parret
med en
god
Del
Selvgodhed,
er det mest fremtraedende
Drag
i det
norske Folks Karakter under
Vikingetiden.
Nordmanden
brugte aldrig mange Ord,
men handlede desto
kraftigere.
Han
klagede aldrig
over en tilf0iet
Uret,
men hevnede den
til
Gjengjaeld
med saa
meget
st0rre Ef
tertryk,
Han
lagde
240
NORWEGIAN READER
med den
roligste og ligegyldigste
Mine af Verden de mest
indgribende Planer,
men r0bede dem
ikke,
f0r Tiden var
inde. Han havde
lige vanskeligt
for at
ytre
sin Glaede
eller sin
Sorg
over
det,
som maatte m0de ham. Et koldt
og roligt
Ydre dsekkede ofte over et
Sind,
der kunde vaere
senderrevet af de
tungeste Sorger
eller
opfyldt
af de vil-
deste Lidenskaber.
Det samme
h0ihjertede Drag,
som man bar fundet hos
den
nye
Verdens vilde
og rovgjerrige Stammer,
vil man i
langt rigere
Maal finde hos vore Forfaedre:
oph0iet
Selv-
bcherskelse,
Trofasthed i Venskab
og Kjaerlighed,
aedel-
modig Gjestfrihecl og
Gavmildhed. Hertil kommer endnu
en fin Sans for Ret
og Orden,
der
dog
stundom kunde
gaa
over til en overdreven
Fasthaangen
ved
retslige
Former.
Nogle
af disse
sasregne
Traek skal her anf0res. Naar
unge
MaBnd havde henlevet sine
Barndomsdage
sammen i
Venskab
og Enighed
eller
paa
anden Vis havde laert at
elske
og agte hinanden, indgik
de stundom
Fostbradrelag,
idet de blandede sit Blod sammen
og
kaldte yEserne til
Vidne
paa,
at de vilde dele ondt
og godt, Medgang og
Modgang.
At
bryde Fostbr0drelaget
ansaaes for det
st0rste
Nidingsverk.
Stundom var Venskabet saa
varmt,
at den ene Ven ei
vilde overleve den anden.
Landnamsmanden,
den norske
H0vding Ingemund Thorsteinsson,
der havde bosat
sig
i
Vatsdalen
paa Island,
levede her i det
fortroligste
Ven-
skab med to andre
Nordmaend,
Eyvind
S0rkver
og Gaut,
som boede
lige
i Naerheden af ham. Da
Ingemund
blev
draabt, og
Budskabet om hans D0d kom til
Eyvind,
kastede
denne
sig paa
sit Sverd
og
b0d sin S0n underrelte Gaut
om,
hvad han havde sect ham
gj0re.
Da Gaut h0rte
det,
sagde
han:
"Ingemunds
Venner s0mmer ei
Livet," og
fulgte
straks
Eyvinds Eksempel.
Et af de vakreste
Drag
i de
gamle
Nordmasnds Karak-
ter var deres
Gjestfrihed. Den,
som viste en reisen'de
VIKINGETIDENS SEDEL^RE
241
bort fra sit
Hus,
ansaaes for en Gnier
og
blev
Gjenstand
for
Bygdesnak.
Men
den,
om hvem det
bed,
at
"
ban
husede
rig og fattig,"
eller "at alle fandt
Gjestfrihed
bos
ham,"
ansaaes for en
gjaev
Mand.
Gjestfriheden
havde
ogsaa
sine Love. Det var
uanstaendigt
af Husbonden at
udfritte en
Gjest
om bans
Erende,
f0r ban selv kom frem
med det. Paa den anden Side var det
upassende
af
Gje-
sten at blive mere end tre
Dage paa
et
Sted,
naar ban ikke
havde faaet Husbondens
Anmodning
om at blive der laen-
gere.
Man bar
ogsaa Eksempler paa
en overdreven
Gjestfrihed.
En Kone fra Nordland ved Navn Geirrid
drog
over til Island
og
nedsatte
sig
der. Hun
byggede
sin Skaale tvers over Alfarveien
;
selv sad bun i D0ren
og
indbed alle de veifarende om at traede indenfor
og tage
til-
takke bos hende. Inde i Skaalen holdt bun altid fuldt
op-
daekket Bord. En
Nordmand, Thorbrand,
som
ogsaa
var
flyttet
ud til
Island,
lod
bygge
et Ildhus saa
stort,
at
alle,
som reiste
gjennem Dalen,
hvor ban
boede,
kunde fare
med sine
k!0vbelagte
Heste
derigjennem, og
Mad stod
da rede for alle
og
enhver.
Det er et Traek af vore Forfsedres
H0imodighed,
som
oftere vender
tilbage
i
Sagaerne,
Det ansaaes
uvaerdigt
for enhver
aerekjaer
Mand at lade Fraender
ligge
draebte
eller selv at taale Fornaermelser uden at faa Bod eller
s0ge
Hevn for det. Der var
mange,
som lod haant om at
"
baere
Faderhevnen i
Pungen,"
det vil
sige opgive
Blodhevnen,
naar Drabsmanden tilb0d B0der
;
men der var
ogsaa mangen
gjaev Mand,
som skaanede Drabsmandens Liv mod at faa
en
rundelig Bod,
heist naar ansete Maend
optraadte
som
Maeglere.
Ofte blev der herved Ende
paa stadig gjentagne
Êttedrab.
Der er
intet,
som bedre
belyser
Asatroens
Moral,
end
det
gamle
Kvaede
Havamaal,
der i korte
fyndige
Tanke-
sprog
sammenfatter de
Begreber
om en
fornuftig og
v'aerdig Livsf0relse,
som i Tidens L0b havde udviklet
sig
16
242
NORWEGIAN READER
hos de
gamle
Nordmaend. Disse
Livsreglers
Indhold kan
i Korthed
gjengives
saaledes :
Der findes kun faa
Ting
i
Verden,
som bar
Bestandighed.
"Fulde Forraadshuse
jeg
saa hos
Rigmandens S0nner;nu
gaar
de med
Tiggerstaven.
Saa er
Rigdom
som 0iets
Blik,
den er
ustadigst
af Venner."
"
Gods
forgaar,
Fraen-
der
d0r,
selv d0r man
ogsaa.
Men et hsedret Navn d0r al-
drig
for
den,
det erhverved."
"
Gods
forgaar,
Frasnder
d0r,
selv d0r man
ogsaa;
men et ved
jeg,
som
aldrig
d0r:
Dommen om enhver d0d."
Den er derfor bedst
stillet,
som ikke
traenger
til
andre.
"Eget
Bo er
bedst, skj0nt
lidet det
er;
enhver er Herre i
sit
Hjem.
Eier man kun to
Gjeder og
et
vidjetsekt Hus,
det
er
dog
bedre end B0n." Thi
"blodigt
er
Hjertet
hos
den,
som skal
tigge sig
Mad i hvert Maal." "Toet
og
mast b0r
til
Ting
man
ride,
om man end ei er
staseligt
klaedt. Ved
Sko
og
Brok b0r
ingen sig skamme,
ei heller ved sin Hest."
"Aarle skal den
opstaa,
som Arbeidere har
faa, og
se til
sit Verk.
Mangt
hindrer
den,
som
Morgenen bortsover;
den halve
Rigdom
beror
paa
Raskhed."
"
Sjelden
faar
liggende
Ulv F0de eller sovende Mand Seier." Men
"ingen
Sot er vaerre end
den,
med intet at vaere tilfreds."
"Trofastere Ven faar en
aldrig
end
meget
Mandevid.'*
"
Lykkelig
er
den,
som selv besidder Lov
og Vid,
medens
han lever. Thi onde Raad har man ofte hentet af andens
Bryst." Traenger
man til andres
Raad,
b0r man
lytte
til
de erfarnes. "Ad den
graahaarede
Taler
aldrig
du le !
Ofte er
godt,
hvad de
gamle
taler;
ofte fra
skrumpne Belg
kommer
forstandige
Ord."
Venskab er
nyttigt
;
men man maa vaere
forsigtig lige-
overfor
den,
man
vaelger
til Ven eller
gj0r
til Uven. "La-
ster
og Dyder
baerer Menneskets S0nner blandede i sit
Bryst. Ingen
er saa
god,
at ei
Lyde
ham
f01ger, ingen
saa
ond,
at til intet han
duger."
Man skulde
s0rge
for at
omgive sig
med en fast Kreds af tro Venner:
"
Det Trae
VIKINGETIDENS SEDELÊRE 243
hent0rres,
som i
Torpet
staar;
ei daekker det Bark eller
Bar. Saa er den
Mand,
som
ingen
elsker;
hvi skal han
laenge
leve?" "Sin Ven skal man vasre en
Ven,
ham
og
bans Ven. Men
ingen
b0r vaere sin Yens Fiendes Ven."
"Alt er bedre end utro at vaere. Ei er den ens
Ven,
som
alt efter Munden ham snakker." "Har du en
Ven,
hvem
du vel
tror,
og
vil du
godt
af ham
nyde,
dit Sind skal du
veksle med
hans,
Gaver med ham veksle
og
tidt ham be-
s0ge."
"
Men har du en
anden,
som du ei tror
vel, og
vil
du
dog godt
af ham
nyde, fagre
Ord skal du
tale,
men
falskelig
taenke
og L0gn
med 10s Tale
gjengjaelde."
"
Med
Vaaben
og
Klseder skal Venner hinanden
glaede.
Gi-
vende
og gjengjaeldende
er
laengst
Venner,
hvis alt
gaar
godt." "Bryd aldrig ubesindig
med din
Ven; Sorg
aeder
Hjertet,
hvis du ei har
en,
hvem du kan aabne din hele
Hu."
"
Gj0r
din Vens
Ulykke
til din
egen;
men
giv
ei
dine Fiender Fred."
"Kjaerlighed
blusser klarere end
Flammen fern
Dage
blandt falske
Venner;
men den sluk-
kes,
naar den
sjette
kommer, og
alt Venskab er ude."
"Uklog
Mand
tror,
at alle s0dtalende er hans
Venner;
det
erfarer
han,
naar han kommer til
Tinge,
at faa fremmer
hans
Sag."
Ligeoverfor
Kvinder maatte den st0rste
Forsigtighed
vises :
"
Vaelger
du
dig
en
god
Kvinde til f
orlystende
Sam-
tale
og
til at have Glaede
af, fagert
skal du love
og
fast
blive." Men man maatte komme i
Hu,
at
"
M0ens Ord b0r
ingen tro,
ei heller Konens Tale. Thi
paa
rullende
Hjul
deres
Hjerte
blev skabt
og Ustadighed lagt
i deres
Bryst."
Lykken
beroede
ganske paa
den
Maade, hvorpaa
enhver
0pf0rte sig hjemme og
ude.
"
Hjemme glad
b0r Husbon-
den
vaere,
gjestf
ri
og klog."
"
Glad
og gavmild
skulde
enhver vaere indtil sit Livs Ende."
"
Udskjseld
ei
Gjesten
og jag
ham ei
paa
D0r !
Gj0r
vel mod de
fattige."
"
lid
beh0ver
den,
som ind er kommen
og
er kold om sine Knae.
Mad
og
Klaeder har den Mand
behov,
som over
Fjelde
244
NORWEGIAN READER
bar faret. "Vand beh0ver
den,
som til Maaltid
kommer,
Haandklaede
og gjestfri Indbydelse,
et
velvilligt Sind,
Ord
og Gjensvar."
Naar man faerdedes
ude,
skulde man
iagt-
tage Forsigtighed
i et
og
alt:
"
Fra sine Vaaben
paa
Mar-
ken man en Fodsbred ei
vige;
thi uvisst er at
vide,
naar
paa
Veie ude
Spydet
behoves."
"
Den varsomme
Gjest,
som
til Maaltid
kommer,
0dsler ei med
Ord, lytter
med 0re
?
skuer med 0ie
;
saa f01er den
kloge sig
for."
"
Taaben
glor,
naar som
Gjest
ban
kommer,
mumler eller
haenger;
faar ban
sig
en
Drik,
bans hele Sind er aabent." "Fuldnok
taler
den,
som
aldrig
tier med
ufornuftige
Ord. Fremfu-
sende
Tunge,
hvis den ei
taemmes,
tidt
galer sig
selv til
Fortraed." "Vaarre
Byrde paa
Veien
ingen
baerer end
umaadelig
Drik." "Glemsels Heire over
Drikkelag
svae-
ver
og stjaeler
Maends Forstand."
"
Hjorden ved,
naar
hjem
den
skal, og gaar
da fra
Graesning ;
men
uklog
Mand
kjender aldrig
sin Maves Maal."
"
Ei M0 skal du lokke
eller Mands Kone eller til Kaadhed dem
egge."
Alting
er forud bestemt. Derfor
"
taus
og
betaenksom
b0r
Fyrstens
S0n vasre
og djerv
i
Kamp."
"
Frygtsom
Mand tror
sig
at skulle leve
stedse,
naar ban
vogter sig
for
Kamp;
men Êlden
giver
ham
ingen Fred,
om end
Spy-
dene
sparer
ham."
"Uklog
Mand
vaager
alle Naetter
og
grubler
over
alt;
da er ban
m0dig,
naar
Morgenen
kom-
mer, og Sorgen
som den var."
Den
Maade, hvorpaa
disse Visdoms-
og Leveregler op-
fattedes
og
efterlevedes,
maa have vaeret
meget forskjellig,
alt efter hvers Taenkesset
og
Livsvilkaar. Det t0r
dog
antages
for
sikkert,
at de deri udtalte Anskuelser i Old-
tiden bar havt
almengyldig Betydning
for vort
Folk,
saa
at de efterhaanden
trsengte sig
ind i dets Karakter
og
Bevidsthed.
Maaske kan endnu trods de
mange
Aar-
hundreder,
som
ligger
imellem,
ikke saa
ganske
faa
Drag
lade
sig gjenkjende.
O. A. OVERLAND.
DEI VIL ALTID KLAGA OG KYTA
245
47.
DEI VIL ALTID KLAGA OG KYTA.
Dei vil altid
klaga og kyta,
at me
ganga
so seint
og
so
smaatt;
men
eg tenkjer,
dei tarv
inkje syta;
me skal
koma,
um
inkje
saa braadt.
5. Ja,
det
skyt inkje fram,
so det
dunar,
som no
ingen
kann undrast
uppaa;
men det munar daa
jamt, ja
det
munar,
so det stundom er
Hugnad
aa
sjaa.
Lat det
ganga fram,
lat det
siga
!
10. berre eit
eg ynskjer og
bed :
at me
inkje
so
h0gt
maatte
stiga,
at me
gloyma
vaar Fedra-Sed.
Lat oss
inkje
Forfederne
gloyma
under
alt,
som me venda
og
snu
;
15.
for dei
gav
oss ein Arv til aa
gj0yma,
*
han er
st0rre,
enn
mange
vil tru.
Lat det merkast i meir enn i
Ordi,
at me halda den Arven i
Stand,
at,
naar Federne
sjaa
att
paa Jordi,
20. dei kan
kjenna
sitt Folk
og
sitt Land.
IVAR AASEN.
i.
de..
.klage.
. .mukke. 2. vi
gaar
saa sent. .
.langsomt.
3.
jeg
taenker...beh0ver ikke
(at)
vsere
bekymret. 4.
komme,
om
...hastigt. 5. skyder...fremad.
.
.drener. 6. nu...undres
paa.
7.
skrider
(fremad) dog jevnt.
8.
Glsede at se.
9. lad...sige
(skride langsomt).
10. bare 6t. . .ensker. . .beder.
IT.
heit...
stige.
12.
glemme
vor Faedrene-sed.
13.
os. . .Forfsedrene.
14.
vender., .snur.
15.
en.
.
.
.gjemme.
16.
den. . .end. . .tro.
17,
merkes...mer...Ord. 18. holder.
19.
ser
tilbage.
.
.Jorde&u
20.
kjende..
,sit.
246
NORWEGIAN
READER
48.
FORFEDERNE.
Her ser
eg
f
agre Fjord og Bygdir,
som
mange gamle Kjasmpur bar,
med
mange
si ike store
Dygdir,
at tidt me
tru,
det Gudar var.
5.
Dei
Ord,
del til os hava
skrivit,
dei
glima
som i Soli
Dogg;
for Tanken kvast dei
gjekk paa
Livet
som Mannen sin med harde
Hogg.
Dei
kjerleg
Leik
og Lengtan kjende,
10.
og
aatte denne Livsens Glod.
Dei vermde
vel,
men meir dei
brende,
og seig
som Soli ned i Blod.
I
myrke
Villa tidt dei
ravad,
men endaa er det sanne Ord :
15.
Dei aatte
det,
som du maa
hava,
um
eingong
du skal verta stor.
Sit Blod som Vatnet burt dei
0ydde,
med Leik sit
Hjartesaar
dei
saag;
ja
endaa i den
Stund,
dei
d0ydde,
20.
paa Tunga
Vit
og L0gi laag.
AASMUND OLAVSSON
VINJE.
I.
Bygder.
2.
Kjsemper. 3. slige.
.
.Dyder. 4.
Guder.
5.
bar skrevet. 6.
glimre...i
Solen
Dugg. 7.
hvast.
..gik.
8.
haarde
Hugg. 9. kjasrlig Leg.
.
.Laengsel kjendte.
10.
eiede...
Gled. ii. varmede
(blev ivrige).
. .braendte. 12.
seg.
13.
merk
Vildelse.
. .ravede.
14.
endda. . .sande.
15.
have. 16. om en-
gang.
. .vorde.
17.
Vandet
bort. . .edte. 18.
Hjerte-saar.
,,saa.
19.
d0de. 20.
Tungen
Vid. .
.Sp0g.
"Skal alle
ganga
med kvita
Hender,
so
kjem
det Armod i
manga
Grender."-
AASEN,
VAARDAG
247
49.
VAARDAG.
Aa nei for Himmel rein
og
klaar!
Aa saele
meg,
no er det Vaar !
No
spelar
Liv um Land
og
Strand
;
aa ssele
meg,
at
upp eg
vann I
5.
Aa
nei,
for
Dag
vor Herre
gav
!
So skirt um
Fjell,
so svalt i Hav !
So linn ei
Luft,
so
h0gt
um
Haug
!
Og
dette ssele
Solskinslaug
!
Aa
nei, eg h0yrer
Laerka slaa
10.
upp
under bleike Himmelblaa!
Mot Kvelv ho
stig
med
Songen
sin;
snart naar ho visst i Himlen inn.
Sjaa Maagen
ror fraa klaare Nut
i stille Tak mot Have ut
;
15. og Fugl
det
kvitrar,
kved
og syng
i Tun
og
Tre,
i Lund
og Lyng.
Og
aa,
som Soli
lognar trygg
som Varmeflaum um Barm
og Rygg
!
Og gjenom
all den milde
Dag
20. det
mjuke,
salte Havsens
Drag
!
Det
brydder
Straa,
det sveller
Knupp,
og Sevja stig
i Tree
upp;
ein Daam det vaknar s0t
og tung.
. . .
Aa saele
meg,
som er so
ung
!
ARNE GARBORG.
I. ren...klar. 2.
mig.
3. spiller. 4. op...vandt.
6.
skjaert
...Fjeld, 7.
lind
(mild)
en. 8. Solskins-bad.
9.
barer Lerken.
10.
blege.
11. mod
(Himmel-)Hvselv
hun
stiger.
.
.Sangen.
12.
ind.
13.
fra.
14. Tag.
.
.Havet
ud.
15. kvidrer,
kvceder. .
.syn-
ger.
16.
Gaard.
.
.Trse.
17. gjer
det lunt
og trygt.
18. Varme-
flom...Ryg. 19. gjennem
al. 20.
myge (blede)
Trsek. 21.
spirer
Skud.. .svulmer
Knop.
22.
Sevje.
.
.Traeet.
23.
Duft...vaag-
ner sed.
50. THORD
FOLESON.
Dei stod
paa Stiklestad,
fylka
til
Strid,
den
gamla og
so
den
nya Tid,
5.
det,
som hadde
vore,
mot
det,
som skulde
vetta,
det,
som skulde
stiga,
mot
det,
som skulde detta.
So
drog
dei Sverdi
10. i sama
Stund,
den
bjarte Kong
Olav
og
den
graa
Thore Hund.
Og Haerrope dunde,
so
Jordi
ho
dirrad,
*5' g Spjoti
dei
suste,
og
Pilarne svirrad.
Men so er det
sagt,
at ein
gasta Kar,
Thord
Foleson,
Merket
2o. bans Olav bar.
Og
denne Thord Merkesmann
skulja
me
minnast,
solengje
i
Noreg
Merkesmenn
finnast.
25.
Daa Thord ban
kjende,
ban Banasaar
fekk,
der fram i Striden
med Merket ban
gjekk,
daa
st0yrde
ban
Stongi,
30.
so hardt ban
kunde,
i Bakken
ned,
f0r ban
seig
innunde.
THORD FOLESON 249
Og gamla Soga,
ho
segjer
so,
35.
at Thord ban
stupte,
men Merket det stod.
Og
soleis maa enno
den kunna
gjera,
som
Framgongs-Merke
40.
i
Noreg
skal bera.
Mannen kan
siga,
men Merket det maa
i
Noreg
si
Jord,
som
paa
Stiklestad,
staa.
45. Og
det er det
stora,
og
det er det
glupa,
at Merket kan
standa.,
um Mannen maa
stupa.
PER SIVLE.
2.
fylket. 3. gamle. 4. nje, 5.
vseret. 6. vorde. 8. falde.
9.
Sverdene. 10. samme. n.
lyse.
13.
Hser-raabet drente.
14.
dirrede.
15. Spydene.
16. Pilerne svirrede. 18.
prsegtig.
22.
skal. . .mindes.
23.
saa
laenge.
.
.Norge. 24.
Merkes-msend
findes. 26. Bane-saar fik.
29.
nedrammede. .
.Stangen.
30.
haardt.
32.
sank ned.
33.
Sagaen. 34.
hun
(den) siger. 37.
saaledes. . .endnu.
38.
kunne
gjere. 39. Fremgan^.s-merket.
40.
baere.
41.
Manden-
43. Norges Jord. 45.
store.
46.
aedle.
47.
staa.
48. stupe.
"
Gud
signe Norigs Land,
kvar
Heim,
kvar Dal
og Strand,
kvar Lund
og
Lid.
Han lat' det
aldrig d0y,
ban
verje Bygd og 0y,
ban
verje
Mann
og M0y
til
evig
Tid." GARBORG.
NOTES.
The numbers in
heavy-faced type
are references to sections of the Grammar.
Other isolated
figures
indicate numbers of the selections in the Reader.
Musical Accent. As an
introductory
note to the Reader it
may
be of interest to consider
briefly
a
peculiarity
of
spoken Norwegian
known as
"
musical
accent,"
or inflection. All nations
sing
in their
speech,
and in
Norwegian
this musical
quality,
or
intonation,
especially
in some of the
dialects,
is
very
marked. It is most
easily
explained
in connection with what in
English
we call
"
inflection."
This relates to the bends and slides of the voice in
reading
and
speaking.
This sentence-inflection is in
Norwegian
called Tone-
fald.
But in
Norwegian,
inflection also relates to individual words
independently
of the
sentence,
and is then called
Tonelag,
which
we
may designate
"word-inflection." This word-inflection is dif-
ferent from word-stress or
accent,
for which see 3. As in
English
many
words or
parts
of
speech having
the same form or
spelling
are
distinguished by
accent
alone,
so in
Norwegian
the
significa-
tion of
many
words or forms that otherwise are identical are alone
distinguished by
word-inflection. This is
fundamentally determined,
not
by
shades of
meaning,
but
by etymological considerations,
and
hence,
as noted
above,
is heard in individual
words;
that
is,
inflection in this sense comes under the head of
orthoepy,
while,
as in
English,
inflection that has to do with shades of
meaning
in a
sentence,
comes under the head of
expression.
This
orthoepic
or word inflection in
Norwegian
is
simple
or
compound.
The
simple
inflection
(enkelt Tonelag) corresponds 'essentially (in
quality,
but not in
significance)
to the
English rising
inflection.
The voice
begins
somewhat
low,
and then rises a musical third or
fourth to the natural
pitch
of the voice. This is
by Norwegian
250
NOTES. 251
grammarians
called the
monosyllabic
inflection
(Enstavelses-Tone-
lag],
as it is
fundamentally
characteristic of
monosyllabic words,
although
not
strictly
confined to
them,
as we shall see. The
simple
inflection is
given: 1)
To words that are
monosyllabic;
as
Sol, sun;
8ml, hall; Best,
horse
;ja, yes. 2)
To
monosyllabic
words with the
post-positive
article in the
singular; as, Sol-en,
the
sun; Sval-en,
the
hall; Hest-en,
the horse.
3)
To words or forms that
originally (that
is,
in Old
Norse)
were
monosyllabic;
as Bonder
(O.
N.
bwndr),
peasants;
Ncetter
(0.
N.
ncetr), nights; Boger (O.
N.
boskr),
books;
Iryder (O.
N.
brytr), breaks-,
finder (O. N.finnr),
finds. To this third
group belong especially
those
plural
forms of nouns that are formed
by
umlauting
the vowel and
adding
r or
er,
and also the
present
tense of most
strong
verbs. The
principal strong
verbs that
have,
by exception,
the
compound
inflection in the
present
tense
are;
beder, asks; lader, lets; bliver, becomes; giver, gives;
and
tager,
takes.
(In
their abbreviated forms
(161)
these verbs of course
have the
simple inflection).
On the other
hand,
the
presents
of
some weak verbs have the
simple inflection,
due to the fact that
in Old Norse
(and
also in the
Norwegian
dialects of
to-day) they
are
strong.
The most common verbs to which this
applies
are:
drceber, kills; laser, reads;
and
skinner,
shines.
The
compound
inflection has the nature of a circumflex accent.
In this the voice
begins
on the natural
pitch,
and
usually glides
down a musical third in the first
syllable,
and then rises a fourth
in the second.
Or,
if the word has more than two
syllables,
the
voice
glides
down a musical second in the first
syllable,
then
rises a second in the second
syllable,
and another second in the
third,
and so on. The
compound
inflection is
given: 1)
To
dissyl-
labic
words, excepting
those that come under 2 and 3
above;
and
2)
to
polysyllabic words, excepting
those that come under 3
above. Ex.:
Maane, moon; Lmge, physician;
Sonner, sons; tenere,
later; Hestene,
the horses.
In
regard
to both the
simple
and
compound
inflection it
may
be
said that there is no hard and fast rule as to the
length
of the
jnusical
intervals.
They vary
from a second to a
fourth, differing
in various
parts
of the
country,
and
changing, too,
with the anima-
tion of the
speaker,
for in vivid discourse the intervals are more
marked.
The
following partial
list will indicate some forms that would
seem to be identical in
pronunciation,
but Which in
reality,
and ac-
cording
to
rule,
have different inflections:
252 NOTES.
Simple.
Bund-en,
the bottom.
barer,
bears
(carries).
Bonder, peasants.
Gjeder, (O.
N.
geitr), goats.
graver, digs.
ffaar-et,
the hair.
Kok-ken,
the
(man)
cook.
laser,
reads.
Idler,
runs.
skriver,
writes.
Sval-en,
the hall.
scetter,
sets.
Tommer, (O.
N.
timbr),
timber.
Compound.
lunden,
bound.
Bearer,
bearer.
Bonner, prayers.
Gjater,
herdsman.
Graver, grave-digger.
Jiaaret, hairy.
Kokke-n,
the
(woman)
cook.
Laser,
reader.
Lober,
runner.
'Skriver, writer,
clerk.
Svale-n,
the swallow.
Scetter, compositor.
Tommer,
reins.
I. Faderen. This model of a short
story
was
published
in
1860,
in a volume entitled
"
Smaastykker
"
(Short Stories),
of which
Hjal-
mar
Hjorth Boyesen says:
"
It
contains,
in
spite
of its
unpretentious-
ness,
some of
Bjernson's
noblest work. I need
only
mention the
masterly
tale "The
Father,"
with its
sobriety
and serene
strength.
I know but one other instance of so
great tragedy,
told
in so few and
simple
words." The extreme
simplicity
of this tale
should not deceive the student into an underestimation of its artistic
merits. Its
peculiarly pithy
and
suggestive style
should be care-
fully
noted. For sketches of
Bjornson's life,
see the introduction
to Rasmus B. Anderson's translation of
"
Synneve Solbakken,"
and
Boyesen's
"
Essays
on Scandinavian Literature." See also Notes to
4 and 12.
P. 132. Det vil
sige,
that is to
say.
P. 133.
"
Er der ellers
noget?"
. . .
Tord,
see 217. Ved det
nok,
I know #. Den Tof-
ten,
see
36,
c. soin skulde han komme
op igjen
=
soin om ban
skulde
etc.,
as
if
he were to rise
again.
P. 134. Det kunde
vel,
see 186. Det var
mange Penge,
a common idiomatic use of the
past
tense for the
present.
N. B. The
special
attention of the student is called to the fact
that in case a word cannot be found in the
Vocabulary,
the List
of Verbs at the end of the volume should be consulted.
Thus,
in
the first
selection,
forms like
stod, saa, gik, tog, taug
and
fik,
do not
appear
in the
Vocabulary; they
are
past
tenses of
strong verbs,
and the
infinitives,
which do
appear
in the
Vocabulary, may
be
ascertained
by referring
to the List of Verbs.
NOTES. 253
2. Per
og
Paal
og
Esben Askelad. This is a
story
from the
remarkable fund of
Norwegian
folk-lore tales
gathered by Asbjern-
sen and Moe about the middle of this
century
from the
lips
of the
peasantry.
These stories
proved
to be
epoch-making
in
Norwegian
literature,
not
only
on account of the new material that
they
of-
fered for
poetic treatment,
but also on account of the faithfulness
and artistic excellence of the
re-telling.
It was the
study
of these
popular
tales and the Old Norse
Sagas
that
gave Bjernson
the
simplicity
and directness of his
literary style.
The hero in
many
of these stories is
Esben,
dubbed
"
Askelad,"
one who
pokes
about the ashes and blows
up
the fire. The Scotch
word
"Ashiepattle
"
would seem to be an
equivalent,
and is
prefer-
able to
"Boots,"
the word used in Sir
George
Webbe Dasent's
English
translation of these stories. In
Norway
the term Askelad
is
commonly applied
to the
youngest
of the
family.
In the folk-
lore stories he is Cinderella's own
brother,
the incarnation
of
success. He
succeeds,
not
by
virtue of a
magic lamp,
like
Aladdin,
but
by
dint of
patient waiting
for the
opportune
moment,
when his
latent
powers
are aroused. Until that time comes his home is a
hut,
his throne the hearthstone.
"
But he has in him that
deep
strength
of character and natural
power upon
which the
good
powers always
smile. He is the man whom heaven
helps,
because
he can
help
himself.
* * *
In this
way
does the consciousness
of a
nation,
and the mirror of its
thought,
reflect the
image
and
personi-
fication of a
great
moral
truth,
that
modesty, endurance,
and
ability
will sooner or later
reap
their
reward,
however much
they may
be
degraded,
scoffed
at,
and
despised by
the
proud,
the worthless and
the
overbearing."
See
introductory essay
on the
origin
and diffu-
sion of folk-lore tales in Dasent's
"
Popular
Tales from the Norse."
P. 134. Naaleu
paa Kroppen,
a stitch to his back. P. 135. at
de flk ud i
Verden, supply
the verb
gaa
after
fik;
see 144.
lagde
. . .
afgaarde,
started
off.
P. 136. Brodrene
hans,
see
76,
c.
P. 137.
han Per
og
lian
Paal,
see 195. P. 138. ban kunde
laert,
see 219.
P. 139. For the retention of final e in the
imperative
form
silre,
see 124. For the
ellipsis
in
og
den til at
rinde,
see 220.
3.
Den norske Bonde. The author of this
poem (of
which
only
the first half is here
printed),
was born in 1761 and died in
1821. This selection is the
only
one in the
Reader, excepting
also
11,
that was not written in this
century.
It has been chosen to
illustrate that
independent
and self-reliant
spirit
in the
Norwegians
that found its modern culmination
in the declaration
of
independ-
ence
in
April, 1814,
and the
subsequent
adoption
of a free constitu-
254 NOTES.
tion, May 17,
1814. See 40. Zetlitz was a member of the famous
"Norwegian Society,"
which Edmund
Gosse,
the
English critic,
has characterized as "that evil
genius
and
yet,
in a
measure, pro-
tector of the literature it
presumed
to
govern,"
and which
"
for
more than
forty years
had scattered thunderbolts from its rooms at
Copenhagen,
and ruled the world of letters with a rod of iron."
(Northern Studies).
Zetlitz was known as
"
Glcedens muntre
Sanger."
He
delighted
to
sing
the
simple joys
of humble life. The last
twenty years
of his life he served as a
clergyman
in an obscure
Norwegian parish.
P. 139.
sporge
ad
=
adspb'rge.$i
9
r
=
giver.
P. 140.
og
mon
den mere
Styrke flk,
and I wonder
if
he received more
strength.
The
spacing
in den indicates
emphasis.
4. Oyvinds Sang.
This
spirited song
is one of the
many
fine
lyrics
scattered
throughout Bjernson's peasant
tales. Of these
tales Edmund Gosse
says: "Through
these romances there blows
a wind as
fragrant
as the odor of the
Trondhjem balsam-willows,
blown out to sea to welcome the
newcomer;
and
just
as this rare
scent is the first
thing
that tells the traveler of
Norway,
so the
purity
of
Bjernson's
novelettes is
usually
the first
thing
to attract
a
foreigner
to
Norwegian
literature."
"
0yvinds Sang
"
is found
in
"
En
glad
Gut
"
(A Happy Boy), published
in 1860. Horace
Scudder,
in the Atlantic
Monthly
for
Feb., 1891,
cites this
story
as
an admirable
study
in the nature of a child. He
speaks
of
Bj
era-
son's
having
"
that
insight
into a child's mind which seems to be a
special gift
to Scandinavian writers." For a list of the various
English
translations of
Bjernson's works, seeBoyesen: "Essays
on
Scandinavian
Literature," p.
104.
P. 140. straks . . .
hole,
as soon as it
gets
a
gleam (of light) from
on
high,
blaaner . . .
HvaelY,
there is an
expanse of
blue
sky,
lit. 'there
appears
blue an extended
vault;'
the verb Uaane has no
equivalent
word in
English.
P. 141.
gjaerende Kraefter, forces
in
embryo
or
germs of life.
5.
Qudbrand i Lien.
This,
like
2,
is one of the folk-lore stories
from
Asbjernsen
and Moe's collection. With
special
reference to
this
selection,
Dasent
says:
"
In no other collection of tales is the
general
tone so
chaste,
are the
principles
of
morality
better worked
out,
and
right
and
wrong kept
so
steadily
in
sight.
The
general
view of human nature is
good
and
kindly.
The
happiness
of mar-
ried life was never more
prettily
told than in
"
Gudbrand on the
Hillside,"
where the tenderness of the wife for her husband
weighs
NOTES. 255
down all
considerations;
and we all
agree
with
Jergen
Moe that it
would be well if there were
many
wives like Gudbrand's.
P. 141. klave-bimdiie
Kjor, cows,
lit. 'collar-bound cows.' P.
142. til det led . . .
Dag-en,
until it was late in the
day;
see
lide,
to
wear on. P. 143.
God
Kveld,
coll. for
God Aften. P. 144. lave
til, prepare,
skrub-sulten, hungry
as a
wolf.
P. 145.
Gud ske
Lov,
see 203.
6. Ved Aarskiftet. The author was born in 1853. He has
written
poems, dramas,
stories and sketches. His
"Eventyr og
Historier"
(Tales
and
Stories), published
in
1892,
contains stories
that will rank with
Asbjernsen
and Moe's. The one entitled
"Troldjo"
is a
masterpiece.
For the
special significance
of the colon as used in this selec-
tion,
see 229 and
230;
and for the abbreviated verbs tar and
gir,
see 161. naar den er
vorden,
when it has come
(lit. become);
vorden
is used
only
in the
higher styles
of
composition;
the usual form for
'become' is blive.
7.
To sterke. The author of this
exquisite
tale is a
young
writer that has
recently
won
recognition
for his novels and sketches.
This selection was
published
in 1892.
For the
endings
of weak verbs as used
by
this
author,
see
110,
a. P. 146. var de sluknet
j
in this
phrase
sluknet should have the
plural
form sluknede to
agree
with the
subject,
but see
114,
a. P.
147. Note the omission of the verb in the first
sentence;
the situa-
tion is
merely
suggested,
snart . . .
snart,
now . . . now. Saa
smukt him
taler,
how
beautifully
she
speaks,
som
syntes hun,
as
if
she
thought.
P. 148. det
der$
der is a
colloquialism.
8.
Fsedrelandssang.
In
Bjernson's "Digte ogSange"this
poem
is
given
under the title
"
Sang
for
Norge,"
but the title used
in the Reader is now more
common,
as the
poem
has become the
national
hymn
of
Norway.
It was written in 1859. A
majestic
air
composed
for it
by Bjernson's young nephew
Rikard Nordraak
(18421866),
has no doubt aided in
making
the
poem
so familiar
to all
Norwegians.
But it
is,
in
spite
of some
flaws,
a
very vigor-
ous
poem, independently
of its musical
setting.
There is a solemn
swing
to it that
strongly appeals
to the
Norwegian
mind. The first
lines
give
a
rugged
outline of the
country,
and the rest is a
sugges-
tive and
inspiring epitome
of
Norwegian history.
P. 148.
Saga-nat,
historic
past,
lit.
'saga-night,'
a reference to
that
glorious epoch
of Old Norse
history
embalmed in the
"Sagas
256
NOTES.
of the
Kings
of
Norway,"
written
by
the Icelandic historian Snorre
Sturlasson
(1178-1241).
The historical
personages
referred to in
the second stanza are: Harold the
Fairhaired,
who united under
his
scepter
all the
petty kingdoms
of
Norway
in
872;
Haakon the
Good,
a son of
Harold;
he
attempted
to introduce
Christianity,
restored to the
peasants
their udal
rights (Odel),
and established a
system
of
signal-fires
to be
lighted
at the
approach
of an
enemy;
Olvind,
a famous skald or
court-poet;
Olaf the Saint
(d. 1030),
whose death was the final doom of
heathendom;
Sverre
Sigurds-
son
(d. 1202),
a democratic
king,
who
successfully
defied the
authority
of the Church of Rome.
Tordenskjold (1691-1720)
was
the
greatest
naval hero Scandinavia has ever
produced;
his
original
name was Peter
Wessel;
he was dubbed
<
Thunder-shield'
by
the
Danish
king
for his valiant services in the war
against
Charles XII.
of Sweden, men det kom
igjen,
but it was not in vain. P. 149.
The fourth and fifth stanzas have reference to the
political
events of
1814,
when the union with Denmark was
dissolved,
a free constitu-
tion was
adopted,
and a union with Sweden effected.
Fienden,
etc.,
refers to the war with Sweden in the summer of 1814 before the
union was
consummated,
Nov.
4,
1814.
soderpaa, southward,
i. e. to
extend the hand of
brotherly
love to
Denmark;
a reference to the
period
of
"Scandinavianism;"
see Notes to 36.
9.
Gamle Hans Grenader. This is an
original story by Jergen
Moe,
not a folk-lore
story
like 2 and 5. Moe was born in 1813. Even
while a student at the
university,
he devoted his leisure to the col-
lection of folk-lore
stories, working
with
Asbjernsen.
In 1853 he
gave up
literature as a vocation to become a
clergyman.
He was
eminently
successful in his new
work,
and in 1875 became a
bishop.
He died in 1882. Besides folk-lore stories and various sketches on
the
significance
of folk-lore
literature,
Moe has
published
two
small volumes of
poems,
and a series of short
stories,
of which this
selection is one.
P. 150.
Reveille, pronounced
as in
French,
re-vei. For the
pronunciation
of
Sergeant,
see 3 and
19,
c. P. 151. om den
Tid,
han laa
ude, of
the time when he was in
camp,
i 88
og
i 8
ogr 9,
in
1788 and in 1808 and
1809,
dates of wars between
Denmark-Norway
and Sweden, den
gemene,
a
private,
din
Hvalp,
see 197. P. 152.
Nu Til Svensken . . .
over,
now the Swedes are inclined to shoot too
high.
P. 153. efter
Foreningen, after
the
union,
i. e. between
Norway
and Sweden in 1814. Neither Sweden nor
Norway
has
been
engaged
in war since that
time,
but Hana is determined to
NOTES. 257
maintain the
military superiority
of the
Norwegians
over the
Swedes at
any
cost. P. 154. bare de faar se
dig,
at the mere
sight
of you,
lit.
'
if
they merely get
to see
you.'
Men den tor yel
vokse,
but
possibly
it
may grow,
see 143. P. 155. Bid bedre
op, guess
again,
lit.
'
bite
higher up.'
P. 156. hoist
nodig, very unwillingly.
P. 157.
drage Veiret,
take breath, det bar
bort, off
he
started,
lit.
'
off
it bore? P. 158. Hunden Tar ikke at
se,
see 206.
Opsyn,
this word means
*
inspection'
or
'surveillance,'
butinHans's mouth
it seems to mean
'bearing,'
'command.'
10.
Agnes.
This
lyric
is taken from Ibsen's
great
dramatic
poem "Brand," published
in 1866. This selection with its
airy
grace
does not in
any way
serve as an illustration of the
general
character of
"
Brand,"
which on the whole is somber and
fraught
with
"
abstruse
thinking."
It
is, however,
the
only part
of the
poem
that
may
be detached from the context without serious loss.
"
Brand
"
is one of the
great
works of Scandinavian literature.
Says
Herford:
"
Together
with its still more
splendid
and
various, yet
completely dissimilar, successor,
"Peer
Gynt,"
"Brand" marks an
epoch
in Scandinavian literature. A
large majority
of those who
know the
original
believe that it marks an
epoch
in the literature
of
Europe. Nothing
in
English
literature in the least resembles
this
work,
which is nevertheless
peculiarly
fitted to
impress
and to
fascinate the
English
nature. But those who can
imagine
the
prophetic
fire of
Carlyle
fused with the
genial
verve and the in-
tellectual athleticism of
Browning,
and
expressed by
aid of a
dramatic
faculty
to
parallel
which we must
go
two centuries back-
ward, may
in some
degree
understand that fascination." William
Morton
Payne,
the most
competent
Ibsen critic in
America, says
of
it: "There are few more
impressive things any
where in literature.
* * *
To me at
least,
this work has for
nearly twenty years
been a
source of consolation and
inspiration.
I have often recurred to
it,
and each time with a
deepened
sense of its almost matchless
energy
and elevation." A
good
metrical translation of "Brand" into
English,
with an exhaustive and admirable
introduction, by
C. H.
Herford,
Professor of
English Language
and Literature in the
University College
of
Wales,
was
published
in 1894. An
interesting
and
highly
instructive discussion of "Brand"
may
also be found in
Philip
H. Wicksteed's excellent little volume entitled
"
Four Lec-
tures on Henrik
Ibsen,"
1892.
In the various
poetic
extracts from Ibsen in the
Reader,
his
orthography,
use of
capitals
and of the letter a for
aa,
have been
258 NOTES.
retained,
not
only
out of
respect
to this conscientious
literary artist,
but also to familiarize the student with various
orthographical
peculiarities
of some modern authors. See
14; 19, d$
and
81, 4,
a.
n. Sankt Matthaeus's
Evangelium.
This selection has been
made with the two-fold
purpose
of
giving
the student a basis of
comparison
between
Norwegian
and
English
as a
literary vehicle,
and an
opportunity
of
acquainting
himself with the classical
style
and older
grammatical
forms of the
language. Moreover,
this
selection contains no
Norwegianisms,
and is therefore
pure
Danish.
It is
reprinted
from an edition of the Bible
published
in Christiania
in
1885,
in which some
orthographical
modifications
occur, especi-
ally
the elimination of one of the vowels in the double vowels ii
and
ee,
in words like Tiid for
Tid,
veed for
ved, etc.,
characteristic of
the older
language.
12.
Valg.
These lines were written at the
request
of a Danish
publisher
for a verse on one of the months for a calendar.
They
are
very
characteristic of
Bjernson.
He has himself caused much
Rdbalder,
with both
tongue
and
pen,
and the result of his tumultu-
ous
agitation
has
usually
been as beneficent as an
April
thunder-
storm. For over
thirty years
he has been in
nearly every political
or
literary
combat that the
country
has had. And
they
have been
numerous. He has done more than
any
other one man to arouse
the
political
conscience of his
countrymen.
His national
songs
are
known in
every
home. He has led the
Norwegian people,
now
chiding,
now
encouraging,
as the schoolmaster in "A
Happy Boy,"
led his
protege through
the
days
of
happy
childhood and
disap-
pointed youth
into
triumphant maturity.
As a
writer,
he has
passed
through
the various
phases
of modern
literary development
from
the
idyllic
idealism of the
peasant story
to the scientific realism of
the modern novel. But he has never
forgotten
that he is a
poet.
In his
literary
treatment of the social
problems
of
to-day,
he throws
upon
them the
search-lights
of modern
science,
and
yet
finds noth-
ing
in human nature so dark and vile as to dim the
hopeful
ra-
diancy
of his
poetic eye.
His
optimism
is of a most
sanguine type.
This is best seen in his two
great
novels
"
Det
flager
i
Byen og paa
Havnen," 1884,
"
Paa Guds
Veie," 1889,
and in his last
great
social
drama Over Êvne." 1895.
P. 162. men at man
noget yil,
but that we have
aspirations,
folir
t . .
til,
is , , ,
'born;
see blive til.
NOTES.
259
13. Slaget
ved 5
voider,
I. This and the
succeeding
selec-
tion are abbreviated accounts based on the
"
Saga
of Olaf
Trygvas-
son,"
written
by
the Icelandic historian Snorre Sturlasson in the
13th
century.
The best version of this
saga
is not the one that is
printed
in
"
The
Sagas
of the Norse
Kings
"
(see
Anderson's edition
of
Laing's translation),
but the one found in the old vellum known
as the Flat Island Book. This version
gives
a most dramatic ac-
count of Olaf's final
struggle, and, indeed,
the whole
saga
is a
magnificent piece
of historical
writing.
There are a few touches
here and there even in these
meager re-tellings
that
suggest
the
pithy
directness and classic
beauty
of the
original saga.
An
English
translation of this
saga
has
recently appeared
in
"
The
Saga
Li-
brary
"
series, Quaritch,
London. An
interesting
account of the
battle of Svolder is
given
in
Boyesen's
"
The
Story
of
Norway."
See also
Longfellow's
The
Saga
of
King
Olaf in
"
Tales of a
Way-
side Inn."
P. 162.
Svolder,
a small island in the Baltic.
Vendland,
a
Baltic
province.
P. 163. Ormen
Lange,
the
Long Serpent;
Ormeji
Skamme,
the Short
Serpent,
names of two of Olaf's
ships.
Tambar-
skjaelve,
'
bowstring-shaker?
the
sobriquet
of
Einar,
the most famous
archer of the North. His life was
spared by
Earl
Erik,
who later
gave
him his sister
Bergliot
in
marriage together
with
large
fiefs.
For a further account of Einar and his
high-minded wife,
see 21
and 22 and Notes.
14. Slaget
ved
Svolder,
II. P. 164. selv
femtende,
'him-
self
the
fifteenth',
i. e.
himself
and
fourteen others,
a common turn of
phrase
in Old Norse. P. 165.
Kolbjorn Stallare, Kolbjorn
the
marshal. P. 166.
Vandraade-skald,
'the troublesome
bard,
1
a nick-
name of
Halfred, given
him
by King
Olaf.
Vilhelm Poulsen is the author of a
popular
work on
Norwegian
history
in four
volumes,
entitled
"
Fortaellinger
af
Norges Historic,"
completed
in 1893.
15.
Olav
Trygvason.
The two
preceding
sketches
give
the
necessary
historical information for the due
appreciation
of this
gem
of a
poem.
It seems to be a favorite with
Bjornson himself,
for when he was in this
country (1880-81)
to lecture to his
country-
men,
he
usually
recited it to his audiences before
beginning
his
lecture. It lends itself
effectively
to declamation. Thus the last two
lines of the fourth and fifth stanzas
may
be rendered with a
steady,
measured tone
suggested by
the motion of the waves.
Reissiger's
music to this
poem
for chorus of male voices is a
grand composi-
260 NOTES.
tion,
and attracted much attention at the Paris
Exposition
of
1878,
where it was
sung by
Scandinavian students. The music well ex-
presses
the various moods of the
poem, especially
the
increasing
consternation on
board,
due to Olaf's continued absence.
Bjernson's spelling
of the hero's name has here been retained.
In Old
Norse,
'
Olav
'
has an f
'
instead of a
*
v,'
but the
'
f
'
has a
'
v
'
sound. Modern writers
prefer 'v,'
but in
English
the *f seems
preferable.
*
Trygvason
'
should be
spelled
with
'
ss
'
to be consistent
with other names in the Reader.
Erling- Skjalgsson
was a
high-
born
chief,
the noblest and most
powerful representative
of the
tribal
aristocracy.
He lived on the estate
Sole,
near
Hafrsfjord,
in
southwestern
Norway.
He was married to Olaf's sister Astrid. He
was a
proud
and
high-spirited man,
and refused to
recognize
the
authority
of those who had overthrown
King
Olaf. He continued
in the
possession
of the
large
fiefs which he had received from
Olaf,
lived in
royal splendor,
exercised the
authority
of a
king
in
his
domain,
and
finally
his claims were confirmed
by
earls Erik and
Sweyn,
who were anxious to conciliate Olaf's
powerful
adherents.
He was
treacherously
slain
during
the
reign
of Olaf the
Saint,
about
1028. For an
interesting
account of
Erling's philanthropic
measures as a
ruler,
see
Boyesen:
"The
Story
of
Norway," p.
174.
16. Haakon Haakonsson som
Konge.
This brief extract is
from
Keyser's
"
Norges
Historic." It serves as an historical
setting
to the
succeeding poem by
Ibsen.
Keyser
was
professor
of
history
at the
University
of Christiania from 1837 to 1862. With Munch
(see 26)
he was the founder of the
"
Norwegian
historical school."
This school of writers advanced
radically
different views from the
Danish and Swedish writers on
many questions concerning
Old
Norse
history
and literature
(see 44).
The results of
Keyser's
and
Munch's
investigations
aroused
great
enthusiasm for the heroic
age
of
Norway,
and for Scandinavian
antiquities
in
general. They
paved
the
way
for the historical dramas of
Bjernson
and Ibsen.
Haakon was
king
from 1217
to 1263.
P. 168. til
Tinge,
see
Ting, popular assembly;
see also 176.
Bjarmer,
a tribe
(closely
related to the
Lapps)
that dwelt on the
borders of the White Sea.
17. Kong
Hakons
gildehal.
This
poem
was written
by
Ibsen
in
1858, shortly
after his
sojourn
in
Bergen
as director of the
theater.
Delving
as he was at this time in the
antiquities
of the
North,
he could not but be interested
in such a rare monument of
antiquity
as
King
Haakon's famous
banquet
hall in
Bergen,
which
NOTES. 261
was still
standing.
An ironical
tone, mingled
with
sadness, per-
vades the
poem, seemingly
induced
by
the indifference of the Nor-
wegians
to such a relic of a
hoary past.
It was at that time used
as a
government
store-house,
and to add to its convenience for that
purpose
a wooden
structure,
a sort of
projecting cap
over an el-
evator,
had been attached to the
gable.
This the
poet
alludes to as a
fool's
cap (Narrelicette).
Or it
may
be that he refers to a new roof of
red
tiling, imported
from
Holland,
and
entirely
out of
keeping
with
the somber
gray
walls of the old hall. But the
poem
has a
deeper
meaning;
the hall is a
symbol
of the
splendor
of Haakon's
reign,
which marks the zenith of
Norway's
national
greatness;
the sad
note mourns
Norway's
decline
during
the
long
union with Den-
mark
(1380 1814);
and the
irony expresses
the
poet's opinion
that
the
Norwegians
had not
(in
1858 at
least)
been able
fully
to avail
themselves of their new
independence.
In a
poem
entitled
"
Langt
borte"
(1875),
the
poet
touches more
emphatically
on this last
phase:
"
Man stak os ihcende
etfuldgodt svcerd,
men Icerte os ikke
sligt vcerges
vcerd"
But in recent
years
the
Norwegians
have done much in the
way
of
self-realization,
and it is
interesting
to note that even Haakon's
hall has
recently (1896),
been
faithfully
restored
by
the
government.
It is hereafter to be used for
public
festivities.
P. 169.
Kong Lear,
see
Shakespeare's
drama
"King
Lear."
gennem natten, through
the
night,
i. e. the dark
period
of
Norway's
history during
the union with Denmark.
18. Dal=vise. "Written in 1841.
Wergeland
was the first
poet
that
Norway produced
after the
separation
from Denmark in 1814.
He was born at Christianssand in
1808. His father was a
prominent
patriot
in the constitutional convention at
Eidsvold,
and to this
parish
he came as a
clergyman
in
1817,
so that his
gifted
son was
reared at the shrine of
Norwegian liberty.
The influence is
percep-
ible in all his
writings,
and he is k nown as the
"
poet
of
liberty."
He was an ardent
patriot,
and advocated a national
Norwegian
spirit
that meant a severance of all intellectual relations with
Denmark. He found a formidable
opponent
of this extreme
policy
in Welhaven
(see
Notes to
25).
A fierce
literary
war was
waged
between these two leaders for
many years,
the results of which
were
extremely
beneficial to the
young
nation.
Wergeland
died at
the
early age
of
37,
but he had been a
very prolific writer,
and is
262
NOTES.
counted one of
Norway's great poets.
For a
good
sketch of Ma
life in
English,
see Gosse: "Northern Studies." For one of his
last
poems,
written on his
death-bed,
see 34 and Notes.
P.
170.
Maridal,
a
valley
a few miles north of Christiauia. Klei-
ven,
i. e.
Krok-Tdeven;
the name of a
pass running along
a
very
precipitous
mountain wall. P. 171. slankeu is an archaic form of
the
adjective
slank.
The attention of the student is called to the beautiful sentiment
in the last
stanza,
that of
'decking
the naked
mountain,'
i. e. cir-
ilizing
and
beautifying
the land. It is said of
Wergeland
that at
one
period
of his life he used to
carry
seeds of various kinds in
his
pockets
to scatter on his
daily
walks. He recommended the
practice
to his
friends, adding significantly:
"There's no
telling
what
may
come of it." He was in more senses than one
"
a sower
who went forth for to sow."
19.
End om vi klsedte
Fjeldet
This
significant
sketch
by
Bjernson
is
placed immediately
after
Wergeland's "Dalvise,"
as it
is a
development
of the idea
suggested
in the last stanza of this
poem.
The connection is
very
evident.
Bjernson
calls
Wergeland
his intellectual father. Unlike as the two are in
many respects,
they
have nevertheless much in common as soil-breakers. This
selection is the first
chapter
of the
peasant novel,
"
Arne," pub-
lished in 1858. It is not the first of the
peasant
stories in order of
time,
but in the collected edition of
Bjarnson's
"
Fortaellinger,"
published
in
1872,
it
precedes
"
Synneve
Solbakken
"
(1857),
ev-
idently
to
give prominence
to the fact that this first
chapter
of
"Arne" is to be viewed as a
poetic pronunciamento
of the author's
theory
of life : to assist
according
to one's
powers
in
building up,
beautifying
and
enriching
one's
country. Bjernson
has never con-
sidered himself as
merely
a
poet.
P. 172. den andre Sidcn
=
den anden
Side,
see
36,
c. kunde
vel alle Tider
ogsaa den,
it could
surely
do the
same;
'
alle Tider
'
=
<altid.'
20. Over de hole
Fjelde.
One of the
lyrics
in
"Arne;"
see
Notes to 19. This
poem
well
expresses
that
spirit
of
longing
which
in olden times sent so
many Vikings
into
every part
of
Europe,
and
even into unknown
waters,
and which in this
century
has led so
many
to leave their mountain homes. There is a deft touch in the
last two lines of the
poem
that is
very
characteristic of
Bjernson's
muse,
and which reveals his intimate
knowledge
of the human
NOTES. 263
heart. A beautiful
melody
to this as well as to other of
Bjarnson's
songs may
be found in
"
The
Norway
Music Album
"
and
"
Songs
from the
North," published
in this
country.
P.
174. Undrer
mig paa,
/ wonder. Tilde . . .
over, 'det,'
i. e.
'Trseet,'
is the
subject,
tro,
/
wonder,
used like 'mon' in
170,
10.
yed
ikke,
the
subject
is
'den,'
i. e.
'Apal.'
P. 175.
Den, som,
unhappy
he
who,
or think
of
him
who,
a
very
common
elliptical
phrase,
som
du,
i. e. the
apple-tree.
21. Einar
Tambarskjaelves
Dod. This account is based on
the
story
as found in Snorre Sturlasson's
"Sagas
of the Norse
Kings."
For
references,
see Notes to 13 and 14.
Einar's
sobriquet
is
variously spelled
in both
Norwegian
and
English.
In Old Norse the word is
Thambar-skelfir,
from
Thomb,
1
gut,'
i. e.
'
string-,'
hence
'
bow-string,'
and
skelfir,
*
shaker,'
from
skelfa,
'to cause to
shake,
or
quiver;' hence,
'the one who could
make the
bow-string quiver.
'
The form of the
Norwegian
word
without the final
'
r
'
has been
adopted
in the Reader to conform to
the
orthography
of the word as it
appears
in
22, Bjarnson's poem
"
Bergliot."
The
preferable English spelling
is Thambarskelver.
Harold Hard-ruler was
king
of
Norway
from 1047
to
1066. He fell
in
England
at the battle of Stamford
Bridge.
Einar's death oc-
curred about the middle of Harold's
reign.
Einar was one of the
best
representatives
of the Old Norse
spirit
of
independence.
P. 176.
Borsen,
a
place
near the
city
of
Trondhjem (Dront-
heim).
P. 177.
Mdaros,
the old name of
Trondhjem.
min Okses
tynde
Mund at
kysse,
to kiss the thin
lips of my
battle-ax.
Gimse,
the name of Einar's estate.
22.
Bergliot.
The
preceding
account
gives
the historical
situation. See also Notes to 13.
Bergliot
was the sister of Earl
Erik,
the victor at the battle of Svolder. She was a fine
type
of the
Old Norse woman. It is
significant
that one of
Bjornson's daughters?
now the wife of
Sigurd Ibsen,
a son of the
poet,
bears her name.
The
pithy language
of this
poem
is an echo of the incisive
style
of
the skalds of old. Alliteration instead of
rhyme
lent music to Old
Norse
poetry.
It
appears frequently
in this
selection,
but it is not
systematically
used. In so
long
a
poem
alliteration would
prove
monotonous to modern ears. Some
Norwegian poets,
however,
especially
Ivar Aasen
(see
Notes to
47),
have used it
according
to
rule in dialect
poetry,
and
very
successfully.
An intense
passion
pulsates through
the
seemingly
disconnected lines of this
poem.
264 NOTES.
It is
exceedingly
effective when well read. The last
part (begin-
ning
at the bottom of
p. 181)
is
especially fine,
and well
expresses
Bergliot's anguish
of soul. The last two lines are the
very
climax
of
despairing sorrow,
and
yet
this finds
expression
in the fewest
and
simplest
words
imaginable.
In
Bjernson
one
constantly
finds
such
winged
felicities of
phrase,
but
they
are
usually
so
simple
and natural that their full force does not
always appear
at the first
reading.
P. 179. thi Einar
fulgte, for
there
accompanied
Einar.
og gi?er
Fred,
the
subject
is Harold, de vrede
Hunde,
i. e. 'the
angry
waves;'
this
may possibly
be a reference to the enemies of the
war-like Tronders.
og
Staal . . .
Flamme,
it
(Stei)
colors the
weapon-
blades with the
flame of battle,
i. e. it incites to battle,
hvcelve,
is clas-
sical
plural,
det
gjaldt jo Livet,
that would be a matter
of life,
i. e.
it
might
cost Einar his life. P. 180. Flokken de
sprsenger, they
scatter the
band,
i. e. Harold's men force their
way through
Einar's
band of followers, hvad
spaar
denne
Skjaelven,
what means this
quivering,
i. e. her own nervous excitement, med nedstnkne Lan-
ser . . .
kranser,
with lances
resting
on t7te
ground (i.
e. not in
posi-
tion for attack or
defense) they
surround two dead men.
Magnus
the
Good, king
of
Norway,
d. in
1047.
He was a
nephew
of Harold
Hard-ruler,
with whom
Magnus
shared his
kingdom. Kong
Kimd
. . .
Sonne-raad, royal
counsellor chosen
by
Cnut the Great
for
his
son;
Sweyn,
a son of
Cnut,
ruled in
Norway (1030-1035)
before the ac-
cession of
Magnus. Lyrskog-heden, Lyrskog
Heath is in
Sleswick;
here,
in
1043, King Magnus
of
Norway,
who was also
King
of Den-
mark,
won a
great victory
over
Sweyn
Estridsson at the head of an
army
of Wends. Einar shared in the
glory
of the
victory.
See
Boyesen:
"The
Story
of
Norway,"
on the
great significance
of this
victory
over the Slavic invaders.
Tronder,
the inhabitants of the
district about
Trondhjem;
the Tronders were considered "the
back-bone of
Norway."
Haakon fra
Hjorunga-vaag;
Earl Haa-
kon ruled in
Norway
from
970
to 995. His most famous
exploit
was the defeat of the
Jomsborg Vikings,
allies of Harold Bluetooth
of
Denmark,
at
Hjerungavaag,
a
bay
in western
Norway.
This
naval battle of 986 was the
greatest
battle ever
fought
in
Norway.
P. 181. Dalens
Eventyr,
the romance
(i.
e. the
hero) of
the
valley.
mine Tankers
Hoisaede,
the
high-seat of my thoughts,
i. e, the idol
of
my
heart. P. 182.
Vallial,
the hall
(or home)
of the slain in Norse
mythology. Gimle,
the abode of the
righteous.
See Anderson's
"
Norse
Mythology.
"
NOTES. 265
23.
Hansteen
og
Abel. P. 183. kastede ban
sigover,
he
devoted
himself
to.
Syn ogr Sans, eye
and
interest,
an alliterative
phrase; may
be translated
simply
interest. P. 184. var Erodet . . .
ham,
he
suffered physical want;
lit.
'
bread was
meagerly
allotted to
him.'
24.
Elsk din Naeste. From "En
glad
Gut." See Notes to 4.
25.
Til Ole Bull. Welhaven
(1807-1873)
was
professor
of
philosophy
in the
University
of Christiania. For his relation to the
poet Wergeland's literary theories,
see Notes to 18. As a
poet
Welhaven did not have the freshness and
spontaneity
of
Werge-
land. There is not in his
"
smooth
array
of
phrase
"
that divine
impulse,
which
Wergeland had,
that can
"
wake the listless
pulse
to livelier
speed." Wergeland
was a
poet
of the
people,
while
Welhaven's
poetry
has a certain aristocratic
stamp.
There is in
it, too,
a vein of
introspection.
His verses show almost
painful
ac-
curacy
in diction and meter. There can be no doubt that his
long
and zealous
championship
of "correct aesthetic
principles,"
as
against Wergeland, crippled
his own
Pegasus.
P. 185. Nokken. The
nix,
a water
spirit,
is the musical
genius
in Teutonic
popular mythology.
26. Peter Andreas Hunch. P.
187.
Detail, pronounced
as
if
spelled Detalj, which,
in
fact,
is a modern form of the word. P.
188.
1814,
the date of the
adoption
of
Norway's
free constitution.
1586,
in this
year
the Danish
king
declared that
Norway
should
cease to be an
independent kingdom.
In
1537
he abolished the
Norwegian
Council of
Regency,
and
Norway
became
practically
a
Danish
province.
1397,
the date of the Peace of
Calmar, by
which
all of the Scandinavian countries were united.
Kongesagaer,
"The
Sagas
of the Norse
Kings." Holberg (1684-1754),
one of the
greatest
writers Scandinavia has ever
produced.
He was born in
Norway,
but lived and wrote in Denmark. He is sometimes called
the
"
father of modern Danish literature." His comedies are still
extensively
read.
Wergeland,
see Notes to 18. Maurits Hansen
(1794-1842),
a
Norwegian
novelist. Stor-
ting,
the
Norwegian
parliament.
27.
Af
Kongs-Emnerne."
This selection is a scene from
Ibsen's best historical drama. It was written in
1864,
in the in-
credibly
short
period
of six weeks. As
early
as
1873, long
before
Ibsen had won fame
abroad,
Edmund Gosse said of it: "The
dramatic
power
displayed
in this work
quite
raises it out of
any
266 NOTES.
mere local
interest,
and
gives
it a claim to be
judged
at a
European
tribunal." The dramatic situation is this: Haakon Haakonsson
(see
Notes to
16)
has been
proclaimed king.
Skule
Baardsson,
a brother of the
preceding king, Inge,
has served as Haakon's
guardian
in his
minority.
There are doubts as to whether Haakon
is of
royal
birth. On the basis of these
doubts,
Skule
aspires
to
the throne of his
brother,
incited thereto
by
the
wily
and
crafty
Bishop
Nicholas. To
appease Skule,
Haakon had made him Duke
of
Norway,
and also married his
daughter Margrete,
but in vain.
War
finally
breaks out between the rivals. Haakon has unswerv-
ing
faith in the
legitimacy
of his claim to the throne. He believes
in his divine
calling. Skule,
on the other
hand,
doubts and vac-
illates. The final outcome is dire defeat to the doubter. Between
these two
contending leaders,
wife to
one, daughter
to the
other,
stands the
beautifully pathetic figure
of
Margrete.
This drama is of
especial
interest to students of
Ibsen,
as in it
the
poet
seems to have solved his own fate. At the time it was
written Ibsen's future looked dark indeed. He seems to have
begun
to distrust his
calling
as a
poet.
But when
"
Kongs-Em-
nerne,
"
the
tragedy
of the
doubter,
is
completed,
he leaves
Norway,
and starts out into the world to devote himself to his
calling
with
the faith of Haakon. His next work was
"
Brand,"
which
"
profusely
strewn with the most
provocative
brilliances of
style
"
as it
was,
set the whole Scandinavian world of letters
agog,
and
wrung
recognition
from his
very
foes.
P. 191.
gerne,
see
gjerne; kender,
see
kjende;
see also Notes to
10.
spade
=
spaaede;
see
111,
a. P. 192.
boj
=
6cY,
the
imperative
of Wie. vilde
rygget,
see 219.
gselder,
see
gjcelde.P.
193-
tredje
aret
=
dettredje
Aar.
Oslo,
the old name of Christiania.
Sverre,
the
great
democratic
king
of
Norway (1182-1202),
the
grandfather
of Haakon.
engang til,
once more.
28. Vi vil . Written in 1893. Hilditch is one of the
youngest
of
Norway's story-writers.
He has also
published
a number of
excellent
poems.
This
one,
instinct with
patriotic ardor, proclaims
the
goal
which the liberal
party
in
Norway
is
striving
to reach
the
equal
and co-ordinate
position
of
Norway
in the union with
Sweden,
as
guaranteed by
the Constitution and the Act of Union. In
recent
years party spirit
has run
high, especially
in relation to the
diplomatic
and consular
service,
in
regard
to which function of
government Norway
feels that she has not been on an
equal footing
with Sweden. In all other
respects
the two
governments
are
entirely
separate
and distinct.
NOTES. 267
P. 194. Vi vil . . .
frit;
we desire a
Norway, unfettered
and
free,
The two
Norwegian provinces
of Jcmteland and
Herjedal
were
in 1645 ceded
by
the Danish
King
Christian IV. to Sweden
during
the
Thirty
Years War. This act was an
injustice
to
Norway,
as it
was the result of
"
Danish
incapacity
and miscalculation." naar . . .
Tinge, if only
we ourselves
go
to
parliament,
i. e.
if only
we are our
own masters,
og
ikke . . .
Nafoogaard,
and do not have to ask our
neighbor (Sweden).
29.
Af
Norges
Historic. This
story,
written in
1892, by
the
author of the
preceding poem, gives
a vivid
description
of the
intensity
of
feeling
on
political questions
which has
prevailed
in
Norway
in recent
years.
The
priest
and manufacturer are
rep-
resentatives of the conservative
party,
which has
supported
the
king
in his efforts to curb the ambition of the liberal
party
in
Norway.
The selection contains a number of
colloquialisms
that
give spice
and flavor to the narrative.
P. 195.
Eidsvold,
a
place
in southeastern
Norway
where the
constitutional convention assembled in 1814.
Sverdrup,
Professor
Georg,
was one of the leaders in the convention, staaende
og slaa,
see 208. P. 196. eder.
Consistency
would
require
the
colloquial
form
dere,
but the old
patriotic
teacher is more interested in his
history
lesson than in
grammatical consistency,
staat; colloquial
for
staaet,
see staa. P. 197.
noget
for
sig selv, something unique.
husked
=
huskede,
see
110,;
a.
Bjarkemaalet,
the
Lay ofBjarke,
a famous Old Norse
fragment
of a
war-song
of unknown author-
ship.
It was recited
by
Thormod Kolbrunarskald on the
morning
of the battle of Stiklestad
(1030),
where both he and his
king,
Olaf
the
Saint,
fell. Olav
Trygvasson>
see 14 and 15.
Bonjour>
pronounced bong-shure. Tordenskjold,
see Notes to 8.
jumpe,
this
English
verb has
recently crept
into
Norwegian.
Fcedrelands-
sangen,
see 8. P. 199. flre hundrede
Aars,
a reference to the
long
union with Denmark. De . .
skriftligt,
i. e. his
resignation.
P. 200. det Imiikende
Hjerte,
the
beating heart,
i. e. the
pith.
30. Solvejgs Sang.
This
lyric,
which is
simplicity itself,
is
from Ibsen's
"
Peer
Gynt," published
in 1867. This brief extract
does not even
suggest
the "infinite wit and
vivacity,"
of Ibsen's
master-piece,
but one cannot without real
compunctions
of con-
science make extracts from either "Brand"
(see 10)
or "Peer
Gynt."
The reason that this has been chosen is the fact that it is
so often
sung
to
Grieg's
famous
melody
in the
"
Peer
Gynt
Suite."
Solveig,
the heroine of the
drama,
has been deserted
by
her erratic
268 NOTES.
lover Peer
Gynt.
Conscience-smitten on account of a
guilty past,
he
thinks it would be
sacrilege
to live with
her,
so
young
and
pure,
and
so,
too weak and
cowardly
to risk the issue of.
confession,
he
leaves her with a
feigned request
"
to
wait,"
which she
promises
to
do. The reader follows the hero and becomes absorbed in his ad-
ventures
abroad, forgetful
of the
patient bride, when,
in the middle
of the
drama,
these two stanzas reveal the faithful
Solveig
the
personification
of
pure,
unselfish love and
womanly fidelity
and
tell a
long
tale of
years
of
fruitless,
but not
hopeless, waiting.
Gosse,
in
1889, speaks
of "Brand" and "Peer
Gynt
"as
being
written
"
in verse so
rapid,
brief and
profuse,
and so
absolutely
un-
flagging,
that not Goethe himself has
bequeathed
to the world a
dramatic tour de
force
more
amazing."
For
references,
see Notes
to
10;
see also the introduction to Archer's translation of
"
Peer
Gynt," Boyesen's
"A
Commentary
on the
Writings
of Henrik
Ibsen,"
and
Payne's
translation of Henrik
Jaeger's
"Henrik
Ibsen."
31.
Dumme Maend
og
Trold til
Kjaerringer. This,
like 2
and
5,
is a folk-lore
story.
The
epigrammatic style,
the dramatic
situation,
and the
grim
humor of this tale offer
quite
a
striking
contrast to the character of the
previous
selections
(2
and
5).
As-
bjernsen
was an
adept
in this
genre
of
story-telling.
He had a
keener
eye
for the dramatic and humorous than
Moe,
whose chief
characteristic of
style
is
epic serenity.
Moe deserted the field
of
folk-lore literature in
1853,
but
Asbjernsen (b. 1812)
continued
the work until his
death,
in 1885. A considerable
portion
of his
time, however,
was devoted to scientific
pursuits;
he held a
govern-
ment
position
in the
department
of
forestry.
P.
201. The title
may
be translated:
Stupid
men and vixenish
wives;
Trold til
Kjserringer,
lit. vixens
of
women, der
gaves
ikke,
ihere was
not;
see
155.
Troldene,
the trolls or
ogres
of
Norwegian
folk-lore are
stupidly
credulous, at han . . .
Noste,
that he could
find
neither needle nor
thread,
i. e.
'
couldn't tell a fish from a toad '.
Gud bedre
dig,
God have
pity
on
you.
P. 202. Den andre
Kjaer-
ringen,
see
36,
c. Kei .
.
.
Skade,
this is ruinous.
Nordigaarden,
the name of a
farm,
the northern
farm.
Jaha
=
ja.
32. Ungbirken.
The Christian
humility expressed
in this
beautiful
poem
was not
only preached,
but also
practiced by
the
author. He is one of the noblest characters in
Norwegian literary
history,
a man of fine
culture, genuinely modest,
and
absolutely
sincere. See Notes to
9.
NOTES.
269
33. Balstemning.
Kielland was born in 1849.
He is one of
the four best known
Norwegian
writers of
to-day,
the other three
being Ibsen, Bjornson
and Jonas Lie. In 1879 he
published
his
first
book,
a number of
novelettes,
from which this selection is
taken. It
immediately
attracted attention on account of the
elegant
limpidity
of
language.
There was furthermore a serious under-tone
in these
seemingly light
tales that awakened
curiosity;
his
rapier
thrusts of lambent wit showed a skilled hand. He had not made a
premature debut,
and now novel after
novel, picturing phases
of
modern
life,
followed in
quick
succession. His
"
Skipper
Worse
"
(1882),
a
study
in the
psychology
of
fanaticism,
is
possibly
the best-
told
story
in
Norwegian
literature. For an
interesting
account of
Kielland in
English,
see
Boyesen's
introduction to Archer's transla-
tion of some of the
novelettes,
entitled
"
Tales of Two Countries."
P. 205. In his earlier
writings
Kielland uses the classical
plural
of the
verb;
see 120. Man anede . . .
Oprindelse,
people
suspected
that there was
something questionable
about her
origin;
see
staa til. P. 207.
queue,
line i. e.
procession of carriages. Paris'Sj
see
53,
a. P. 208.
Ekyipagerne,
see
19,
c. Da ...
Kost,
then
the voice
of
Moses sounded. P. 210.
Palais, pronounced
Pa-lai.
generende,
see
19,
c.
34.
Til min
Qyldenlak.
For an account of the
author,
see
Notes to 18. Of this
poem
and its author on his
death-bed,
Gosse
says:
"All
through
life he had
enjoyed
the
presence
and touch of
flowers in a more intimate
way
than even most lovers of such
sweet
things
can
understand;
and as he became unconscious of the
attentions of his
friends,
and inattentive even to his wife's
voice,
it
was observed that he watched a
wall-flower, blossoming
in the
window,
with
extraordinary intensity.
The last verses which he
composed,
or at least
dictated,
were addressed to this
plant,
and
form as remarkable a
parting
word of
genius
as
any
that has been
recorded."
Wergeland
took sick in
May, 1844,
the result of a severe
chill,
from which he never recovered. He died
July 11,
1845.
During
this brief
period
of fourteen
months,
most of which time he was
confined to his
bed,
his best
literary
work was done. It is astound-
ing
to think what he
accomplished:
most of his
great poem
"The
English Pilot,"
all of
"
The
Jewess," many
minor
poems,
an al-
most
complete
revision of his
ponderous
drama
"
Creation,
Man
and
Messiah,"
not to mention the
completion
of a
"
Reader for the
Norwegian
Youth" all of
this, too,
while financial difficulties were
270 NOTES.
bearing heavily,
and
grim
Death was
hovering
over him.
"
Illness
did not enervate his
genius merely
refined it. Never before had
he
produced
such
marvellously
ethereal
poems,
wherein with a
beatified smile he
gives
Death his hand and floats
away
from this
flower-perfumed
earth which he had loved so well."
(Henrik Jseger).
35.
Til
dem,
som
sorger.
An extract from a book entitled
"Kunsten
og
Moralen"
(Art
and
Ethics), published
in 1894. It first
appeared
as a series of articles in a Christiania
daily.
The
author,
a
university docent,
had made a
study
of the ethics of modern
literary
art. He had
especially
studied the theories of life held
by
the
great
French
naturalists,
and was
firmly
convinced that
they
rested on unsafe moral foundations. On account of some of the
dark
pages
of modern
Norwegian literature,
which he
thought
due
to French
influence,
Collin felt that the time had come for a
thorough expose
of this French
literary philosophy,
that it
might
serve as a
warning
to his
countrymen,
whose home of
wintry gloom
and solitude could not
safely
harbor a
pessimistic philosophy
of
life. The discussion elicited the active attention of
literary
men in
both
Norway
and Denmark. There can be no doubt that Collin's
breezy
and
manly
articles had a beneficent
effect,
and it is
signif-
icant that Arne
Garborg,
one of
Norway's
moderne Geister
(see
Notes to
49), although
not
agreeing
with Collin in his theories of
art,
nevertheless
recognized
the healthiness of what he had
said,
and wrote an excellent article to
give
his own views and to
express
his
approval.
See also 42. The
literary style
of this selection
bears some of the ear-marks of
"rapid journalistic writing."
P. 212.
Edda,
the name of a collection of Old Norse
poems,
the
repository
of Norse
mythology.
For a further account of the
Eddas,
see Notes to
44.
Havamaal,
the
High
One's
(i.
e.
Odin's)
Lay.
Snorre,
see Notes to 13.
Halfred,
an Icelandic
bard,
one
of Olaf
Trygvasson's
court
poets,
nick-named Yandraade-skald
(the
troublesome
skald) by
his
king. Thormod,
an Icelandic skald
in the service of Olaf the
Saint,
called Kolbrunar-skald
(Coal-
brow's
poet)
for
having composed
some verses to his
love,
an Ice-
landic maiden who was
*
black-browed
;
'
he fell with his
king
at
the battle of Stiklestad
(1030)
"
like a
nightingale
shot in the midst
of his
song."
P. 213. Johan JVordahl Brum
(1745-1816),
a famous
Norwegian poet-preacher.
Wessel,
Johan Herman
(1742-1785), a,
noted
poet,
and the
leading spirit
in
"
the
Norwegian Society ;"
see Notes to 3.
Kjobenhavn, Copenhagen.
Holberg,
see Notes to 26.
Petter Dass
(d. 1708),
the first
Norwegian poet
of modern times.
NOTES.
271
Nordland,
a district in northern
Norway.
Traette
Maend,
the title
of a work
published
in 1891. Morke
Kyst-strifoe,
*
the dark
strip'
a narrow tract of
country along
the coast in southwestern
Norway,
the
majority
of whose inhabitants are a brunet
type
of
race, sup-
posed,
on the basis of recent
geological
and
archaeological
investi-
gations,
to have
occupied
this
*
strip
'
since before the last
glacial
epoch;
see Hansen:
"
Menneskeslsegtens
Êlde.
"
Kolfootnbrev,
Kolbotten-Letter
s,
the title of one of
Garborg's books,
letters
from
his mountain-home
Kolbotn, published
in 1890.
Kielland,
see
Notes to 33.
Jomsvikinger,
and
Hjorungavaag,
see Notes to 22.
Egil Skallagrimsson,
a famous Icelandic
poet-viking
of the 10th
century;
he
fought
at the battle of
Brunanburgh (in England),
and,
as he himself
says
in one of his
poems,
"
visited the courts of
many
kings
in
guileless poet's
wise."
"
The Son's
Wreck,"
a
really great
poem by him, composed
on the occasion of the loss of his
son,
has
"
something
of the Hebrew
patriarch
in it."
36.
En broder i nod. This
poem,
filled with the
righteous
wrath of a disillusionized
enthusiast,
was written in
December,
1863,
on the occasion of the
military occupation
of Sleswick-Hol-
stein
by Germany,
when the Danish
monarchy
seemed to be
threatened with entire annihilation at the hands of Bismarck.
There had been similar
danger
in
1848,
and at that time
many
Swedes and
Norwegians joined
the Danish
army
to
help
resist
German encroachment. Two brave
Norwegian generals, Rye
and
Schleppegrell,
fell in this war. This volunteer service was the
outcome of an
agitation
for a closer
union,
intellectual at
least,
of
the three Scandinavian
countries,
known as
"
Scandinavianism."
It was
especially promoted by university
men. At a
meeting
held
at
Copenhagen
in
1845,
the academic
youth pledged
Denmark
support
in the
preservation
of the Danish
provinces.
A similar
meeting
was held at
Copenhagen
and Lund
(in
Sweden)
in
1863,
when Ibsen seems to have been
present.
But when Denmark was
threatened a second time
(in 1863),
the
Norwegian Storthing
refused
to
support
the Danish
cause,
unless the
king,
Charles
XV.,
could
secure the active aid of one of the
great powers,
which he was un-
able to
.do.
Ibsen's
poem
was written some weeks before the Stor-
thing
took a definite stand. When he saw a disinclination on the
part
of the
Norwegian youth
to assist
Denmark,
he
hoped
to
bring
them to a realization of their
pledges by
this
poem
of
withering
scorn,
but in vain.
Only one,
a
surgeon by
the name of Daniel
272 NOTES.
Schjetz,
heeded the call. He died from
over-exertion.
Bjernson
has
beautifully
said of him:
"
Han ei
fatted,
han i Neden
var den
eneste,
som
kom,
og
han
kjsempede
til Deden
for vor Êres
Helligdom."
P. 215.
Tyras
Borg,
Tyra's castle,
i. e. Denmark.
Tyra,
or
Thyre,
was a Danish
queen
of the 9th
century,
famous in
history
and tradition for
having
built
"
Dannevirke,"
a line of
ramparts
en the German frontier. Axelstad
og Lund,
a reference to the
student
gathering
of 1863
;
Axelstad is a
poetical
name for
Copen-
hagen,
in honor of
Archbishop
Absalon
(whose original
name was
Axel),
a noted Danish
prelate,
statesman and warrior of the 12th
century. Sundet,
i. e.
tire-sund,
the sound between Denmark and
Sweden, drot
og drot, king
and
king,
i. e. Frederick VII. of Den-
mark and Charles XV. of
Sweden-Norway;
the latter had
promised
Denmark
support. 0, legtes
. . .
sveerd,
a reference to the fact
that when the half-insane Gustav IV. of Sweden learned of the ill
success of the Swedes in their defence of Finland
(then
a Swedish
province) against Russia,
he
appeared
before his courtiers attired
in the uniform and
military trappings
of Charles
XII., hoping by
this
procedure
to
give
the war a successful turn. It was one of his
delusions that the
spirit
of Charles XII. had taken
up
its abode in
him. P. 216.
Dannebrog,
the name of the Danish
flag,
belt
og
fjord,
sound and
bay.
her . . .
raad,
here
hasty
counsel
(i.
e.
prompt
action)
is
necessary.
37.
Biind=Antie. For
biographical
notes on the
author,
see
Notes to
2, 5,
9 and 32. To
Asbjernsen
and Moe the
collecting
of
folk-lore stories was a labor of love. But the
"
freshness and faith-
fulness
"
of their
re-telling
of these stories was not the
only
merit
of their work. Both did more than
merely
collect.
They explained
the national
significance
of their
work, compared
the
Norwegian
tales with the folk-lore and
mythology
of other
Aryan peoples,
thus
making
an
important
contribution to this
department
of
scientific research.
They
went even farther.
They
described
minutely
their
experiences
as
collectors,
and
gave
vivid
portraits
of
many
of the old men and women from whom
they
obtained
their stories. Some of these were
professional story-tellers,
and
adept
artists in their
way.
Moe
speaks
of some of them as
having
been born
actors,
as their stories were not
only told, but,
NOTES. 273
wherever
opportunity offered, really
acted.
They
understood the
art of
"riveting
attention." This selection
gives
a realistic
picture
of one of these
interesting characters,
now
rarely
found in
Norway.
Books have robbed them of their
occupation. Asbjernsen
and
Moe
appeared
in the nick of time to rescue their rich treasures.
P. 217. Odde . . .
Ullensvang,
two
parishes
on the borders of
Serf
jord (South Fiord)
in the district of
Hardanger
in southwestern
Norway. 1161-dal,
a
valley
in southern
Hardanger.
sin
lange
. . .
Stay,
see 191. P. 218.
Oppedal-stuen,
the
Oppedal
home. P. 220.
indtil
Fjorden
. . .
Fortoninger,
until the
fiord
curved
away
in the
far
distance,
and its
mighty clefts, half-concealed,
loomed
through
a haze
of soft dissolving blue;
duftig,
in this sentence means
"hazy;"
cf.
German
Duft, vapor. Folge-fonnen,
the
Folge glacier.
P. 221. Vi
sees,
see
128,
b.
Harang,
dialect for
Hardanger.
38.
For
Bjornstjerne Bjornson
Read March
3, 1888,
on the
occasion of the
placing
of a bust of the
poet
in
"
Studenter-Sam-
fundet,"
a
society
in Christiania. This
society
is
composed
of both
students and
alumni,
i. e. those who had
passed
the examen
artium,
the first
degree, making
the holder an "akademisk
Borger"
(academic citizen).
In the
early
70's
Bjernson
became
president
of
this
society,
and he introduced into the
hum-drum, self-laudatory
association a hurricane of new ideas that won him
many
staunch
followers and
disciples,
but also a host of fierce
opponents
who
were determined to
prevent
his
re-election,
but in vain. This
poem
was written
by
a man who had once been a follower of
Bjernson,
but who later deserted him on account of the
poet's
attitude on re-
ligious questions.
Randers was born in 1851. He has written
lyric
and
polemic poems
of no mean
power.
P. 221.
Vigslens,
for the
contraction,
see
47,
2. som Livet
. . .
grunder,
which ennobles
life
and
gives
it content. P. 222. bin
. . .
Dag,
i. e. the
day
of his re-election, da ...
til-huse,
wJien
powers of spirit
were
present,
i. e. when B's intellectual
power
swayed
them. Saa koni . . .
sammen,
refers to B's
apostasy.
Fremtids-toget,
the
procession of
the
future,
i. e.
progressive
lib-
eralism, la
sig true,
be
intimidated,
Saga,
history; Saga
is the
goddess
of
history
in Norse
mythology.
Mindets
Daemrings-
skjaer,
the
twilight of memory.
39.
To Taler af Henrik Ibsen. Ibsen is no orator like his
compeer Bjernson,
who is the
greatest
orator that
Norway
has
ever
produced.
The
speeches
that Ibsen has made in his life could
274 HOTES.
possibly
be counted on one's
fingers,
and these have been
carefully
written down beforehand. The two
printed
here are the
longest
of
which there is
any
record.
They appeared
in the
daily press,
printed
from his own
manuscript.
The former was delivered in
Christiania, Sept. 10, 1874,
to a
body
of students who had marched
to his
place
of abode to do him honor. Ibsen left
Norway
in
1864,
and before he returned
(1874),
he had
published
a series of
great
works: "Brand"
(1866),
"Peer
Gynt" (1867),
"The
Young
Men's
League" (1869),
"Poems"
(1871), "Emperor
and Galilean"
(1873).
Much of this work had been an
arraignment
of the faults and fail-
ings
in the national life of his native
land,
and
now,
as the first
speech plainly puts it,
he was anxious to ascertain
by
means of a
personal
visit how his
countrymen really
felt toward him. These
speeches
are of unusual interest to the student of
Ibsen,
as he has
no where else
spoken
so
freely
and
frankly concerning
himself and
his
calling.
I. P. 223.
Illusion,
i. e.: he had reason to believe that
during
his
long
absence
social, political
and
literary
conditions had im-
proved
much in
Norway,
and he had been somewhat reluctant to
return and
possibly
be convinced of the
contrary.
P. 224. Edder-
fuglen,
the title of a short
poem,
in which the eider
duck,
after
having
its nest robbed of its down a third
time,
"
spreads
its
wings,
cleaves the
fog
with
bleeding breast,
and flies southward to a
sunny
coast." Some critics have
thought
this
poem
an allusion to Ibsen's
own
early hardships
and his
"
voluntary
exile."
Dyret
. . .
Heender,
refers to a
poem
entitled
"
Mindets
Magt" (The
Power of
Memory),
which tells of the bear-trainer's method of
teaching
a bear to dance:
namely, by putting
the animal in an
empty caldron, lighting
a fire
under
it,
and then
playing
a tune on the
hand-organ.
When bruin
feels the heat he
begins
to
dance,
and ever afterwards he associates
this
painful
sensation with the
music,
and whenever he hears
it,
he
begins
to dance. The last lines of the
poem suggest
that the
poet
himself has had a similar
experience,
and when he is re-
minded of that
experience,
"
he feels
compelled
to
ply
his metrical
feet." der
foegrov
. . .
Klang-,
evidently
an allusion to the
"
Scan-
dinavianism" of the
50's;
see Notes to 86. det
sete,
that which is
seen;seteia
the definite
adjective
form of set
(for seet);
see 112.
den
fremforingende, etc.,
i. e. the author and his
public.
P. 225.
egoistisk
. . .
nok,
a reference to his Peer
Gynt,
the
egotist,
who
prides
himself on
being
"
suflicient unto himself."
Modstander,
i e. Christ.
NOTES. 275
II. Delivered
Sept.
24.
1887,
in
Stockholm, Sweden,
on the occa-
sion of a
banquet
in honor of Ibsen. For a discussion of the ideas
expressed
in this
speech,
see
Boyesen's
"A
Commentary
on the
Writings
of Henrik
Ibsen," p.
5.
P. 226. et storre
Faedreland,
a
great country,
i. e.
Scandinavia,
instead of
Norway
alone,
nogen
klarere
Forestilling om, any
very
clear idea
of;
*
starre
'
and
*
klarere
'
in the above
phrases
are
not
comparatives
in
meaning,
but intensives.
40. Indledning
til Qrundloven. This selection is the in-
troductory chapter
of a work entitled
"
Historisk
Indledning
til
Grundloven," published
in 1882. Sars is
professor
of
history
in the
University
of
Christiania,
which
position
he has held since 1874.
He is one of
Norway's ripest scholars,
and has
published
a number
of
important
historical
works,
the most extensive of which is his
"
Udsigt
over den norske Historic
"
in four
volumes, completed
in
1892. On the occasion of the
completion
of this
masterly work,
Professor Sars was
banqueted by
his friends.
Bjernson
was
present,
and in the course of a
speech
to the
guest
of the
evening
made the
following
remark: "What Ernst Sars has
accomplished
in the
way
of
leading every
one of us
(and
our
posterity)
to the
highest
view of our
country's history
which the
knowledge
and in-
tellect of our
age
can
give,
is so
great
an achievement that it ranks
him with the
greatest
of his
Norwegian contemporaries."
P. 228. det
paa
Eidsvold . . .
Maskineri,
see 191. det folotte
Tilfaeldes Gunst
. . .
Daad, ly
mere
chance,
or
ly any single
achieve-
ment,
however brilliant. For the events of
1536,
see Notes to 26.
andre . . .
Stadium,
others not until at a later
stage.
41. ByIgja.
Jonas Lie is one of
Norway's
three oldest and
best modern authors. Born in
1833,
he is
only
a
year younger
than
Bj0rnson,
but it was not until 1870
that he attracted
any
attention
as an
author,
while
Bjernson
had at that time for a decade been in
the forefront of
literary activity
Lie's first
novel,
"
Den Frem-
synte" (The
Man of Second
Sight),
was a mature
book,
and won
immediate success. The scene is laid in a
region
at that time new
to literature: the
mystic
nature of the
melancholy north,
the
arctic world of northern
Norway. Moreover,
the
language
of the
book was as
picturesque
as the
rugged
rocks and the
spirit-infested
waters it describes. In this bold
setting
is an
exquisite picture
of
pathetic love,
all in all a
charming
creation. Lie has since that
time
proved
himself a
prolific writer,
and he stands
to-day
as Nor-
276 NOTES.
way's
foremost
representative
of modern realism. But like the
hero of his first
story,
Lie's is a double nature. His novels exhibit
the
patient
methods of the faithful and conscientious
realist,
but
he has also a most exuberant
fancy.
This is
amply
illustrated in
two volumes of stories
published
in 1891 and
1892,
called
"Trold,"
in which he
gives
full
play
to the
strange promptings
of his titanic
imagination.
Some of these
phantasmagorias
are so
permeated
with the
symbolism
of
Norwegian legendary
lore as to make them
practically untranslatable,
even
unintelligible
to those not thor-
oughly
imbued with the Norse
spirit.
This has necessitated choos-
ing
one of the least characteristic ones as a selection. But it
suggests
another
phase
of his
authorship.
He has been called the
"
novelist of the
sea,
"
as no other
Norwegian
author has so well
portrayed
maritime life. Lie's
style
is often
gnarled
and
rugged,
even
ponderous,
and
yet peculiarly colloquial.
Note the weird
effect of the assonance and alliteration in gome of the
sentences of
this selection. For a fine sketch of Lie's
strangely
interesting
personality,
see
Boyesen's "Essays
on Scandinavian
Literature;"
see also
Bjernson's
articles on
"
Modern
Norwegian
Literature
"
in
the Forum for
May
and
June,
1896.
P. 230.
Bylgja,
a dialect form for
Bolge,
'billow',
fremme,
yonder; see/mw,
and 171.
Graagaasen, singular
for the
plural,
a
synecdoche
which
may
be the antecedent of a
pronoun
in the
plural,
as in this sentence. Han flk ikke Eost for
sig,
he stood
speechless.
P. 231.
ingen
af dem havde
de,
none
of
them
had;
note
the
repetition
of the
subject
in the
plural,
a
peculiar
collo-
quialism.
A similar case of
reduplication
occurs in: Men
tyktes
de ham
alle,
but all seemed to him. folev
det,
som
hun,
it seemed as
if
she. som
friskest,
most
freely.
P. 232. alt
(let, han,
all that
he,
or much as he. uden
Lamlfseste,
without terrestrial abode.
42.
Kunsten
og
Moralen. An extract from the same work
as
35;
see Notes to this.
P. 232.
antispidsborgelige Moral, anti-philistine ethics,
an allu-
sion to the attitude of Dr.
Georg Brandes,
the Danish
critic,
who
took
part
in the discussion of this
question.
P. 233.
Solon,
the
Greek
statesman, sage
and
poet, who,
"
by
the force of his
genius,
his
impressive words,
and his
pure personality,"
instituted im-
portant
social reforms. Inflamed
by
his
inspiring poetry
the
Athenians
conquered
Salamis.
self-befole,
a
gibe
at the
introspec-
tive methods of some modern writers.
Talllefer,
a minstrel in the
service of William the
Conqueror.
P. 234. Dr. Brandes . . .
NOTES.
277
Bjornson,
Dr. B. has
begun
to
scoff
at
poets of
the
moralizing,
popular
-educational and school-master
stamp,
like
Bjornson. Sigvat,
an Icelandic bard of the 12th
century (in
the service of Olaf the
Saint and his son
Magnus
the
Good);
he was "a
steady,
wise and
bold counsellor and
friend,
and not ashamed to stand before
kings,"
and
"
could
improvise
verse as fast and
clearly
as another
man could talk."
Thormod,
see Notes to 35.
43.
Rosenlund.
For
biographical data,
see Notes to 18 and
25. This
poem,
written about the middle of the
century,
is a
dig-
nified
appeal
to the Scandinavians for a
study
of the ancient
history
and literature of their
ancestors,
that
they may
"
know
themselves,"
and likewise
see,
as it
were,
a fair vision of their own future.
P. 234.
Saga,
the
goddess
of
history
in Norse
mythology;
her
abode is
Sokva-bek,
under the "cool waves."
By
the side of this
river of the
deep
she drinks with Odin
every day
from
golden
vessels;
see Anderson's Norse
Mythology, gaa,
classical
plural.
P. 235. Asers
Drot,
lord
of
the asas
(gods),
i. e. Odin,
fredede,
participial adjective
from
*
frecle,'
hence
peaceful
or sacred. Odins
JEt,
i. e. the Scandinavians.
44.
Den norrone Literatur. This extract is from a most ex-
cellent and exhaustive work
recently (1896) published,
entitled
"
Illustreret norsk Literaturhistorie." The author was born in
1854 and died in 1895. At the time of his death this monument of
his
learning
and
great industry
was not
quite complete.
Besides
this
great work,
Henrik
Jaeger
has written two
important
books on
Ibsen,
one of which has been translated into
English by
William
Morton
Payne. Jaeger
was
Norway's
best
literary
critic. A
scholarly
discussion of Old Norse literature
may
be found in An-
derson's translation of Horn's
"
History
of the Literature of the
Scandinavian North."
P. 236. Konrad
Maurer,
a noted Old Norse scholar in
Germany.
Faelles-Literatur,
the literature of
Denmark-Norway during
the
period
of union between the two countries. P. 237. Heims-
kringla,
a name
applied
to Snorre Sturlasson's
"Sagas
of the
Norse
Kings
". It is an Old Norse word
meaning
the
earth,
lit. the
earth's circle. This word
appears
in illuminated letters in one of
the Old Norse
manuscripts
of Snorre's
work,
and on account of its
prominence
on the first
page
of the
vellum,
the whole work was
referred to
by early
scholars as
"
Heimskringla,"
instead of its more
cumbersome title:
"
Sogur Noregs Konunga." JVy-romaiitikens
278 NOTES.
Dage,
the romantic movement in Scandinavian literature
began
in the
early part
of this
century
with the Danish
poet
Adam
Oehlenschlager
as its first and
greatest representative. Edda,
the
Elder and the
Younger,
two works in Old Norse. The Elder
Edda,
also called the Poetic
Edda,
and Ssemund's
Edda,
is a remarkable
collection of old
poems
found in
Iceland,
made
during
the 13th
century;
the
poems
were
composed
earlier. There is no direct
evidence as to whence
they originally came,
who their authors
were,
or where
they
were written. The vellum was
presented
in 1662
to
King
Frederick of Denmark
by
the Icelandic
bishop Brynjolf
Sveinsson. The word Edda means
'
poetics,'
and not
'
great grand-
mother,'
as
formerly supposed.
The name was first
applied by
Snorre Sturlasson to a work
by
him on the art of
poetry,
now
known as the
Younger Edda,
or Snorre's Edda. The first
part
of
this contains a series of well-told
mythological
tales based on the
Elder Edda
poems;
the rest
is,
as the title Edda
indicates,
a
guide
in the art of
poetry.
45.
Island. About the middle of this
century
Andreas Munch
(1811-1884)
was
Norway's
most
popular poet
and dramatist. The
elegiac
strains of his muse seemed a balm to the
public
that had
lived
through
the
fiery
feud between
Wergeland
and Welhaven.
(See
Notes to
18).
He
represents
the transitional
epoch
between
the old school of
political poets
and the new national school re-
presented by Bjernson
and Ibsen. Hunch's diction is
pure
and his
lines are
graceful,
but he lacks force and
originality.
Ibsen's
"Kongs-Emnerne," treating
the same
epoch
of
Norwegian history
as Munch's drama
"
Hertug Skule," gave
the
public
an excellent
basis of
comparison
between the older
poet
and his
young rival,
and the result was a
crushing
blow to the former's
popularity.
This selection is one of Munch's best known
poems, although
it
does not sound the
characteristically
sentimental note of his
lyre.
P. 239.
Hoi-saedet,
the
high-seat,
the seat of honor at the head
of the table. In the
eyes
of the old Norsemen there was some-
thing
sacred about the
high-seat.
When Iceland was settled in
the 9th and 10th
centuries,
each
family
carried with it the
high-
seat as a sacred heirloom. The reference in the
poem
is of course
to the intellectual
possessions,
the sacred traditions of the
settlers,
Stammernes
Pagt>
the covenant
of
the
races,
i. e. the Scandinavian
nations,
before
they
became differentiated into
Danish,
Swedish
and
Norwegian
nationalities. Iceland is the treasure-house of
ancient lore to all of the Scandinavian
countries, -indeed,
to all
NOTES. 279
the Teutonic
peoples,
fremmede
Love, Iceland, although
settled
principally by Norwegians,
is now
subject
to Denmark. Iceland
was an
independent republic
from 930 to
1263,
when the
country
came under the dominion of
Norway.
With
Norway
in 1380 it
came under Danish rule.
Norway regained
her freedom in
1814,
but
through
the
oversight
of a Swedish
diplomat
when the
treaty
of Kiel was
drafted,
Iceland was left to Denmark.
46. Vikingetidens=Sedelsere.
This selection is a
chapter
from a
comprehensive
work in seven
large
volumes entitled
"
Illustreret
Norges Historic," published during
the
years
1885-95.
Norway
has been fortunate in her historians : Rudolf
Keyser,
P.
A.
Munch,
Ernst
Sars,
and O. A. Overland have each
produced
monumental works that have restored
Norway
to that intellectual
rank
among
nations to which she is
justly
entitled
by
virtue of her
national achievements as recorded in Old Norse literature. 0ver-
land was born in 1855.
Although
not the result of
original
in-
vestigation
to
any
such extent as Munch's
great history,
Over-land's
work is nevertheless a fine testimonial of his
learning
and
industry.
Munch's
history, however,
extends
only
to 1397
(the
Peace of Cal-
mar),
while Over-land's reaches to 1814. The latter has also
pub-
lished a text book
covering
the
period
from 1814 to
1884,
entitled
"
Lserebog
i
Norges nyeste Historie,
"
so that he has covered the
whole field of
Norwegian history.
P. 240. fosibro&r
slag, foster-brotherhood,
a vow on the
part
of
two
persons
to eternal
friendship,
and to
avenge
each other's
death,
pledged by
the rite of
blending
blood
together.
The
parties gashed
the
palms
of their
hands,
and let the blood run into a hollow in the
ground,
and then stirred
it, upon
which
they
shook
hands,
and the
ceremony
was
complete.
It was a
religious duty
to
avenge
the
slaughter
of a foster-brother.
Landnamsmanden>
the
early
settler.
In Old
Norse,
nema
land,
means 'to take
land;
'
landnam,
the
taking
possession
of land as a
settler,
is used in Old Norse
particularly
of
the settlement of Iceland. P. 241.
Nordland)
a district in
northern
Norway, lld-lms;
a
separate
house for kitchen
purposes.
Hava-maal,
the
High
One's
(i.
e.
Odin's) Speech,
the title of one of
the
poems
of the Elder Edda. P. 242. det erhverved
=
som er-
hvervede det. The attention of the student is called to the
pithy
.and
elliptical phrasing
in these old saws,
skrumpue Belg,
shrivelled
skins,
i. e. old men.
280 NOTES.
47.
Dei vil altid
klaga og kyta.
This selection and the three
succeeding
ones are not written in the common
literary language
of
Norway. During
the union of four hundred
years
between
Norway
and
Denmark,
Danish became the
language
of culture in
Norway.
But since the
separation
in
1814,
and
especially during
the last
forty years,
the
literary language
has absorbed
many
peculiarities
of the
dialects,
some of which
have,
in
spite
of the
all-pervasive
influence of
Danish,
retained
marvellously
well
many
of the characteristics of Old Norse.
Thus, strictly speaking,
the
language
of Ibsen and
Bjernson,
is not
Danish,
but a
Norwegianized
form of Danish often called
Dano-Norwegian;
but modern Nor-
wegian grammarians
cull it
Norwegian. During
the latter half of
this
century
there has been a movement on foot to introduce a new
language
into
literature,
with the ultimate aim of
making
this
displace entirely
the Danish. This new
language (Landsmaal)
was
to be constructed from the
living
dialects of the
country.
The
movement has been led
by
men of
great ability,
and wonderful re-
sults have been
produced
in
spite
of determined
opposition.
It is
safe to
say, however,
that the
goal
of the
promoters
of this cause
will never be reached. The Danish element is too
deeply
rooted.
But,
onthe other
hand,
the literature
prod
uced
by
this school of enthusias-
tic
patriots
is
already extensive,
and is a factor to be reckoned with.
Three of
Norway's greatest
writers
(Aasen, Vinje
and
Garborg)
have devoted themselves to this
cause,
and
they
have
produced
works of
permanent
value and interest. A school of
younger
writers,
with Arne
Garborg
in the
lead,
is
to-day active,
and the
dialect literature is
rapidly increasing.
For an
interesting
article
by
Professor William H.
Carpenter
on
"
The
Language
of Recent
Norwegian Writers,"
see Atlantic
Monthly, July,
1890.
-
u,
Ivar Aasen
(1813-1896), poet
and
philologist,
was the founder of
the
language
movement in
Norway.
He
put
the
study
of the
dialects on a scientific basis. In 1848 he
published
a
grammar
of
the dialects
(Grammatik
over de norske
Folkesprog),
and in 1850 a
dictionary (Ordbog
over det norske
Folkesprog),
both of which are to-
day
standard works. He then set about
using Landsmaal,
and this
he did with the
genius
of a true
poet.
His
poems
are
very popular,
some of them even
among city people,
who find his
verse,
in its
"
homespun
thread and
color,"
somewhat difficult to understand.
This selection is one of the best known
songs
in
Norway.
It strikes
a
responsive
chord in
every
true
Norwegian
heart.
The words
printed
at the end of each of the dialect
poems, give
the
Dano-Norwegian equivalents.
The numbers refer to the lines
of the
poems.
NOTES. 281
48.
Forfederne.
Vinje (1818-1870)
was a
poet,
critic and
journalist.
Like
Aasen,
he
spent
his
early
life in the
country
amid
great hardships.
At the
age
of
thirty
he
began
to
prepare
for the
University,
and was for a time a school-mate of Ibsen and
Bjernson.
He took a
degree
in law in
1856,
but never
practiced.
For a number of
years
he was a
prolific newspaper correspondent.
His articles were
witty
and
pungent,
and did not fail to excite both
laughter
and
exasperation.
He was a keen
observer,
and a
scathing
critic,
and his trenchant
pen
touched
every phase
of
life, social,
political
and
literary.
He
early
became a
disciple
of Aasen in the
language
reform
movement,
and in 1858 he
began
the
publication
of a
paper
in the new
language.
As a
poet, Vinje
was more
gifted
than
Aasen. He had a full vein of
grim
Norse
humor,
and was
strikingly original
and
erratic,
an intense soul
struggling
for
light
and truth. Some of his
poems (especially
one entitled
"
Vaaren
")
are
among
the finest
gems
of
Norwegian
literature. The
poem
selected
gives
a fine characterization of the fire and
spirit
of the
ancient Norsemen. His
emphatic
words fall like the sword-strokes
of his
Viking
ancestors.
49. Vaardag.
Garborg
was born in 1851 in
Jsederen,
a
strip
of
country
in southwestern
Norway
which has been the center of
a
pietistic
movement that has continued with unabated
vigor
dur-
ing
the whole of this
century.
He is the son of a
pietistic peasant,
who,
in his
puritanic severity,
not
only
forbade his son to
play,
but
also to attend school. In his
great
novel
"
Fred
"
(Peace),
he has
painted
the features of this
dark-visaged pietism
with the earnest
intensity
of one who has felt its
blood-chilling gaze.
Like Aasen
p^d
Vinje, Garborg
had an
irrepressible
desire for
knowledge,
and
under most adverse circumstances he
struggled through
the uni-
versity, graduating
with honor in 1874. Even before
graduation
he
attracted attention as a critic. Like
Vinje
he has
published
a
paper
for the
promulgation
of his
linguistic
and
political ideas,
and
through
this medium has
inspired
a whole school of dialect writers.
Garborg's
radicalism in both
religion
and
literary
methods has
made him
many
bitter
opponents,
but as an intellectual force and
a creative artist he ranks with
Ibsen, Bjernson,
Lie and Kielland.
He wields as facile a
pen
as
any
of
them,
and writes
equally
well
in dialect and
Dano-Norwegian.
His
principal
works are in
prose,
but one of the
last," Haugtussa,"
from which this selection is
taken,
is a work of such
lyric beauty
that it
places
him
worthily
by
the
side of
Bjernson
as a
poet.
282 NOTES.
P. 247. The heroine in
Garborg's
"
Haugtussa
"
(The Spell-
bound
Maid),
is a
simple peasant girl.
She is
second-sighted,
and
feels that she has been
spell-bound by
the
supernatural beings
which in
Norwegian popular fancy
inhabit mountain and
fjord.
In this condition she wanders
through
field and
wood,
moves
mys-
teriously
about her own
home,
watches its various
activities,
and
yearns
to be restored to its
peaceful hearth,
whose
simple pleasures
she
conjures up
in her
songs.
No writer has ever
penetrated
more
deeply
into the
mystic
nature of
Norway
than
Garborg
in
"
Haugtussa."
This selection
represents "Veslemey" (the
little
maid)
as
having
just
recovered from a
spell
of
illness,
as is indicated
by
the last line
of the first stanza.
50.
Thord Foleson. Sivle is one of
Norway's younger poets.
He has won fame for his
political lyrics.
He chooses themes from
the old
Sagas,
but treats them so as to make them
apply
to
present
conditions. There is a certain freshness and
virility
in his
poems
that make them
very
effective. Note in this connection
especially
the last two stanzas of this selection. He tells the
story
of the
Saga,
and then in the most concise and
pithy
manner
possible
he
sums
up
the
philosophy
of the tale. This selection is from a little
volume entitled
"
Noreg," published
in
1894, containing
nine other
poems
in
dialect,
much the same as this
one,
all
aglow
with
pure
and
manly patriotism.
In 1896 he
published
a new volume of
miscellaneous
verse,
entitled
"
Skaldemaal,"
some in
dialect,
others
in
Dano-Norwegian.
Sivle has also written some short stories in
the dialect of
Yoss,
which are
masterpieces
in the
story-teller's
art.
P. 248.
Stiklestadj
a battlefield in eastern
Norway.
The hero
who at this battle
(July 29, 1030)
"
painted
the cross with his
blood,"
as
Bjernson puts
it in his national
hymn (see 8),
was Olaf Harolds-
son,
known to
history
as Olaf the Saint. As
king
of
Norway
Olaf
had made
many
enemies on account of his
severity
in
introducing
Christianity. Among
these were Einar
Tambarskjselve
and
Erling-
Skjalgsson. (See
Notes to
15).
The latter was
ruthlessly
slain
by
one of Olaf's
men, and,
as a
consequence,
Olaf was forced to flee
to Russia for
refuge.
Here he awaited an
opportune
moment to
return to his
kingdom.
He
finally
set out from Russia with an
army, passed through Sweden,
and crossed the mountains into
Norway.
But here he was met at Stiklestad
by
a
large army
headed
by
chiefs of the tribal
aristocracy.
Olaf was slain and his
army
routed. But his death
indirectly brought victory
for the cause of
NOTES. 283
Christianity.
After a few
years
of Danish
rule,
the
very
chiefs
who had
opposed
him rued their course toward
him,
and
brought
his son
Magnus
to the throne
(1035).
den
gamla og
saa den
nya
Tid,
i. e. the heathen and the Christian
epoch.
Thor
Hand;
one
of the leaders of the
peasant opposition.
Merket bans Olav
=
Olavs Merke. i
Noreg
si Jord
=
t*
Noregs
Jord.
Boyesen's
"
The
Story
of
Norway
"
contains a
graphic
account
of the battle of Stiklestad.
EXPLANATIONS.
The
following
abbreviations are used in the
Vocabulary:
a.
adjective.
ad. adverb.
arch, archaic,
c. common
gender,
c/. compare.
coll.
colloquial.
comp. comparative.
conj. conjunction.
contr. contraction.
def.
definite.
imp. impersonal.
imper. imperative,
n. neuter.
pi. plural.
poet, poetical
form.
p. p. past participle.
prep, preposition.
refl.
reflexive.
sup. superlative.
v. s.
strong
verb.
v. w. weak
"
v. m. mixed
"
v. ir.
irregular
verb.
denotes a
repetition
of the
main word.
(=) plural
the same.
Irregular
and unusual
plurals
are
given
in
parentheses. Figures
in brackets refer to sections of the Grammar. The
gender
of nouns
ending
in
-else, -ning, -hed,
and -dom is not
indicated,
as
they
are of
the common
gender.
Adverbs formed from
adjectives by adding
-t,
are as a rule not
given
unless
they
have a
peculiar meaning.
It is left for the student to form the
English
adverb from the
Eng-
lish
adjective. (See 164,
l). Compound
verbs are not
given
in the
list of
Strong,
Mixed,
and
Irregular
verbs,
unless
they
occur
only
in
compound; they
must be
sought
under the
simple
verbs.
Where no accent is
indicated,
it is on the first
syllable, except
in
the case of words with the
prefixes be-, er-,
and
ge-,
which never take
the accent.
(See 3).
Weak verbs form their
past
tense and
past
participle
in accordance with sections
107
and III of the
Grammar.
284
VOCABULARY.
Aa
Al-tid
Aa, c.
river,
stream.
aa,
oh.
aaben, open;
bar, open,
evident;
bare,
ad.
openly;
bare,
v. w.
reveal; aabne,
v. w.
open.
Aand, c.
spirit, mind, soul; ellg,
intellectual, spiritual;
rig,
clev-
er,
brilliant.
Aande,
c.
breath; ,
v. w. breathe.
Aands-gnist,
c.
spark
of
spirit,
mind.
Aands-liv, n. intellectual life.
Aar, n.
(=), year; skifte,
n. new
year.
Aare, c.
vein, artery.
Aare,
c. oar.
Aar-hundrede,
n.
century.
aarle, early.
Aas,c. ridge;
II, c. mountain
slope.
Aa=syn,
n. countenance.
Abe=spil,
n.
foolery,
nonsense.
ad, at, by.
Adels-brev,
n.
patent
of
nobility.
Ad-gang,
c. admittance.
adle,
v. w.
ennoble;
stor,
make
nobly great.
Adre'sse, c.
address,
destination.
ad-ski'llig, considerable,
no little.
Ad-skillelse, separation.
ad-sporge,
v. m.
ask,
consult.
af
, of, by, from, at,
with.
af-bleget,
faded.
af-bryde,
v. s.
interrupt.
af-gaa'rde (see Qaard),
off.
af-gjore,
v. m.
decide;
nde,
deci-
sive.
Af-handling, essay,
treatise.
af-laegge,
v. m.
pay (a visit).
Af-skaffelse, abolition, dropping.
Af-slutning, completion.
Af-speiling,
reflection.
af-ste'd, off, laegge ,
start
off;
komme,
v. s.
bring about,
occa-
sion,
be
productive
of.
af-tale, v. w.
agree upon, arrange.
Aften, c.
evening; kjolighed,
cool-
ness of
evening.
af-vei'en,
out of the
way,
'
clear the
track '.
af-vise,
v. w.
dismiss,
rebuff.
Agt,
c.
heed;
e, v. w.
respect;
else, respect,
esteem
;
elsesfuld
,
respectful.
agter, aft,;
st, sternmost;
ud,
astern.
age're,
v. w.
act, play.
Akko'rd, c. chord.
akkura't, exact, exactly.
al, all.
[98]; ting, everything.
aldrig, never;
for,
no sooner.
alde'Ies, entirely.
Alders-forskjel,
o. difference in
years.
Alen, o. ell.
ale'ne,
alone, only.
Alf
,
c.
elf, fairy.
Al-far-vei,
o.
highway.
algebra'isk,
algebraic.
aller,
intensive
prefix, most, very?
fo'rste,
first of
all, very first;
med det
forste, very
soon.
allerede, already.
almen, general,
common.
almen-gyldig,
universal.
almi'ndelig, general,
common.
Almisse, c. alms.
al-mas'gtig, almighty.
alt, already.
alt; som, as, gradually
as.
Altarild,
c. altar fire.
alt-for, altogether
too.
al-tid, always; surely, easily,
cer-
tainly.
Altsaa
Baske-leg
altsaa, consequently, therefore, so,
then.
alt-sammen, altogether, everything.
Alvor,
n. seriousness
; 'lig, serious,
earnest; s-kveld,
c.
day (even-
ing)
of seriousness.
Ambassado'r,
ambassador.
an-bringe, [156],
v. m.
place.
Andagt,
c. devotion.
An-del,
c. share.
anderledes, otherwise, differently.
ane,
v. w.
suspect, forebode; Ise,
foreboding.
An-er-kjendel.se, recognition.
an-fore,
v w. adduce.
Anger,
c.
remorse, repentance.
An-greb,
n.
(=),
attack.
an-gribe,
v. s.
attack; nde, ag-
gressive.
Angst,
c.
fear, dread,
terror.
Anke, c.
complaint, grievance.
an-komme, v. s. arrive.
an-lagt,
constituted.
An-le'dning,
occasion.
An-modning, request.
an-se, v. s. look
upon, regard;
'else, reputation, prestige,
es-
teem.
Ansigt,
n.
face,
countenance.
An-sku'else, view.
an=spaende,
v. w. strain.
An-stand, c.
grace, deportment.
Anstalt,
c.
institution, arrangement.
An-strengelse, exertion,
effort.
Ansvar, n.
responsibility.
an-saette, v. m.
appoint.
An=tal, n. number.
anti-spi'dsborgerlig, anti-philistine.
an-tyde,
v. w.
indicate,
intimate.
An-vendelse, application.
an-vise, v. w.
assign,
allot.
apa'rte, unusual, unique,
extraor-
dinary.
Appara't,
n.
apparatus, procedure.
Arbeid, Arbeide,
n.
work,
toil.
Arbeids-kraft, c.
capacity
for work.
arg, angry.
Arilds-tid;
fra
,
from time imme-
morial.
Arki'v, n. archive.
Arm, c. arm.
Armod, c.
poverty, penury.
Art, o.
kind,
sort.
Arv, c. inheritance; e, v. w. in-
herit; elig, hereditary.
Arve-eie,
n.
heritage.
As, c.
(Aser), god (in
Norse
mythol-
ogy).
Asa-tro,
c.
asa-faith, (Old Norse)
hea-
then
religion.
Asen, n. ass.
Asien, Asia.
Aske, c.
ashes; lad, c. 'ashie-
pattle
'.
Aspe-lov,
n.
aspen
leaf.
at, conj. that; sign of inf. to.
Atla'nter-hav-et,
the Atlantic Ocean.
attache'-agtig,
attach6-like.
atter, again.
Avi's,
c.
newspaper.
B
Baad, c. boat.
baade, conj.
both.
Baas, c.
(cow's)
stall.
bad,paso/bede.
Bad, n. bath.
bag, back; efter,
afterwards;
grund,
c.
back-ground: hold, n.
ambush; om, behind,
back
of;
over, backward; stavn, o.
stern
; vaerelse, n. back room.
Bakke, c. hill.
Bal, n.
ball; blomster, artificial
flowers; stemning,
c. ball mood.
Balko'n, c.
balcony.
bande,
v. w. swear.
Band-hund,
*
chained-dog,'
'
cross-
patch'.
Bane, c.
course,
career.
Bane,
c.
death; slayer; saar, n.
death-wound; mand, c.
slayer.
bange, afraid,
fearful.
banke,
u. w.
knock, beat,
throb.
Bar, n.
(pine)
needles.
bar,
a.
bare;
benet, bare-footed;
hovedet,
bare-headed.
bare, only, merely.
Barn,
n.
(Born), child; agtlg,
childish; dom, childhood;
e-
pige,
o.
nursery
maid
; 16s,
child-
less.
Barn, cott.
pi. for Born; na, coll,
for
Bornene.
Bas, c. bass
(voice).
Baske-leg,
c.
tussle,
brush.
Basu'n 287 Be-vidsthed
Basu'n, c.
trumpet.
be=arbei'de,
v. w. work
up, revise,
scan,
scrutinize.
Bea'te, Beatrice.
be=daget, aged,
stricken in
years.
bede, v. s.
ask, beg, pray.
bedre, comp, of
god.
bedre, v. w.
better, improve;
have
Pity.
Be=drift, c.
exploit,
achievement.
be=drovet, sad,
sorrowful.
bedst, sup. of god, [67].
be-fri, v. w. liberate.
be-frugte,
v. w.
fructify,
fertilize.
be=gaa,
v. s.
commit,
be
guilty
of.
be=gavet,
talented.
Be-gavelse, gift, endowment, genius.
Be=geistring,
enthusiasm.
begge, both, [73].
be-gjaere,
v. w.
request,
ask.
be-gjserlig, desirous, greedy.
be=grave,
v. s.
bury.
Be-greb,
n.
idea, conception;
i
med
at,
about
to,
on the
point
of.
be-grundet,
well-founded.
be-gynde,
v. w.
begin; nde,
incip-
ient, beginning.
Be-handling,
treatment.
be-holde, v. s.
retain, keep.
behov, a. need of.
be-h6ve, v. w.
need, require,
have
occasion.
be-klage,
v. w.
mourn, lament; reft.
complain,
remonstrate.
Be-kostning, cost, expense.
be-kymre,
v. w.
refl. be troubled.
be-lagt,
inlaid.
Belg,
c. skin.
be-laegge,
v. m. sine
Ord,
trim
or
preen
one's words.
be-lyse,
v. w. elucidate.
be-merke,
v. w. remark.
Ben, w.
bone, leg.
be-nytte,
v. w.
use, employ.
Be-najvnelse,
designation.
be-rede, v. w.
prepare.
be-rettiget, justifiable.
Be-retning, account.
Berg, Bjerg, n.
mountain;
ham-
mer, c. bluff.
bergensk,
of or
from
Bergen (a city
in
Norway).
Berme, c.
dregs.
Be-rusning,
intoxication.
be-ro, v. w.
(with paa) depend upon.
be=romt, famous.
be=sidde, v. s.
possess ; Ise, posses-
sion.
be=sjaele,
v. w. animate.
be=skjaeftige, occupy, employ,
be
busy.
Be=skrivelse,
description.
be-skytte,
v. w.
protect,
defend.
be-slutte, v. w.
conclude,
determine.
be-slsegtet, related,
allied.
be=smykke,
v. w.
gloss over,
extenu-
ate.
be=staa,
v. s.
endure, stand,
un-
dergo.
be-standlg, always, constantly;
hed, constancy.
be-stemme,
v. w.
determine, intend,
destine;
forud
bestemt,
foreor
dained.
be-stemt, fixed, definite;
naermere
,
more
definitely.
be-stige,
v. s.
climb, scale,
mount.
be=straale, v. w. illumine.
be=straebe,
v. w.
refl. strive,
en-
deavor.
be-styre,
v. w.
manage,
conduct.
be-synderlig, curious, singular.
Be8etnlng,
crew.
Be-sog,
n. visit.
be-sorge,
v. w. take
charge of,
attend
to.
betale, v. w.
pay.
be-tegne,
. w.
designate ; Ise,
designation, appellation.
Be-tingelse,
condition.
be-tragte,
v. w.
consider,
view.
Be-tragtning, consideration,
reflec-
tion.
be-tryggende, sufficient,
satisfac-
tory.
be-tuttet,
bewildered, nonplussed.
be-tydelig,
considerable.
Be-tydnlng, significance, significa-
tion,
be-tcenke, v. w.
consider,
think of
refl.
consider,
think
(twice)
of.
be-undre, v. w. admire.
Be-undring,
admiration.
be-vare, v. w,
preserve.
Be-vidsthed, consciousness,
Be-vilgning,
Broder
Be=vilgning, appropriation.
Be-vis,
n.
proof,
evidence.
Be-vsegelse, movement,
motion.
be-vajget, moved,
touched
; exciting,
troublous.
Bibliote'k, n.
library.
Bid,
c.
bite; e, v.s.
bite;
with ikke
or
daarlig, (of weapons),
be
dull,
have no effect.
Bi-drag,
n. contribution.
bidsk, snappish.
Billede,
n.
image, picture,
billige,
v. w.
approve
of.
Bind, n.
binding,
volume.
blade, v. s. bind.
Birk,
c.
birch; e-fut,
c. 'birch
magistrate ,' (i.
e. a
birch-rod).
BIsp, Biskop,
o.
bishop.
bister, grim.
bitter, bitter; bed, bitterness.
bjerge,
v. w.
save,
rescue.
Bjerg-Hd,
o. volcanic fire.
Bjorn,
o.
bear; e-traekker,
bear
leader.
blaa, blue; baer,
o.
blue-berry,
'bullet'; ne, v. w.
appear blue;
troiet, blue-jacketed; diet,
blue-eyed.
Blad, n.
blade, leaf, page.
blande, v. w.
mingle,
mix.
blank, bright.
blase'
ret, blase, sated;
Blase'rthed,
satiety,
ennui.
bleg, pale.
blev, past of
blive.
bli, coW. /or
blive.
blid,
pleasant,
blithe.
Blik,
n.
look, glance, eye.
blind, blind: e
Meninger,
mere
opinions.
Blink, n.
gleam, flash; e, v. w,
gleam.
blive, v. s.
become, be, [129]; remain;
til,
be
born, arise;
hvor blev du
ai? what became of
you?
Blod,
n.
blood; hevn,
c. blood-re-
venge ; suger,
c. blood-sucker.
blomstre,
v. w,
flower, bloom; af,
shed blossoms.
Blomstring, blossoming,
bloom
;
s-
lofte,
n.
promise
of
blossoming.
blond,
blond.
blot, only, merely.
blot, a. mere.
blotte,
v. w.
bare, expose;
blottet
for,
destitute
of,
devoid of.
blunde,
v. w. slumber.
blusse, v. w.
blaze, flame, glow.
bly, coy,
bashful.
blasse,
v. w.
blow,
sound.
blod, soft.
bo, v. w.
live, dwell, stay.
Boble, c. bubble.
Bod,
c.
remedy,
solace.
Bod,
c.
penalty,
mulct.
Bog,
c.
(Boger), book; taske,
book-satchel.
Bog-stav,
n. & o.
letter; 'elig,
liter
Bold, c. ball.
Bolig, c, abode,
habitation.
bomme, v. w. wind
yarn
on the
warp
beam of a loom.
Bonde, c.
(Bonder) , peasant, yeoman ;
maal, n.
peasant
dialect.
Bon-jou'r, *:.,
see Frak.
Bord, n. table.
Borg,
o. castle.
bort, e, away, off, over, [171].
borten-for, beyond.
bort-gjemt, hidden,
concealed.
bort-sove, v. s.
sleep away.
bra,
ad. well.
braa,
sudden.
brage,
v. w.
crash,
echo.
brak,
fallow.
bramme,
v. w. make a
display,
be os-
tentatious.
brast, past of
briste.
brat, steep, precipitous.
brav, good, worthy,
well-to-do.
Bravou'r,
c.
bravery; superior
abili
.
ty, great
achievement.
bred, broad, wide; e,
v. w.
spread.
Bred, Bredd,
o.
brim, shore, bank;
fuld,
brimful.
Brem, o.
border, brim,
rim.
Brev,
n. letter.
Bringe,
o. breast.
bringe,
v. m.
bring, convey.
Brist,
c. break
; e,
v. a.
break,
burst
Bro,
o.
bridge;
slaa
,
throw
bridge.
Brok,
c. breeches.
Bror,
contr.
of
Broder.
Broder, o, (Brodre),
brother.
Brud
Del
Brud,
c. bride;
e-blus,
n. bridal
torch.
Brud, Brudd,
n. breach,
break.
Brug,
c.
use,
usage;
e,
v. w. use,
employ.
brun,
brown.
bryde,
v. s.
break; refl. slg
om,
care
about,
mind.
Bryderi',
n. trouble,
bother.
Bryllup,
n. wedding.
bryne,
v. w. sharpen,
whet
; ,
n.
whetstone.
Brynje,
c. coat of mail.
Bryst,
n. breast,
braende,
v. w. & s. burn.
Braende-vin,
n. brandy.
Brod,
n. bread.
brod.pasto/brydc.
Brond,
e. well.
Brost, c. fault,
defect.
Bud, n,
Budskab,
n. message.
Bue,
o.
bow; skytter,
c. archer.
Bugtning,
curve.
bukke,
v. w.
bow,
courtesy,
Bukse,
c. trousers; Uniting,
o.
waist-band;
saeler, pL suspend-
ers.
Bulder,
n.
turmoil, uproar.
Bund,
o. bottom;
laid,
n. sed-
iment.
bunden, bound;
I
Stll,
in verse.
burde.u.
irr.
ought, [14*].
Busk,
c. bush.
but, surly.
By,
o.
city,
town.
byde,
v. s. offer, bid,
command.
Bygd,
c.
(country) district, parish;
e-snak, town-talk,
adverse com
ment.
bygge,
v. w, build.
Bygning, structure,
edifice.
Byrde,
c. burden.
Bytte,
n.
booty, prey.
bytte,
v. w.
trade, exchange.
byzanti'nsk, Byzantine.
Baeger,
n.
goblet, cup.
Bask, c. brook.
Beenk,
o. bench.
bere, v. s.
bear, carry,
sustain
; slg
ad,
conduct one's self.
baeve, v. w.
tremble, quiver.
bod, pas?o/ byde.
bole,
v. w.
bend;
al,
curve
away;
refl.
bow.
Boinings-endelse,
inflectional end-
ing.
Bolge,
c.
wave,
billow
; ,
v. w.sway;
aas,
c. crest of a wave
;
laid,
un-
dulation.
Bon,
c.
prayer, petition,
entreaty;
hSre,
v. w. hear
(of prayer).
bor.pres.o/burde, [135]'
Bor, c.
load,
burden.
Bor,
c.
(fair) wind,
breeze.
Bosse, o.
gun, musket; pibe,
o, bar-
rel.
Charme,
o.
[16],
charm.
Chauvini'sme,
o.
[16],
chauvinism.
cite're,
v. w.
cite, quote.
da,
ad.
then^
indeed; conj. when, [p.
107*], as,
since.
Daab, c.
baptism,
christening.
Daad,
o.
deed,
achievement.
daarende, bewitching.
Dag,
c.
day;
es,
v. w.
[150],
dawn;
ning, dawn, day-break ;
komme
for en,
come to
light, transpire.
Dal,
c.
valley, vale, dale;
vise,
c.
valley song.
Dalen, c.
falling.
Daler,
c. dollar.
Dam,
c.
pond.
Dame,
c.
lady.
dampe,
v. w. steam.
Dane-kongen,
the King
of the Danes,
danne,
v. w.
form, make,
cultivate;
t, cultured,
educated.
danse,
v. w. dance.
dansk,
Danish
;
e, o. Dane
;
no'rak,
Dano-Norwegian.
date're,
v. w. date.
Datter,
o.
(Dotre) , daughter.
da-vaerende,
a. at that
time,
then.
de, they.
De, [70], you.
deilig,
beautiful.
dekade'nt,
decadent.
deklame're,
v. w, declaim.
Del,
c.
part ;
en ,
a
part,
or number
;
tage.v.
,
participate;
, part-
ly.
den domme
den,
the, [58]; that, [74].
den=gang,
at that time.
denne, dette,
this, [59];
the latter.
der, there.
[101]; who,
etc.
[82].
der, there; af,
from
that,
there-
from; borte,
over
there, yonder;
for, therefore; hen, thither;
hos, moreover;
imod, on the
contrary; med, therewith,
with
that; nede, below;
naest, next,
then; om,
about
that,
on that
subject; ude, without, outside;
ved, thereby, by that, by
the fact.
dersom, if,
in case.
dere,
coll.
for
I and
eder, [70].
Deres,
[70], your.
des-Iige, such,
the like.
desto,
ad.
[184, 6], the,
all the.
De-tai'l, Deta'lje,
c. detail.
did,
thither,
there.
diger, big.
Digt,
n.
poem ; e,
v. 10. write
poetry,
create; er,
c.
poet,
creative au-
thor
; ning, poetical composition,
imaginative
literature, poetry;
erisk, poetical.
dimitte're, v. w. certificate.
din,
thy, your.
Diplo'm,
n.
diploma,
document.
dirre, v. w.
quiver,
vibrate.
disse, (pi. of
denne),
these.
djerv,
bold, daring.
dobbelt,
double,
twice.
dog, however, yet, though, [186],
Dom, o.
doom, judgment.
Drab, n.
manslaughter; s-mand,c.
slayer,
homicide,
drabelig,
doughty,
tremendous.
Drag,
n.
(=), draught.
Drag,
n.
trait,
feature.
drage,
v. s.
draw, proceed; frem,
advance; ud,
start out.
Drage,
c.
dragon (ship).
dreie, v. w.
turn,
twist.
drev, past of
drive,
drevne, p. p. pi. of drive,
drikke, v. s. drink.
Drikke=iag,
n.
drinking-bout,
was-
sail.
drive, v. .
drive;
nde
hvidt,
white
as the driven snow.
Driv-kraft, c. motive
power,
incen-
tive.
dristig,
bold, daring,
Dronning,
c.
queen.
Drossel, c.
[47, 2],
thrush.
Drot,
c.
lord, king.
dryppe,
v. w,
drip.
drysse,
v. w.
sprinkle,
fall.
drsebe, v. w. kill.
droi,
substantial, unalloyed, pithy.
Drom, c.
dream; me,
v. w.
dream;
me-teppe,
n. dream-curtain.
drone,
v. w.
boom,
resound.
du,
thou, you.
due,
v. w. avail:
lig, capable, able;
til,
be
good for,
amount to.
dufte, v. w. emit
fragrance,
smell.
duftig, fragrant.
duftig, hazy.
duge,
v. w.
(of. due),
be
good,
be
fit.
Dugg,
o.
dew; et, [57, c], dewy,
moist.
Dukke, o. doll.
dukke, v. w. dive :
op, emerge,
flash
into one's mind.
dum, stupid.
Dun,
n. down.
dunkel,
[57, d], dark,
dim.
Dur,
c.
rumbling.
Dverg-birk,
c. dwarf-birch.
Dyd,
c. virtue.
dygtig, capable, excellent; bed,
ability.
dyr, dear; e-kjobt, dearly bought,
precious.
Dyst,
c.
joust, struggle.
dytte,
v. w.
stuff, plug.
Daikke, n.
cover, covering; ,
v. w.
deck,
cover.
daemo'nisk,
demoniacal.
daempe,
v. w.
subdue, suppress.
Dfern
rings=skjeer,
n.
twilight.
do, v. w. die.
dobe, v. w.
baptize,
christen.
Dod, c.
death; elig, deadly;
s-
hugg,
n.
deathblow; s-leie, n.
death-bed; s-time,
c. hour of
death.
Dodning-kiste,
c.
casket,
coffin.
Dodsen.s, [53, c],
see Dod.
Dogn,
a
day (of twenty-four hours) ;
ets
Strid,
the controversies of the
day.
d6ie, v. w. endure.
damme,
v, w,
judge,
Donning
291 europx'isk
Donning, swell, surge.
Dor, c. door.
B
Edda-digt,
n. Edda
poem.
Edder-fugl,
c. eider duck.
eders, your.
efter, after, according
to.
efter=haa'nden, gradually.
efter=Iade,
v. s.
leave,
leave behind.
efter=Ieve,
v. w.
observe, comply
with.
Efter=mid-dag,
c. afternoon.
Efterslegt,
c.
posterity.
efter=som, as, since;
alt
, gradu-
ally
as.
Efter=tryk,
n.
emphasis,
stress.
efter-taenksom, thoughtful.
Eg,
c.
oak; e-Ieg,
c. trunk
(of
a
tree).
egen,
own
[58],
Egen=nytte,
c. selfishness.
Egenskab,
c.
quality.
egentlig, really,
in
reality.
egge,
v. w.
egg,
incite.
Egn,
c.
region, country, parts.
egne,
v. w.
reft, (with for)
lend it-
egoi'stisk, egotistical.
egte, genuine.
Egteskab,
n.
marriage,
married life.
ei, not.
eie,
v. w.
own, possess; ,
n.
posses-
sion.
Eiendom, property, possessions,
es-
tate.
eiendo'mmelig, peculiar,
characteris-
tic; bed, peculiarity,
character-
istic.
Ei-land, poet, for 8, island.
Eje,
see
Eie, [14],
ekkel, disgusting,
loathsome.
Ekse'mpel,
n.
example,
illustration.
ekserce're, v. w.
drill, exercise;
Ek-
serce'rplads,
c.
drill-ground.
eksiste're, v. w. exist.
Ekyipa'ge,
c.
[19, c]. equipage,
car-
riage.
ela'stisk, elastic.
Ele'v,
c.
pupil.
eller, or.
ellers,
else,
otherwise.
elleve, eleven.
EIsas=Lothringen,
Alsace-Lorraine.
Elsk, favor, attachment,
love.
elske,
v. w. love.
elsk=verdig, amiable, genial.
Elv,
c.
river,
stream.
Embeds=examen, c. examination for
a
degree,
official examination.
Embeds=mand, c.
(government)
offi-
cial.
Emne, n.
material, stuff, subject,
theme.
en, et, a, an, [34] ; one, [102, a].
end, than, still, even; da, ad.
yet,
still
;
da, conj. although ; nu,
yet, still; og, though; ogsaa,
even.
ende,
ad.
straight, directly.
Ende, c. end
; Hg, finally.
ene, one, [102, d].
Ener, c.
juniper.
ene'rgisk, energetic.
eneste, only [68, c].
Eng,
c.
mead,
meadow.
en=gang, once,
once
upon
a
time,
[103, d];
even.
Engel,
c.
[47, a], angel.
Engle=barn,
n, little
angel.
engelsk, English.
Enhed, unity.
en-hve'r, each, every.
enig, united,
unanimous.
Enke, c.
widow; Sede,
n.
dowager
seat
(or home).
enkelt, individual, single; e, pi.
various, several, some; bed,
de^
tail,
incident.
ens=formig, uniform,
monotonous.
ensom, alone, solitary; bed,
soli-
tude,
loneliness.
en-steds, et=steds, somewhere.
enten, whether: ... eller,
either ...
or.
er, pres. of vaere, [130],
Erende,
n.
errand,
mission.
Eri'ndring, memory,
recollection.
er-faren, experienced, practiced.
er-hverve, v. w.
acquire.
er-kjende,
v. w.
acknowledge, recog-
nize.
et,
neut. of en;
med
, suddenly.
Eti'k, c. ethics.
Etike'tte, etiquette.
europse'isk, European,
Evange'lium flytte
Evange'lium,
n.
[49 c], gospel.
Eventyr,
n.
adventure, story,
ro-
mance,
folk-lore tale
; lig,
ad-
venturous.
evig, eternal; bed, eternity.
Evne, c.
power, ability.
faa, v. s.
get, receive, [144].
faat,
coll. for
faaet.
Fadder, c.
sponsor.
Fader, c. father.
Fag,
n.
subject,
branch.
fager, fair,
handsome
; hed,
beauty,
comeliness.
Fakkel, c. torch.
Faktor, c.
( 'er)
factor.
Fald,
n. case.
falde, v. ir.
fall; (with ind),
occur
to.
famle, v. w.
fumble, grope.
fandt, past of
finde.
Fang,
n.
lap,
bosom.
fange,
v. w.
catch; ,c. captive.
Fangst,
c.
catch,
haul
(offish).
Fantasi', c.
fancy, imagination.
Far,
coll. for Fader.
fare, v. s.
fare, go,
rush.
farlig, dangerous.
Fart, c.
trip, expedition; pace,
speed.
Far-tdi, . vessel.
Far-ve'l, n.
farewell, good-bye.
fast, firm, substantial; boende,
fixed in
habitation; hed, perma-
nence,
faste,
v. w. fast.
Fast-haengen,
c.
clinging,
adhesion.
fastne, v. w.
fasten, solidify.
fatte,
v. w.
seize, grasp, take,
con-
ceive.
fattig, poor, needy, indigent ;
un-
der-stottelse, parish
relief.
Favn, c.
embrace; e, v. w.
embrace,
clasp.
Fe,
c.
fairy.
fed, fat.
fegte,
v. w.
fight, fence;
!
Luften,
battle with air.
feie, v. w.
sweep.
feig, craven, cowardly;
death-
doomed.
Fell,
c.
fault, failing; frl, correct.
Fejl
see
Fell, [
n
a].
Felt, n.
field, sphere.
Ferie,
c.
vacation, holiday.
Fest=dag,
c.
holiday.
festlig,
festive.
Fiende,
c.
enemy,
foe.
Fiendskab, n.
hostility, enmity.
fiendtlig,
hostile.
ilk, past o/faa, [144].
f
ikse're, v. w.
fix,
stare at
; nde,
riveting.
Filosofi',
c.
philosphy.
fin, fine,
delicate.
finde,
v. s.
find;
paa,
think
of,
hit
upon; sigi,
submit to.
Finger,
c.
finger.
fire,
four.
Fjeld,
n.
rock, mountain; koll,
c.
mountain-top ; over-gang,
c.
mountain
pass; pynt,
c. moun-
tain
peak ;
skred
;
n. avalanche
;
vaeg,
c. mountain wall.
fjerde,
fourth.
fjern, distant,
far.
Fjord,
c.
fiord, firth; bred, c. fiord-
region.
fjorten,
fourteen.
Fjasl,
c. board.
Fjaer,
c.
feather; spring.
Fjos, cow-house, byre.
Flaade,
c. fleet.
Flab.c.
chaps, jaws.
flad,
flat.
flagre,
v. w. flutter.
Flamme, c. flame.
Flek, c.
spot, place.
f
Ier=aarig,
of several
years,
extended.
flere, several, various, more, [67].
Flesk,
n.
pork,
bacon.
flette,
v.w.
braid, plait.
Flig,
c.
lap, hem,
corner.
flikke,
v. w.
patch,
mend.
flink,
clever, able, active, bright.
Flis,
c.
chip, splinter.
flittig, diligent.
Flok, c.
flock, pack;
i
ke-tal,
in
flocks.
Flor, n.
veil,
mantle.
Flugt,
c.
flight.
fly,
v. w. flee.
flyde,
v. s.
float,
flow.
flytte,
v. w.
move,
shift.
flyve
293 for-no'den
flyve,
v. s.
fly.
floi, past of flyve.
floite,
v. w. whistle.
Fod, c.
(Fodder), foot; blad, n.
sole of the
foot; s-bred,
c. foot-
breadth; skammel,
c. foot-stool.
Fogd,
c. bailiff.
Fold,
c.
fold, plait.
Folk,
n.
people, nation;
ene,
the
servants,
hands.
Folke-aand,
c. national
spirit.
Folke-eventyr,
n. folk-lore tale.
Folke-laerer, c. educator of the
peo-
ple.
folke-opdragende, popular
educa-
tional.
Folke-sovn,
c. national
apathy.
folksom, populous,
crowded.
for, prep, for, by,
in
order; conj. for,
as;
ad. too.
for, past of
fare.
for-a'gte,
v. w.
despise; Hg,
des-
picable, contemptuous.
for-an,
in front
of,
before.
Fora'ndring, change.
For-anstaltning, arrangement, pro-
vision.
for-at
conj.
in order that.
for-be'dre, v. w.
improve.
forbi', past,
over.
for-bi'de, v. s. bite
severely.
for-bi'nde,
v. s. combine
; Ise,
con-
nection,
communication.
Fo'r=bud, n.
harbinger,
forerunner.
for-bau'sende, astonishing, amazing.
Forbry'delse, crime,
offence.
for-det-me'ste,
on the
whole, gener-
ally.
for=dy'be,
v. w.
refl.
be absorbed in.
Forfaldsdigter,
c. decadent writer.
For-dae'rve, v. w. mar.
fore-bygge,
v . w.
prevent.
fore-gaa,
v. s. take
place, go
on.
Fore-drag,
n.
delivery,
recital.
Fore-komst,
c.
occurrence,
incident.
fore-Hgge,
v. s.
lie, be,
be found.
fore-Isese,
v. w.
[ 157 ], read,
recite.
Fore-Isesning,
lecture.
fore=lbbig, preliminary.
For-e'ning,
c. union.
fore-staa,
v. s. have
charge of,
man-
age,
be at hand,
approach ; ende,
ensuing, following.
fore-stille, v. w. refl. imagine.
Fore-stilling, idea, conception.
foretage,
v. s. undertake.
Fore-teelse, phenomenon,
event.
for=fa'tte, write, compose.
For-fa'tter, c.
author; skab,
n.
authorship.
for-gaa',
v,s.
perish.
for-gi'fte,
v. w.
poison.
for-gle'mme,
v. w.
forget.
Fo'r-grund,
c.
fore-ground.
for-gy'lde,
v. w.
gild.
for-gy'ldt, gilt, gilded.
for-haa'bnings-fuld, hopeful.
for-hen, formerly.
Forhi'ndrlng,
obstacle.
For-hold,
n.
relation,
condition.
for-i'nden, before, beforehand,
ere
that time.
For-kjsemper,
c.
champion.
^
for-kla're, y.
w.
transfigure;
û*C*
for=ky'nde,
v. w.
proclaim.
for-la'de,
v. w.
forgive, forsake,
leave.
for=Ia'dt,
forsaken.
for-Ie'gen,
embarrassed.
for-le'ne v. w. invest
with, give.
For-li'g,
n,
reconciliation, agree-
ment
; t, agreed.
for-ly'ste,
v. w.
delight,
divert.
for=lae'ngst, long since, long ago.
for-16'sende, redeeming ;
et
Ord,
a
word of deliverance.
Form,
c.
form; e,
v. w.
form,
fash-
ion,
mold.
for-maa',
v. w. be
able; ende,
in-
fluential.
For-mand,
c.
chairman, president.
forme'l,
formal.
for-mi'lde,
v. w.
mitigate.
for-mo'dentlig, presumably.
For-ne'drelse, degradation.
For=ne'gter,
c.
denier, opponent.
fornem,
of
quality,
of rank.
for-ne'mme,
v. s.
feel,
be sensible
of;
Ise, feeling, premonition.
for-ne'mmelig, especially.
Fornu'ft, o. reason
; ig,
sensible.
for-ny'e,
v. w. renew.
for-nfie'rme.v.w.offend ; Ise, affront,
insult.
for-no'den, necessary; bed,
neces-
sity.
fornoi'et 294
frem-gaa
fornoi'et, satisfied.
foroverboiet,
bowed, stooping.
For=pla'ntnings=evne,
c.
reproduc-
tiveness.
Forraads=hus, n.
store-house,
forrest, foremost.
for=re'sten,
as for the
rest,
however.
for=re'ven, tattered.
For-rae'der, c. traitor.
for=sa'ge,
v. w.
forsake,
abandon.
for-sa'mle, v. w. assemble.
For-sa'mling, gathering,
convention.
for-si'gtig, careful; bed, cau-
tion,
wariness.
for=si'kre, v. w. assure.
For-si'kring, assurance.
For=si'ring, ornamentation.
for=ska'ffe, v. w.
secure, give.
Forsker,
c.
investigator,
student.
for-skje'IHg, different,
various.
for-so'ne, v. w. reconcile.
For-so'ning,
reconciliation.
For=so'nlighed, placability,
concil-
iatory spirit.
for-spi'lde,
v. w. waste.
for=staa', v. s.
understand; else,
understanding, intelligence.
For=sta'nd, c. sense.
For=stavn, c.
prow,
bow.
For=stue, c.
entry,
hall.
for=stu'mme, v. w. die
out,
cease.
for-sty'rre,
v. w. disturb.
For=stae'rkning, reinforcement.
for=sto'de,
v.
w, dispel,
cast off.
for=sva're,
v. w.
defend, justify.
for=svi'nde, v. s.
vanish, disappear.
For-saet,
n.
purpose ;
med
, pur.
posely.
For-sog,
n.
attempt ; 'e, v. w.
try,
attempt.
fort,
fast, quickly, swiftly.
fort=Sette, v. m.
continue,
proceed.
For=tid,
c.
past.
for=tje'ne,
v. w.
deserve; ste, c.
merit,
credit.
For=to'ning, looming.
for-tri'nlig, excellent, high.
for-tro'lig,
intimate.
For=trae'd, c. trouble, harm.
for-trse'kke, v. s. be
knit, twist,
dis-
tort.
for-tvi'le, v. w.
despair.
for=ta2'He, v. m.
tell,
relate.
For=tae'Iling, story, tale, narrative,
narration
forud=gaaende, preceding.
for-u'ndre,
v. w.
wonder; slg over,
wonder at.
For=u'ndring, wonder, wondering,
astonishment.
Forud-saetning, condition, premise,
presupposition.
For-vei,
c. i
en, ahead.
for=ve'nde, v. w. distort.
for-vi'nde, v. s. overcome.
For-vl'rring, confusion,
bewilder-
ment.
For=ae'ring, present, gift.
for-6'vrigt, otherwise,
in other re
spects.
fosse, v. w.
foam, seethe;
fald, n.
cataract.
Fost-brodrelag,
n. foster-brother-
hood.
fra,
from.
Fraade, c,
froth,
foam.
Frak,
c. frock coat.
fransk,
French.
Frase=flom,
flood of
phrases (words).
fra-stode, v. w.
repel; nde, repel-
lent.
Fra=verelse, absence.
Fred,
c.
peace.
f
rede,
v. w.
protect.
fred-lyse,
v, w.
proclaim inviolate;
fred=lyst,
sacred.
fredso'mmelig, peaceable.
fred=ssel, peaceful.
Freidighed, cheerfulness,
assur-
ance.
frelse, v. w.
save; ,
c.
rescue,
salva-
tion.
frem, forth, forward,
on.
frem=ad, forward; skridende,
ad-
vancing, progressive.
frem=bringe, v,
m.
bring forth, pro-
duce, yield ; Ise,
product, produc-
tion.
frem=byde,
v. s.
present,
offer.
frem=bere,
v. s.
present,
tender.
frem=de'Ies, still, yet;
it
often denotes
a continuation
of
the idea
expressed
by
the verb.
frem=for,
above,
before.
frem=fusende, impetuous.
frem=gaa,
v. s.
arise,
be
derived,
Frem-gangs-Iinjer
forst
Frem=gangs=Iinjer,
pi.
lines of
prog-
ress.
Frem=gangs-merke,
n. standard
of
progress.
frem=ha5ve, v. w.
bring
into strong
re-
lief, emphasize.
f
rem~kalde,
r. w. call
forth, provoke.
fremme,
v. w.
promote.
remtned, strange; ,
c.
stranger;
kan. c.
stranger.
tremnien=for,
ahead of.
fretn=ragende, prominent.
Frem=skridt, n.
progress; tog,
n.
the
procession
of
progress.
frem=skudt, advanced, prominent.
frem=springe,
v. s.
spring forth,
have
source.
frem=stflle,
v. w.
present, represent.
Frem-stilling, presentation.
frem=stupes,
ad. face downwards;
og paa Ryg,
helter-skelter.
frem-saette,
v. m.
propound, propose.
Frem=tid,c.
future.
frem-trsede,
v. m.
appear,
manifest
;
nde, conspicuous,
distinctive.
fri, free;
det var ikke tfor,
it was
by
no means uncertain; ,
v. w.
free,
liberate.
Frihed, liberty ; s-glod,
c.
patriotic
ardor.
frisk, fresh,
new.
friste, v. w.
experience, tempt.
Fri=sted,
n.
refuge,
resort.
fro, poet, glad,
cheerful.
Front, c. front.
f
rosset, p. p. of
f
ryse.
Frost,
c. frost.
Frue,
c.
lady,
mistress.
Fruen-timmer,
n. woman.
frugtbar,
fruitful, prolific.
Fryd,
c.
joy, delight; fuld, joyous;
e, v. w.
rejoice,
cheer.
frygte, fear; lig,
fearful.
frygtsom,
timid.
f
rynse,
v. w.
fringe.
fryse,
v. s.
freeze,
be cold.
Fraekhed, audacity, impudence.
Fraende,
c. kinsman.
Fro,
n. seed.
Fugl,
c.
bird,
fowl.
fuld, full;
have t
op af,
have an
abundance
of; nok,
quite
enough.
Fuld=ko'mmenhed,
perfection,
ex-
cellent
quality.
fuldstendig, complete.
Funke, c.
spark.
funkle, v. w.
sparkle.
furet, furrowed.
Furu,
c.
fir, pine; leg,
c. trunk of
a
pine.
Fusker, c.
bungler.
fy, fie,
shame.
fyge,
v.s.
drift, fly.
fylde,
v. w. fill.
fyldig, full, complete.
Fylking,
c.
batallion, phalanx.
fyndig, pithy, emphatic.
Fyr,
c. fire.
Fyrste,
c.
prince.
Faedre, pi. fathers,
ancestors.
Fsedre=land,
n. native land.
Faedrelands=kjerlighed,
c.
patriot-
ism.
fael, awful; t,
coll.
very, extremely.
faelde,
v. w.
fell,
cut down.
fcelles, common, mutual;
Hteratur,
c. the common literature
(of
Den-
mark and
Norway).
faengsle,
v. w.
captivate,
attract.
terdes, v. w.
[150],
travel,
roam.
frerdig, through, ready;
bed, skill,
fluency.
faeste, v. w.
refl.
fix
upon,
dwell
upon.
Fasste, n.
hold,
foot-hold.
faestne,
v. w.
fasten, fix, crystallize,
solidify.
Fode,
c.
food;
, v. w.
feed, bear,
give
birth
to,
be born.
Fodsel, c. birth.
Foie,
c.
reason, justice.
foie,
v. w.
refl. (with efter,)
accom-
modate one's self to.
foie,
v. w.
feel; sigfor,
feel one's
way;
Ise, feeling,
consciousness.
folge,
u. m. follow.
Folge,
c.
consequence, result;
til ,
as a
consequence.
for, for-end, before
(in time).
fore, v. w.
lead, guide, bring, carry,
carry on, wage ;
Ordet,
be
spokes-
man; r,
c.
leader, guide.
Fore,
n.
going,
roads.
forst, first;
kommende, next;
fra
af,
in the
beginning; ,
ad.
once,
not until.
gaa
296
Glemsels=gang
gaa,
v. s.
go,
walk
;
af
, ail,
be the
matter with;
an, do;
for
slg,
take
place;
med
paa, consent;
op,
dawn
upon, realize; over,
turn;
ud
paa,
be directed to-
wards.
Gaade,
c. riddle.
Gaa-paa'-marsch
,
c. forward
march.
Gaard,
c.
farm, home,
estate.
Gaas,
c.
(Gjses), goose;
e-dam,
c.
goose-pond;
e-flesk, goose-flesh.
Gab,
n.
mouth;
e,
v. w.
gape.
Gade, o. street.
gak,
arch,
impera. of gaa.
gal, bad, wrong, ridiculous; mad,
crazy.
gale,
v. a. crow.
gamle, seegammel, [57,
d).
gamtnel,
old; dags,
old fashioned.
Gang,
c. walk, gait,
course
;
saette 1
,
set on
foot,
start.
Gang,
c. time
(of repetition),
en
-
til,
once more."
Gang-ord,
n, word of
profit (or
advan-
tage).
ganske, quite.
Garn,
n.
yarn,
net.
Gas-flatnme, c.
gas-light.
Gave,
c.
gift.
gav-mild,
liberal, generous;
bed,
generosity.
Gavn,
n.
benefit, advantage.
geistlig,
clerical,
ecclesiastical
;
bed, clergy.
Gema'k,
n.
apartment.
gem
=
gjem,
impera, e/gjemme, [31,
a].
geme'n, low, vulgar, common, pri-
vate
(soldier).
Genera'!, general.
gene're,
v. w.
[10, c], embarrass,
disturb,
inconvenience.
Genl',
n.
[19, c], genius.
Gevse'r,
n. musket.
gifte,
v. w. reft, marry,
wed.
giftig, poisonous,
venomous.
gik, past of
gaa.
Glide,
n.
banquet, feast; hal, c.
banquet-hall;
skrud, n. festive
attire.
git, ooH./orglvet.
Sfive,
v. s.
give, grant ;
I
rl, liberate
;
slg, yield, subside,
betake one's
self; s, [155], be,
be found.
gjaldt,
past of gjaelde.
Gjed.c. goat.
gjekke,
v. w.
dupe, mystify,
gjemme,
v. w,
hide, lay by, keep.
Gjen-fo'delse, regeneration.
gjen-glve,
v. s.
render, express, repro-
duce.
Gjen-gjaeld,
c.
return, requital; 'e,
v. w.
repay,
return.
gjen-kjende,
v. w.
recognize.
gjennem,
through.
gjennem-forske,
sift
thoroughly.
Gjennem-fb'relse, execution, per-
formance.
gjennem-leve,
v. w. live
through;
Ise, experience.
gjennem-traenge,
v. w.
permeate.
Gjen-skaber-magt,
c. recreative
pow-
er.
Gjen-reisning, re-erection,
restora-
tion.
Gjen-stand,
c.
object; subject.
Gjen-svar,
n. answer.
gjen-tage,
v. s.
repeat; nde,
or
gjentagne
Gange, repeatedly.
gjen-vakt,
re-awakened.
gjen-vlnde,
v. s.
regain.
gjerne, willingly;
vllle
,
be in-
clined;
vilde
,
would
like, [173]-
Gjerning, action,
work.
gjeste,
v. w. visit.
gjest-frl, hospitable; bed, hospi-
tality.
gjaelde,
v. s.
concern,
be a
question (or
matter) of;
hold
good,
be true.
gjasrende, fermenting.
gjaev,
excellent.
gjo,
v. w.
bark, bay.
gjod,#aso/gyde.
gjore,
v. m. do.
glad, glad, happy.
Glam, n.
baying, cry.
Clans, c.
splendor, luster;
med
,
brilliantly.
Glas,
n.
glass.
glat, smooth, shining; te, v. w.
smooth,
soften.
glemme,
v. w.
forget.
Glem~mig-ei,
c.
forget-me-not.
Glemsels-gang,
c. the
way
of obliv-
ion
; gaa ,
sail the seas of obliv-
ion.
glide
297 halm
glide,
v. .
slip, glide.
glimrende,
brilliant.
Glintt, n.
gleam, glimpse; vis,
ad.
by glimpses,
in flashes.
glise,
v. w. show the teeth.
glitre,
v. w.
glitter, gleam.
glo,
v. w. stare.
glytte,
v. w,
peep,
glfede,
v. w,
please;
v. refl. rejoice;
,c. joy, gladness; lig, happy.
joyful.
GI9d,
c.
glow.
gnage,
v. s.
gnaw.
Qnier,
c.
miser, niggard.
Gnist,
o.
spark.
god, good:
vaere for,
be able.
god-mo'dig,
good-natured;
bed,
good nature,
bonhomie,
godt,
ad.
well, [164] ; gjore,
v. m.
make
good, prove.
graa, gray ; ne,
v. w.
grow gray ;
nende, 'gray growing,' grizzled.
Graa-ben,
coll.
for
Ulv.
Graad,
c.
crying, weeping.
graadig, greedy.
Graa-gaas,
c.
gray goose.
Graa-tass, o. coll.
for
Ulv.
Graa-velrs-sjsel,
'
gloomy-
weather
soul,' hypochondriac.
Grad,
c. degree.
Grande,
c.
neighbor.
Grand-mand, o, neighbor.
Gran-11,
c.
pine-slope.
Gransker,
o.
investigator;
Forsker
og , original investigator.
Granskning, investigation.
grave,
v. s.
dig.
Grav-ol.n.
funeral
(feast).
grel, plain,
disentangled.
Gren,
o. branch.
Grenade'r,
c.
grenadier.
Greve. c. count.
grine,
v.'s.
grin.
Grls,
o.
pig, hog.
gruble,
v. w.
brood, ponder.
Grumhed, cruelty.
Grund, c.
ground, cause, foundation,
bottom;
i
en,
in
reality;
for-
hold,
n. fundamental
relation;
ig, thorough,
solid
; lov,
c. con-
stitution; lov-givende,
consti-
tutional; laegge,
v. w.
found,
es-
tablish.
grunde,
v. w.
meditate; nde,
medi-
tative.
Gruppe,
c.
group.
Gry,
n. dawn.
grade,
v. s.
weep, cry.
Graker,
c. Greek.
Grand, c, neighborhood.
Gr
sense, c.
boundary,
border.
Gras, n.
grass ; ning, grazing, pas-
ture; torv,
c. sod.
grask,
Greek.
Grav,
n.
pick-ax.
gron, green; Hg, greenish.
Gubbe,
c. old man.
Gud, God
; doms-magt,
o. divine
power; ske-Iov,
thank heaven!
gu
I, yellow; brandet, brindled;
ne,
v. w. fade.
guld-lagt,
inlaid with
gold.
Gulv,
n.
floor; klaede, n.
carpet.
Gunst,
o. favor.
Gut,
o.
( ter), boy,
lad.
gyde,
v. s.
pour, shed; slg,
diffuse
itself.
gylden, golden,
Gylden-lak,
c. wallflower.
Gyldighed, validity,
gynge,
v. w.
rock, swing.
H
ha,
coll.
for
have.
Haab, n.
hope ; los, hopeless.
Haan,
c.
scorn; Hg,
scornful.
Haand,
o.
(Haender), hand; bag,
back of the
hand; greb,
n.
grasp,
manipulation:
klaede,
n.
towel;
slag,
n.
clasp
of the
hand;
sverd,
n. broad-sword.
haant, scornfully;
lade
om, dis-
dain.
Haar,
n. hair.
haard, hard, severe; fdr,
hardy;
bed, severity.
Had,
n.
hate,
hatred
; e, v. w,
hate;
e-fuld,
hateful.
hadde,
coll. for
havde.
Hage,
c. chin.
hagle,
v. w. hail.
hakke,
v. w.
hack, peck.
Hal, c. hall.
Hale,
c. tail.
Halling-kast,
n. somersault.
Halm
,
o. straw
;
visk
, wisp
of straw.
hals 298 Hlsto'riker
Hals, c. neck.
halv, half; fjerdlg, half-formed,
(or done); holt,
in a low
voice;
taaget, misty.
Halvt, Haelvt, c. half,
hamre, v. w.
hammer,
throb.
ban, he.
handle,
v. w.
act; om,
treat of.
Handling,
deed.
Hane, c.
cock,
rooster.
Hang,
n.
drapery;
Bladenes
=
Bladhang, foliage.
hans,
his.
bar, pres. of
have.
Hare,
c. hare.
Harme,
c.
wrath,
resentment.
Harpe,
c.
harp.
haste,
v. w. hasten.
Hat, c. hat.
Hassel-busk,
c. hazel bush.
Hast-verk, n. haste.
Haug,
c.
mound,
hill.
Hav,
n.
sea, ocean; rand, c. horizon
(on
the
sea) ; strenk, n.
spray.
Have, o.
garden.
have,
v. ir.
have, [129].
Havn, o. harbor
; 16s, harborless.
hed.past of
hede.
hede, hedde, v. s. be
called,
be said.
Hede, c. heath.
Hednlng,
heathen.
Hefte,
n. hilt.
lief
tig,
vehement
; bed, vehemence.
Hei, c.
(mountain) ridge.
Heire, c. heron.
Heg,
o. bird
cherry.
Heks, c.
witch, hag.
hel, whole; sklndet,
*
whole-
skinned,' safely.
Helbred, c. health.
Held, n. success.
Helge-dag,
c.
holiday,
Sabbath.
heller, either;
ikke
, nor.
hellig, holy; dag,
c.
holy-day, e,
v. w. hallow.
heist,
especially, preferably, [173].
Helt, c. hero.
hemrne, v. w.
check,
restrain.
Hemmelighed,
secret.
hen, ne,
[171], away, off, yonder.
hen-blaane, v. w.
vanish,
dissolve
(in
the dim
distance).
hende, her.
hen-given,
devoted.
hen-i-mod, near, almost,
towards.
hen-kaste, cast
away,
throw.
hen-over, along.
hen-rykt, enraptured.
Hen-rykkelse, rapture, ecstasy.
Hense'ende, c.
respect, regard.
hen-suite, v. w.
starve, pass
in starva-
tion.
Hen-syn,
n.
respect, regard,
refer-
ence,
consideration .
Hensyns-loshed,
recklessness.
hen-slccnge,
v. w.
fling
out
(or away).
hente,
v. w.
fetch, bring.
hen-torre, v. w. wither
away.
hen-vende, v. w.
turn; sigtll, ap-
ply
to.
her, here.
Her-berge,
n.
inn, lodgings.
herje,
v. w.
harry,
harass.
hirlig, grand, magnificent; bed,
glory, grandeur.
herske, v. w.
rule, prevail.
Hersker-rost,
sovereign
voice
(or
sway).
Herre, c.
lord, master, gentleman;
domme, n. dominion
; 18s,
masterless.
her-til,
to
this, hitherto; kommer,
add to
this,
Hertug,
c. duke.
her-ved, by this, hereby.
Hest, c. horse.
Hevn,
c.
revenge, vengeance; e, v.
w.
avenge,
take
revenge ; gjer-
righed,
vindictiveness.
hid, hither.
hid.se, v. w.
incite,
set
on, urge.
hll, hail.
hilse, v. w.
salute, hail; n, c.
greet-
ing.
Himmel, c.
sky, heaven; sk,
heavenly.
bin, that, [60];
the
former,
the
other.
hln-a'nden, each
other, [72],
Hindring,
obstacle.
hist, yonder; og her, here and
there
; oppe, yonder,
on
high.
Histo'rie,
c.
story, history;
skriv-
ning,
historical
writing; time,
history
hour
(or recitation).
Histo'riker, c. historian.
histo'rlsk
Haeg
hlsto'rlsk,
historical.
Hitte-barn,
n.
waif, foundling.
hjalp, past of hjaelpe.
Hjelin,
c. helmet.
Hjem,
n. home.
hjem,
me, home,
at
home, [171];
ad.
homeward; me-fra,
from
home;
me-lavet, home
made;
Hg,
a.
home, domestic; over,
homeward.
Hjerne,
c. brain.
Hjerte,
n. heart
; lag,
n.
disposition ;
ligge
en
paa ,
have at
heart;
Hg, hearty,
cordial.
Hjord,
c. herd.
HJul,n. wheel; rund, wheel-shaped,
round.
hjselpe,
v. s.
help, assist;
mlddel,
n.
aid, means, help.
Hjorne,
n. corner.
Hode,
coll. for
Moved.
Hold, n.
range.
holde, v. s.
hold, keep, halt; (of
size) stand; reft,
hold one's
own,
prevail ; op, cease, stop ; oppe,
maintain; paa, keep on; ved,
keep
on.
holdent, entirely.
Hop,
n.
leap,
bound.
Horn, n, horn, drinking
horn,
Horn-briller, pi.
horn-rimmed
spec-
tacles.
hos, with, by, among.
Hote'l,
n.
hotel,
mansion.
Hoved, n.
head; aarsag,
chief
cause ;
opgaye,
c.
principal
task
;
rplle,
c. chief
role; sagelig,
main, principal; ssede,
n.
princi-
pal
seat.
Hr.
=
Herr, o.
Mr.,
sir.
Hu,
c.
mind, mood; ko'mmelse,
memory.
Hue, c.
cap, hood; skygge,
o.
peak
or visor
(of
a
cap).
Hug, Huk,
c. haunch
;
saette
sig paa ,
crouch, squat.
Hugg,
n.
blow, stroke; e,
v. w. &
s.
chop,
hew.
Hug-sot,
c. mind disease.
Hul, n. hole.
hule, v. w. hollow.
Humle, c.
hops ; gist, point ;
det som
er
n,
what's more.
Humor, c.
humor,
facetiousness
Humo'r, n.
humor, mood, temper.
Hunger,
c.
hunger; s=no'd, c. fam-
ine.
Hus, n.
house; e,
v. w. house.
Husbond, c.
master,
husband.
huske, v. w. remember.
Husmand, c.
tenant, cottier, crofter;
s-plads,
c. cottier's
place.
Hustru, c. wife.
hu-sva'le,
v. w.
soothe, solace,
hvad, what,
Hvalp,
c.
whelp, puppy.
hvas, sharp.
hvem, who.
hven, past of hvlne.
hver, hvert, [60], each, every;
andre,
each
other, [72];
mand,
every body.
Hver-dag,
c.
week-day.
hverken . . . eller, neither . . .
nor.
hverve, v. w. enlist.
hvl, poet, for hvorfor, why.
hvid,
white.
hvile,
v. w.
[no, a], rest; dag,
o.
day
of rest.
hvilken, [58], which,
what.
hvine, v, s.
shriek,
whistle.
Hvirvel,
o.
whirl;
slaa
,
beat a
roll.
hvirvle,
v. w. whirl.
hvis, whose, [79].
hvis, if.
hviske, v. w.
wnisper.
hvo, who, [86, a].
hvor, where,
how
(see hvor-ledes);
al, whereof; dan, how,
how-
ever;
for, why; fra, whence;
1, wherein; ledes,
how,
how-
ever; med, wherewith; om,
whereof, concerning
whom
[i8l;
somhelst, wheresoever; til,
whereto, wherefore, why.
Hyl,
n.
howl, howling; e,
v. w.
howl.
hylle,
v. w.
wrap,
cover.
Hynde,
n. cushion.
hyPPte. frequent.
hys,
hush.
Hytte,
c.
hut, cottage.
Harder, c.
honor, glory; baaret,
crowned with
glory; s-mand, o.
man of honor,
hiedre,
v. w. honor.
Hseg,
o.
cherry.
hajlde 300
Ind-prentning
ha?Ide, v. w.
rake,
incline,
hsende, u. w.
happen.
hasndig, handy,
dexterous.
hfenge,
v. s.
hang, depend ;
v, w. trans,
hang.
Haenge-birk,
c.
weeping
birch.
Hser,
c.
army, host; bevaeger,
o.
exhorter of an
army ;
bonde, c.
yeoman;
inand, o.
warrior;
raab,
n.
war-cry,
hsirde, v. w.
temper,
steel.
hseslig, hideous,
horrible, ugly.
haev, good,
clever.
ha;ve, v. w.
raise, exalt; refl,
rise.
hajvde, v. w.
maintain, assert;
Ise,
insistence.
H
vaelv, n.
arch,
vault
;
e, v. w.
arch,
vault.
Ho, n.
hay; folk, pi. haymakers.
HSi,
c.
mound, height,
hoi,
high, tall; t, loud.
HOl-billede, n. bold
image.
hoi-byrdig, high-born.
hb'i-hjertet, high-minded,
noble.
Hdi-mo'dighed, magnanimity,
hoine, v. w. refl. rise.
noire,
the
right (hand) ;
-
ret, right
dress 1
hoi-sindet, high-minded,
noble.
Hoi-saede,
n.
high-seat,
seat of honor.
hiH-tl'delig, solemn, pompous,
hoit-staaende,
in
high position.
hb're, v. w.
hear;
s,
sounds; til,
belong
to.
Host,
c.
harvest, autumn; e, v. w,
harvest, reap.
Hovding, chief,
chieftain.
I, pi.
of du
[70].
i, in,
for.
i-a'gt-tage,
v. s. observe
; Ise, obser-
vation; nde, observant.
i-a'I-fald, (see Paid),
at
any rate,
at
all events.
i-bla'ndt, among;
ad,
occasionally.
1-da'g, to-day.
Ide',
c.
idea; anfSrer,
c. leader in
thought.
Idea'l, n, ideal.
Idelig, perpetual.
i-de't, as.
i-det-ml'ndste, at least.
Idraets-mand, c.
sportsman,
athlete.
i-fd'lge,
in
consequence
of.
i-fore, v. w.
refl.
dress, put
on.
igje'n, again,
back.
i-ho'b,
in a
heap, together.
i-hje'l,
ad. to death.
ikke,
not.
Ilde, badly.
lld-hus, n.
(old Norse)
kitchen.
He, v. w. hasten.
Illusio'n, c. illusion.
i-me'ns, ime'dens,
while,
meanwhile.
t-mi'dler-tid, meanwhile.
i-mo'd,
against, toward, compared
with.
1-mo'rgen,
to-morrow.
1-mo'de, (see Mode), toward;
komrnenhed, courtesy, indulgence,
graciousness.
Impu'ls,
c.
impulse.
ind, -e, [171], in,
into.
ind-ad, inward; vendt, introspec-
tive.
ind-bilde, v, w,
refl, imagine.
Ind-bringe,
v, m.
bring, yield.
Ind-bydelse,
invitation.
ind-byrdes, mutually.
inde-lukke,
v. w, lock
up,
shut in.
inden,
within
(of time);
i> within;
ifra,
from within.
Inderlig, sincere, very.
inderst,
innermost.
inde=staa, v, s. be
responsible.
Ind-fald, n.
joke, sally.
Ind-flydelse,
influence.
ind-gaa,
v. s,
enter,
contract.
Ind-gang,
c. entrance.
ind-gribende, momentous,
vital.
Ind-hold,
n.
content, quality.
indigne'ret, indignant.
ind-i-mellem, among.
Indivi'd,
n. individual.
ind-kletnt, contracted,
narrow.
Ind-komst,
c.
revenue,
income.
ind-lede,
v. w.
introduce, inaugurate.
Ind-le'dning,
introduction.
indole'nt, indolent.
ind-om, ad. in.
ind-prente,
v. w.
impress,
inculcate.
Ind-prentning, inculcation,
enforce-
ment.
indre 801 kjede
indre, inner, internal,
interior
; ,
n.
interior,
heart.
ind-rede,
v. w. fit
up,
furnish.
ind-se,
v. s.
see, comprehend.
ind-tage,
v. s.
take, occupy.
ind-trcenge,
v. w.
intrude,
invade.
Indvortes,
internal.
Ingen,
no
one, no, [94];
lunde,
[167], by
no means.
1-na't, to-night.
Intere'sse, c.
interest;
're,
v. w. in-
terest.
Inlet,
n. of Ingen, [94].
Is,
c.
ice; dryp,
n.
icy dripping;
daekket, ice-covered; slag,
n.
sleet.
Is-landsk,
Icelandic.
Is-Iaender,
Icelander.
isole're,
v. w. isolate.
Isse,
c.
crown,
head.
1-sta'nd-bringe,
v. m.
bring about,
put together.
l-ste'den, iste'det,
instead of.
Isas'r, especially.
i-tu',
to
pieces,
asunder.
i-ve'rk;
ssette
, put
into
effect,
ac-
complish.
Iver,
c. zeal.
Ivrig, zealous,
ardent.
ja, yes, well, [186]; ja, Ja, very well;
vi'st,
of
course, certainly.
Jag,
n.
chase, pursuit ; e,
v. s.
drive,
chase,
hunt.
Jagt,
c.
hunt, chase;
hund,
c.
hound.
Jammer,
c.
wailing, misery.
jamre,
v. w.
refl. moan,
whine.
Jarl,
c. earl.
leg,
I.
Jente, c.
girl.
Jern,
n. iron.
Jern-bane-vogn,
c.
railway
car.
Jern-byrd,
ordeal
by
fire.
Jern-sko-hsjl,
c. iron heel.
Jevn, even, level; e, v. w.
even,
level; t, steadily.
Jo, yes, [170, 8]; indeed, why, [186].
Jord, c.
earth, ground;
bund,
c.
soil; magneti'sme,
c. terrestrial
magnetism ; vei,
c. land.
Jorde, n. field.
Jubel, c. exultation.
juble,
v. w.
exult, shout;
ud,
ex-
claim
exultantly.
Juli, July.
jumpe,
v. w.
co?Z., jump.
Juri'disk, juridical,
in law.
Jode, c.
Jew,
Israelite.
kaad, wanton, frolicsome, frisky;
bed,
wantonness.
Kaar,
n.
(=),
condition.
kaare,
v. w.
choose,
select.
Kaffe,
c. coffee.
Kakkel-ovn, c. stove.
Kald,
n.
call, calling.
Kalk,
c.
chalice, cup.
Kamsner, n. chamber.
Kamera't,
c. comrade.
Kamp,
c.
combat, struggle; r8d,
blood-red.
kan-ske, perhaps, [166].
Kant,
c.
edge, side, quarter, part;
fra . . .
Kant,
on the
part of;
paa
en
, muddled,
on a
spree.
Kapi'tel,
n.
chapter.
Kappe,
c.
cloak,
mantle.
kappes,
v. w.
vie,
emulate.
Kaptei'n, captain.
Karakte'r,
c. character.
karde,
v. w.
card;
fra
slg,
finish
carding; ,
c. card.
Kare't,
c. coach.
Karl, c.
man,
fellow.
Karm, c. carriage.
kaste,
v. w.
cast, throw;
Jord
paa,
bury ; sig over,
devote one's self
to.
Kaste-bold, c. hand-ball.
Kaste-spyd,
n.
javelin.
Kasti'lien,
Castile.
Kategori',
c.
category.
Kate'der, n.
(master's) desk,
seat.
kave,
v. w.
bustle, sprawl.
kavende, (cm intensive) genuine,
un-
adulterated.
Keiser,
c.
emperor.
kige, kikke,
v. w.
peep.
Kind,
n. cheek.
Kirke,
c.
[22],
church; bakke,
c.
'church-hill'; gaard,
c. church-
yard; gulv,
n. church floor.
Kiste,
c.
chest, coffin;
bund, c.
bottom of a chest.
kjede,
v. w.
tire, weary,
feel the tedi-
um of.
kjende Kongs-emne
kjende,
v. w.
feel, know,
be
acquaint-
ed
with; igjen, recognize;
Us,
recognizable;
merke,
n.
mark,
sign,
criterion.
KjendS'gjerning,
fact.
Kjendskab,
n.
knowledge, acquaint-
ance.
Kjortel,
c.
kirtle,
coat.
Kyst,
c.
coast;
stribe, c.
strip
of
coast.
kjoik,
brave.
kjeempe,
v. w.
fight, battle, struggle.
Kjajmpe,
c.
champion, hero; rad,
c. 'line of
champions,' army.
kjaer, dear,
fond; lig, kind,
affec-
tionate; lighed, love,
affec-
tion.
KJserring,
c.
(coll. for Kone),
wom-
an, wife; tul,
n. nonsense.
kjievles,
v. w.
wrangle, quarrel.
kjobe,
v. w.
buy.
Kjol,
c. keel.
kjon, comely, dapper, jaunty.
Kjor, pi. of
Ko.
kjore,
v. w.
drive,
ride
(in
a
carriage) ;
haul.
klage,
v. w.
complain; maal,
n.
grievance, complaint.
Klamp,
c.
clog,
hobble.
Klang,
c.
sound, ring, chink, clang;
Sang og ,
a
jingling
din of words.
klappe,
t>. w,
pat,
caress.
klar, clear, bright; gjore,
v. m.
make clear.
Klasse, c. class.
Klave,
c.
(cow's) bow,
or
collar;
bundne, pi.
stabled
(heads
of cat-
tle).
Klein
,
c.
paa , ajar.
klemme, v. w.
squeeze.
klinge,
v. s.
sound, ring,
seem.
Klippe,
c. cliff
,
rock.
klippe,
v. w.
clip,
cut.
klods, close; indpaa, immediately
adjacent.
klog, wise, clever; skab, sagac-
ity.
Klokke,
bell, clock; r,
sexton, pre-
centor.
klore, v. w. scratch.
Kloster,
n.
cloister, monastery.
Klud, c.
rag.
Kluk,
trill,
carol.
klumpe,
v. w.
clot; sammen,
con-
solidate.
Klynge,
c.
cluster, clump, group ; ,
v. w.
cling.
klyve, v. s.
climb,
clamber.
klaede, v, w.
clothe, dress,
deck.
Kinder, pi.
clothes.
klo, v. w. scratch.
Kloft, c. cleft.
klov-belagt, loaded, packed ;
-
Hest,
pack-horse.
Knap,
c.
button; pe,
v. w. button.
knap, scant;
ad.
scarcely,
scant-
ily.
knarte, v. w. hack.
Kniplings-.shawl,
n. lace shawl.
knirke,
v. w.
creak,
crackle.
knistre,
v. w.
whimper.
Knfv, c. knife.
Knokkel.c. bone; mand, c. Death.
Knop,
c. bud.
Knude, c. knot.
knuge,
v. w.
press, oppress,
be
op-
pressive; nde, oppressively.
knuse, v. w, crush.
Knee, n. knee.
knaekke, v. s.
crack,
break.
knaile, v. w. kneel.
Ko,
c.
(Kjor) , cow.
Kobbel, n.
leash, strap: lank, c.
chain.
koge,
v. w.
boil,
seethe.
kold, cold.
Koll,
c.
knoll,
mountain
top.
Kolle'ga,
c.
colleague.
kombine're, combine.
kommande're, v. w. command.
komme, v. s.
come;
i
Hu, remem-
ber; ,
n.
coming; efter,
find
out.
Konce'pt,
c.
rough draught;
komme
ud af
erne,
be disconcerted.
Kone,
c.
wife,
woman.
Konge,
c.
king.
Konge=dragt,
c.
royal
robe.
Konge-domme,
n.
kingdom.
Konge=ferd,
c.
royal expedition.
kongelig, royal.
Konge-saga,
c.
saga (history)
of a
(Norse) king.
Konge-stol,
c. throne.
Kongs-emne,
n.
(see Emne),
'such
stuff as
kings
are made
of,
'
heir-
apparent, heir-presumptive;
usu-
ally
rendered
pretender.
Kongs-gaard
303 Lanse
Kongs-gaard,
c.
royal estate, palace.
Konsona'nt, c. consonant.
konstitutione'I, constitutional.
Konto'r, n.
office, study.
Kopper, pi. small-pox.
Kors, n. cross.
kort, short; hed,
brevity; varig,
of short duration.
Kost,
c.
food,
fare.
kostelig, precious, costly.
krabbe, v. w. crawl.
Kraft,
c.
(Kraefter), strength, power,
vigor, force;
I
af, by
virtue
of;
fuld, powerful.
krampagtig, spasmodic,
vehement.
kranse, v. w.
wreathe,
encircle.
Krappe-rum,
n. the 'strait
room,'
a
place
in an ancient
ship
of
war,
the third from the stern.
Krat, n.
copse,
thicket.
Krav,
n.
(
=
),
claim.
Kreds, c. circle
; e,
v. w. circle.
krible, v. w.
thrill, tingle.
kridende, (from Kridt, chalk);
hvld, white as
chalk, [169].
Krlg,
c. war.
Kriger-folk,
n. warlike
people,
nation
of warriors.
Krigs-raab,
n. war
cry.
Krigs-skole,
c.
military academy.
kristen,
Christian; dom, c. Chris-
tianity.
Kriti'k, c. criticism.
kritisk, critical.
Krog,
c.
nook,
corner.
Krone, c. crown.
Krop,
c.
body, (p. 19, *)
krumme, v. w. bend.
Krusning, ripple.
krseve, v. w.
demand, ask, crave.
kr6ge,
v. w.
bend, crook,
curve.
Krbnike, c.
chronicle,
annals.
Kubbe, c.
block, stump, log; stol,
c. rustic chair.
kue, v. w.
subdue, check, repress.
Kugle,
c.
bullet,
ball.
Kulde, c. cold.
Kultu'r-for-nyelse,
cultural
regener-
ation, renaissance.
kun,
only.
Kundskab, c.
knowledge,
informa-
tion; s-rlg, well-informed.
kunne, v. tr.
can,
be
able, [141].
Kunst,
c.
art; nerisk, artistic.
Kusk, c. coachman.
krybe,
v. s.
creep.
Kvad, n.
song, lay.
kvamne, v. w.
suffocate,
stifle.
Kvarte'r, n.
quarter (of
an
ell;
6
in.)
kvldre, v. w.
chirp,
twitter.
Kveld, c.
evening;
I
,
this
evening,
[165] ;
om
en,
in the
evening.
Kvinde, c. woman.
Kvist, c.
twig; e, v. w.
strip.
Kvaede, n.
poem, lay ; ,
v. s,
sing,
chant,
indite a
poem.
Kvasg,
n. cattle.
kvsege,
v. w. refresh.
kvaegsom, refreshing,
kysse,
v. w. kiss.
Kyst,
o. coast.
kask, [31, a],
see
kjask.
la, coll. for lade, [161],
and
lagde.
laa, past of ligge.
Laag,
n.
cover,
lid.
Laar, n.
thigh.
Laas, c.
lock, latch; e, v. w. lock.
Lab,
c.
paw.
lade, v. s.
let, leave, have; som,
act as if.
Lade,
c. barn.
Laft, c, coin,
corner
joint (of
a
log
house) ; og
Lofte,
'
roof and raf-
ter.'
lagde, past of laegge.
lage,
v. w. make.
lam, palsied; me, v, w.
paralyze.
Lampe,
c.
lamp.
Land, n.
land, country.
Land=fa?ste,
n.
land-tie, mooring.
land-Ios, landless.
Land-nams-mand, c.
early
settler
(in Iceland).
Lands-mand, o.
countryman,
com-
patriot.
Lands-
ret, public
law.
lang, long; s,
along;
se t
paa,
cast a
lingering
look at
; skib, n.
(ancient)
war
ship; synt,
far-
sighted.
langsom, slow; t,
slowly, [164,1]
.
Lanse, c.
spear,
lance.
Larm
304 lokke
Larm, c.
noise,
din.
Last, c, burden, charge; laegge
til
, charge against one;
e,
v. w.
blame,
censure.
Last, c.
vice, depravity.
Latter,
c.
laughter ; d6r,
c.
'
laugh-
ter-door
'
;
slaa doren
op,
burst
out
laughing.
lav, low, base;
hed,
baseness.
lave.v.
w.
(with til), prepare.
le,
v. s. laugh.
led, past of
lide.
lede, v, w.
lead, guide; r,
c.
guide.
Ledig-gjaenger,'c. idler,
loafer.
Ledsager,
c.
companion, guide.
Leg,
c.
game,
play;
e,
v. w.
play;
ende, sportive.
Leg, Legg,
c
stem,
trunk
(of
a
tree).
Lega't,
n.
legacy, bequest.
Legetne,
n.
body.
Leie, n. couch.
Leilighed,
occasion.
Lelr,
c.
camp;
slaa
, pitch camp,
do
battle; e,
v. w.
encamp,
settle.
Lekse, o.
lesson,
task.
Lektor,
c. lecturer.
Lem, c. shutter.
lempe,
v. w.
adjust,
accomodate.
Lender-mand,
c.
feudatory, liegeman,
baron.
lepje,
v. w.
lap.
Ler, n.
clay.
Lerke, c. lark.
let, easy ;
have
for, find it
easy ;
hed, ease, facility; te, v. w.
lift, lighten, ease,
relieve
;
te
paa,
raise; ^roen, credulous.
Let, c.
hue, (natural)
color.
leve, v. w.
live; dygtighed,
vital-
ity.
LI,
c.
slope,
hillside.
lide,
v. s.
suffer, endure; nde,
suf-
fering.
lide,
v, s.
(of time)
wear
on,
wane.
lide, v. s.
(with paa) depend upon,
trust.
liden, small, [58]; lidt, a
little,
slightly,
somewhat.
Lidenskab, c.
passion.
liflig, delicious,
delectable.
Lig,
n.
corpse; ravn,
c. raven of
death.
Hg, like, similar; ere,
more fit-
ting.
llge,
a.
straight; direct; ens,
the
same
way ; ,
ad.
directly, exactly.
lige-frem, direct, downright, posi-
tive.
llge-fuldt, just
the same.
lige-gyldig,
indifferent.
lige-over-for,
in view
of,
in
regard
to.
lige-saa, just as, equally.
lige-saa-vel, just
as well.
lige-sotn, as,
as
if,
as it were.
lige=til,
a. and ad.
plain, straight-
forward.
lige-vel,
nevertheless.
ligge,
v. s.
lie,
recline.
Liggende-fae, pi.
treasures.
ligne,
v. w. be
like, resemble; nde,
similar.
Ligning, equation.
Lig-straa, (see Lig
and
Straa) ; laegge
paa ,
to
lay
out
(of
the
dead).
Lilje,
c.
lily.
Hlle.de/. o/
liden.
Linea'l, o. ruler.
Linje,
c.
line,
row.
Hste,
v. w. refl. (with til) ,
obtain sur-
reptitiously,
steal unto one's self.
Literatu'r,
o. literature.
Htera;'r, literary.
Liv, n. waist.
Liv,
n. life; lig, vivacious,
ani-
mated; los,
lifeless.
Livs, (in compounds)
:
vilkaar, n.
condition of
life; faktor, c. con-
stituent of
life; for=nodenhed,
requisite
of
life;
folelse,
animal
spirit; forelse,
conduct of
life;
gjerning, life-work; glasde,
c.
joy
of
life, good
cheer
; gnist,
c.
spark
of
life; haab,
n.
hope
of
life; kilde, c. source of
life;
kraft, c.
vitality;
larm, c. din of
of
life; magt,
c. vital
force;
mod, n.
courage
of
life, spirit;
regel,
rule of
life; saed, c. seed
of
life; uge,
c. life-
week; vei,
c. livelihood.
Livsens, [see 53, d]; strid,
c. bat-
tle of life and death.
LJaa,
c.
scythe.
Ljore,
c.
smoke-escape (opening
in
the
roof) ;
louver.
lod, past of
lade.
Loft, Lofte,
n.
loft, ceiling.
logre,
v. w.
wag
the tail.
lokke,
v. w. entice.
Lomme 305 maatte
Lomme, c.
pocket;
tor-klade,
n.
handkerchief.
Lov,
n.
leave, permission.
Lov,
c.
law, statute; paragraf,
c.
statute.
Lov,
c. & n.
praise,
commendation.
love,
v. tv.
promise.
lovte
=
lovede
(see love), [no].
Lue,
c. flame.
Luft,
c.
air, atmosphere; vent;
syn,
n. meteor.
luge,
v. w weed.
Lugg,
c.
forelock,
coll. hair of the
head.
Lugt,
c.
odor, fragrance;
e,
v.w.
smell,
scent.
lukke,
v. w.
close; op, open.
lun, cozy.
Lund,
c.
grove.
Lune, c.
whim, humor,
mood.
lunkeh, lukewarm.
Lur,
c.
loor, alpine
horn.
luske,
v. w. skulk.
lutre, v. w.
purify.
Ly,
n. shelter.
Lyd,
c.
sound, noise; e,
v. w.
sound.
lyde,
v. s.
(= ad-lyde), obey.
Lyde,
c.
blemish,
fault.
Lykke,
c.
luck, fortune; s, v. w.
[151].
succeed; lig, fortunate,
happy.
n, n.
lightning; e, v. w.
flash,
ighten.
Lyng,
c. & n.
heather; top,
heath-
er-bell.
Lyriker,
c.
lyricist.
lys, light, lucid, bright; ,
n.
light,
candle
; e, v. w.
shine, give light,
announce; ende,
bright, shining;
t, ad.
cheerily.
Lyst,
c.
desire, pleasure; e, v.w.
desire; Ig, merry, gay,
humor-
ous.
Lysning, (see lyse),
banns.
lytte,
v. w. listen.
Lsebe, c.
lip.
liege,
v. w.
heal; dom,
healing
power.
laegge,
v. m.
lay, place, put; an,
take
aim;
for
Dagen, manifest;
slg til, invest
in, get.
laekker, dainty.
Irene, v. w. lean,
Lasngde,
c.
length;
i
n,
eventually,
ultimately.
laenge, long (of time).
lasnges,
t>. w.
long, yearn.
Laengsel,
c.
yearning, longing.
laengte,
v. w. see
laenges.
lard, learned, (of
a
school) high;
en
,
a scholar.
Ljerdom, c.
learning,
erudition.
laere, v. w.
learn, teach; ,
c. doc-
trine; r,
c. teacher.
Iser-villig, apt, willing
to learn.
Laes, n. load.
lBse, v. w.
read, study.
Lsesning, reading.
leeske,
v. w. slake,
refresh.
Lob,
n.
lapse, course, run; e,
v. w.
run, pass.
lod, past of lyde.
lofte, v. w.
lift; refl. arise,
rise.
Lb'fte, n.
promise.
Lb'ftning, poop (of
a
vessel).
Lb'gn,
c.
lie,
falsehood.
Lb'itnant, c. lieutenant.
Lon,
c.
reward; ne, v. w. reward.
Londom;
i
,
in secret.
Lordag,
c.
Saturday.
16s, loose; sty
rte
paa, attack,
ad-
vance
against; e, v. w.
loosen,
release, solve; ne, v. w.
loosen,
start;
ne et
Hugg,
deliver a
blow; sluppen, unpent,
unre-
strained.
Losen,
n. watchword.
Lov, n.
leaf, foliage; parti,
n.
wooded
stretch; tung,
leaf-
laden, leafy.
Love,
c. lion.
M
maa, pres. of
maatte.
Maade, c.
manner, mode, way.
maage,
v. w. clean
(a stable).
Maage,
c.
gull,
mew.
Maal, n.
language, speech; stue,
c.
(Old Norse) public
hall.
Maal, n.
measure, goal, destination,
object.
Maal=tid, n. meal.
Maane,
c. moon.
Maaned, c. month.
maaske',
[166], perhaps, maybe,
maatte, v. ir.
may, must,
be
obliged,
[140].
Mad
Morgeh
Mad, c. food.
Mada'me, c. mistress.
mage-los, matchless, unparalleled.
mager, thin, gaunt,
emaciated.
magne'tisk, magnetic.
Magt, c.
power, strength ; stilling,
position
of influence or
authority.
magt-paa-liggende, important;
min-
dre
,
of less
consequence.
male,
v. w.
paint.
man, one,
a
person, [91],
Man, c.
mane,
head of hair.
Mand, c.
(Maend), man, husband;
eligen, manfully.
Mande-vid,
n.
(human)
wisdom,
mand-sterk,
in full
force;
vaere
ere, have more men.
mange-hodet, many-headed.
Mangel,
c.
lack, defect,
want.
mangen, many a, [59].
mang-fo'ldig, manifold,
multifari-
ous.
mangle,
v. w. be
wanting,
lack.
Manke, c.
withers;
sometimes incor-
rectly
used
for Man.
Mark, c.
fields, ground, land;
blomst,
c. wild flower.
Marmor, c. & n. marble.
marsche're,
v. w, march.
Maske, c. mesh.
Maski'ne, c.
machine; rl', n. ma-
chinery.
Masse, c.
mass, quantity.
Mast, c. mast.
Matemati'k, c. mathematics.
Matema'tiker, c.
mathematician.
Mave,
c.
stomach, belly.
med, with;
ad.
too;
ansvarlig,
co-
responsible ; bringe,
v. m.
bring
with,
one; dele.v.m.
give, impart;
delagtig,
a.
sharing in,
a
party
to; delelse,
communication,
ac-
count; gang,
c.
prosperity;
vind,
c. fair wind,
medens, while.
meget,
ad.
very.
Melk,
c.
milk; e-gjed,
c. milch-
goat.
mellem, between.
Melodi', c.
melody.
men, but.
mene, v. w.
think,
be of
opinion.
Mening,
c.
opinion,
intention.
Menneske, n.
man,
human
being,
person; hav, n. human
sea;
hed, mankind; lig, human;
liv, n. human life,
niens, medens, while.
mere, more.
Merke, n.
mark, notice, standard;
v.w.
observe, mark,
notice
;
vel at
,
nota
bene,
mind well
; lig,
re-
markable, notable; s-mand, c.
standard-bearer.
Middag,
c
noon.
Middel, n.
means, remedy.
Middel-alder, c. middle
age.
midt, ad.
straight, right.
mild,
mild, gentle; hed,
gentleness,
lenity; ne,
v. w.
mitigate; 8,
v. w.
abate, moderate, grow
mild.
min,
my, mine, [76].
Minde, n.
memory, remembrance;
s,
v . w.
[150],
Mindelse, monition, reminder.
mindre, (comp. o/liden), less; god,
not
very good.
Mis-kjendelse,
mis
judgment.
Mis-noie, n. &. c.
discontent,
dissatis-
faction.
Mis-stemning,
c.
ill-humor,
morose-
ness.
miste, v. w. lose.
Misu'ndelse, envy.
Mo, c. heath.
Mod, v.
courage,
cheer.
Mode'l, c. model.
Moder, c.
(Modre),
mother.
Modgang,
c.
adversity.
modifice're, v. w.
modify.
mod=sat,
opposite, contrary.
Mod-si'gelse,
contradiction.
Mod=stand, c.
resistance, opposition;
er,
c.
opponent.
mod-strebende, reluctantly.
Mod-sjEtning, contrast,
contradis-
tinction.
modtage,
v. s.
receive, accept;
Ise,
reception;
den
nde,
re-
cipient,
receiver.
Mod=vegt,
c,
counterpoise.
mon,
ad.
[170, 10],
I wonder.
Mongo'l,
c.
Mongol.
Mor, contr. of Moder.
Mora'l, c.
morals, ethics; ise're,
v. w.
moralize; i'st, c.
moralist;
sk, moral,
ethical.
more, v. w. amuse.
Morgen,
c.
morning;
om
en,
in the
Moro 307
Nord-Iaending
morning; blad, n.
morning paper,
(the
name of a Christiania
daily).
Moro,
c.
fun, curiosity.
tnorsom, jolly, interesting.
Mos, Mose, c.
moss; dot, c.
pinch
of moss.
Mose, gen. of Moses,
Moses,
mukke, v. w,
grumble.
Muld,
c. & n.
mold,
earth.
mulig, possible; gjb're,
v. m. make
possible;
bed,
c.
possibility.
mumle, v. w, mumble.
Munde'ring, uniform;
s-troie,
c,
regimental jacket.
munter, merry, jolly, cheerful;
bed, cheerfulness.
Mur,
c.
(stone)
wall.
Musi'k,
c. music.
myndig, imperious, authoritative;
of
age.
myrde,
v. w.
murder, slay.
Mytologi'
, c.
mythology.
Maegler,
c. mediator.
tnaegtig, mighty, great,
influential.
meet, sated, satisfied, full; te,
v.
w.
sate, satisfy.
Mo, c. maiden.
mode,
v. w.
meet; ,
n.
meeting.
modig, weary,
moiso'mmelig,
laborious.
M61,
n. moth.
monster-gyldig, model,
admirable.
monstre,
v. w.
inspect,
scan.
mor,
tender; banke, v. w. drub
soundly.
mork,
dark, gloomy; e, c. dark-
ness
; ne, v. w.
grow
dark
; rod,
deep
red.
N
naa, v. w.
reach, attain; frem,
reach the
goal,
succeed.
naa,
inter
j.
well.
Naade, c.
mercy, grace.
Naal, c. needle.
naar,
when, if, whenever, (p. 107, *).
Nabo,
c.
neighbor; gaard,
c.
neigh-
boring
farm.
Nag,
n. remorse.
Nakke, c.
neck; aag,
n.
yoke.
Nar,
c.
fool, dunce; re,
v. w. de-
ceive, dupe, trick; re-haette, c.
fool's
cap.
Nat, c.
(Natter), night.
Natio'n, c.
nation; s-bevidsthed,
national consciousness.
Natu'r, c.
nature; forsker, c. nat-
uralist,
scientist; videnskab,
c.
natural science.
Navn,
n.
name; give,
v. s,
name,
mention
by
name
; ku'ndig,
cele-
brated, renowned; lig, namely,
particularly.
ned,
[171], down; over, down,
downwards.
neden=fra, from
below,
from the
the
depths.
neden-under, below,
beneath.
Neder-lag,
n.
defeat,
overthrow.
nederst,
[68], lowest,
bottom.
ned=Iaase, v. tvt lock
up.
ned-la'dende, condescending.
ned-lasgge,
v. m.
deposit.
ned-ramme, v. w. ram down.
ned-slaa, v. s.
deject,
dishearten.
ned-stukken, (of
a
lance) resting
on
the
ground.
ned-styrtende, precipitous.
ned-sjette,
v. m. settle.
ned-trampet, [57, c.],
down-trodden.
Ned-vaerdigelse, degradation,
de-
basement.
nel,
ad. no.
neppe, scarcely.
Nes,
n.
point,
headland.
netop, just; dette,
this
very thing.
ni,
nine.
Nid-elven,
the river Nid.
Niding, c.nithing, coward;
s-verk,
7i. a
dastardly
deed.
nikke, v. w. nod.
Nisse,
c.
brownie,
'
little lad.'
nittende,
nineteenth.
nogen, noget, anyone, anything,
[03]; noget
af
hvert,
various
things.
nogen-sinde, [167],
ever.
nogle, pi. of nogen.
nok, enough; [186],
nok,
ad.
yet ; saa,
ever so.
Nord, nord, north;
en,
the North
(Scandinavia) ;
en-vind, c. north
wind; Jsk, northern; lig,
north-
erly; mand,
c.
Norseman,
Norwe-
gian ; paa,
in the north
(country) ;
sJ5,
c. North Sea.
Nord-Iaending,
Nordlander,
an in-
habitant or Nordland.
Norge Op-hold
Norge, Norway.
Norrig, poet
. for Norge.
norrb'n, Norse, northern; a-maal,
n. northern
speech.
norsk, Norwegian.
nu, now;
tid, c.
present (time).
Nummer,
n. number.
Nut, c. mountain-top.
ny, new; ere, newer,
modern.
nyde,
v. s.
enjoy,
taste.
nynne,
v. w.
hum,
croon.
Ny-romanti'k,
c. neo-romanticism.
nys, just, recently.
nys-gjerrig,
curious.
nyslagen,
new-mown.
nytte,
v. w.
avail,
be of use.
nasr, near; paa
. . .
naer, within;
ved,
on the
point
of.
Nasring,
nourishment.
naer
me, v. w. refl. approach.
naermest, (super, of naer), nearest,
immediate, especially, (more) par-
ticularly ; paa
det e
nasr,
on the
very verge
of.
Nsese, c. nose.
Nseste, c.
neighbor.
nresten, almost, nearly.
Najve, c.
fist, hand; tag,
n.
clasp
of the
hand, pledge.
nsevne,
v. w.
name,
mention.
Nod, c.
need,
distress.
N6d,
c.
(Nodder),nut.
nod, past o/nyde.
nodig, loath,
reluctant.
nogen, naked,
bare.
Nogle,
c.
key.
Noia'gtighed, exactness, precision.
noie,
ad.
accurately, intimately.
noie, v, w. be
content,
content one's
self.
Nokken,
the nix.
noie,
v. w.
hesitate, delay.
Noste,
n. ball
(of yarn
or
thread).
Observato'rium,
n.
observatory.
Od, c.
point.
offentlig, public.
Offer,
. victim.
Office'r, c. officer.
ofte, often; re,
ad.
any more;
som
st, usually.
og, and, also; saa,
also,
too.
Old,
c. & n.
age ;
in
compounds
:
old,
an-
cient; islandsk, Old Icelandic
;
norsk,
Old
Norwegian,
Old
Norse; nordisk,
Old
Northern;
skrift, c. ancient
text; tid, c.
antiquity; tlds-mindes-merke,
n. monument of
antiquity.
om, conj. if, whether; ...end,
even if.
om, prep, about, concerning, on;
Morgenen,
in the
morning;
en
Time,
in an hour.
om-bo'rd,
on
board,
aboard.
Om-bytning,
mutation.
ombytte,
v. w.
exchange.
Om-fang,
n.
extent, compass.
om=fatte,
y.
w.
embrace; nde,
com-
prehensive.
om-gaa,
v. s. associate.
om-give,
v. s.
surround; Ise,
envi-
ronment.
om-gjae'ngelig,
sociable.
Om-hu, c. care.
om-hy'ggelig, careful,
solicitous
;
bed, care, circumspection.
Omkalfatring,
transformation.
omkri'ng, about,
around.
Om-raade, n.
territory,
domain.
om-si'der, at last, finally.
om-slutte,
v. w.
encompass;
med
Kjarlighed,
cherish.
om~streife, v. w. roam about.
om-vende, v. w. convert.
om=vendt, inverted,
vice versa.
ond, bad, evil;
have ondt
for,
find
troublesome;
skab, c. evil,
mal-
ice.
op, oppe, [171], up.
op-ad, upward.
Op-da'gelse, discovery.
op-da?kke,
v. w.
lay (a table).
Op-fatning,
v. w.
interpretation, ap-
prehension, opinion.
cp-fatte,
v. w.
apprehend,
under-
stand.
op-fordre,
v. w.
challenge,
exhort.
op-fore,
v. w.
erect; , refl,
conduct
one's self.
Op-gave,
c.
task, problem.
op-give,
v. s.
give up,
abandon.
Op=havsmand,
c
originator,
author.
Op*hold,
n.
stay, sojourn; e, v. s.
stay, sojourn.
op-hoie
Patro'n
op=hoie,
v. w. exalt.
op=hore,
v. iv. cease.
op=kjort,
broken
(of
a
road).
op=leve,
v. w. live to see.
Op=ly'sning, enlightenment,
infor-
mation.
op=lyst, lighted,
illuminated.
Op=16sning,
solution.
Op=maaling, surveying, survey.
op=med, up along.
op=me'rksom, attentive; bed,
at-
tention.
op=muntre,
v. w.
encourage, exhort;
r, exhorter.
op-over, up, upward.
op=regne,
v. w. enumerate.
op=reise,
v. w. erect.
op-ret, upright,
erect.
op=ret-holde,
v.s.
uphold,
maintain.
op-ri'ndelig, original; hed, primi-
tiveness.
Op=ri'ndelse, origin.
Op=ror,
n.
agitation,
tumult.
op=sluge,
v. w. swallow
up.
op-spile,
v, w.
open
wide.
Op=syn,
n.
inspection, surveillance;
visage, 'phiz.'
op-tage,
v. s. take
up, admit,
em-
body.
op-tegne,
v, w.
put down,
record.
op-traede,
v. m. come forward.
optendt, fired,
excited.
op-vise,
v. w.
show, point
out.
Ord,
n.
(=), word; holdenhed,
trustworthiness.
Orden, c.
order, system.
ordne, v. w.
order, arrange.
origina'I, original.
Orm, c.
serpent, worm; e-gaard,
c.
snake-pit.
03, US.
Ost,
c. cheese.
otte,
eight; dags-ur,
n.
eight-day
clock.
oven-til,
above,
at the
top.
over,
over,
above.
over=be-vise, v. w. convince.
overdreven,
exaggerated.
Over-drivelse,
exaggeration.
over-e'ns-stemmende, (with med)
conformably
to.
over-falde, v. ir. fall
upon,
attack.
over-flii'dig, superfluous.
over=for, opposite,
in the
presence
of.
over=gaa,
v. s.
exceed, surpass.
over-given, frolicsome,
wild.
Over=haand, c.
upper hand,
ascend-
ancy.
over-holde,
v. s. maintain.
over=ho'vedet, upon
the
whole, gen-
erally.
Over=Iegenhed, superiority.
over=leve,
v, w.
survive; nde,
sur-
vivor.
Over-teg,
n..
premeditation,
deliber-
ation.
over-maa'de, exceedingly.
Over-mand, c.
superior.
Over=mod, n.
arrogance.
over-ordnet, superior.
over-o'rdentlig, exceedingly.
over-raske,
v. w.
surprise.
over-skylle,
v. w. wash
over, sweep
away.
over-saette,
v. m.
translate, [159]
Over=tag,
n.
upper hand, advantage.
Over-trae'delse, transgression.
over-vaelde, v. w.
overpower,
over-
whelm.
Ovn, c.
stove,
oven.
paa, on, upon, at, of, in, for, [179];
det
at,
in order that.
paa-drage,
v. s. incur.
paa-faldende, striking.
paa-ny't,
anew.
Paa-skjo'nnelse, appreciation.
paa-skraa',
aslant.
Paavirkning,
influence.
paa-vise,
u. 10.
show, prove.
Pagt,
c.
compact, covenant.
Palai's, n.
palace.
Pande, c.
forehead,
brow.
Papi'r,
n.
paper.
Par,
n.
pair, couple;
a few.
Pari'ser-sprog,
n. Parisian dialect
(or patois).
parre,
v, w.
couple,
link.
Parti', n.
part.
passe,
v. iv.
tend,
look after.
passe,
v. w. refl. be
fitting.
Patro'n, c.
cartridge.
Pels 310
Regleme'nt
Pels,
c.
fur, pelt.
pen, nice, pretty.
Penge, pi. money.
Perio'de,
c.
period, epoch.
Perle,
c.
pearl.
perso'nlig, personal; hed, person-
ality.
pibe,
v. s.
whistle,
whizz.
Pig,
c.
prickle, thorn,
needle.
pikke,
v. w.
peck, tap.
Pil,
c. willow.
Pil, c. arrow.
Pisk, c. cue.
Plads, c.
place, square.
Plage,
o.
torment, evil, plague.
Plan,
c.
plan, design.
plapre,
v. w.
babble, chatter;
i
Munden
paa hinanden, chatter to-
gether; n,
c.
chattering.
pleie,
v. w. be accustomed.
Plet, o.
spot.
Pligt,
c.
duty.
pludselig,
sudden.
plukke,
v. w.
pluck, pick.
plyndre,
v. w.
plunder, despoil.
ploie,
v. w.
plow.
Poesi'.c poetry.
poli'tisk, political.
populae'r, popular.
Port, c.
gate.
Porta'l, c.
portal.
Positu'r, c.
posture, position.
Pragt,
c.
splendor, magnificence.
Praksis, c.
practice.
prate,
v. w.
talk,
chat.
Prent, c.
print.
Prest, c.
clergyman, minister;
egaard,
c.
parsonage; e=gjeld,
n.
parish, district.
Prik, c.
dot; paa
en
,
to a
nicety.
Prins,
c.
prince; e'sse, c.
princess.
priva't, private.
Praeg,
n.
stamp,
character.
prsectig, (see Pragt), splendid, mag-
nificent.
Praemie, n.
premium, prize.
praesente're,
v. w.
present,
intro-
duce.
PrSve, c.
test, trial;,
v. w.
try,
test.
Pude, c.
pillow,
cushion.
pudse,
v. w.
polish.
Punkt, n.
point, particular.
Pul, c. crown
(of
a
hat).
Puls, c.
pulse.
Pung,
c.
purse.
pur, pure.
Pust,
c.
breath; e, v. w.
pant,
breathe,
take breath.
Pynt,
c.
finery,
dress
; e, v. w.
dress,
decorate, preen.
pyt, pshaw
1
Q
Queue, (French),
c.
queue,
line.
raa,
raw, crude, rude; hed, rough-
ness.
raabe, v. w.
call, cry
shout.
Raad, n.
(=), advice, counsel, means;
,
c.
counselor,
cabinet
minister;
giver,
c.
adviser,
counselor.
raade,
v. w.
advise, rule, regulate,
dispose,
have in one's
hand; lig,
advisable, prudent.
Raba'Ider, n.
hubbub,
tumult.
Rad, c.
rank, row,
line.
rage,
v. w, rake.
rage,
v, w.
rise,
tower.
rak, straight.
Rand, c.
streak,
border.
randt, past of
rinde.
Rang,
c. rank.
rangle,
v. w.
saunter,
ramble.
rank, straight, erect; aspiring,
buoyant.
Rap,
n.
rap.
rap, quick,
swift.
rape,
r. w.
slip.
rar, rare, strange,
odd.
rase, v. to.
rage.
rask, active, brisk, well; --hed,
briskness.
rave, v. w.
reel, stagger.
Reali'sme, c. realism.
redde,
v. w.
save,
rescue.
Rede, c. & n. nest.
rede, ready, prepared.
Redegjorelse
, account.
Refle'ks, c. reflection.
Regel,
c.
rule, law;
ret,
regular,
uniform.
Regje'ring, administration, govern-
ment.
Regleme'nt,
n.
regulations.
Regn
311 saare
Regn,
n. rain
; , e,
v. w. rain
; graa,
cloudy, misty.
reise,
v. w.
travel, go; refl. arise;
faille,
c.
traveling companion.
Rektor,
c. head
master, principal.
Religio'n,
c.
religion.
religio's, religious.
ren, clean, pure; t,
ad.
complete-
ly, entirely.
rende, v. w,
(in weaving) warp.
Resulta't,
n. result.
Ret,
c.
right, justice,
law.
ret, right, straight; really;
Ikke
,
scarcely.
Ret,
c. dish
(of food).
RetfcE'rdighed, justice, righteous-
ness.
Retira'de, c. retreat.
Retning, direction,
course.
Retrae't, c. retreat.
Rets=historiker, c. writer on
legal
history.
rets-lig, legal.
rette, v. w.
straighten, correct,
di-
rect.
rev, past of
rive.
Ridder, c.
knight.
Rift,
c.
rent, crevice.
rig, rich, wealthy; dom, riches,
wealth; elig, abundant,
liberal.
Rige,
n.
realm, kingdom.
rimelig-vis, probably, evidently.
rinde, v. s.
run,
flow.
Ring,
c.
ring,
circle.
ringe,
humble.
risle,
v. w.
purl, ripple.
rive,
v. s.
tear, tug.
Ro, c.
repose, quiet, rest; lig,
calm, quiet.
ro,
v. w.
row; til, row
up.
Rod, c.
(Rodder) ,
root
; e, v. w.
root,
dig.
Rogn,
c. mountain
ash,
rowan tree.
Rok, c.
spinning
wheel.
rokke, v. w.
rock, sway,
totter.
Rolands-kvadet, the
Song
of Roland.
Rom, Roma,
Rome; er, c. Roman.
Romanti'k, c. romanticism.
Ror-knap,
c. rudder-hook.
rose, v. w.
praise.
Rose, c.
rose; n-busk, c.
rose-bush;
n-lagen,
n.
rosy sheet; n-lund,
'the
rose-grove.'
Rov,
n.
prey, plunder; dyr,
n.
beast of
prey ; gjerrig, rapacious,
predatory.
Rue
des
quatre
vents,
(French),
Street of the Four Winds.
rulle, v. w. roll.
Rum,
n.
room, space.
rund,
round
; elig, abundant,
lib-
eral
;
haandethed
, liberality ;
t, ad. around.
ruske,
v. w.
shake, pull.
rusle,
v. w.
shuffle,
wander.
Rusland, Russia.
russisk,
Russian.
Rust,
c. rust.
rydde,
v. w. clear.
Rydning, clearing; ~s-fserd, o. ad-
vance
guard
of civilization*
mand, c.
pioneer.
Ryg,
c. back.
ryge,
v. s.
smoke,
steam. S
ry.ge,
v. s.
rush, fly; nde, bluster-
ing, raging.
rygge,
v. w.
shake,
move.
Rygte,
n.
reputation,
name.
rynke,
v. w. wrinkle.
raed, afraid, frightened.
Raedsel, c.
terror,
awe.
Rjekke, c.
rank, line, row; ,
v. m,
reach,
extend.
renke-fuld,
intriguing, designing.
robe, v. w. disclose.
rod, red; brun, reddish
brown;
me, v. w. blush.
r8g, past of ryge.
romme,
v. w.
flee,
desert.
rore,
v. w.
move; ved,
touch; refl.
stir,
move
; nde, touching.
rorig, active,
brisk.
Ros-kat,
c.
weasel,
ermine.
Rost, c. voice.
S
sa,
coll.
for sagde.
saa,
then, so, as; go'dt-som,
as
good as, practically.
saa,
v. w. sow.
saa, past of
se.
saadan, such,
thus.
saaledes, so, thus,
as follows.
saa=me'nd,
indeed, really.
saare, very.
saare,
v. w. wound.
312 Sind
Saate, c.
(hay)
mow,
sad.pasf o/sidde.
saftig, racy.
Sag,
c.
case,
matter.
Saga,
c.
saga, history;
also the
goddess
of
history
in Norse
my-
thology.
sagde, past of sige.
Sagn,
n.
tradition; belt,
hero of
tradition.
sagte,
a.
soft, slow;
ad. in a low
voice, gently, slowly.
sagtens, surely,
I dare
say.
Sal,
c.
hall, salon, drawing-room.
salig, blessed,
of blessed
memory,
the late.
salve,
v. w. anoint.
Sam-arbeide,
n.
co-operation.
Samfund, n.
society; s-forhold, n.
social condition.
sarnie, v. w.
gather,
collect
; reft,
as-
semble.
samme, same.
sammen, together; fatte, v. w.
comprise,
sum
up
; heeng,
c. co-
herence,
connection
;
i
hang,
co-
herently; knibe,
v. s,
pinch
to-
gether; ligning, comparison;
pakke,
v. w.
pack, crowd;
ranke,
v. w.
entwine; stille,
v. w.
group.
samt, together
with.
Sam-tale, v. w.
confer,
converse.
sam-tidig, contemporary.
Sam-virke,
c.
co-operation.
sand, true,
real
; elig, verily ; bed,
truth; heds=k]aerlig, veracious,
truth-loving: sy'nlig-vis, proba-
bly,
in all
likelihood;
saa
t, ad.
indeed,
in sooth.
Sand, c.
sand; gov,
n,
drifting
sand,
sand cloud.
Sang,
c.
song, lay; erske,
c.
[43],
songstress, story-teller; fugl,
c.
song
bird.
Sankt,
Saint.
Sans,
c.
sense,
taste.
satte, past of
saette.
Sau, c.
sheep.
Savn, n.
want, loss, privation,
be-
reavement
; , e,
v. iv.
lack, miss,
be
deprived
of.
se, v. 8.
see;
es,
[128, b], meet;
paa,
look
at; ud,
look, ap-
pear.
Sed,
c. custom.
Sede-laere, c.
ethics,
moral
philoso-
phy.
Seier, c.
victory ; rig,
victorious.
Sell, n.
sail;
for lavt
,
with reefed
sails.
selle, v. w. sail.
seire,
v. w.
conquer,
be
victorious.
seksten, sixteen, [102, Note].
Seku'nd,
n. second.
Selskab,
n.
society, association.
selv, self; even, [75],
sel
y-be-fole,
v. w. examine one's
self,
diagnose
one's own disease.
Selv-beherskelse, self-restraint.
Selv-folge,
c. natural
result,
neces-
sary consequence; lig,
of
course,
necessarily.
Selv-godhed, self-importance.
selv-raadig, self-willed; bed,
wil-
fulness.
seiv-stas'ndig, independent; bed,
independence.
Semina'r, .
seminary, training
school for teachers
; i'st, c. sem-
inarist; i'stisk,
schoolmaster-
like.
sen,
slow, late; t, [164, i],
sende, v. w.
send; bud, n. emis-
sary; mand, c.
messenger.
Seng,
c. bed.
Sevje,
c.
sap.
si,
coll.
for sige.
Sibi'rien, Siberia.
sidde,
v. s. sit.
Side,
c.
side, page.
siden,
since, later,
afterwards.
sidst, last, [68, c].
sig, refl.
[71],
sig, imper. of sige.
sige,
v. m.
say,
tell.
signe,
v. w. bless.
sigte,
v. w. aim.
sikker, secure,
full of
repose; t,
[164, i]; bed, security,
assur-
ance, certainty.
silde,
late.
Silje,
c. sallow
(a
kind of
willow).
Silke,
c.
silk;
baand, n.
ribbon;
teppe,
n. silken coverlet.
silre,
v. w. trickle.
si m
pel, plain, vulgar.
sin, refl.pos. [76, a],
Sind,
n.
mind, disposition.
Sinds-oprflr 3J3
Skue
Sinds-oprb'r,
n.
agitation
of mind,
sindt,
angry.
Sirlighed, elegance, politejiess.
sit, neut. of sin, [76, a],
sitre,
v. w.
tremble, quiver.
sjelden,
rare.
sjunge, poet, for synge.
Sjael,
c. soul.
Sjo,
c.
sea, lake; slag,
n, naval
battle.
Skaale, c.
(Old Norse) hall,
house.
skaane,
v. w.
spare.
akaare, v. w.
cut,
notch.
skabe, v. w. create.
Skabelo'n, c.
shape,
mold.
Skabning,
creature.
Skade,
c.
damage, injury,
harm.
skaffe,
v. w.
secure,
furnish.
Skaft, n.
handle,
helve.
skal,
see skulle.
Skald, c.
(Old Norse) bard, poet.
Skalle,
c.
skull,
'
noddle.'
skalv, past of skjselve.
Skam,
c.
shame, disgrace; fuld,
ashamed.
Skanse, c.
quarter-deck.
Skar,
n.
(=), notch,
cut.
Skare,
c.
troop, host,
crowd.
skarp, sharp; si'ndighed, penetra-
tion, acuteness,
acumen.
Skat, c.
treasure, tax,
tribute.
Skaut,
n. linen
hood,
head-dress.
Skavl, c. comber.
ske,
v. w.
happen, be;
lad
,
so be it.
Skib, n.
ship; s-bord, n. bulwark.
skifte, v. w.
change.
Skik,
c.
custom,
habit.
Skikkelse, form, figure.
Skildring, portrayal, description.
Skilling,
c.
farthing, half-penny.
Skitnt,
n.
(=), gleam, glimpse; e,
v. w. see
faintly,
catch a
glimpse
of.
Skind, n.
skin;
.
bukser, leather
breeches.
skingre,
v. w.
ring,
resound.
Skipper,
c.
shipmaster, skipper.
Skjeg,
n. beard.
Skjel,
n.
justice,
reason.
Skjemt, c.
jest; e,
v. w.
jest.
Skjold, n.
shield; borg,
c.
testudo;
gny,
n. din of shields.
kjorte,
c.
sleeves.
shirt; cermet,
in shirt
skjule,
v. w.
hide, conceal; sig
lor, escape.
skjaefte,
v. w. helve.
skjfclve,
v s.
tremble, quiver; n, c.
quivering, trembling.
skjaemme,
v. w.
(with ud), spoil,
ruin.
Skjsendsel,
c.
infamy, disgrace.
skjjEnke,
v. w.
give, grant, present.
skjrer, sheer, pure,
fair.
Skjajr,
n.
cast, tinge, ray,
beam.
skjaere,
v. s.
cut; til,
cut out.
skjeerme,
v. w.
protect,
shield.
skjaerpe,
v. w.
sharpen,
stimulate.
Skjod,
n.
lap,
bosom.
skjod, past of
sky
de.
skjon, beautiful, fair; hed, beauty.
skjonne,
u. w. understand.
skjonsom, judicious,
discreet.
skjont, conj.
although, [184, 4],
Skjort,
n. skirt.
Skog,
c.
forest,
woods
; mus,
c. field
mouse.
Skole, c. school.
skorte, v. w. &
imp. lack,
want.
Sko=svend, c.
footman, page.
Skov, c. see
Skog.
skraale, v. w.
bawl,
roar.
Skranke, c.
bar,
barrier.
Skrent,
c.
slope, declivity.
Skreppe,
c.
scrip,
wallet.
skride, v. s.
proceed; fremad,
ad-
vance.
Skridt, n.
step, pace.
Skrift, n.
treatise, publication,
work
;
lig,
a. in
writing; sprog,
n. lit-
erary language.
skrifte, v. w.
confess; maal, . con-
fession.
Skrig,
n.
shriek, cry; e, v. s.
cry.
skrive,
v. s.
write; under, sign
(one's name).
Skriver,
see Sorenskriver.
Skrub, c. coll.
for
UIv.
skrumpen, shrivelled,
shrunken.
Skreek,
c.
horror, dread; kelig,
horrible.
skrasmme,
v. w.
frighten.
Skud,
n.
shoot, sprout;
shot.
skue, v, w.
see,
behold.
Skuffe 314
Sneevring
Skuffe, c. drawer.
Skuffelse, disappointment.
5kulder, c. shoulder.
sktille, v. ir.
shall, [138].
Skutn,
n.
foam; skred,
n. ava-
lanche of foam
; vasg,
c. wall of
foam.
skvulpe,
v. w.
splash.
Sky,
c.
cloud, sky.
skyde,
v. s. shoot.
Skyds,
c.
conveyance (especially by
relays) ; bonde, c.
peasant post-
coachman.
skygge,
shade.
Skyld,
c.
debt, sake; ner, debtor.
skyIde, v, w. owe
; s,
be due.
Skyl-regn,
n.
downpour, deluge
of
rain.
Skytte,
c. archer.
skser,
see
skjser, [31, a].
slaa,
v. s.
strike, beat,
form
; paa
. . .
at,
hint at ...
that;
satnmen, hurtle
together; ud,
flap, unfurl;
ud med
Armene,
fling up
one's arms.
sladre, v. w.
gossip,
tattle.
Slag,
n.
beat, blow,
battle.
Slag,
n.
kind, sort, (see Slags).
slagen,
a. beaten.
S!ag=fa:rd,
c.
tracks,
trail.
%lagger, pi. dross, dregs,
Slags,
c. <& n.
kind,
sort.
slagte,
v. w.' butcher.
slank,
slender.
slap, lax,
relaxed.
slap, past of slippe.
sled, past of
slide.
Slegt,
c.
family, race, generation.
slem,
bad.
Slesvig,
Sleswick.
slet, plain; ikke, not at
all, by
no
means.
slet, ill,
bad.
slettes
ikke,
coll. for
slet ikke.
Slid,
n.
wear, toil; e, v. s.
wear,
toil, tug.
sUg,
such.
slikke,
v. w.
lick; rl',
n. sweets.
slippe,
v. s. let
go, escape, get;
frem,
let
(one) pass.
slog, past of
slaa.
Slot, n.
palace.
Slug,
n.
abyss; e, v. w.
swallow,
devour.
slukne,
v. w.
extinguish.
slutte, v. w.
end, conclude,
form.
slynge,
v. w.
hurl, fling.
slfebe, v. w.
drag, drudge.
slov,
dull.
smaa, small;
see
liden,
[58];
se t
paa
Livet, have a
petty
view of
life; blomst, c.
floweret; folk,
n. humble
folk; gut,
c.
lad;
nynne,
v. w. hum to one's
self,
croon; tteri', n.
trifles,
little
things. /
Smag,
c.
taste; e,
v. w. taste. >tt^*Jfeft.
smal,
narrow,
slender.
smald, past o/smselde.
smat, past of
smastte.
smelte, v. w.
melt;
samtnen
til,
be reduced to.
Smerte,
c.
pain, grief.
smide, v. w.
forge.
smidig, supple, lithe, agile.
Smil, TO.
smile; drage paa et,
smile.
smiske, v. w. smirk.
smitte,
v. w. infect.
smuk, pretty, beautiful,
fine.
Smule,
c.
bit, particle.
Smykke,
c.
ornament; ,
v. w.
adorn.
smselde,
v. s.
snap,
crack.
smsette,
v. s.
thrid, slip through.
Snabel,
c.
snout, proboscis,
'
nose.'
Snak, c.
twaddle, talk; ke,
v. w.
speak,
talk.
snappe,
v. w. snatch.
snarere, (comp. of snar),
rather.
snart,soon;
...
,
now . . . now
snau, close, snug.
Sne, c.
snow; bold,
c.
snow-ball;
haug,
c. bank of
snow; is,
c.
glacial
ice
; kam, c. crest of
snow;
sokker, pi. leggings.
Sned, n.; paa , aslant, awry.
Snekke,
c.
bark,
boat.
Snes,
c. score.
Snig=mord,
n. assassination.
snil, good, kind, good-natured.
sno,
v. w.
twist, turn;
vende
og
,
shift and turn.
snu,
coll. for sno.
Snude,
c.
snout,
nose.
Snur, c.
; paa Snur,
awry,
on one side.
snuse 'V. w. sniff.
Snus-streg,
c. snuff-streak.
snaever-synt, narrow-minded, big-
oted.
Sna^vring,
c. narrow
pass,
socia'l 315
Stemning
socia'l,
social.
Sofa-ben,
n.
leg
of a sofa.
Sogn,
n.
parish.
sokne,
v. w.
dredge, drag.
Sol,
c.
sun; brsendt, sun-burned;
hede, c. heat of the
sun; skin,
n.
sunshine; skins-vaeld, n. flood
of
sunlight.
Solda't,
c. soldier.
solgte, past of sselge.
som, as, [184, i];
om,
as if.
som, who, which, that, [79].
somhelst, suf.
soever.
somme, some, [60],
Somnier-fugl,
c,
butterfly.
Soren-skriver,
c.
judge.
Sorg,
c.
sorrow; modighed,
sad-
ness, melancholy.
Sort,
c.
kind,
sort.
sort, black;
smusket, dark-vis-
aged.
Sot, c.
illness, malady.
sove, v. s.
sleep.
spaa,
v. w.
foretell, bode, prophesy.
spadse're,
v. w.
walk,
take a
walk;
nde, c.
pedestrian, passer-by.
sparsomt, sparingly.
Specialite't,
c.
specialty.
speide,
v. w.
spy,
watch
for,
seek.
Speil,
n.
mirror; blank, bright (or
smooth)
as a mirror.
Spids,
c.
point, front, lead; e, v. w.
point, prick up.
Spil,
n,
play, game, playing,
music.
spilde,
v. w.
lose,
waste.
Spind,
n. web.
Spinding, spinning.
Spire,
c.
germ, sprout.
spHt=nogen,
stark naked.
splitte,
v, w.
split,
divide.
spole,
v. w.
spool,
reel
yarn
on a
shuttle.
Spor,
n.
track,
trace
;saette , leave
a wake.
Spot,
c.
mockery, derision; te,
v.
w.
mock,
deride.
springe,
v. .
spring, leap,
run.
Sprog,
n.
language ; talent,
n. lin-
guistic
talent.
sprute,
v. w.
spurt, spout.
sprsenge,
v. w.
burst, scatter,
dis-
perse.
sprcette,
v. a,
shoot,
bud.
Sproit,
c.
spurt, jet.
spurgte, past of spb'rge.
Spyd=bb'lge,
c. billow of
spears.
spaende,
v. w.
buckle, stretch, strain,
be intent
; fore,
hitch, yoke,
spjendt, (see spsende), strained,
in-
tently.
Spog,
c.
jest, joke; e, v. w.
jest;
e=fuld,
jocular, jesting.
spb'rge,
v. m. ask.
Sporgs=maal,
n.
question.
staa, v. s.
stand,
take
place; til,
be,
be the
case, (p.
86
t) ;
til-
ba'ge,
remain.
Staal,
n. steel.
staat, coll. for
staaet.
Stabbur,
n. store-house.
Stad.c. (Staler), city.
stad=faeste, v. w.
establish,
confirm,
stadig, steady,
constant.
Stadium, n.
stage.
stak, past of
stikke.
Stakkar,
c.
poor creature,
wretch.
stakkels, poor, unhappy.
Staid,
c.
stall,
stable.
Stamme,
c.
stem, trunk; tribe, stock,
race; ,
v. w.
descend, spring,
originate,
stampe,
v. w.
full,
mill
(of cloth).
Stand, c.
state, condition, rank,
position; paa af, by
virtue of.
stand, poet, for
staa.
StangYc. bar, rod, staff;
halvt
paa
,
at half-mast.
stanse, v. w.
stop, pause.
Star=graes,
n.
cat-tails, sedge.
staselig, magnificent.
Stat, c.
state; holder,
c. stadt-
holder, governor.
Stats=forfatning,
constitution.
Stats-liv,
n.
political
life.
Stav, c.
staff, stem;
Krones
,
crested stem.
Stavn, c.
(native) soil,
home.
Sted, n.
place,
stead.
stedse, ever, always,
forever.
steg, past of stige.
stelle,
v. w.
tend, manage, arrange,
bestead; til,
arrange, plan; reft.
conduct one's self.
Stemme, c. voice
; ,
v. w.
tune,
at-
tune, accord, harmonize;
vote.
Stemning,
mood
spirits, temper,
Sten 316 surre
Sten, c.
stone; kast,
n. stone's
throw.
sterk,
strong.
Sti, c.
path.
Stift, n.
diocese; s-provst,
c. dean
of a diocese.
stifle, v. w.
establish,
found.
Stige,
c. ladder,
stige,
v. s.
step, ascend, rise,
in-
crease; n, c.
rising; ned,
alight.
Stigning,
ascent.
Stik,
n. stab,
stikke, v. s.
prick, stick, thrust,
pierce;
i
Blodet, be in the
blood,
be
hereditary.
Stil, c.
style,
diction.
Stilhed, silence,
stillness.
stills,
calm, quiet;
ad.
quietly,
in
silence.
stille,
v. w.
place; refl.
det de
sig
klart for
raig,
it became evident to
me.
Stilling,
attitude.
stirre, v. w.
stare, gaze.
stiv, stiff; hed, rigidity,
austeri-
ty; ne, v. w,
stiffen,
become
rigid.
Stjerne,
c.
star; hvaelv,
c.
starry
vault, sky.
stjtele,
v. s. steal.
stod, past of
staa.
Stof
, n.
material, subject-matter.
Stok,
c.
staff,
cane.
Stol,
c.
chair,
seat.
stole, v. w.
depend, rely.
stolt, proud,
stoppe,
v. w.
stuff, put.
stor, large, great; artet, grand,
magnificent; hed, greatness;
le, v. s.
(intensive o/le), laugh,
shout; paa det,
proud, haughty;
raade, the
haughty; slagen,
grand; vei, c.
highway.
Storm, c.
storm; e, v. w.
storm;
suk,
n.
'storm-sigh,'
moan of a
storm.
Straa, n. straw.
Straale,
c.
beam, ray;
nde, beam-
ing,
radiant.
Straf,
c.
punishment, penalty; fe,
v. w.
punish,
chastise.
straks, immediately.
strain, tight, straight-laced, precise;
me, v. w.
tighten.
strande, v. w, be
wrecked,
strand.
streng, stern, strict;
t
taget,
strictly speaking.
Streng,
c.
string.
Strid, c.
strife, controversy ; e,
w. s.
strive, battle, contend;
e imod,
run
contrary
to.
Strids-vogn,
c. war-chariot.
Strofe,
c.
stanza, strophe.
strunk,
erect, straight.
stryge,
v. s.
stroke, sweep ; nde,
a.
orisk, smacking; paa Flugt,
flee,
take to
flight.
straebe, v. w.
strive; n,
c. endeav-
or.
strb'g, past of stryge.
stromme, v. w.
stream,
rush.
Stubbe, c.
stump.
Stude'nter=lag,
n. student's club
(or
society).
stude're, v. w.
[3], study.
Stude'r-kammer,
n.
study.
Studium, n.
[47, c], study.
Stue,
c.
room, house,
hut.
Stund,
c.
while, time, hour; om,
at times.
stunde, v.w.
long, yearn; til, ap-
proach,
draw near.
Stup,
n.
precipice, gorge; e, v.w.
drop,
fall.
Stykke,
n,
piece, way; noget ,
a
short distance.
styre,
v. w.
steer, rule; r,
c.
ruler,
director.
Styrke,
c.
strength;
belte, n. belt
of
strength ; ,
v. w.
strengthen.
styrte,
v. w.
plunge, rush;
sam-
men, collapse;
til,
rush for-
ward.
staenge,
v. w.
bar, lock,
close
up.
staevne,
v. w.
head,
steer.
Staevne=m6de, rendezvous, tryst.
Stoi,
c.
noise, din,
clamor.
Stotte,
c.
pillar, support,
monument.
Sug,
n.
suction,
vortex.
Suk, n.
sigh, groan; ke, v.w.
sigh,
sob.
Sukker-klump,
c.
lump
of
sugar.
suite,
v. w.
starve; n, hungry.
Suit-in
jel,
coll. starvation.
Sum,
c.
sum,
amount.
sumnte,
v. w.
[no, a], buzz,
hum.
Sump,
c.
swamp, quagmire.
sund, healthy,
well.
surre, v, w. whir.
SUS 317 Tambu'r
Sus,
n.
soughing; e,
v. w.
sough,
rustle, swish; ende, soughing.
svag, weak, faint; elig, infirm,
decrepit.
sval, cool.
Sval,
c.
hall, entry.
svare, v. w.
answer, reply.
svart
=
sort; syn,
n.
pessimistic
view.
Svea-kongen, king
of the Swedes.
svensk, Swedish;
en
e,c.
a
Swede;
e-krudt, n. Swedish
powder.
Sverd, n. sword.
Svig,
c.
fraud,
deceit.
svimlende, giddy.
svinde, v. m.
vanish, disappear.
svinge,
v. s.
swing, soar,
wave.
svirre, v. w.
whirl,
whir.
Svoger,
c. brother-in-law.
svulme, v. w.
swell,
stand out.
svundne, p. p. pi. of svinde;
det
,
the
past.
svaekke, v. w.
weaken, debilitate;
Ise, weakening, (phonetic)
de-
cay.
Svserd,
see Sverd
[n, a]
.
svaerge,
v, s. swear.
svasrme, v. w. be
enthusiastic,
en-
thuse; r, c.
enthusiast;
rsk,
visionary.
svaert, very.
svomme,
v. s. swim.
sy,
v. w. sew.
syd, south; en,
the south.
Sygdom, illness,
disease.
Sympati',
c.
sympathy.
Syn,
n.
sight, vision, eye.
Synago'ge,
c.
synagogue.
Synd,
c.
sin,
a
pity.
syne,
coll. for vise, show.
synes,
v. w.
[150], think,
seem.
synge,
v. s.
sing.
synke,
v. s. sink.
Syns-rand,
c. horizon.
Syssel,
c.
(Sysler), avocation,
occu-
pation.
sytti, seventy.
sael, happy.
Stele-bod, c.
charity,
charitable
deed.
saelge,
v, m. sell.
saelsom, strange.
ssenke, v, w,
sink,
lower.
Sserke-fierme, n. shift-sleeve.
sasrlig, especial, particular.
Saer-prseg,
n.
peculiar (or individual)
stamp.
ScEtning, sentence, proposition.
siette, v. m.
set, place ; nedover,
start down
; refl. sit
down,
be seat-
ed.
So, Sjii,
c. sea.
sod, sweet; talende, koney-
tongued.
soder-paa,
ad. southward.
soge,
f. w.
seek, endeavor; n,
c.
seeking.
Sok,
c.
dent,
hollow.
Sokva=bek,
the abode of the
goddess
Saga.
sole,
v. w.
soil; sigtil, get dirty.
solv=glinsende, silvery.
somme, v.
w_. beseem,
befit.
Son,
c.
son; ne-rost, c. voice of a
son; ne=tab,
n. loss of a son.
sonder=rive, v. s. rend
asunder,
lac-
erate.
sdnder-slide,
v. s. tear asunder.
sorge,
v. w. mourn.
Sovn,
c.
sleep; ig, sleepy.
ta, coK./ortagei [161],
Taa, c.
(Tfieer),
toe.
Taabe, c. fool.
Taage,
c.
fog,
mist.
taale, v. w. endure.
Taare, c.
tear, drop.
.
taarne, v. w. tower.
Tag,
n. roof.
Tag,
n.
(=), grasp,
hold.
tage,
v. s.
take; afsted, start
off,
set
out; mod, accept, receive;
sig af, enter
into; sig for, do,
undertake; sig naer, be
deeply
affected; sig ud, look well.
Tak,
c.
thanks, gratitude; ke, v. w.
thank; ne'mlighed, gratitude.
Takt, c.
time, step; fast, steadily;
slag,
n. beat.
Tal, n. number.
tale,
v. w.
talk, speak; tilrette,
correct;
s
ved, talk over mat-
ters
; ,
c.
speech.
tarn,
tame.
Tambu'r,
c.
drummer;
nisse, c.
drummer-boy.
Tand 318 Tone
Tand,
c.
(Tasnder), tooth; hjul,
n.
cogwheel.
Tanke,
c.
thought; sprog,
n.
apo-
thegm, maxim; stromning,
trend
of
thought.
Tante,
c. aunt.
Tappen-streg,
c. tattoo.
tapper, brave, bold;
hed, bravery.
tar,
coll. for tager.
taug, past of
tie.
taus, silent; hed, silence.
te, v. w. show.
Tea'ter, n. theater.
Tegn,
n.
[14, b], sign.
tegne,
v. w.
draw, design, sketch;
bog,
c.
pocket-book.
Tende'ns, c.
tendency, bias,
moral.
tende're,
v. w. tend.
thi, conj. for;
ad. therefore.
tl, ten.
Tid,
c.
time, age;
in
compounds,
Tids:
alder,
c.
epoch; fordriv,
c.
pas-
time; krav,
n. demand of the
times; nok, betimes,
soon
enough; punkt,
n.
point
of
time,
juncture; skrift,
n.
periodical,
magazine.
tidt, often.
tie, v. s. be silent.
Tigger,
c.
beggar.
til,
to, of,
at.
til-ba'ge, back; komst, c.
return;
laenet, leaning back,
thrown
back.
Til-bud, n.
offer,
overture.
til=byde,
v. s. offer.
til-bo'rlig, proper,
suitable.
Til-dra'gelse,
event.
til-egne, appropriate.
Til-e'gnelse, acquisition; s-evne,
c.
faculty (or power)
of
appropria-
tion.
til-falde,
v. s. fall to the lot of.
til-fre'ds, contented.
tiMse'ldig,
accidental.
til-foie, v. w.
add,
inflict.
til-gaa'rds,(see Gaard),
to the
farm,
to the house.
Til-gi'velse, forgiveness, pardon.
til-hu'se, (see Hus), present (in
the
house).
Til-haenger,
c.
adherent,
follower.
tll-hoi're,
to the
right (hand).
til-hore, v. w.
belong
to.
Til-horer, c.
listener,
auditor.
Tilje,
c. floor-board
(of
a
boat).
til-lade, v. s.
permit, allow, grant;
Ise, permission.
Til-lid, c. confidence.
til-li'ge,
moreover.
til-H'vs, (from Liv,
body) ;
komme
en
,
fi nd an occasion
against one,
attack one.
til-laegge,
v. m.
ascribe,
bestow
upon.
Til-navn,
n. surname.
til-o'rde, (see Ord) ; tage , speak.
til-re'tte,
to
rights.
til-si'de, aside.
til-si'dst,
at last.
til-skjsere,
v. s. cut
out,
allot.
Til=skuer, c. looker-on.
til-staa,
c. s.
grant,
accord
to, admit,
confess, [160, aj.
Til=stelning, arrangement,
enter-
tainment.
til-staenge,
v. w.
bar, close, protect.
til-svarende, corresponding.
til=ta'kkc, ad.
tage , put up with,
take
potluck.
til-vei'e; bringe, , bring
about.
til-ve'nstre,
to the left.
til-vinde, v. s.
gain,
win.
Time,
c.
hour; lig, temporal; paa
n, immediately.
Tinde,
c.
pinnacle,
summit.
Tinding, temple.
Ting,
c.
thing.
Ting,
n.
assembly, assize, thing;
Tred,
c.
personal security
at the
assize,
assize
peace; stue, c. hall.
tjene,
v. w.
earn,
serve
; ste,
c. serv-
ice:
ste=gut,
c. hired
man,
serv-
ant.
Tjern,
n.
tarn,
mountain lake.
to,
v. w.
wash,
cleanse.
to,
two.
Tofte,
c.
thwart,
seat
(of
a
boat).
Tog,
n.
train, procession, march,
ex-
pedition.
tog, past o/tage.
tolv, twelve,
torn, empty.
Tomme,
c. inch.
Tomt, c.
site, plot, ground.
Tone,
c.
sound, tone,
note: skald,
c.
'
tone-poet,'
musician.
Top
319
u-be-re'gnelig
Top,
c.
top, peak.
tordne,
v. w. thunder.
Torp,
n. hamlet.
Traad,
c. thread.
traadte, past of
trade.
Trang,
c.
need, desire, necessity.
trang, narrow, cramped,
trampe,
v. w.
trample upon.
travl, busy.
tre,
three.
-
tredive, thirty,
tredje,
third.
trille, v. w.
roll,
trickle.
Trin, n.
step.
trippe,
v. w.
trip, skip.
Tritt,
n.
step, pace.
triumfe'rende, triumphant.
trives, v. w.
thrive,
succeed.
Tro,
c.
faith; ,
v. w.
believe;
fasthed, fidelity; 16s, faithless;
s-bekjendelse,
creed.
tro,
ad. I
wonder, [170, 10],
Trods, c.
defiance; prep,
in
spite of;
Ig,
defiant.
Trold,
n.
troll, ogre,
witch.
Trompe't,
c.
trumpet.
true, v. w. threaten.
tryg, secure; bed, confidence,
security.
trygle,
v. w.
beg, importune.
Tryk,
c.
; paa ,
in
print.
trykke,
v. w.
press, depress.
Trylle-ord,
n.
magic
word.
Trylle-slag,
n.
magic
stroke.
Tra, n.
[47, i],
tree.
trade, v. m.
tread, step.
traffe, v. 8.
hit, meet, make, find;
s, [150],
meet.
Trak, n.
(=), feature,
trait.
Trak, c.
draught,
current of
air;
ke,
v. s.
draw, pull.
trange,
v. w. force.
trasnge,
v. w.
want, need,
be neces-
sary.
Trangsel, need, distress.
trat,
weary,
tired.
tratte, v. w.
quarrel.
Troie, c.
jacket.
trostig, hopeful,
cheerful.
tude, v. w. howl.
Tue, c.
tussock,
tuft
(of grass
or
sedge), knoll,
hillock.
T,ul,
n.
foolery,
nonsense.
tung, heavy,
hard.
Tunge,
c.
tongue.
turde, v. ir.
[135
&
143],
dare.
tusend,
[102, e],
thousand.
tvende, poet, for
to.
tvers, right, directly.
tvert-imod,
on the
contrary.
Tvil, Tvivl,
c.
doubt; raadighed,
irresolution,
hesitation.
Tvist, c, discord.
tvsette, v. w. wash.
tyde,
v. w.
explain; paa,
indi-
cate, go
to
snow; lig, plain,
evident.
tyk,
thick
[19*]; -ende,
c. butt
end; ning,
thicket.
tykkes,
v. w.
think,
seem.
tynd, thin,
slender.
tynge,
v. w.
weigh upon; s,
be
weighed
down.
Type,
c.
type.
Tyranni',
n.
tyranny.
tysk,
German.
Tyv,
c. thief.
tyve, twenty.
talle,
v. TO.
count,
number.
tsetnme, v. w.
check,
subdue.
taende, v. w.
kindle, provoke.
tcenke, v. w.
think; reft, imagine;
lig, conceivable; r, c.
thinker;
sast,
n.
way
of
thinking.
ta;nksom,
thoughtful,
meditative.
taere, v. w. consume
; nde,
consum-
ingly, (168).
taet, close, tight,
near.
Toi, n. cloth.
tomme, v. w.
empty,
drain.
Tommer, n.
timber; stok,
c.
log.
Torke, c.
drought.
tor, dry.
tor, pres. of turde.
Torst,
c. thirst.
To-veir, n.
thaw, thawing
weather.
U
u-ad-ski'llelig, inseparable.
ua'gtet, notwithstanding.
u-an-scet, regardless of,
notwith-
standing.
u-an-stae'ndig, impolite,
rude.
u-be-granset,
unbounded.
u-be-re'gn elig, incalculable,
u-be-si'ndig
320 under=holde
u-be-si'ndig, thoughtless.
u-be-skaaret, unimpaired,
intact.
u-be-stemt, indefinite, vague.
u-be-stri'delig, unquestionable,
[164, i].
u-bunden, unbound;
1
Stil,
in
u=bse'ndig, unruly,
wild.
u=bbn=ho'rlig,
inexorable.
ud, e, out, [171];
af,
out
of,
of.
ud-brede,
v. w.
circulate,
diffuse.
Ud-bytte,
n.
results, outcome, gain.
ud-efter; Fjorden,
down the fiord.
uden, without; ad, by heart; for,
outside
of; bords,
outside the
ship;
lands, abroad;
land.sk,
foreign; paa,
on the outside
of.
Uden-verden-en,
the outside world.
ud=flytte,
v. w.
emigrate.
ud-folde,
v. w.
display.
ud-fordre,
v. w.
require.
ud-forske,
v. w.
explore,
sound.
ud-fritte,
v. w.
question.
ud-fo'rlig, full, detailed;
ad.
fully,
at
length; bed, detail, explicit-
ness.
ud-gaa,
v. s. issue.
ud-give,
v. s.
publish; sigfor, pur-
port
to be.
ud-gjore,
v. m.
constitute, compose.
ud-holde,
v. s.
bear,
endure.
Ud-kant,
c.
outskirt, faubourg,
sub-
urb.
Ud-land-et, (used only definitely) ;
til
(or I) ,
abroad.
Ud-lae'ndighed, sojourn abroad,
ex-
ile.
lid-male, v. w. refl. picture
in one's
mind.
ud-merke, v. w.
distinguish.
Ud-nsevnelse, appointment.
ud-over, over, upon.
ud=ruste, v. w.
equip.
Ud=sagn,
n. declaration,
statement.
ud=sende, v. w.
issue,
send out.
Udsigt,
c.
view, outlook, prospect,
vista.
ud=skjai!de,
v. w.
abuse, upbraid.
Ud-slag,
n.
outcome,
result.
ud-slette, v. w.
eradicate,
obliter-
ate.
ud-springe,
v. s.
bud; ud-sprungen
Rose,
full-blown rose,
Ud-straaler,
c.
radiator,
dissemina-
tor.
ud=strakt, extensive,
extended.
ud-straekke,
v. m.
expand.
Ud'Straekning,
extent,
ud-sogt, exquisite,
sedulous.
ud-tale,
y.
w.
express, utter; Ise,
expression,
declaration.
ud=tJl=bens, [see Ben], toeing
out.
Ud-tryk,
n.
expression.
Ld-vei, c.
way out, escape.
ud-vide,
v. w.
extend, enlarge.
ud=vikle, v. w.
develop.
Ud-vikling, development ; s-dygtig-
hed, capacity
for
development;
s-lsere, theory
of
evolution;
s-trin, .n,
stage
of
development.
u-fa'ttelig,
inconceivable.
u-feilba'tiig, unerring, infallible,
[164, i].
u-fin,
coarse,
unrefined.
u-forholds=maesslg, disproportion-
ate.
u-for=kla'rlig, inexplicable.
u-fornuftig, senseless,
absurd.
u-for-tjent,
undeserved.
U-fred, c.
quarrels, dissension,
war.
ufuldkommen, incomplete.
U-fo'lsomhed, apathy,
callous-
u-gjerne, unwillingly.
Ugle,
c. owl.
U-held,
n.
misfortune, mishap.
u-hyre, Bnormous; ,
n. monster.
u-kjendt,
unknown.
u-kje'ndelig, irrecognizable,
u=klog, foolish,
unwise.
Did,
c. wool.
UIv, c. wolf.
u=maa'delig,
immoderate.
u-middelbar,
direct,
immediate.
u-moralsk,
unmoral.
u-mu'lig, impossible;
bed, impos-
sibility.
ume'
ttelig, [see meet],
insatiable.
und=drage,
v, s.
refl.
evade.
under, under, beneath, during;
adskillig
Uro, with no little
disqui-
etude.
Under,
n. wonder
; bar,
wondrous
;
lig, wonderful, strange.
under-bolde,
v, s.
entertain,
inter*
est.
Under-kastelse 321 Veir
Under-kastelse,
submission.
under-laegge,
v. m. be
subject to,
be
made
subject
to.
Under-officer,
c. subaltern.
under-rette, v. w.
inform,
instruct.
Under-stottelse, support.
under-soge,
v. w.
investigate; Ise,
investigation.
under-ti'den,
at
times,
sometimes.
under-vise, v. w.
instruct, give
in-
struction.
Under-vi'sning,
instruction.
und=gaa,
v. s.
escape,
avoid.
und=komme, v. s.
escape.
und=lade, v. s.
neglect.
Undren,
c.
wonder,
astonishment.
undre, v. w.
[150],
wonder.
und-skylde,
v. w. excuse.
Und=ta'gelse, exception; s-vis, by
exception, rarely.
und-ta'gen, except, excepting.
ung, young; birk,
c.
young birch;
dom, c.
youth; e,
c.
young one,
youngster; kylling,
c.
bantling,
'
cub.
Universite't,
n.
university.
unna, coll.
for undaf,
aside, away.
u-organisk, inorganic.
u-passende, improper.
Ur,
c.
debris, scree, talus;
mountain-
side covered with loose stones.
u-ret,
wrong;
den
te,
the
wrong
one.
ur-gammel, very old, primeval.
U-ro, c.
disquietude; 'lighed,
dis-
turbance.
"ry'ggelig, unshaken,
firm.
u-sed-va'nlig,
unusual.
uselig, wretched, pitiful.
u-si'gelig, unspeakable,
ineffable.
u-skadt, unharmed.
u-slu'kkelig, inextinguishable.
ussel, wretched.
u-sta'dig, inconstant; hed, incon-
stancy.
U-stohed,
unsteadiness,
vacilla-
tion.
u-taksom,
ungrateful.
u-ta'llig,
innumerable,
numberless.
u-tiI-b6'rHg, improper,
undue.
u-tro'lig, incredible.
u-tro'stelig,
inconsolable,
disconso-
late.
u-ud-si'gelig, unspeakable.
u=und=verlig, indispensable.
U-ven,
c.
enemy.
U=vilje,
c.
ill-will, animosity.
u-vilkaarlig, involuntary.
u-vae'rdig, unworthy,
base.
V
Vaaben,
n.
weapon,
arms.
vaage,
v. w.
watch; n, a.
awake;
vaagne Dromme, reveries.
vaagne,
v. w. awake.
Vaar, c.
spring; dag,
c.
spring day;
flora,
c.
spring
freshet;
frisk,
fresh as
spring,
vernal.
vade,
v. w. wade.
Vagt,
c.
guard,
watch.
vakle, v. w.
waver,
vacillate.
Valg,
n.
choice,
selection.
Val-nod, c. walnut.
Val-plads,
c. battle-field.
Vampy'r,
c.
vampire.
Vand, n.
water, lake; rig, having
an abundance of
water; speil,
n.
mirror
(or surface)
of the water.
vandle, v. w.
prepare fodder,
feed.
vandre, v. w.
wander,
ramble.
vandt, past of vinde.
vanskelig, difficult; hed,
difficul-
ty.
vante, v. w. be
wanting.
var, past of
vaere.
vare, v. w.
last, endure.
Varighed, stability.
varlig, careful,
cautious.
Varme-flom, c. flood of warmth.
varsom,
wary, cautious; t, [164, i].
Vats-dal, Waterdale
(in Iceland).
ved.pres. o/vide.
Ved, c.
wood; hugger,
c. wood
chopper.
ved, by,
at.
vedde, v. w.
wager,
bet.
Ved-ko'mmende, n.
part.
ved-rore, v. w.
touch,
concern.
Vegt,
c.
[n, a], weight,
burden.
Vegne, pi.
behalf.
Vei, c.
way; farende, c.
way-farer,
traveler;
i
en, off.
veie, v. w.
weigh.
Veir, n.
[14, a], weather, air;
-bidt,
weather-beaten; haard,
unshel-
tered.
vek vred
vek, weak, soft, pliant.
veksle, v. w.
change.
Vekst, c.
growth,
stature.
vel, well; possibly, [186].
Vel-be-findende, n.
well-being.
vel-gjort,
well done.
Vel-gjorer,
c. benefactor.
vel=lykket, successful,
felicitous.
Vel-magts-dage, pi. days
of
power
(or affluence), palmiest days.
vel-naeret, well-fed,
sleek.
vel-si'gne,
v. w.
bless;
Ise,
bless-
ing.
vel-skabt, shapely, symmetrical.
Velstand,
c.
prosperity.
vel-ta'lende,
eloquent.
velte, v. w.
roll, overturn,
toss.
vel-villig, kindly, gracious.
Ve-mod, c. & n.
sadness; blandet,
not unmixed with
sadness; ig,
sad,
sorrowful.
Yen, c.
friend; lig, friendly,
kind-
ly; Hghed, friendliness,
kind-
ness; ne-ssel, beloved;
skab,
n.
friendship.
vende, v. w.
turn,
direct.
venstre, left,
left hand.
vente, v. w.
wait,
await.
Vera'nda,
veranda.
Verden, c.
world; s-moral,
c. uni-
versal
ethics; s-ry,
n. renown.
verge,
v. w. defend.
Verk,
n.
work, publication.
Verks-eier,
c. manufacturer.
Vern,
n.
defense; e,
v. w.
(usually
with
om), defend; e-pligt,
c. con-
scription.
Vers, n.
verse, poem; e-maal,
n.
meter.
Vet, n.
wits, good
sense.
vid, wide; t,
far.
Vid, n.
(c/. Vet), wit,
wisdom.
vide, v. ir.
know,
be aware
of;
n,
c.
knowledge.
Videnskab,
c.
knowledge, science;
s-mand,
c.
scholar,
scientist.
vldere, comp. of vid; noget , any-
thing
in
particular.
vidje-taekt,
willow-thatched.
Vidne, n. witness
; ,
v. w,
testify.
Vid-u'nder,
n.
wonder, prodigy;
Hg, marvelous, strange.
Vifte, c. fan.
vige,
v. s.
yield, shrink, give way,
re-
cede.
Vigsel,
c. consecration.
vigtig, important.
Viking,
c.
viking; e-tld,
c.
viking
age.
vil,
see ville.
vild, wild; else, delirium; skab,
c.
wildness; som,
wild,
intri-
cate.
Vilje,
c. will.
Vil-kaar, n. condition.
ville,
v. ir.
will, [139].
vilter,
giddy,
wild.
Vin, c. wine.
Vind, c.
wind; pust,
n.
breeze,
zephyr.
vinde, v. s.
win, gain.
Vindu, n. window.
Vindvet, poet, for
Vindu-et.
Vinge,
c.
wing; t, winged;
klippe,
v. w.
clip
the
wings.
Vinter, c.
winter; fiske, n. winter
fishing.
virke, v. w.
work,
make.
Virkelighed, reality.
vis, wise; dom,
wisdom.
vis, viss, certain, sure;
det ved
jeg
vist,
of course
;
se
vist,
look fixed-
ly.
vise, v. w.
show; refl. appear.
Vise, c.
song, ditty.
Visi'r, n. visor.
vist-nok, no
doubt, certainly,
it is
true.
Vittighed,
witticism.
Vogn,
c.
carriage.
vogte,
v. w.
watch; reft,
take
care,
take heed.
vokse,
v. w.
grow, increase;
n,
grown,
mature.
Void, c.
rampart.
Void, c.
force,
violence.
volde,
v. w.
cause,
occasion.
Vold-gifts-mand,
c. arbitrator.
vondt,
coll.
for
ondt.
vor, our, [76],
vorde, v. ir. become.
Vor-he'rre,
our Lord.
Vove, c. billow.
vove, v. w.
risk,
venture.
voxe,
see vokse.
vred, angry; e, c.
wrath, anger.
vredne 323
ovrig
vredne, p. p. pi. of
vride.
vride,
v. s.
wring,
twist.
vrinske,
v. w.
neigh.
vrajnge,
v. w.
twist,
turn inside
out;
billede,
n. caricature.
Vugge,
c.
cradle; ,
v. w.
rock;
gave,
c.
(christening) gift.
vsebne,
v. w. arm.
vsede,
v. w.
wet, moisten; ,
c.
moisture.
Vseg,
c. wall,
vaek,
away,
off.
vaskke,
v. w.
awake, arouse; nde,
inspiring.
Vjeld, n,
spring,
fountain.
Vaelde, c.
power, might.
vseldig, powerful, mighty,
vaelge,
v. m.
choose,
select.
vaslte,
see velte.
vaenne,
v. w. accustom.
Vaerd, n.
worth, value; i'=los,
worthless.
Vasrdighed, dignity.
Vsern,
see
Vern, [n, a].
vaerre, comp. o/ilde, [174].
vaerst,
worst.
Vsesen, n.
being, manner, nature,
creature
; tlig, essential,
main.
Vsev, c.
loom; e,
v. w. weave.
Vasxt,
see Vekst.
W
Wien, Vienna.
yderst, [68], outmost, farthest,
ex-
treme,
minute.
ydmyg,
humble.
ydre, [68], external; ,
n. exterior.
Yndest, c.
favor, good graces.
ynkelig, pitiable, pitiful.
yppe,
v. w.
raise, provoke,
stir
up.
ypperst, [68, c], chief, highest,
best.
yPP'g.
luxuriant.
ytre,
v. w.
express,
utter.
Ytring, expression.
zigoi'ner-agtig, gypsy-like,
in
gypsy
fashion.
zitre,
v. w.
(see sitre) ,
quiver.
cede, v. s. eat.
asdel, noble; -mo'dig, magnani-
mous.
/Egy'pten, Egypt.
^gy'pter,
c.
Egyptian.
/Elde,
c. old
age.
celdst, sup. o/gammel.
fengstelig, anxious, apprehensive.
serbo'dig, respectful,
reverent.
/Ere,
c.
honor, glory; ,
v. w.
honor;
fuld, honorable;
kjapr,
jealous
of one's
honor, high-spirited.
aergre,
v. w. vex
; refl.
be
annoyed,
fret.
aerlig, honest,
honorable.
>Erme, c. sleeve.
^r=vae'rdigheds=praeg,
n.
stamp
of
venerableness.
>Eser, pi. (see As) , gods.
>Et,
c.
race, family; te-drab,
n.
family feud,
vendetta.
6
O, c. island,
ode, desolate,
waste
; ,
v. w.
waste,
lavish
; laegge,
v. m.
lay waste,
de-
stroy.
odsle, v. w. be
prodigal,
be lavish.
pge,
v.
w^.
increase, augment.
6ie, n.
(Oine) , eye ; blik,
n. moment
;
n-bryn,
n.
(=), eye-brow;
n-
skalk, c.
hypocrite.
6ks, e, c. ax.
6m, tender.
pnske,
v. w.
wish, desire; ,
n. wish.
Ore,
n.
[46, a],
ear,
6rn,
c.
eagle.
Sse,
v. w.
bale, dip; nde,
drench-
ing.
ost, east;
er-so-en,
the Baltic.
ove, v. w.
exert,
exercise.
overst, [68], uppermost, top.
6vrig, remaining.
LIST OF
STRONG, MIXED,
AND
IRREGULAR
VERBS.
The
present
tense is
given only
when it is
irregularly
formed.
For the
adjective
forms of the
past participles
of
strong verbs,
see
114. Compound
verbs must be
sought
under the
simple verb,
unless
they
occur
only
in
compounds.
Forms in
parentheses
are
colloquial.
INFINITIVE.
LIST OF VERBS 325
INFINITIVE.
INFINITIVE.
LIST OF VERBS '627
INFINITIVE.
INFINITIVE.
LIST OF VERBS 329
INFINITIVE.
INFINITIVE.
'nvaims ISTOSTI
siqi tuojj
/
9AOUI9J
\\
\
JOU
OQ
Aavaan
01NOHOI JO AIOTAIM
ill
!!
ill]

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