United States Patent (191 4,659,438

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United S ta tes P a tent [ 1 9 1

Kuhn et a l .
[ 5 4 ] P ROCES S FOR THE TREATMENT OF
S TAINLES S S TEEL FOR A DIRECT
GALVANIC GOLD P LATING
[ 7 5 ] Inv ento r s : W er ner Kuhn; W o l f g a ng Z il s k e, b o th
o f Ha na u, Fed. Rep . o f Ger ma ny
Deg us s a Ak tieng es el l s c ha f t,
Fr a nk f ur t a m Ma in, Fed. Rep . o f
Ger ma ny
[ 2 1 ] Ap p l . No . : 2 6 3 , 7 0 5
[ 2 2 ] Fil ed: Ma y 1 4 , 1 9 8 1
[ 3 0 ] Fo r eig n Ap p l ic a tio n P r io r ity Da ta
Ma y 2 9 , 1 9 8 0 [ DE] Fed. Rep . o f Ger ma ny . . . . . . . 3 0 2 0 3 7 1
[ 5 1 ] Int. 0 1 . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 5 1 ) 5 /3 6
[ 5 2 ] U. S . c 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 4 /3 4 ; 2 0 4 /1 4 5 R
[ 5 8 ] Fiel d o f S ea r c h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 4 /3 2 R, 3 4 , 4 6 G,
2 o 4 /1 4 1 . 5 , 1 4 5 R
[ 7 3 ] As s ig nee:
[ 5 6 ] Ref er enc es Cited
U. S . P ATENT DOCUMENTS
2 , 9 1 5 , 4 4 4 1 2 /1 9 5 9 Meyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 4 /1 4 5
2 , 9 7 3 , 3 0 7 2 /1 9 6 1 Ha hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 4 /3 4
3 , 5 5 1 , 3 0 2 1 2 /1 9 7 0 W o o ds et a l . . .
3 , 6 4 2 , 5 8 6 2 /1 9 7 2 S hep a r d et a 1 . 3 , 6 9 4 , 3 2 6 9 /1 9 7 2 Mc Ca b e et a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 4 /2 9
[ 1 1 ] P a tent Numb er :
[ 4 5 ] Da te o f P a tent:
4 , 6 5 9 , 4 3 8
Ap r . 2 1 , 1 9 8 7
4 , 0 7 8 , 9 7 7 3 /1 9 7 8 Fo unta in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 4 /3 2 R
4 , 1 6 8 , 2 1 4 9 /1 9 7 9 Fl etc her .
FOREIGN P ATENT DOCUMENTS
2 6 4 2 8 1 6 3 /1 9 7 7 Fed. Rep . o f Ger ma ny .
5 9 0 2 2 3 /1 9 6 7 Ger ma n Demo c r a tic Rep . .
9 4 5 3 9 1 2 /1 9 7 2 Ger ma n Demo c r a tic Rep . .
OTHER P UBLICATIONS
Meta l Finis hing , S ep . 1 9 7 0 , p . 7 7 .
Meta l Finis hing Guideb o o k a nd Dir ec to r y 1 9 7 8 , Meta l s
a nd P l a s tic s P ub l ic a tio ns , Inc . , Ha c k ens a c k , NJ. p p .
1 2 8 - 1 3 1 .
P r ima r y Ex a miner - Jo hn F. Nieb l ing
As s is ta nt Ex a miner - W il l ia m T. Lea der
Atto r ney, Ag ent, o r Fir m- Cus hma n, Da r b y & Cus hma n
[ 5 7 ] ABS TRACT
Fo r the dir ec t g o l d p l a ting o f s ta inl es s s teel p a r ts in a c id
b a ths ther e is needed a p r etr ea tment o f the p a r ts .
Kno wn p r o c es s es o p er a te with c o r r o s iv e media s uc h a s
s tr o ng a c ids a nd a tta c k the s ur f a c e. Thes e dis a dv a nta g es
a r e a v o ided b y p utting the s ta inl es s s teel p a r t in a n
el ec tr o l ytic , a q ueo us s o l utio n a nd ? r s t tr ea ting c a tho di
c a l l y a nd s ub s eq uentl y a no dic a l l y.
1 9 Cl a ims , No Dr a wing s
4 , 6 5 9 , 4 3 8
1
P ROCES S FOR THE TREATMENT OF S TAINLES S
S TEEL FOR A DIRECT GALVANIC GOLD
P LATING
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The inv entio n is dir ec ted to a p r o c es s f o r the p r etr ea t
ment o f s ta inl es s s teel , es p ec ia l l y c hr o me- nic k el s teel s
f o r a dir ec t el ec tr o l ytic ( g a l v a nic ) g o l d p l a ting with
s tr o ng l y a c id b a ths .
The el ec tr o l ytic dep o s itio n o f g o o d a dher ing meta l
c o a ting s o n r us t f r ee, hig hl y a l l o yed s teel s a l wa ys ha s
p r es ented g r ea t dif ? c ul ties thr o ug h the dif ? c ul t to r e
mo v e imp er v io us p a s s iv e l a yer . Deter mina tiv e f o r the
p a s s iv e b eha v io r o f thes e s teel s is a q uic k l y f o r ming
c o a ting l a yer , p r ep o nder a ntl y o f Cl ' 2 0 3 , a v er y dif ?
c ul tl y s o l ub l e o x ide. Fo r this r ea s o n f o r the p r ep a r a tio n
o f the s ta inl es s s teel ther e mus t b e c a r r ied o ut b ef o r e the
el ec tr o l ys is a r emo v a l o f the p a s s iv e l a yer b y etc hing in
c o r r o s iv e miner a l a c ids , p a r tia l l y under the in? uenc e o f
a c ur r ent. Thus f o r ex a mp l es it is r ec o mmended to us e
f o r this p ur p o s e 1 0 - 2 0 v o l . % o f c o nc entr a ted HNO3
with l - 2 v o l . % o f c o nc entr a ted HZ FZ a t 5 0 C. , o r to
emp l o y H2 8 0 4 , CI' O3 a nd HZ FZ a t r o o m temp er a tur e, o r
to a c tiv a te the p a r ts c a tho dic a l l y in v a r io us a c ids . Ho w
ev er , a l mo s t a l l p r o c es s es a tta c k the b a s e ma ter ia l whic h
is undes ir ed p a r tic ul a r l y with hig h g l o s s p o l is hed p a r ts .
Ther e a r e f ur ther p r o b l ems with thes e k no wn p r o c es s es
if ther e a r e p r es ent s ta inl es s s teel o b j ec ts with p a r ts , e. g .
o f Ger ma n s il v er o r c o p p er , wo r k ed into them. Al mo s t
a l l o f thes e p r o c es s es a l s o c a us e c o ns ider a b l e c o r r o s io n
p r o b l ems in the el ec tr o l ytic p l a nts .
Ther e a r e a l s o k no wn a c tiv a ting p r o c es s es with dep o
s itio n o f a n inter media te l a yer , us ua l l y nic k el , f r o m a
s tr o ng hydr o c hl o r ic a c id s o l utio n. Ho wev er , thes e l ik e
wis e ha v e dis tinc t dis a dv a nta g es . Bes ides c o r r o s io n
p r o b l ems in us ing thes e b a ths the s o a c tiv a ted a nd s ub s e
q uentl y g o l d p l a ted p a r ts a r e s ub s ta ntia l l y mo r e s us c ep
tib l e to c o r r o s io n tha n dir ec tl y g o l d p l a ted p a r ts . S ta r t
ing with f a ul ts the nic k el inter media te l a yer c o r r o des
until ther e is c o mp l ete s ep a r a tio n o f the g o l d s up er im
p o s ed l a yer . W ith j ewel r y p a r ts tha t a r e wo r n dir ec tl y
o n the s k in a nic k el under l a yer is undes ir ed b ec a us e o f
a l l er g ic r ea c tio ns o f indiv idua l p eo p l e a nd p er ha p s c a n
c er o g enic a c tio n.
To a v o id the under c o a ting with nic k el ther e ha v e
b een a ttemp ts to a c tiv a te s ta inl es s s teel p a r ts dir ec tl y in
the g o l d b a th. Fl etc her US . P a t. No . 4 , 1 6 8 , 2 1 4 de
s c r ib es a g o l d b a th b a s ed o n a dil ute a q ua r eg ia whic h
is in a p o s itio n to a c tiv a te s ta inl es s s teel dir ec tl y in the
b a th. Ho wev er , the b a th l ik ewis e ha s the dis a dv a nta g e
tha t it a tta c k s the s ur f a c e, es p ec ia l l y a t s o l der ed p l a c es .
Bes ides the b a th is b a d to ha ndl e s inc e the c o r r o s iv enes s
inc r ea s es with time o f o p er a tio n. ( The entir e dis c l o s ur e
o f Fl etc her is her eb y inc o r p o r a ted b y r ef er ehc e a nd
r el ied up o n. ) In o nl y a f ew c a s es o ther k no wn s tr o ng l y
a c id g o l d b a ths f o r dir ec t c o a ting o f s ta inl es s s teel r es ul t
in a s uf f ic ient a dhes io n o f the g o l d l a yer . If the s teel p a r t
to b e c o a ted, f o r ex a mp l e wa tc h b a nds , wa s s ub j ec ted to
f o r ex a mp l e temp er ing , s o l der ing , p o l is hing with dev el
o p ment o f hea t, tr ea ting in p a s s iv a ting dip s o r el ec tr o
p o l is hing b ef o r e a tr ea tment wo ul d b e a p p l ied under
nea th whic h p er mits f o r mul a tio n o f a s tr o ng l y p a s s iv e
l a yer , ther e c o ul d no t b e p r o duc ed s uf ? c ient a dhes iv e
nes s thr o ug h dir ec t g o l d p l a ting .
Ther ef o r e, it wa s the p r o b l em o f the p r es ent inv en
tio n to dev el o p a p r o c es s f o r the p r etr ea tment o f s ta in
l es s s teel f o r a dir ec t el ec tr o l ytic ( g a l v a nic ) g o l d p l a ting
2
I in a s tr o ng l y a c id g o l d b a th ( e. g . a b a th o n the b a s is o f
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
5 0
5 5
6 0
6 5
KAu ( CN/x ) c o nta ining a miner a l a c id l ik e p ho s p ho r ic
o r s ul f ur ic a c id) whic h a tta c k s the meta l s ur f a c e a s l ittl e
a s p o s s ib l e a nd p r o duc es a g o o d a dhes iv enes s o f the
dep o s ited g o l d c o a ting s .
S UMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This p r o b l em wa s s o l v ed a c c o r ding to the inv entio n
b y p l a c ing the s ta inl es s s teel p a r t in a n a q ueo us c ya nide
s o l utio n a nd then ? r s t tr ea ting c a tho dic a l l y a nd s ub s e
q uentl y a no dic a l l y.
S ur p r is ing l y it ha s b een f o und tha t in tr ea ting s ta in
l es s s teel p a r ts , whic h a r e p r es ent in a s tr o ng l y p a s s iv e
c o nditio n, in a s o l utio n o f a n a l k a l i c ya nide ( e. g . s o dium
c ya nide o r p o ta s s ium c ya nide) a f ter ? r s t c a tho dic , then
a no dic p o l a r ity a t r o o m temp er a tur e ( e. g . a b o ut 2 0 C. )
ev en a t l o w c ur r ent dens ities ther e wa s p r o duc ed a
g o o d a c tiv a tio n. Af ter dir ec t s ub s eq uent g o l d p l a ting in
a c o mmer c ia l s tr o ng l y a c id g o l d b a th ther e wer e p r o
duc ed v er y g o o d a dhes iv enes s es . The s a me a c tiv a tio n
r es ul ts c a n b e r ea c hed ev en with v is ib l y ta r nis hed c o a t
ing s if the c ya nide is emp l o yed a dv a nta g eo us l y dir ec tl y
in a c o mmer c ia l def a tting b a th a nd ther e is ma inta ined
the mentio ned s eq uenc e o f p o l a r ity.
Ac c o r ding to the p r o c es s o f the inv entio n ther e c a n
ev en b e tr ea ted s ta inl es s s teel o b j ec ts with wo r k ed in
p a r ts o f , e. g . Ger ma n s il v er o r c o p p er . They c a n b e g o l d
p l a ted s ub s eq uentl y whil e c o mp l etel y r eta ining the a d
hes iv enes s o f the s ur f a c e ? nis h.
P r ef er a b l y the p r etr ea tment b a ths c o nta in the a l k a l i
c ya nide in a c o nc entr a tio n o f 2 - 1 0 0 g /l . Bes ides they
c a n c o nta in s til l f ur ther a dditiv es , a s e. g . p ho s p ha tes ,
c o ndens ed p ho s p ha tes , c a r b o na tes a nd s il ic a tes o f the
a l k a l i meta l s in v a r io us c o nc entr a tio ns . Thes e b a th c o m
p o nents p r ep o nder a ntl y a r e f o r the def a tting a nd ha v e
no in? uenc e o n the a c tiv a tio n. Hig her c o nc entr a tio ns o f
a n a l k a l i hydr o x ide, e. g . s o dium hydr o x ide o r p o ta s s ium
hydr o x ide a r e to b e a v o ided.
Adv a nta g eo us l y the a c tiv a tio n ta k es p l a c e a t temp er
a tur es o f 2 0 to 7 0 C. a nd is p r ep o nder a ntl y c a r r ied o ut
a t r o o m temp er a tur e. It c o ns is ts o f a ? r s t c a tho dic tr ea t
ment p r ef er a b l y a t 2 - 4 0 A/dm2 f o r 1 5 s ec o nds to 5
minutes a nd a s ub s eq uent a no dic tr ea tment under the
s a me c o nditio ns .
The us e o f hig her temp er a tur e up to a b o ut 7 0 C. a nd
hig her c ur r ent dens ity is p o s s ib l e b ut no t r eq uir ed. Fo r
the s ub s eq uent dir ec t g o l d p l a ting ther e is s uited a ny
c o mmer c ia l s tr o ng l y a c id g o l d b a th ha v ing a p H b el o w
3 . A p ic k l ing a f ter the a c tiv a tio n, e. g . in 1 0 % s ul f ur ic
a c id f a v o r a b l y a f f ec ts the inter media te r ins ing b ut ha s
no inf l uenc e o n the tr ue a c tiv a tio n.
Unl es s o ther wis e indic a ted a l l p a r ts a nd p er c enta g es
a r e b y weig ht.
The p r o c es s c a n c o mp r is e, c o ns is t es s entia l l y o f o r
c o ns is t o f the r ec ited s tep s with the s ta ted ma ter ia l s .
The f o l l o wing ex a mp l es ex p l a in the p r etr ea tment
p r o c es s in g r ea ter deta il .
DETAILED DES CRIP TION
Ex a mp l e 1
1 0 g r a ms o f KCN, 1 0 g r a ms o f Na OH, 3 0 g r a ms
Na 2 CO3 a nd 5 0 g r a ms o f Na 3 P O4 . l 2 H2 O wer e dis
s o l v ed in wa ter to ma k e 1 l iter .
A s a mp l e o f V4 A s teel p o l is hed to hig h g l o s s wa s
tr ea ted in this b a thf o r l minute a t r o o m temp er a tur e
a nd 1 0 A/dm2 c a tho dic a l l y a nd s ub s eq uentl y a no dic a l l y
under the s a me c o nditio ns , r ins ed wel l inter media tel y
4 , 6 5 9 , 4 3 8
3
a nd g o l d p l a ted in a c o mmer c ia l s tr o ng l y a c id g o l d
b a th.
The g o l d c o a ting dep o s ited is hig h g l o s s a nd a dher es
wel l . It is no t r emo v ed ev en b y b r us hes a f ter s ha r p
l ev el s o f the s a mp l e.
Ex a mp l e 2
A s a mp l e o f V4 A s teel wa s p a s s iv a ted in k no wn ma n
ner b y temp er ing f o r 1 ho ur a t 3 0 0 C. in a ir .
Af ter tr ea ting the s a mp l e in a b a th a c c o r ding to Ex
a mp l e 1 under the c o nditio ns s ta ted in tha t ex a mp l e,
ther e wa s l ik ewis e p r o duc ed v er y g o o d a dhes iv enes s in
the g o l d p l a ting .
Ex a mp l e 3
2 0 g r a ms o f Na CN, 1 0 g r a ms o f Na OH, 1 0 g r a ms o f
Na 4 P 2 O7 . l 0 H2 O, 3 0 g r a ms o f Na 2 S iO3 . 5 H2 O a nd 0 . 5
g r a ms o f wetting a g ent wer e dis s o l v ed in wa ter to ma k e
1 l iter .
An el ec tr o p o l is hed s ta inl es s s teel b r a ided b r a c el et
ha v ing a wa tc h ho us ing o f Ger ma n s il v er wa s a c tiv a ted
in this s o l utio n a t r o o m temp er a tur e 1 minute a t 5
A/dm2 c a tho dic a l l y a nd s ub s eq uentl y a no dic a l l y under
the s a me c o nditio ns , r ins ed wel l inter media tel y a nd
g o l d p l a ted in a c o mmer c ia l s tr o ng l y a c id g o l d b a th.
The g o l d c o a ting wa s no t r emo v ed ev en b y s tr o ng
s c r a tc hing .
The entir e dis c l o s ur e o f Ger ma n p r io r ity a p p l ic a tio n
No . P 3 0 2 0 3 7 l . 5 is her eb y inc o r p o r a ted b y r ef er enc e.
W ha t is c l a imed is :
1 . A p r o c es s f o r the p r etr ea tment o f s ta inl es s s teel to
ma k e it a da p ta b l e to dir ec t el ec tr o l ytic g o l d p l a ting in
a n a c id g o l d p l a ting b a th ha v ing a p H b el o w 3 c o mp r is
ing p l a c ing a s ta inl es s s teel p a r t in a c ya nide c o nta ining
a q ueo us s o l utio n c o ns is ting o f wa ter , a n a l k a l i hydr o x
ide a nd a l k a l i c ya nide a l o ne o r to g ether with a t l ea s t o ne
memb er o f the g r o up c o ns is ting o f a l k a l i meta l p ho s
p ha tes , a l k a l i meta l c o ndens ed p ho s p ha tes , a l k a l i meta l
c a r b o na tes a nd a l k a l i meta l s il ic a tes a nd then tr ea ting
the s ta inl es s s teel ? r s t c a tho dic a l l y a nd then a no dic a l l y.
2 . In a p r o c es s f o r el ec tr o l ytic a l l y g o l d p l a ting a s ta in
l es s s teel p a r t in a c id g o l d p l a ting b a th ha v ing a p H
b el o w 3 the imp r o v ement c o mp r is ing p r etr ea ting the
s ta inl es s s teel p a r t a c c o r ding to c l a im 1 p r io r to the s tep
o f g o l d p l a ting .
3 . A p r o c es s a c c o r ding to c l a im 1 wher ein the s ta in
l es s s teel p a r t is tr ea ted c a tho dic a l l y a t 2 4 0 A/dm2 f o r
1 5 s ec o nds to 5 minutes a nd then is tr ea ted a no dic a l l y
f o r 2 - 4 0 A/dm2 f o r 1 5 s ec o nds to 5 minutes .
4 . In a p r o c es s f o r el ec tr o l ytic a l l y g o l d p l a ting a s ta in
l es s s teel p a r t in a c id g o l d p l a ting b a th ha v ing a p H
b el o w 3 the imp r o v ement c o mp r is ing p r etr ea ting the
s ta inl es s s teel p a r t a c c o r ding to c l a im 3 p r io r to the s tep
o f g o l d p l a ting .
5 . A p r o c es s a c c o r ding to c l a im 1 wher ein the s ta in
l es s s teel p a r t is tr ea ted a t a temp er a tur e b etween 2 0
a nd 7 0 C.
6 . In a p r o c es s f o r el ec tr o l ytic a l l y g o l d p l a ting a s ta in
l es s s teel p a r t in a c id g o l d p l a ting b a th ha v ing a p H
1 5
3 0
4 5
5 0
6 0
6 5
4
b el o w 3 the imp r o v ement c o mp r is ing p r etr ea ting the
s ta inl es s s teel p a r t a c c o r ding to c l a im 5 p r io r to the s tep
o f g o l d p l a ting .
7 . A p r o c es s a c c o r ding to c l a im 5 wher ein the s ta in
l es s s teel p a r t is tr ea ted c a tho dic a l l y a t 2 - 4 0 A/dm2 f o r
1 5 s ec o nds to 5 minutes a nd then is tr ea ted a no dic a l l y
f o r 2 - 4 0 A/dm2 f o r 1 5 s ec o nds to 5 minutes .
8 . In a p r o c es s f o r el ec tr o l ytic a l l y g o l d p l a ting a s ta in
l es s s teel p a r t in a c id g o l d p l a ting b a th ha v ing a p H
b el o w 3 the imp r o v ement c o mp r is ing p r etr ea ting the
s ta inl es s s teel p a r t a c c o r ding to c l a im 7 p r io r to the s tep
o f g o l d p l a ting .
9 . A p r o c es s a c c o r ding to c l a im 1 wher ein a n a l k a l i
c ya nide is emp l o yed in a c o nc entr a tio n o f 2 - 1 0 0
g r a ms /l iter .
1 0 . In a p r o c es s f o r el ec tr o l ytic a l l y g o l d p l a ting a
s ta inl es s s teel p a r t in a c id g o l d p l a ting b a th ha v ing a p H
b el o w 3 the imp r o v ement c o mp r is ing p r etr ea ting the
s ta inl es s s teel p a r t a c c o r ding to c l a im 9 p r io r to the s tep
o f g o l d p l a ting .
1 1 . A p r o c es s a c c o r ding to c l a im 9 wher ein the s ta in
l es s s teel p a r t is tr ea ted c a tho dic a l l y a t 2 - 4 0 A/dm2 f o r
1 5 s ec o nds to 5 minutes a nd then is tr ea ted a no dic a l l y
f o r 2 - 4 0 A/dm2 f o r 1 5 s ec o nds to 5 minutes .
1 2 . In a p r o c es s f o r el ec tr o l ytic a l l y g o l d p l a ting a
s ta inl es s s teel p a r t in a c id g o l d p l a ting b a th ha v ing a p H
b el o w 3 the imp r o v ement c o mp r is ing p r etr ea ting the
s ta inl es s s teel p a r t a c c o r ding to c l a im 1 1 p r io r to the
s tep o f g o l d p l a ting .
1 3 . A p r o c es s a c c o r ding to c l a im 9 wher ein the c ya
nide is s o dium c ya nide o r p o ta s s ium c ya nide.
1 4 . In a p r o c es s f o r el ec tr o l ytic a l l y g o l d p l a ting a
s ta inl es s s teel p a r t in a c id g o l d p l a ting b a th ha v ing a p H
b el o w 3 the imp r o v ement c o mp r is ing p r etr ea ting the
s ta inl es s s teel p a r t a c c o r ding to c l a im 1 3 p r io r to the
s tep o f g o l d p l a ting .
1 5 . A p r o c es s a c c o r ding to c l a im 1 3 wher ein the
s ta inl es s s teel p a r t is tr ea ted c a tho dic a l l y a t 2 - 4 0
A/dm2 f o r 1 5 s ec o nds to 5 minutes a nd then is tr ea ted
a no dic a l l y f o r 2 - 4 0 A/dm2 f o r 1 5 s ec o nds to 5 minutes .
1 6 . A p r o c es s a c c o r ding to c l a im 9 wher ein the s ta in
l es s s teel p a r t is tr ea ted a t a temp er a tur e b etween 2 0
a nd 7 0 C.
1 7 . In a p r o c es s f o r el ec tr o l ytic a l l y g o l d p l a ting a
s ta inl es s s teel p a r t in a c id g o l d p l a ting b a th ha v ing a p H
b el o w 3 the imp r o v ement c o mp r is ing p r etr ea ting the
s ta inl es s s teel p a r t a c c o r ding to c l a im 1 6 p r io r to the
s tep o f g o l d p l a ting .
1 8 . A p r o c es s a c c o r ding to c l a im 1 6 wher ein the
s ta inl es s s teel p a r t is tr ea ted c a tho dic a l l y a t 2 - 4 0
A/dm2 f o r 1 5 s ec o nds to 5 minutes a nd then is tr ea ted
a no dic a l l y f o r 2 - 4 0 A/dm2 f o r 1 5 s ec o nds to 5 minutes .
1 9 . In a p r o c es s f o r el ec tr o l ytic a l l y g o l d p l a ting a
s ta inl es s s teel p a r t in a c id g o l d p l a ting b a th ha v ing a p H
b el o w 3 the imp r o v ement c o mp r is ing p r etr ea ting the
s ta inl es s s teel p a r t a c c o r ding to c l a im 1 8 p r io r to the
s tep o f g o l d p l a ting .
I * *

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