Adteg, Abdul, Abdulatip, Marcaban, Urak 1

CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Children are the greatest gift to huanit! and childhood is an iportant and
ipressionable stage of huan de"elopent as it holds the potential to the future
de"elopent of and societ!# All people $ere born $ith rights# Children are people too% so
children also ha"e rights# These rights are "iolated through child labor#
Child labor is $ork that hars children or keeps the fro attending school#
The ter &child labor' is often defined as $ork that depri"es children of their
childhood, their potential and their dignit!, and that is harful to ph!sical and ental
de"elopent#
There are an! fors of child labor $orld$ide# Children are engaged in
agricultural labor, in ining, in anufacturing, in doestic ser"ice, t!pes of construction,
sca"enging and begging on the streets# (thers are trapped in fors of sla"er! in ared
conflicts, forced labour and debt bondage )to pa! off debts incurred b! parents and
grandparents* as $ell as in coercial se+ual e+ploitation and illicit acti"ities, such as
drug trafficking and organi,ed begging and in an! other fors of labor# Man! of these
are &$orst fors' of child labour as the! are especiall! harful, orall! reprehensible,
and the! "iolate the child-s freedo and huan rights# Child labour tends to be
concentrated in the inforal sector of the econo!# .or soe $ork, children recei"e no
Adteg, Abdul, Abdulatip, Marcaban, Urak /
pa!ent, onl! food and a place to sleep# Children in inforal sector $ork recei"e no
pa!ent if the! are in0ured or becoe ill, and can seek no protection if the! suffer
"iolence or are altreated b! their eplo!er#
Considerable differences e+ist bet$een the an! kinds of $ork children do# 1oe
are difficult and deanding, others are ore ha,ardous and e"en orall! reprehensible#
Children carr! out a "er! $ide range of tasks and acti"ities $hen the! $ork#
It is $ork that children should not be doing because the! are too !oung to $ork,
or 2 if the! are old enough to $ork 2 because it is dangerous or other$ise unsuitable for
the# 3ot all $ork done b! children should be classified as child labour that is to be
targeted for eliination# Children-s or adolescents- participation in $ork that does not
affect their health and personal de"elopent or interfere $ith their education, is generall!
regarded as being soething positi"e# 4hether or not particular fors of &$ork' can be
called &child labour' depends on the child-s age, the t!pe and hours of $ork perfored
and the conditions under $hich it is perfored
Millions of children in the Philippines are forced to $ork at !oung ages# Child
labor is one of the Philippines5 ost urgent probles and stes fro a range of social
factors# Unless soething is done, the issue of child labor $ill continue to affect the li"es
of an! failies across the countr!#
In its ost e+tree fors, child labour in"ol"es children being ensla"ed,
separated fro their failies, e+posed to serious ha,ards and illnesses and6or left to fend
for thesel"es on the streets of large cities 2 often at a "er! earl! age# 4hether or not
particular fors of &$ork' can be called &child labour' depends on the child-s age, the
t!pe and hours of $ork perfored, the conditions under $hich it is perfored and the
Adteg, Abdul, Abdulatip, Marcaban, Urak 7
ob0ecti"es pursued b! indi"idual countries# The ans$er "aries fro countr! to countr!, as
$ell as aong sectors $ithin countries#
1tateent of the Proble
This stud! $ill ai to deterine the ipact of child labor to the counit! of
Mother 8aranga! 8olio /, Cotabato Cit!#
1pecificall!, this seeks to ans$er the follo$ing 9uestions:
1# 4hat is the deographic profile of the respondents;
/# 4hat are the causes of child labor in counit! of Mother 8aranga! 8olio /,
Cotabato Cit!;
7# 4hat are the effects of child labor in counit! of Mother 8aranga! 8olio /,
Cotabato Cit!;
1cope and <eliitation of the 1tud!
This stud! $ill focus on causes and effects of child labor and it is deliited onl!
to the counit! of Mother 8aranga! 8olio /, Cotabato Cit!#
1ignificance of the 1tud!
1. To deterine the pre"alence of child labor in the counit! of Mother 8aranga!
8olio /, Cotabato Cit!#
2. To stud! the factors related to child labor = like the reasons for $orking, probles
faced b! the child, $orkplace conditions, etc#% and
Adteg, Abdul, Abdulatip, Marcaban, Urak >
3. Ho$ to stop child labour in the counit! of Mother 8aranga! 8olio /, Cotabato
Cit!#
<efinition of Ters
Causes 2 a contributing factor that arises or occurs after the initial action, e"ent
and alters the se9uence of later actions, e"ents, or forces to produce a final effect or
result#
Child ?abor = refers to the eplo!ent of children in an! $ork that depri"es
children of their childhood, interferes $ith their abilit! to attend regular school, and that
is entall!, ph!sicall!, sociall! or orall! dangerous and harful
Counit! = refers to a usuall! sall, social unit of an! si,e that shares coon
"alues
Effects 2 a change that results $hen soething is done or happen an e"ent,
condition, or state of affairs that is produce b! a cause#
Ipact2 is the easure of effect or influence of certain e"ents on people
Adteg, Abdul, Abdulatip, Marcaban, Urak @
CHAPTER /
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND ITS STUDIES
This chapter presents the re"ie$ of related literature and studies on the ipact of
child labour $hich is taken fro "arious researches and references $hich $ill ha"e a
bearing on the stud!#
Childhood is a critical tie for safe and health! huan de"elopent# 8ecause
children are still gro$ing the! ha"e special characteristics and needs, in ters of
ph!sical, cogniti"e )thought6learning* and beha"ioural de"elopent and gro$th, that
Adteg, Abdul, Abdulatip, Marcaban, Urak A
ust be taken into consideration# Child labourers are at a high risk of illness, in0ur! and
e"en death due to a $ide "ariet! of achiner!, biological, ph!sical, cheical, ergonoic,
$elfare6h!giene and ps!chosocial ha,ards, as $ell as fro long hours of $ork and poor
li"ing conditions# The $ork ha,ards and risks that affect adult $orkers can affect child
labourers e"en ore strongl!# .or e+aple, ph!sical strain, especiall! $hen cobined
$ith repetiti"e o"eents, on gro$ing bones and 0oints can cause stunting, spinal in0ur!
and other life long deforation and disabilities# Children often also suffer ps!chological
daage fro $orking and li"ing in an en"ironent $here the! are denigrated, harassed
or e+perience "iolence and abuse# In addition, child labour has a profound effect on a
child-s future# <enied the right to a 9ualit! education, as adults the! ha"e little chance of
obtaining a decent 0ob and escaping the c!cle of po"ert! and e+ploitation#
Child ?abour
Child labour is a cople+ proble and nuerous factors influence $hether
children $ork or not# Po"ert! eerges as the ost copelling reason $h! children $ork#
Poor households spend the bulk of their incoe on food and the incoe pro"ided b!
$orking children is often critical to their sur"i"al# Ho$e"er, po"ert! is not the onl! factor
in child labour and cannot 0ustif! all t!pes of eplo!ent and ser"itude# Countries a!
be e9uall! poor and !et ha"e relati"el! high or relati"el! lo$ le"els of child labour#
Child labor is $ork that hars children or keeps the fro attending school, the
ter &child labor' is often defined as $ork that depri"es children of their childhood, their
potential and their dignit!, and that is harful to ph!sical and ental de"elopent# Child
labor refers to eplo!ent of children at regular and sustained labor# This practice is
Adteg, Abdul, Abdulatip, Marcaban, Urak B
considered e+ploitati"e b! an! international organi,ations and is illegal in an!
countries# Child labor $as utili,ed to "ar!ing e+tents through ost of histor!, but entered
public dispute $ith the ad"ent of uni"ersal schooling, $ith changes in $orking conditions
during the industrial re"olution, and $ith the eergence of the concepts of $orkers- and
children-s rights#
This is not to sa! all child $ork ust be eliinated# 1oe econoists argue that
soe light, non=ha,ardous $ork can benefit the child since it pro"ides labor arket
e+perience and soeties uch=needed incoe for po"ert!=stricken failies# The
potential benefit for the child depends largel! on the t!pe of child labor, $hether it is
"oluntar!, the nuber of hours a $eek the! $ork, and the e+tent to $hich $ork interferes
$ith schooling# <espite these potential benefits, there are soe fors of child labor that
are considered unconditionall! harful to the child: prostitution, force labor, ilitar!,
drug trafficking, and other &ha,ardous' $ork, defined as &$ork $hich, b! its nature or
the circustance in $hich it is carried out, is likel! to har the health, safet! or orals of
children#
3ot all $ork done b! children should be classified as child labor that is to be
targeted for eliination# Children-s or adolescents- participation in $ork that does not
affect their health and personal de"elopent or interfere $ith their schooling is generall!
regarded as being soething positi"e# This includes acti"ities such as helping their
parents around the hoe, assisting in a fail! business or earning pocket one! outside
school hours and during school holida!s# These kinds of acti"ities contribute to children-s
de"elopent and to the $elfare of their failies% the! pro"ide the $ith skills and
Adteg, Abdul, Abdulatip, Marcaban, Urak C
e+perience, and help to prepare the to be producti"e ebers of societ! during their
adult life#
The proble of reducing child labor depends on $hat the actual deterinants of
child labor are# If po"ert! is the ain deterinant, an outright ban on child labor ight
onl! result in the children $ho ust $ork to sur"i"e being in"ol"ed in ore dangerous
$ork% if children are not recogni,ed b! the la$ as $orkers, child $orkers cannot be
protected b! the la$# 1iilarl!, a de"eloped countr!-s decision to bo!cott goods fro
de"eloping countries b! lo$ering their li"ing standards and forcing the to $ork longer
hours in potentiall! ore ha,ardous conditions#
About the International Prograed on the Eliination of Child ?abor )IPEC*
The I?(-s International Prograed on the Eliination of Child ?abor )IPEC*
$as created in 1DD/ $ith the o"erall goal of the progressi"e eliination of child labor,
$hich $as to be achie"ed through strengthening the capacit! of countries to deal $ith
the proble and prooting a $orld$ide o"eent to cobat child labor# IPEC
currentl! has operations in CC countries, $ith an annual e+penditure on technical
cooperation pro0ects that reached o"er U1EA1 illion in /FFC# It is the largest
prograed of its kind globall! and the biggest single operational prograed of the
I?(#
The nuber and range of IPEC-s partners ha"e e+panded o"er the !ears and no$
include eplo!ers- and $orkers- organi,ations, other international and go"ernent
agencies, pri"ate businesses, counit!=based organi,ations, 3G(s, the edia,
Adteg, Abdul, Abdulatip, Marcaban, Urak D
parliaentarians, the 0udiciar!, uni"ersities, religious groups and, of course, children and
their failies#
IPEC5s $ork to eliinate child labor is an iportant facet of the I?(5s <ecent
4ork Agenda# Child labor not onl! pre"ents children fro ac9uiring the skills and
education the! need for a better future, it also perpetuates po"ert! and affects national
econoies through losses in copetiti"eness, producti"it! and potential incoe#
4ithdra$ing children fro child labor, pro"iding the $ith education and assisting
their failies $ith training and eplo!ent opportunities contribute directl! to creating
decent $ork for adults#
CHI?< ?A8(R I3 THE PHI?IPPI3E1
Millions of children in the Philippines are forced to $ork at !oung ages# Child
labor is one of the Philippines5 ost urgent probles and stes fro a range of social
factors# Unless soething is done, the issue of child labor $ill continue to affect the
li"es of an! failies across the countr!#
In /F11 the Philippines 3ational 1tatistics (ffice estiated there $ere 7 illion
child laborers )aged @=1B* in the countr!, about DD per cent of $ho $ere in ha,ardous
$ork# Agriculture reains the sector $ith the ost child laborers but children also $ork
in ines, on the streets, in factories, and in pri"ate hoes as child doestic $orkers#
Adteg, Abdul, Abdulatip, Marcaban, Urak 1F
Population gro$th, dependenc! burdens, and "ie$ing children as econoic assets
contribute to keeping failies poor# (f the Philippine population of CC#A illion in
/FFB, /D#@ per cent li"e belo$ the Asian Po"ert! ?ine )AP?* of U1E 1#7@ a da!# Man!
though not all poor failies see child labor as a $a! to cope $ith eager fail!
incoes e"ident in the /#1 $orking children aged @=1B in the countr!#
As a ratif!ing countr! to, the Philippines has integrated child labor concerns into
national polic! frae$orks including the Mediu=Ter Philippine <e"elopent Plan
)MTP<P*# The countr! has passed legislation that defines a legal frae$ork that
addresses child labor and adopted a Philippine Tie=8ound Prograed )PT8P* to
eliinate the $orst fors of child labor# The <epartent of the Interior and ?ocal
Go"ernent )<I?G* issued a Meorandu Circular 3o# /F11=177 for the forulation
of local legislation to address child labor initiati"es in the local de"elopent plans and
prograers#
In /FFD, the U1 <epartent of ?abor )U1<(?* appro"ed a pro0ect that pro"ides
the "ision of a child labor = free Philippines b! building on past gains and addressing
continuing challenges#
Cotabato Hoins /1st 3at5l Children-s Month Celebration
(ctober D, /F17 D:/7 a
8! 3oel Pun,alan
C(TA8AT( CITI, (ct# C )P3A* J In obser"ance of the /1st 3ational
Children-s Month this (ctober, officials here facilitated a siple progra at the cit! hall
Adteg, Abdul, Abdulatip, Marcaban, Urak 11
lobb! on Tuesda! highlighting its thee KLahirapan 4akasan, Larapatan ng 8ata
Ipaglaban#K
Teachers and children fro "arious 8aranga! <a! Care Centers $ere in"ited to
the occasion to $itness the sho$case of talents and other acti"ities prepared b! the (ffice
on 1ocial 4elfare and <e"elopent 1er"ices#
In a essage, Cit! Ma!or Hapal Guiani ga"e ephasis on the different rights and
roles of the !outh in building our counities#
He stressed that the cit! go"ernent is in full support of an! progra or pro0ect e+tended
to the !outh sector in uplifting their $ell=being#
Guiani also said child labor is not tolerated in Cotabato Cit!# He instructed all
baranga!s to onitor the acti"ities of their !outh and report an! "iolation to the rights of
the children to proper authorities#
In line $ith the onth=long celebration, the cit! police office $ill 0oin the cit!
go"ernent in a series of feeding acti"it! in its 7B baranga!s starting 4ednesda!#
&The cit! go"ernent is a !outh=friendl! go"ernent# 4e are al$a!s infusing
!outh=oriented progras in our annual pro0ects not 0ust to proote their "ital roles in the
counit! but also to protect the fro their "ulnerabilit! to "iolence and abuse',
Guiani said# )P3A*
International ?abor (rgani,ation
The International ?abor (rgani,ation estiates that /1@ illion children bet$een
the ages of @ and 1B currentl! $ork under conditions that are considered illegal,
ha,ardous, or e+treel! e+ploitati"e# Underage children $ork at all sorts of 0obs around
Adteg, Abdul, Abdulatip, Marcaban, Urak 1/
the $orld, usuall! because the! and their failies are e+treel! poor#I?( state about
child labor it is $ork that children should not be doing because the! are too !oung to
$ork, or= if the! are old enough to $ork= because it is dangerous or other$ise unsuitable
for the# 3ot all $ork done b! children should be classified as child labor that is to be
targeted for eliination# There is an! fors of child labor $orld$ide# Children are
engaged in agricultural labor, in ining, in anufacturing, in doestic ser"ice, t!pes of
construction, sca"enging and begging on the streets# (thers are trapped in fors of
sla"er! in ared conflicts, forced labor and debt bondage )to pa! off debts incurred b!
parents and grandparents*#
Child labor is broadl! defined as an! for of econoic acti"it! for at least 1 hour
per $eek and6or doestic chores for at least B hours per $eek and6or school labor for at
least @ hours per $eek# According to estiates, in de"eloping countries alone there are
/@F illion children in the age group of @=1B !ears $ho are toiling in econoic acti"it!#
Root causes of child labor as $ith an! threats to children-s de"elopent and $ell=
being, po"ert! is root cause of child labor# .ailies struggle to ake ends eet and face
hard decisions $hen it coes to sending their children to $ork# 4ithout iediate
action, the proble $ill continue to gro$# &According to ?a$rence Heff Hohnson,
director of the International ?abor (rgani,ation-s countr! office of the Philippines#
&4hile $e stri"e to keep children in school and a$a! fro child labor, $e need to ensure
decent and producti"e $ork for parents and basic social protection for failies#
Adteg, Abdul, Abdulatip, Marcaban, Urak 17
8ad parents, go"-t to blae for rising nuber of child laborersJChurch leaders
MA3I?A, PhilippinesJCatholic leaders on Thursda! said irresponsible parents
and the go"ernent are to blae for the rising nuber of child laborers in the countr!#
8orongan bishop Crispin Mar9ue, said an! children are forced to $ork because
their parents do not look for 0obs or are addicted to gabling, according to a report fro
Church=run Radio Meritas#
&)1oe* parents a! reall! irresponsible# That is $h! children help in keeping the fail!
afloat,' Mar9ue, said#
&(thers no longer go to school# It because of the po"ert! and irresponsibilit! of other
parents that-s forcing children to $ork,' he added#
According to the 3ational 1tatistics (ffice, there $ere around @#@ illion child
laborers in the Philippines#
.r# Conegundo Garganta, e+ecuti"e secretar! of the Catholic 8ishops Conference
of the Philippines=Episcopal Coission on Iouth, said the increasing nuber of child
laborers in the countr! $as a s!pto of the $idespread po"ert! in the countr!#
Go"ernent estiates a third of .ilipinos li"e belo$ the po"ert! line#
&1o, go"ernent should coe out $ith progras that $ill address this situation of
children# The Church $ill continue to be a "oice that $ould reind e"er!one that this
should not be the ordinar! situation of our !oung,' Garganta said#
Adteg, Abdul, Abdulatip, Marcaban, Urak 1>
&4e should not e+pect the to go to $ork and gi"e up their education# The! are
enticed to $ork because of po"ert! or the situation of their fail!,' he added#
Garganta also critici,ed President 8enigno A9uino III for claiing that the
econo! $as ipro"ing $hen this has not been felt in the grassroots#
&It-s a big lie for go"ernent to sa! that our econo! is ipro"ing $hen an!
continue to ake sacrifices, like our children,' he added#
The /F11 1ur"e! on Children conducted b! the 3ational 1tatistics (ffice sho$ed that out
of the /D#F1D illion .ilipino children aged @=1B !ears old, about 1C#D percent or @#@D
illion $ere alread! $orking#
This is higher than the four illion .ilipino $orking children registered in a /FF1
sur"e! conducted b! the International ?abor (rgani,ation and the U1 <epartent of
?abor#
(f those @#@D illion children at $ork, 7#F/C illion $ere considered as child
laborers and /#DD7 illion $ere reported to be e+posed to ha,ardous child labor, the 31(
said#
)http:66ne$sinfo#in9uirer#net6>/@D7D6bad=parents=go"t=to=blae=for=rising=nuber=of=
child=laborers=church=leadersNi+,,/ut!BaF+!*
1F illion children $ork as doestic ser"ants 2 I?(
GE3EMAJ As an! as 1F#@ illion children $orld$ide $ork as doestic
ser"ants, in $hat can be ha,ardous and e"en sla"e=like conditions, the International ?abor
(rgani,ation said 4ednesda!#
Adteg, Abdul, Abdulatip, Marcaban, Urak 1@
The U3 labor agenc! said alost three 9uarters of such !oungsters are girls, and that A#@
illion child ser"ants are bet$een fi"e and 1> !ears old#
The realit! on the ground flies in the face of international efforts to halt such
e+ploitation, said Constance Thoas, director of the I?(-s global progra to eliinate
child labor#
&The situation of an! child doestic $orkers not onl! constitutes a serious
"iolation of child rights, but reains an obstacle to the achie"eent of an! national and
international de"elopent ob0ecti"es,' she said#
The proble is global though sub=1aharan Africa reains a leading concern,
notabl! countries such as 8urkina .aso, Ghana, I"or! Coast and Mali, according to the
I?(#
In an CB=page report released to ark 4orld <a! Against Child ?abor on Hune
1/, it also underscored that rural failies in Pakistan and 3epal are soeties forced to
send their children into doestic ser"ice in order to pa! off their debts#
In Haiti, hundreds of thousands of children, including those $ho ha"e escaped
natural disasters, ha"e ended up in doestic $ork little better than sla"er!#
And thousands of !oung girls fro Ethiopia are e"er! !ear sent to the Middle
East to $ork as ser"ants#
The I?( said such !oungsters usuall! $ork in the hoes of a third part! or eplo!er,
carr!ing out tasks such as cleaning, ironing, cooking, gardening, collecting $ater, looking
after other children and caring for the elderl!#
Adteg, Abdul, Abdulatip, Marcaban, Urak 1A
Mulnerable to ph!sical, ps!chological and se+ual "iolence and abusi"e $orking
conditions, the! are often isolated fro their failies, hidden fro the public e!e, and
becoe highl! dependent on their eplo!ers#
The! can also risk ending up being forced into prostitution, the I?( said# &4e
need a robust legal frae$ork to clearl! identif!, pre"ent and eliinate child labor in
doestic $ork, and to pro"ide decent $orking conditions to adolescents $hen the! can
legall! $ork,' Thoas said#
Child doestic $ork is not recogni,ed as a for of child labor in an! countries because
of the blurred relationship $ith the eplo!ing fail!, the report said#
1uch children $ork but are not considered $orkers and, $hile the! li"e in a
fail! setting, are not treated as a fail! eber, it said#
This &care "acuu' opens the $a! to e+ploitation, but such !oungsters are difficult to
protect because the! can be hidden fro the public e!e#
Child doestic ser"ants represent soe fi"e percent of all children under the age of 1B in
eplo!ent around the $orld, according to I?( figures#
)http:66ne$sinfo#in9uirer#net6>/>C7@61F=illion=children=$ork=as=doestic=ser"ants=
iloNi+,,/ut!g8(O@*
Adteg, Abdul, Abdulatip, Marcaban, Urak 1B
CHAPTER 7
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter $ill present the siple description as $ell as the process used in
conducting this stud!# This $ill include the locale of the stud!, population and sapling
techni9ues, research instruent, data gathering procedure and the statistical treatent of
data
Research <esign
Adteg, Abdul, Abdulatip, Marcaban, Urak 1C
This stud! $ill be using the descripti"e ethod in order to describe the eaning
of the result of stud! and $ill ake an inter"ie$ guide as instruent in gathering data
together $ith a sur"e! 9uestionnaire#
?ocale of the 1tud!
The stud! $ill be conducted at the counit! of Mother 8rg!# 8olio /, Cotabato
Cit!#
Population and 1apling Method
The sno$ball sapling techni9ue $as used in identif!ing respondents in
counit! of Mother 8rg!,buliao / Cotabato Cit!# A sno$ball saple is a non=
probabilit! sapling techni9ue that is appropriate to use in research $hen the ebers
of a population are difficult to locate# A sno$ball saple is one in $hich the researcher
collects data on the fe$ ebers of the target population he or she can locate, then asks
those indi"iduals to pro"ide inforation needed to locate other ebers of that
population $ho the! kno$#
This $ill be done b! scouting fro reliable people $ho kno$s child in labor# The
researchers $ill be aking a self=ade 9uestionnaire together $ith an inter"ie$ guide#
Adteg, Abdul, Abdulatip, Marcaban, Urak 1D
The target respondents $ill be a iniu 7F respondents $ho reall! kno$s a
child in labor $ith the ages bracket of 1/=1A !ears old#
Research Instruent
The researchers $ill be using an inter"ie$ guide and a sur"e! 9uestionnaire to
obtain all the data needed for the research and it $ill be used to gather the data on the
socio 2 deographic profile of respondents#
<ata Gathering Procedure
8efore the self=ade 9uestionnaire adinistered to the respondents, the
9uestionnaire $as checked b! the thesis ad"iser to ake sure that it is reliable and "alid#
The researchers $ill first seek the appro"al of the respondents through letter# The
researchers personall! distributed the 9uestionnaire to the target respondents#
.urtherore, ethical consideration such as confidentialit! $ill be stressed before,
during and after the stud! is ade#
1tatistical Treatent of <ata
The data that $as obtained fro the respondents and $ill be tabulated and
anal!,ed through the use of appropriate atheatical tools such as percentage
distribution and fre9uenc! counts# A fre9uenc! counts and percentage $as used to
Adteg, Abdul, Abdulatip, Marcaban, Urak /F
describe the profile, ain reason and the probles encountered b! the respondents, to
arri"e to clear and understandable interpretations#