Roof - Semi-D (Idp)

Semi-detached Calculations
Roof Calculator - Semi-detached

Roof Dimension
Roof Number 1:
Dimension of roof
(on plan)
4700
l
= 8752
Distance between roof and structure= 1075
(on slope)
b = 4700
l
= 8817.7
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Purlin
Length of purlin =
Number of space between purlin =
Number of purlin =
Spacing of purlin =
4700.0
4
5
2204
mm
mm
Rafter
Length of rafter =
Number of space between rafter =
Number of rafter =
Spacing of rafter =
=
Roof
8817.7
mm
3
4
(4700-1075)/3 mm
1208
mm
Roof Number 2:
Dimension of roof
(on plan)
6627
l
= 3100
Distance between roof and structure= 1075
(on slope)
b = 6627
l
= 3123.3
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Purlin
Length of purlin =
Number of space between purlin =
Number of purlin =
Spacing of purlin =
6627.0
6
7
521
mm
mm
Rafter
Length of rafter =
Number of space between rafter =
Number of rafter =
Spacing of rafter =
=
Roof
3123.3
mm
3
4
(6627-1075)/3
1851
mm
Steel Section
Purlin: C-channel
Self-weight =
Width =
Depth of section, h =
Thickness of flange =
(b/t)flange =
(d/t)web =
ry =
u=
x=
17.9
75
150
10
7.5
19.3
2.4
0.946
13.1
kg/m
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
cm
I = 861
Plastic modulus, Sx = 132
cm4
3
cm
Elastic modulus, Zx = 115
cm3
Elastic modulus, Zy = 26.6
cm3
Rafer : I-beam
Self-weight =
Width =
(b/t)flange =
(d/t)web =
ry =
u=
x=
Roof
150x75x18
305x165x54
54
166.9
310.4
13.7
6.09
33.6
3.93
0.889
23.6
kg/m
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
cm
I = 11700
cm4
cm3
cm3
Task
Design Roof for Semi-detached Unit Roof 1
Reference
Calculation
Loadings
Dead Load
Structural
Sections: to BS4:
Part 1 and
BS 4848:Part 4
BS 648
Self-weight of purlin = 0.179

Self-weight of rafter = 0.540
kN/m
kN/m
kg/m2
Zinc sheeting (0.041in.) = 7.8
kN/m2
= 0.078
kg/m2
Insulation (aluminium = 3.4
kN/m
sheet 0.048 in.) 0.034
BS6399: Part 3 Imposed Load

Clause 4.3.1.(c)
2
0.6 kN/m
2
0.596 kN/m
(on plan) =
(on slope) =
CP3: Chapter
V-2: 1972
Wind Load
=
H=
h=
w=
h
7
10.556
10.114
7.7
degree
m
m
H
m
h/w = 1.31
<2
Thus, value of Table 9 from CP3: Chapter V-2: 1972 can be used.
Basic Wind Speed, V = 35
m/s
Clause 5.4
Topographic Factor, S1 = 1
Clause 5.5.2
Ground roughness, building size and height above ground factor

# Ground roughness: (3) Country with many windbreakers: small towns
, outskirts of large cities
Roof
# Building size:
Table 3
Class A
S2
0.78
0.791
0.88
H (m)
10
10.556
15
Thus, S2 is 0.791
Clause 5.6
For completed structure; Factor S3 =
Clause 5.1
Design Wind Speed, Vs = VxS1xS2xS3

= 27.69
m/s
Clause 6
Dynamic Pressure, q = k*(Vs^2)

k = 0.613
(in SI unit)
2
N/m
Thus, q = 469.98
kN/m2
= 0.47
Table 9
Most critical wind load occurs at wind angle 90.

Roof angle,
5
7
10
Appendix E
Wind angle 90
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
Cpi
0.2
-0.3
Conditition
a) wind normal to permeable face
b) wind normal to impermeable face
Cp=(Cpe - Cpi)
Cp =(Cpe - Cpi)
Cpe
Cpe
L side
H side
Cpi
Cpi
Roof
Worst case scenario at wind angle, 90 with;

Cp = -1.2
Therefore, the worst case pressure coefficient, Cp is
-1.2
Pressure on roof, P = Cp*q

= (-1.2)(0.47)
Clause 7.2
kN/m2
= -0.564
Wind load, F
a) Internal Node =
b) End Node =
-1.502
-0.751
kN
kN
1.828m
1.828m
2.132m
Purlin
2.132m
Rafter
Figure 1: Loads Transferred to Purlin

BS 5950: 1
(i) Purlin Design

Loads acting on purlin
1. Zinc + Insulation load
2.
(on plan) = 0.112
kN/m2
(on slope) = 0.111

Purlin self-weight = 0.179
kN/m2
kN/m
Total load on node, Wp = (0.111 x 2.132 x 1.828)+(0.179 x 1.828)

= 0.51
kN
Table 27
Section modulus, Zp = WpL

1800
= 0.93 x 1828
1800
cm3
= 0.34
Roof
D = L/45
= 1828/45
= 27
mm
B = L/60
= 1828/60
= 20
Try C-channel of section 150x75x18.
mm
Treated as simply supported;

loads on purlin = 3.132
reaction = 1.892
maximum moment = 0.572
kN/m
kN
kN.m
3.132 kN/m
1.208
1.892 kN
1.892 kN
V(kN)
1.892
- 1.892
M(kN.m)
0.572 kN.m
Figure 2: Shear and Moment Diagram for Purlin
Checking:
Table 9
1. Thickness of flange, t = 10
Thus, design strenght y = 275
mm
N/mm2
= (y/275) =
Tabele 11
Roof
< 16mm
1
< 40 =
2. Web of a channel d/t = 2.4

Thus, overall class is class 1.
40
3. Biaxial Bending
Table 13
Clause 4.3.6.7
Segment length, LLT = 1.208
Effective length, LE = 1.2LLT+2D

= 1.750
Slenderness, = LE/ry
= 72.92
/x = 5.57
Table 19
Clause 4.3.6.9
Clause 4.3.6.7
Table 16
/x
7.50
5.57
8.00
v
0.720
0.797
0.700
Class 1 - plastic: Bw =
1
LT = uv Bw
= 55.00
Equivalent slenderness,
LT
y = 275 N/mm2
b
201.0
227.0
188.0
65.0
55.0
70.0
N/mm2
Bending strength, b = 227.0

Clause 4.3.6.4
Class 1-plastic: Mb= bSx

= 29.96
kN.m
Table 26
Equivalent uniform moment factor for =

flexural buckling, m
0.95
Table 18
0.925
lateral-torsional buckling, mLT
Roof
10
> Mmax
# Thus, ok
0.572 kN.m
Biaxial checking formula:

myMy
1 mxMx
yZx
yZy
Mx = 0.572
My = 0.07
mxMx
yZx
myMy
kN.m
kN.m
= 0.95 x (1.795x106)
yZy
275 x
= 0.026
2 mLTML
Mb
myMy
yZy
myMy
yZy
0.95 x (0.22106)
275 x (26.6x103)
<1
ok
MLT = 0.529
mLTMLT
+
Mb
(132x103)
kN.m
= 0.925x (1.661x106)
25.13x106
= 0.025
0.95 x (0.22x106)
275 x (26.6x103)
<1
ok
Therefore, the C-channel of section 150x75x18 is adequate in terms of biaxial bending.
4. Deflection check
Imposed load = 1.313
(on slope)
= 1.59
kN/m
kN
Young's Modulus, E = 2.05E+05
N/mm2
Moment of Inertia, I = 861
cm4
Deflection, = 5WL3
384EI
3)x2.028)x(1.828)3
5x(1.27x10
=
384x(205x103)x(861x104)
= 0.021
Table 8
/span =
mm
1.70416E-05 < 1/360
Therefore, the C-channel of section 150x75x18 is adequate in terms of deflection.
Roof
11
(ii) Rafter Design

0.60m
1.828m
1.828m
1.828m
Purlin
0.60m
2.132m
2.132m
Rafter
Figure 3: Loads Transferred to Rafter

Loadings:
Try I-beam section 305x165x54 for rafter.
Dead Load:
Transferred from purlin = 0.51
kN
Rafter self-weight = 0.540
kN/m
Imposed Load:
Qk (on slope) = 0.596
= 0.720
kN/m2
kN/m
Wind Load:
kN/m2
Wk = 0.47
= 0.568
Roof
kN/m
12
Load combinations (on internal node as shown in red dot in Figure 2):
Case 1:
Dead + Imposed load = 1.4Gk+1.6Qk
= 1.4[0.93+(0.54x(2.132)]+1.6(1.327x2.123)
= 4.922
kN
Case 2:
Dead + Wind load = 1.0Gk+1.4Wk
= 1.0[0.93+(0.54x(2.132)]+1.4(-1.047x2.123)
= -0.050
kN
Case 3:
Dead + Imposed + 1.2 (Gk+Qk+Wk)
Wind load =
= 1.2[(0.93+(0.54x(2.132))+(1.327x2.123)+(-1.047x2.123)]
= 2.445
kN
Case 1 is used in rafter design because it is the most critical among the three load
combinations.
Loads acting on (not including self-weight of rafter):
a) Internal node = 1.4[(0.111 x 2.132 x 1.828)+(0.179 x 1.828)]+
1.6[0.596x2.132x1.828]
= 3.255
kN
b) End node
= 1.4[(0.111 x (2.132/2) x 1.828)+(0.179 x 1.828))]+

1.6[0.596x(2.132/2)x1.828]
= 1.779
kN
1.779
3.255
3.255
3.255
1.779
0.756 kN/m
2.204
2.204
2.204
RA= 7.95 kN
0.704
1.500
RB= 12.04 kN
Figure 4: Loads Acted on Rafter

MA = [RB(2.132+2.132+2.132+0.632)]-[5.825
=
x(2.132+(2.132x2)+(2.132x3)]+(-3.192x8.528) (0.54x(8.5282/2))
RB = 12.04
kN
Roof
13
MB = [-RA(2.132+2.132+2.132+0.632)]+[5.825
=
x((2.132+2.132+0.632)+(2.132+0.632)+0.632]+
(-3.192x1.5)+(3.192x7.028)
RA = 7.95
kN
V(kN)
6.17
4.50
2.91
1.25
1.78
-0.42
-3.68
-5.34
-8.60
-9.13
M(kN.m)
3.54
0
-11.76
-2.70
-12.82
-12.64
Figure 5: Shear and Moment Diagram for Rafter

BS5950
Checking:
Table 9
1. Thickness of flange, t = 13.7

mm
N/mm2
= (y/275) =
Table 11
Roof
2.
< 16mm
1
< 40 =
< 80 =
Flange b/t = 6.09

Web d/t = 33.6
14
40
80
2. Section selection
Mmax = 12.82
kN.m
M = ySx
Rearranging; Sx = M/y
= 46624.15
mm3
= 46.62
cm
Try section 305x165x54.

3
cm
Sx= 846
Mdesign = ySx
3
= 275x(846x10 )
= 232.65
kN.m
> Mmax
12.82
kN.m
> Fmax
9.13
kN
Thus, ok
3. Shear Capacity Check

Fmax = 9.13
kN
Pv = 0.6yAv
= 701.66
kN
Thus, section is adequate in term of shear capacity.

Web d/t = 33.6
< 70 =
Thus, it is not required to check for shear buckling.
70
4. Moment Capacity Check

0.6 Pv = 421.00
kN
Fv = 9.13
Therefore, it is low shear.
kN
< 0.6 Pv (421 kN)
Thus, Class 1: Mc = ySx

> Mmax
= 232.65
kN.m
Thus, this section is adequate in term of moment capacity.
Roof
15
12.82
kN.m
5. Deflection Check
Point load from purlin;
a) Internal node = 0.596x2.132x1.828
= 1.586
kN
b) End node
= 0.596x(2.132/2)x1.828
= 0.793
kN
N/mm2
cm4
Distance between the end and nodes:

a1= 0
a2 = 2204.4
a3 = 4408.9
a4 = 6613.3
a5 = 8817.7
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Deflection, =
=
Table 8
/span =
0.563
mm
6.3792E-08 < 1/360
Therefore, the I-beam of section 305x165x54 is adequate in terms of deflection.
Roof
16
Roof
17
Roof
18
Roof
19
Roof
20
Roof
21
Roof
22
Roof
23
Roof
24
Roof
25
Roof
26
Roof
27
Roof
28
Roof
29
Roof
30
Steel Section
Purlin:
C-channel
Self-weight =
Width =
(b/t)flange =
(d/t)web =
ry =
u=
x=
Rafer :
Roof
150x75x18
17.9
75
150
10
7.5
19.3
2.4
0.946
13.1
kg/m
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
cm
I = 861
cm4
3
cm
cm3
Elastic modulus, Zy = 26.6
cm3
I-beam
305x165x54
Self-weight =
Width =
(b/t)flange =
(d/t)web =
ry =
u=
x=
54
166.9
310.4
13.7
6.09
33.6
3.93
0.889
23.6
kg/m
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
cm
I = 11700
Plastic modulus, Sx =
846
cm4
cm3
Elastic modulus, Zx =
cm3
754
43
Task
Design Roof for Semi-detached Unit Roof 2
Reference
Calculation
Loadings
Dead Load
Structural
Sections: to
BS4: Part 1 and
BS 4848:Part 4
BS 648
Self-weight of purlin = 0.179

Self-weight of rafter = 0.540
kN/m
kN/m
kg/m2
Zinc sheeting (0.041in.) = 7.8
kN/m2
= 0.078
kg/m2
Insulation (aluminium = 3.4
kN/m2
sheet 0.048 in.) 0.034
BS6399
: Part 3
Imposed Load
Clause 4.3.1.(c)
0.6 kN/m
2
0.596 kN/m
(on plan) =
(on slope) =
CP3: Chapter
V-2: 1972
Wind Load
h
=
H=
h=
w=
7
9.133
8.3
7.7
degree
m
m
m
h/w = 1.08
<2
Thus, value of Table 9 from CP3: Chapter V-2: 1972 can be used.
Basic Wind Speed, V = 35
m/s
Clause 5.4
Topographic Factor, S1 = 1
Clause 5.5.2
Ground roughness, building size and height above ground factor

# Ground roughness: (3) Country with many windbreakers: small towns
, outskirts of large cities
Roof
44
# Building size:
Table 3
Class A
S2
0.78
0.763
0.88
H (m)
10
9.133
15
Thus, S2 is 0.791
Clause 5.6
For completed structure;
Clause 5.1
Design Wind Speed, Vs = VxS1xS2xS3

= 26.69
Clause 6
Factor S3 =1
m/s
Dynamic Pressure, q = k*(Vs^2)

k = 0.613
(in SI unit)
N/m2
Thus, q = 436.78
kN/m
= 0.44
Table 9
Most critical wind load occurs at wind angle 90.

Roof angle,
5
7
10
Appendix E
Wind angle 90
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
Cpi
0.2
-0.3
Conditition
a) wind normal to permeable face
b) wind normal to impermeable face
Cp=(Cpe - Cpi)
Cp =(Cpe - Cpi)
Cpe
Cpe
L side
H side
Cpi
Cpi
Roof
45
Worst case scenario at wind angle, 90 with;

Cp = -1.2
Therefore, the worst case pressure coefficient, Cp is
-1.2
Pressure on roof, P = Cp*q

= (-1.2)(0.47)
Clause 7.2
kN/m2
= -0.524
Wind load, F
a) Internal Node =
b) End Node =
-0.505
-0.252
kN
kN
2.167m
2.167m
1.033m
Purlin
1.033m
Rafter
Figure 1: Loads Transferred to Purlin

BS 5950: 1
(i) Purlin Design

Loads acting on purlin
1. Zinc + Insulation load
2.
(on plan) = 0.112
kN/m2
(on slope) = 0.111

Purlin self-weight = 0.179
kN/m2
kN/m
Total load on node, Wp = (0.111 x 1.033x 2.167)+(0.179 x 2.167)

= 0.44
kN
Table 27
Section modulus, Zp = WpL
1800
= 1.13 x 2167
1800
cm3
= 0.45
Roof
46
D = L/45
= 2167/45
= 27
mm
B = L/60
= 2167/60
= 31
Try C-channel of section 150x75x18.
mm
Treated as simply supported;

loads on purlin = 1.250
reaction = 1.156
maximum moment = 0.535
kN/m
kN
kN.m
1.250 kN/m
1.851 m
1.156 kN
1.156 kN
V(kN)
1.156
- 1.156
M(kN.m)
0.535 kN.m
Figure 2: Shear and Moment Diagram for Purlin
Checking:
Table 9
1. Thickness of flange, t = 10
mm
N/mm2
= (y/275) =
Table 11
Roof
< 16mm
1
< 40 =
2. Web of a channel d/t = 2.4

47
40
3. Biaxial Bending
Table 13
Clause 4.3.6.7
Segment length, LLT = 1.851
Effective length, LE = 1.2LLT+2D

= 2.521
Slenderness, = LE/ry
= 105.03
/x = 8.02
Table 19
Clause 4.3.6.9
Clause 4.3.6.7
Table 16
/x
9.00
8.02
9.50
v
0.67
0.709
0.65
Class 1 - plastic: Bw =
1
LT = uv Bw
= 70.48
Equivalent slenderness,
LT
y = 275 N/mm2
b
176.0
186.0
165.0
75.0
70.5
80.0
Bending strength, b = 186.0

Clause 4.3.6.4
N/mm
Class 1-plastic: Mb= bSx

= 24.55
kN.m
Table 26

flexural buckling, m
0.95
Table 18

lateral-torsional buckling, mLT
0.925
Roof
48
> Mmax
# Thus, ok
0.535 kN.m
Biaxial checking formula:

myMy
1 mxMx
yZx
yZy
Mx = 0.535
My = 0.07
mxMx
yZx
myMy
kN.m
kN.m
= 0.95 x (1.492x106)
yZy
275 x
= 0.025
2 mLTML
Mb
myMy
yZy
<1
myMy
yZy
ok
MLT = 0.495
mLTMLT
+
Mb
0.95 x (0.18x106)
275 x (26.6x103)
(132x103)
kN.m
= 0.925x (1.381x106)
23.07x106
= 0.027
0.95 x (0.18x106)
275 x (26.6x103)
<1
ok
Therefore, the C-channel of section 150x75x18 is adequate in terms of biaxial bending.
4. Deflection check
Imposed load = 0.310
(on slope)
= 0.57
kN/m
kN
2
N/mm
cm4
Deflection, = 5WL3
384EI
= 5x(1.33x103x1.033)x(2.167)3
384x(205x103)x(861x104)
= 0.027
Table 8
/span =
mm
1.44577E-05 < 1/360
Therefore, the C-channel of section 150x75x18 is adequate in terms of deflection.
Roof
49
(ii) Rafter Design

0.60m
2.167m
2.167m
2.167m
Purlin
0.60m
1.033m
1.033m
Rafter
1.033m
1.033m
Figure 3: Loads Transferred to Rafter

Loadings:
Try I-beam section 305x165x54 for rafter.
Dead Load:
Transferred from purlin = 0.44
kN
Rafter self-weight = 0.540
kN/m
Imposed Load:
Qk (on slope) = 0.596
= 1.102
kN/m2
kN/m
Wind Load:
2
kN/m
Wk = 0.44
= 0.808
Roof
kN/m
50
Load combinations (on internal node as shown in red dot in Figure 2):
Case 1:
Dead + Imposed load = 1.4Gk+1.6Qk
= 1.4[0.75+(0.54x(1.033)]+1.6(1.529x1.033)
= 1.925
kN
Case 2:
Dead + Wind load = 1.0Gk+1.4Wk
= 1.0[0.75+(0.54x(1.033)]+1.4(-1.121x1.033)
= 0.130
kN
Case 3:
Dead + Imposed 1.2 (Gk+Qk+Wk)
+ Wind load =
= 1.2[(0.75+(0.54x(1.033))+(1.529x1.033)+(-1.121x1.033)]
= 1.047
kN
Case 1 is used in rafter design because it is the most critical among the three load
combinations.
Loads acting on (not including self-weight of rafter):
a) Internal node = 1.4[(0.111 x 1.033 x 2.167)+(0.179 x 2.167)]+
1.6[0.596x1.033x2.167]
= 1.532
kN
b) End node
= 1.4[(0.111 x (1.033/2) x 2.228)+(0.179 x 2.167))]+

1.6[0.596x(1.033/2)x2.167]
= 0.998
kN
0.998
1.532
1.532
1.532
0.998
0.756 kN/m
0.521
0.521
0.521
RA= 2.23 kN
-0.129
0.650
5.93
kN
R B=
Figure 4: Loads Acted on Rafter

MA = [RB(1.033+1.033+1.033+0.383)]-[5.825
=
x(1.033+(1.033x2)+ (1.033x3)]+(-2.112x4.131) (0.54x(4.1312/2))
RB = 5.93
kN
Roof
51
MB = [-RA(1.033+1.033+1.033+0.383)]+[5.825x
=
((1.033+1.033+0.383)+(1.033+0.383)+0.383]+
(-2.112x0.65)+(2.112x3.482)
RA = 2.23
kN
V(kN)
1.23
0.84
1.49
-0.69
1.00
-1.09
-2.62
-3.01
-4.54
-4.45
M(kN.m)
1.40
1
-0.54
0.51
1.98
0.05
Figure 5: Shear and Moment Diagram for Rafter

BS5950
Checking:
Table 9
1.
Thickness of flange,
13.7t =
mm
N/mm2
= (y/275) =
Table 11 2.
1
< 40 =
< 80 =
Flange b/t = 6.09

Web d/t = 33.6
2. Section selection
Roof
< 16mm
52
40
80
Mmax = -0.05
kN.m
M = ySx
Rearranging; Sx = M/y
= -192.77
mm3
= -0.19
cm3
Try section 305x165x54.
cm3
Sx= 846
Mdesign = ySx
3
= 275x(846x10 )
= 232.65
kN.m
> Mmax
-0.05
kN.m
> Fmax
4.45
kN
Thus, ok
3. Shear Capacity Check

Fmax = 4.45
kN
Pv = 0.6yAv
= 701.66
kN
Thus, section is adequate in term of shear capacity.

Web d/t = 33.6
< 70 =
70
Thus, it is not required to check for shear buckling.
4. Moment Capacity Check

0.6 Pv = 421.00
kN
Fv = 4.45
Therefore, it is low shear.
kN
< 0.6 Pv (421 kN)
Class 1: Mc = ySx
> Mmax
= 232.65
kN.m
Thus, this section is adequate in term of moment capacity.
5. Deflection Check
Roof
53
-0.05
kN.m
Point load from purlin;

a) Internal node = 0.596x1.033x2.167
= 0.574
kN
b) End node
= 0.596x(1.033/2)x2.167
= 0.287
kN
N/mm2
cm4
Distance between the end and nodes:

a1=
0
a2 =
520.55
a3 =
1041.09
a4 =
1561.64
a5 =
2082.19
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Deflection, =
=
Table 8
/span =
1 mm
3.20176E-07 < 1/360
Therefore, the I-beam of section 305x165x54 is adequate in terms of deflection.
Roof
54
Roof
55
Roof
56
Roof
57
Roof
58
Roof
59
Roof
60
al bending.
Roof
61
Roof
62
Roof
63
Roof
64
Roof
65
Roof
66
(iii) Roof Beam Design

The roof beam selected for design the beam sustain most critical load from the roof.
Most critical roof beam for semi-detached unit is roof 1 with dimension on plan of
6685 x 8465mm.
0.60m
2.208m
2.208m
2.208m
Roof Beam
0.60m
6.965
Rafter
Purlin
1.50m
3.850m
1.635m
Figure 1: Roof Beam Position for Roof 1
Details:
Concrete unit weight = 24
Beam breath = 0.18
Beam depth = 0.2
kN/m3
m
m
Loadings:
Self-weight of beam = 0.864
kN/m
The most critical load is chosen for design:
At point C from Roof 1 with load of 12.04 kN
Load from roof = 15.79 x cos5
= 11.95
kN
Roof
79
11.95 kN
1.208 m
11.95 kN
11.95 kN
1.208 m
-0.427m
1.635 m
0.864 kN/m
11.95 kN
B
1.635 m
A
3.850 m
Figure 2: Loadings Acted on Roof Beam
Stiffness,
KAB= 4EI/L
= 4EI/3.850
= 1.04EI
KBC= 4EI/L
= 4EI/1.635
= 2.45EI
Distribution Factor,
DFAB= KAB/KAB
= 1.04EI/1.04EI
=1
DFBA= KBA/(KAB+KBC)
= 1.04EI/(1.04EI + 2.45EI)
= 0.3
DFBC= KBC/(KAB+KBC)
= 2.45EI/(1.04EI + 2.45EI)
= 0.7
DFCB= KBC/KBC
= 2.45EI/2.45EI
=1
Fixed End Moment,

FEMAB = (Pb2a)/(l2)+(Pb2a)/(l2)+(wl2/12)+(Pb2a)/(l2)
2
2
2
= {-[(15.67x2.021 x1.828)/(3.85 )]+[(0.864x3.85 )/12]+
[(15.67x0.1932x3.656)/(3.852)]}
= -2.02
kN.m
FEMBA = (Pa2b)/(l2)+(Pa2b)/(l2)+(wl2/12)
= [(15.67x1.8282x2.021)/(3.852)]+[(0.864x3.852)/12]+
2
[(15.67x3.656 x0.193)/(3.85 )]
= -0.02
kN.m
FEMBC = (wl2/12)+(Pa2b)/(l2)
= {-[(0.864x3.3052)/12]+0}
= -0.19
kN.m
FEMCB = (wl2/12)
= [(0.864x3.3052)/12]+0
= 0.19
kN.m
Roof
80
Joint
Member
DF
FEM
Dist.
A
AB
1
-2.017
2.017
0.032
-0.032
-0.137
0.137
0.008
-0.008
0.000
11.954 kN
B
BA
0.3
-0.022
0.064
1.009
-0.274
-0.016
0.016
0.068
-0.068
0.777
BC
0.7
-0.192
0.150
-0.096
-0.639
-0.038
0.038
0.160
-0.160
-0.777
11.95 kN
0.864 kN/m
C
CB
1
0.192
-0.192
0.075
-0.075
-0.319
0.319
0.019
-0.019
0.000
11.95 kN
0.777 kN.m
A
1.208 m
B
-0.427 m
1.208 m
RB
RA = [-10.937+(0.8640x(3.85 /2))+(15.67x2.021)+(15.67x0.193)+
(15.67x3.85)]/3.85
= 14.56
kN
RA
2
RB = [10.937+(0.8640x(3.85 /2))+(15.67x1.828)+(15.67x3.656)]/3.850
= 23.03
kN
11.95 kN
0.864 kN/m
0.777
kN.m
B
1.635 m
RB
2
RB = [10.937-(0.8640x(1.635 /2))]/1.635
= 1.18
kN
2
RC
RC = [-10.937+(0.8640x(1.635 /2))+(15.67x1.635)]/1.635
= 12.19
kN
Roof
RA = 14.56
RB = 24.21
kN
RC = 12.19
kN
kN
81
V(kN)
(+)
2.60
1.18
1.56
-0.23
-10.40
-11.44
-12.19
(-)
-23.40
-23.03
M(kN.m)
(-)
2.51
4.7E-15
-10.68
(+)
-0.78
Figure 3: Shear and Moment Diagram for Roof Beam Supporting the Rafter and Purlin
Task
Design Roof Beam for Supporting Roof
Reference
BS8110:
Part 1
Design Parameter:
Calculation
fcu= 25
fy= 460
fyv= 250
Beam dimension
Width, b = 180
Table 3.3
Depth, h = 200
Nominal cover, c = 25
Main bar diameter, = 12
Link diameter, ' = 8
Roof
Output
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm
l
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
82
Bending Moment
Mid Span
Assume 12mm diameter main bar and 8mm diameter link.
d= h - c - /2 - '
= 200 - 25 - 12/2 - 8
= 161
Moment = 2.51
K=
mm
kN.m
M
fcubd
6
= (12.89x10 ) /(25x180x161)
=
0.022
(<0.156)
K<K'
z=
d [0.5 +
161 [0.5+
157.05
0.95d= 0.95x161
= 152.95
Use
157.05
x= (d-z)/0.45
= (161-137.93)/0.45
= 8.78
As=
<0.95d
mm
mm
z<0.95d
mm
M
0.95fyz
6
= (12.89x10 ) /(0.95x460x137.93)
= 36.62
>As min
mm
Provide 3T12bars. (Area prov:
226
mm )
Provide
3T12
As min= (0.13/100) x b x h
= (0.13/100)x180x200
= 46.8
Roof
mm
83
As>As min
ok
First Interior Support

Assume 12mm diameter main bar and 8mm diameter link.
d= h - c - /2 - '
= 200 - 25 - 12/2 - 8
= 161
Max. moment = 0.78
K=
mm
kN.m
M
fcubd
6
= (10.94x10 ) /(25x180x161)
=
0.007
(<0.156)
K<K'
z=
d [0.5 +
161 [0.5+
159.80
0.95d= 0.95x161
= 152.95
Use
159.80
x= (d-z)/0.45
= (161-141.98)/0.45
= 2.67
As=
<0.95d
mm
mm
z<0.95d
mm
M
0.95fyz
6
= (11.01x10 ) /(0.95x460x141.98)
= 11.13
>As min
mm
226
mm )
Provide
2T12
As min= (0.13/100) x b x h
= (0.13/100)x180x200
= 46.8
Roof
mm
84
As>As min
ok
Shear Reinforcement
Mid Span
Vmax = 23.40
kN
v= V
bd
3
= 26.66x10 /(180x161)
= 0.807
N/mm
0.8fcu= 0.8*(25^0.5)
=4
100As=
100(192.80)
bd
180x161
= 0.126
Table 3.8
(400/d)1/4 = (400/161)1/4
= 1.255
N/mm
v <0.8fcu
<3
ok
>1
ok
1/3
1/4
1/3
v c = 0.79{100As/(bd)} (400/d) (fcu/25) / m
1/3
1/4
1/3
= 0.79(0.738) (1.255) (1) / 1.25
= 0.336
N/mm
0.5 v c = 0.168
v c+0.4= 0.736
N/mm
N/mm
Thus, 0.5v c<v <v c+0.4
0.5v c<v <v c+0.4
Table 3.7 Norminal Links;

Asv/sv= 0.4b/0.95fyv
= 0.4(180)/0.95(250)
= 0.303
Provide R8 links. (Spacing of links is 300mm center to center)
Roof
85
R8@300mm c/c
First Interior Support

Vmax = 23.03
kN
v= V
bd
3
= 26.83x10 /(180x161)
= 3.906
N/mm
0.8fcu= 0.8*(25^0.5)
=4
100As=
100(176.28)
bd
180x161
= 0.189
Table 3.8
(400/d)1/4 = (400/161)1/4
= 1.255
N/mm
v <0.8fcu
<3
ok
>1
ok
1/3
1/4
1/3
v c = 0.79{100As/(bd)} (400/d) (fcu/25) / m
1/3
1/4
1/3
= 0.79(0.512) (1.255) (1) / 1.25

= 0.384
N/mm
0.5 v c = 0.192
v c+0.4= 0.784
N/mm
N/mm
Thus, 0.5v c<v <v c+0.4
0.5v c<v <v c+0.4

= 0.4(180)/0.95(250)
= 0.303
Provide R8 links. (Spacing of links is 300mm center to center)
Roof
86
R8@300mm c/c
Deflection Check
Mid Span (Most Critical)
M = 2.51
kN.m
M/bd2= (12.89x106)/(150x1612)
= 0.54
fs= 2fyAs req
3As prov
=
2x460x192.8
3x339
= 49.68
Table 3.10
N/mm2
Modification factor=
= 0.55+ {(477-290.1)/[120X(0.9+2.76)]}
= 3.025
Table 3.9
Basic span/d ratio = 26

span/d
allowable
= 0.975x26
= 78.66
span/d actual = 3.395/(161/1000)

= 23.913
The span is the most critical span in this beam.
Therefore, the beam is satisfactory with respect to deflection.
Crack Control
Check for longest span as more steel reinforcement are provided on
that span.
Clear Spacing= b-2(cover)-2(link diameter)-no.of bars x bar diameter
no. of bars -1
=
39
mm
Minimum size of coarse agg =
25
Minimum distanc between bar = hagg + 5mm

= 30
Minimum distance between bars(30mm) < Clear Spacing.
Roof
87
mm
mm
ok
Task
RC Flat Roof Design

(iv) RC Flat Roof Design
ly=
2705mm
ly=
4260mm
lx= 1915 mm
Figure 4: RC Flat Roof Dimension
Details:
Concrete unit weight=
24
Thickness of slab=
BS6399
Part 3
0.15
kN/m
m
Slab finishes=
kN/m
Slab live load=
0.6
kN/m
Design ultimate load, n= 1.4GK+1.6QK

= 1.4[(24x0.15)+2]+1.6(0.6)
=
7.4
kN/m
Slab: 4260 x 1915mm
Slab: 2705 x 1915mm
Assume :
Roof
ly/lx= 2.22
ly/lx= 1.41
diameter bar =
concrete cover =
fcu=
fy=
h=
>2
<2
10
25
25
460
150
88
mm
mm
N/mm
N/mm
mm
One-way slab
Two-way slab
BS8110:
Part 1
Table 3.14
Bending Moment
Slab condition: Two adjacent adge discontinuous
0.045
0.098
0.074
0.034
Figure 5: Bending Moment Coefficient

Design for the most critical slab: 4260mm x 1915mm
Continuous Edges
Short Span
Effective depth of outer layer:
d= 150-25-5
= 120
mm
Msx = Bsxnlx
2
= 0.098 x 7.4 x 1.915
= 2.66
kN.m
Clause
3.4.4.4
K=
M
fcubd
6
= 2.66x10 / 25x1000x120
=
0.007
(<0.156)
z=
=
=
d [0.5 +
120[0.5+
119.01
0.95d= 0.95x120
= 114
Use
114
Roof
K<K'
]
]
mm
mm<z
mm
89
As=
M
0.95fyz
6
= 2.66x10 /0.95x460x114
53.38
<As min
mm
As min= 0.13%bh
= (0.13/100)x1000x150
=
195
mm Per m
Table
3.25
Provide
T10@300
Provide 10mm diamerter bars at 250mm centres.

(Asprovided =
262
mm Per m)
Long Span
Effective depth of inner layer:
d= 150-25-10-5
= 110
mm
Msy = Bsynlx
2
= 0.045 x 7.4 x 1.915
= 1.22
kN.m
Clause
3.4.4.4
K=
M
fcubd
6
= 1.22x10 / 25x1000x110
=
0.004
(<0.156)
z=
=
=
d [0.5 +
120[0.5+
109.50
0.95d= 0.95x119
= 114
Use
114
As=
K<K'
]
]
mm < 0.95d
mm
mm
M
0.95fyz
6
= 1.22x10 /0.95x460x114
=
Table
3.25
Roof
24.51
mm
As min= 0.13%bh
= (0.13/100)x1000x150
=
195
mm Per m
90
<As min

(Asprovided =
262
mm Per m)
Provide
T10@300
Mid Span
Short Span
Effective depth of outer layer:
d= 150-25-5
= 120
mm
Mx = Bxnlx
= 0.074 x 7.4 x 1.915

= 2.01
kN.m
Clause
3.4.4.4
K=
M
fcubd
6
= 17x10 / 25x1000x119
=
0.006
(<0.156)
z=
=
=
d [0.5 +
120[0.5+
119.25
0.95d= 0.95x119
= 114
Use
114
As=
K<K'
]
]
mm
mm<z
mm
M
0.95fyz
6
= 17x10 /0.95x460x114
=
Table
3.25
40.31
mm
As min= 0.13%bh
= (0.13/100)x1000x150
=
195
mm Per m
(Asprovided =
262
mm Per m)
Roof
91
<As min
Provide
T10@300
Long Span
Effective depth of inner layer:
d= 150-25-10-5
= 110
mm
2
Msy = Bsynlx
2
= 0.034 x 7.4 x 1.915
= 0.92
kN.m
Clause
3.4.4.4
K=
M
fcubd
6
= 0.92x10 / 25x1000x110
=
0.003
(<0.156)
z=
=
=
d [0.5 +
110[0.5+
119.66
0.95d= 0.95x119
= 114
Use
114
As=
K<K'
]
]
mm
mm < z
mm
M
0.95fyz
6
= 17x10 /0.95x460x113
=
Table
3.25
18.52
mm
As min= 0.13%bh
= (0.13/100)x1000x150
=
195
mm Per m
(Asprovided =
262
mm Per m)
Roof
92
<As min
Provide
T10@200
Shear
Table 3.15 Slab condition: Two adjacent edges discontinuous
0.04
0.626
0.418
0.26
Y
Figure 6: Shear Force Coefficient
Cotinuous Edge
Short Span
Vsx = Bvxnlx
= 0.626 x 7.4 x 1.915
= 8.87
kN
d=
Clause
3.5.5.2
Table 3.8
120
mm
V
bd
3
= 8.87x10 /(1000x120)
= 0.074
v=
100As=
bd
=
100(53.38)
1000x120
0.015
<3
ok
400/d =
3.333
>1
ok
1/3
v c = 0.79{100As/(bd)} (400/d)
1/3
= 0.79(0.328) (1.826)
= 0.213
1/4
1/4
/ m
/ 1.25
v<v c. No shear reinforcement required.
Roof
93
Long Span
Vsx = Bvxnlx
= 0.418 x 7.4 x 1.915
= 5.92
kN
d=
Clause
3.5.5.2
110
mm
V
bd
3
= 0.57x10 /(1000x110)
= 0.054
v=
100As=
bd
=
100(18.52)
1000x110
0.022
<3
ok
400/d =
3.636
>1
ok
1/3
v c = 0.79{100As/(bd)} (400/d)
Table 3.8
1/3
= 0.79(0.022) (3.636)
= 0.246
1/4
1/4
/ m
/ 1.25

Mid Span
Short Span
Vsx = Bvxnlx
= 0.626 x 7.4 x 1.915
= 8.87
kN
d=
Clause
3.5.5.2
Roof
120
mm
V
bd
3
= 8.87x10 /(1000x120)
= 0.074
v=
100As=
bd
=
100(40.31)
1000x120
0.034
<3
ok
400/d =
3.333
>1
ok
94
1/3
1/4
v c = 0.79{100As/(bd)} (400/d) / m
Table 3.8
1/3
= 0.79(0.034) (3.333)
= 0.276
1/4
/ 1.25

Long Span
Vsx = Bvxnlx
= 0.26 x 7.4 x 1.915
= 3.68
d=
Clause
3.5.5.2
Table 3.8
kN
110
mm
V
bd
3
= 3.68x10 /(1000x110)
= 0.033
v=
100As=
bd
=
100(18.52)
1000x110
0.017
<3
ok
400/d =
3.636
>1
ok
1/3
v c = 0.79{100As/(bd)} (400/d)
1/3
= 0.79(0.017) (3.636)
= 0.224
1/4
1/4
/ m
/ 1.25
Roof
95
Deflection
Check using steel at short span of midspan.
M/bd2= (2.01x106)/(1000x1202)
= 0.139
fs= 2fyAs req
3As prov
= 2x460x40.31
3x262
= 5.48
N/mm
Modification factor=
= 0.55+ {(477-5.48)/[120 x (0.9+0.139)]}
= 4.330
Table 3.9
basic (span/d) ratio = 26

(span/d)allowable = 4.33x26
= 112.586
(span/d) actual = 6965/120
= 35.500
(span/d)allowable > (span/d) actual
ok
The slab is satisfactory with respect to deflection.
Deflection
ok.
Torsion Steel
Extend 1/5 x Shorter Span = 1/5 x 1915
=
383
Corner X:
As =
3/4 x 383
=
Corner Y:
As =
mm
287
Provide
2
mm per m
1/2 x 383
144
Provide
2
mm per m
Cracking
The bar spacing is less than 3d (637.5mm) and for grade of 460 N/mm2 steel
Clause
3.12.11.2.7 reinforcement, with slab depth is less than 200mm, no further cracking
check is required.
Roof
96
T10@250
T10@250
Cracking
ok.
Detailing
T10-300
6965 mm
T10-300
1915 mm
Figure 7: Detailing for RC Flat Roof
Roof
97
Roof
98
Roof
99
Roof
100
Roof
101
Roof
102
Roof
103
Roof
104
Roof
105
Roof
106
kN
Roof
107
Roof
108
Roof
109
Bar diameter =12
mm
No. of bars =3
Roof
110
Bar diameter =12
mm
No. of bars =2
Roof
111
Roof
112
Roof
113
Roof
114
Roof
115
Roof
Bsx=
lx=
n=
0.098
1915 mm
7.4 kN/m
Bsy=
lx=
n=
0.045
1915 mm
7.4 kN/m
116
Roof
117
Roof
Bsx=
lx=
n=
0.074
1915 mm
7.4 kN/m
Bsy=
lx=
n=
0.034
1915 mm
7.4 kN/m
118
Roof
119
Bvx =
Roof
0.626
120
Roof
Bvy=
0.418
Bvx =
0.626
121
Bvy=
Roof
0.26
122
Task
Design of Roof Beam to Support RC Flat Roof

(v) Roof Beam Supporting RC Flat Roof
The beam chosen for design is supporting the most critical load.
2705 m
4260 m
1915 m 1915 m
Figure 1: Location of Critical Beam
Details:
Concrete unit
24 weight kN/m3
=
Beam breath = 0.15
m
Beam depth = 0.2
m
Loadings:
Self-weight0.72
of beam =kN/m
kN/m2
Loads from slab = 7.40
Loading, w = [(10.24 x 1.915) x 2]+0.864
= 14.89
kN/m
14.89 kN/m
A
4.26
Stiffness,
KAB= 4EI/L
= 4EI/4.26
m2.705
C
m
KBC= 4EI/L
= 4EI/2.705
= 0.94EI
= 1.48EI
Distribution Factor,
DFAB= KAB/KAB
= 0.94EI/0.94EI
=1
DFBA= KBA/(KAB+KBC)
= 0.94EI/(0.94EI + 1.48EI)
= 0.39
DFBC= KBC/(KAB+KBC)
DFCB= KBC/KBC
= 1.48EI/(0.94EI + 1.48EI)
= 1.48EI/1.48EI
= 0.61
=1
Fixed End Moment,
FEMAB = (wl2/12)
= [(0.72x3.85^2)/12]
kN.m
= -22.52
FEMBA = (wl2/12)
= [(0.72x3.3952)/12]
kN.m
= 22.52
FEMBC = (wl2/12)
= (0.72x3.3052)/12
kN.m
= -9.08
FEMCB = (wl2/12)
= (0.72x3.3052)/12
kN.m
= 9.08
Joint
A
Member
AB
DF 1.000
FEM -22.520
Dist. 22.520
-2.621
2.621
-1.310
1.310
-0.655
0.655
B
BA
0.390
22.520
-5.242
11.260
-2.621
1.310
-1.310
0.655
-0.655
BC
0.610
-9.080
-8.198
-4.540
-4.099
2.050
-2.050
1.025
-1.025
C
CB
1.000
9.080
-9.080
-4.099
4.099
-2.050
2.050
-1.025
1.025
-0.328
0.328
-0.164
0.164
0.000
0.328
-0.328
0.164
-0.164
25.917
0.512
-0.512
0.256
-0.256
-25.917
-0.512
0.512
-0.256
0.256
0.000
14.89 kN/m
25.917 kN.m
B
A
4.26 m
RB
RA
RA = [-50.581+(0.720x(3.852/2))+(15.79x2.021)+(15.79x0.193)+
(15.79x3.85)]/3.85
= 25.63
kN
2
RB = [69.513+(39.94x(4.26 /2))]/4.26
= 37.80
kN
14.89 kN/m
25.917
kN.m
B
2.705 m
R
RC
2
RB = [69.513+(39.94x(2.705 /2))]/2.705
= 29.72
kN
2
RC = [-69.513+(39.94x(2.705 /2))]/2.705
= 10.56
kN
V(kN)
(+)
25.63
29.72
2.539 m
1.721 m
-10.56
(-)
-37.80
M(kN.m)
(-)
22.06
0.0
(+)
-25.93
Reference
Calculation
BS8110:
Part 1
Design Parameter:
N/mm2
fcu= 25
N/mm2
fy= 460
fyv= 250
First Mid Span
Beam dimension
Width, b = 180
Table 3.3 Depth, h = 200
Top bar diameter, = 20
Compression bar diameter = 12
N/mm
Output
b
l
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
d= h - c - /2 - '
= 200 - 25 - 12/2 - 10
= 159
mm
Moment = 22.06
K=
kN.m
M
fcubd
6
= (22.06x10 ) /(25x180x159)
= 0.194 (>0.156)
K' =
0.156
d' = c + /2+ '

= 25+6+10
= 45.0
mm
K>K'
M-Mu
As'=
0.95fy(d-d')
2
= 86.531 mm
226
z= d [0.5 +
= 159 [0.5+
Provide
2
mm )
2T12
]
]
= 123.53 <0.95d
0.95d= 0.95x159
= 151.05
mm
z<0.95d
(Mu/(0.95f
As
=
yz))+As'
2
= [(0.156x25x180x159 )/(0.95x460x123.53)]+158.708
mm2
= 415.3
Provide
2
mm )
Provide 2T20 bars. (Area prov:
628
2T20
x= (d-z)/0.45
= (159-123.53)/0.45
= 78.83
mm
As min= (0.13/100) x b x h
= (0.13/100)x180x220
= 46.8
mm
Interior Support
d= h - c - /2 - '
= 200 - 25 - 12/2 - 8
= 159
mm
As>As min
ok
Bar diameter =
No. of bars =
Moment = 25.93
K=
kN.m
M
fcubd
6
= (25.93x10 ) /(25x180x159)
= 0.228 (>0.156)
K' =
K>K'
0.156
d' = c + /2+ '

= 45.0
mm
M-Mu
As'=
0.95fy(d-d')
2
= 164.276 mm
226
z= d [0.5 +
= 159 [0.5+
Provide
2
mm )
2T12
]
]
= 123.53 <0.95d
0.95d= 0.95x159
= 151.05
mm
z<0.95d
(Mu/(0.95f
As
=
yz))+As'
2
= [(0.156x25x180x159 )/(0.95x460x123.53)]+158.708
mm2
= 493.0
Provide
2
mm )
628
2T20
x= (d-z)/0.45
= (159-1123.53)/0.45
= 78.83
mm
As min= (0.13/100) x b x h
= (0.13/100)x180x220
= 46.8
mm
As>As min
ok
Bar diameter =
No. of bars =
Second Mid Span

Beam dimension
Width, b = 180
Depth, h = 200
Main bar diameter, = 12
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
d= h - c - /2 - '
= 200 - 25 - 12/2 - 10
= 159
mm
Moment = 4.50
K=
kN.m
M
fcubd
6
= (4.5x10 ) /(25x180x159)
= 0.040 (<0.156)
z= d [0.5 +
K<K'
= 159 [0.5+
Bar diameter =
No. of bars =
= 151.67 <0.95d
0.95d= 0.95x159
= 151.05
mm
Use 151.05 mm
As=
z0.95d
M
0.95fyz
= 4.5x106 /0.95x460x151.67
= 67.89 mm
Provide
262
mm )
2T12
As min= (0.13/100) x b x h
= (0.13/100)x180x220
= 46.8
mm
As>As min
ok
Shear Reinforcement
First Mid Span
V = 25.63
kN
v= V
bd
Clause
3.4.5.2
3
= 25.63x10 /(180x159)
= 0.896 N/mm
0.8fcu= 0.8*(25^0.5)
=4
N/mm
100As=100(164.73)
bd
180x161
= ####### <3
1/4
Table 3.8(400/d)
= (400/161)1/4
= ####### >1
v <0.8fcu
ok
ok
1/3
1/4
1/3
v c = 0.79{100As/(bd)} (400/d) (fcu/25) / m
1/3
1/4
1/3
= 0.79(0.67) (1.255) (1) / 1.25
= ####### N/mm
0.5 v c = ####### N/mm

v c+0.4= ####### N/mm
Thus, 0.5v c<v <v c+0.4
0.5v c<v <v c+0.4

= 0.4(180)/0.95(250)
= #DIV/0!
Provide R8 links. (Spacing of links is 300mm
R8@300mm
center to c/c
center)
Bar diameter =12

No. of bars = 2
mm
Bar diameter =12

No. of bars = 2
mm
Bar diameter =12

No. of bars = 2

Roof - Semi-D (Idp)

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Roof - Semi-D (Idp)

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Semi-detached Calculations

Roof Calculator - Semi-detached

Elastic modulus, Zx = 115

Elastic modulus, Zy = 26.6

Elastic modulus, Zx = 754

Design Roof for Semi-detached Unit Roof 1

Self-weight of purlin = 0.179

Zinc sheeting (0.041in.) = 7.8

Insulation (aluminium = 3.4

sheet 0.048 in.) 0.034

BS6399: Part 3 Imposed Load

Basic Wind Speed, V = 35

Ground roughness, building size and height above ground factor

For completed structure; Factor S3 =

Design Wind Speed, Vs = VxS1xS2xS3

Dynamic Pressure, q = k*(Vs^2)

Most critical wind load occurs at wind angle 90.

Worst case scenario at wind angle, 90 with;

Pressure on roof, P = Cp*q

Figure 1: Loads Transferred to Purlin

(i) Purlin Design

(on plan) = 0.112

(on slope) = 0.111

Total load on node, Wp = (0.111 x 2.132 x 1.828)+(0.179 x 1.828)

Section modulus, Zp = WpL

Treated as simply supported;

2. Web of a channel d/t = 2.4

Segment length, LLT = 1.208

Effective length, LE = 1.2LLT+2D

Bending strength, b = 227.0

Class 1-plastic: Mb= bSx

Equivalent uniform moment factor for =

Equivalent uniform moment factor for =

lateral-torsional buckling, mLT

Biaxial checking formula:

Therefore, the C-channel of section 150x75x18 is adequate in terms of biaxial bending.

Young's Modulus, E = 2.05E+05

Moment of Inertia, I = 861

1.70416E-05 < 1/360

Therefore, the C-channel of section 150x75x18 is adequate in terms of deflection.

(ii) Rafter Design

Figure 3: Loads Transferred to Rafter

Rafter self-weight = 0.540

= 1.4[(0.111 x (2.132/2) x 1.828)+(0.179 x 1.828))]+

Figure 4: Loads Acted on Rafter

Figure 5: Shear and Moment Diagram for Rafter

1. Thickness of flange, t = 13.7

Flange b/t = 6.09

Try section 305x165x54.

3. Shear Capacity Check

Thus, section is adequate in term of shear capacity.

4. Moment Capacity Check

< 0.6 Pv (421 kN)

Thus, Class 1: Mc = ySx

Young's Modulus, E = 2.05E+05

Moment of Inertia, I = 11700

Distance between the end and nodes:

6.3792E-08 < 1/360

Therefore, the I-beam of section 305x165x54 is adequate in terms of deflection.