1

Lecture1
Some Basics

Some Basics we have to revise
Grammar:
Simple Present
Simple Past
Present progressive
Past progressive
Present Perfect
Past Perfect

The simple present
Remember:
sg vs. p l ( s ) or no ( s )
happens usually .
The woman works at a bank.
The man works at a bank.
They work(x) at a bank.

Now you try:
Tom _____ basketball at school. (play plays)
Sarah _____ watches TV in the evening. (watch -watches)
Barbara ____ to eat vanilla ice cream. (like likes)
Because the subjects are singular
Tom and Barbara ____ every year. (travel travels) Because the subject is plural

The simple past
Remember:
(e.g. take -> too k) -ed or different form of verb
The woman works at bank. present
The woman worked at bank. Past

Remember irregular verbs
Rang ring
sang sing
bought buy
thought think
You just have to know them. You dont have a choice.







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The present and past progressive
Remember :
(is/am/are/was/were) = -ing
He is walking in the street.
They are walking in the street.
I am walking in the street.
She was walking in the street.
We were walking in the street .
They walking in the street . X

The present and Past perfect
Remember:
(have/has/had) + past participl e
She has eaten her lunch.
They have eaten their lunch.
They had eaten their lunch.
He eaten his lunch. X





























3
Lecture 2
Chapter 1: Education and Student Life

Before you write:
Before we write we usually need ideas and words to express those ideas.
So if we wanted to write a composition about the advantages and disadvantages of
studying abroad we would need ideas and some vocabulary items to help us out.

Here are some ideas you might consider before writing your composition
What Do You Think?
Ranking Factors Below are some factors a student might think about when choosing a
college.
Which ones are most important to you? Rank them in order from 1 (most important) to 12
(least important).
2 class size 4 courses offered
3 facilities (libraries, laboratories) 6 cost
9 location 1 ease of admission
5 quality of classes 12 prestige
10 number of international students 7 help with job placement
11 special programs 8 family connection

Now you need some vocabulary
Noun Verb Adjective Other
advantage attend advantageous

attendance prefer challenging

campus

diverse

disadvantage

huge

facility

impersonal

faculty

prestigious

location


preference


prestige


scholarship


student body


tuition




4
Exercise 4 page 5:
1. a good thing advantage
2. the cost of college classes tuition
3. very large huge
4. a good reputation prestige
5. teachers faculty
6. a building, laboratory, a library facility
7. go to attend
8. having many different kinds diverse
9. not friendly impersonal
10.a bad thing disadvantage

Exercise
Advantages of a large or small college (p 6)
A large college might have many departments to choose from.
A large college might have more facilities.
Advantages of a small or small college (p 6)
A small college might have better teachers.
A small college might ask for less tuition.

After you write down all your ideas :
After you write down all your ideas you now have to organize them so that the person who
reads your composition would be able to understand what you are writing about.
You can do this by writing about the most important ideas first then write about the less
important ones.

Giving reasons
One important strategy to use in your composition is giving reasons to support your ideas.
idea
A large college might have many departments to choose from.
reason
If it is a large college then it will have more money to accommodate more departments.







5
Lecture 3
Chapter 1: Education and Student Life

Writing a topic sentence:
The topic sentence usually comes at the beginning of a paragraph. It tells the reader the
main idea of the paragraph. A good topic sentence shouldnt be too specific because it
needs to relate to all the ideas in the paragraph. In addition, in an opinion paragraph, a
good topic sentence will clearly state your opinion.

Choosing the best topic sentence:
Topic: Advantages of studying abroad
1. Students who study abroad often speak the language well.
2. Studying abroad has three main advantages. (good)
3. I believe this for several reasons.
4. There are many good schools in foreign countries.
5. If possible, all college students should spend some time studying in a foreign country.

Course forum
When you are done watching this lecture please go to the course forum and post
a topic sentence for the following topic:
The advantages of a large college.

Developing Cohesion and clarity
GIVING REASONS WITH BECAUSE, SO,.AND THEREFORE
When you give reasons to support your opinions, you may want to use connectors that
show cause or result. Note the different punctuation and capitalization in sentences with
these three connectors.

Use because in phrases and clauses that state a cause or reason.
Examples
- Because large schools offer many different courses, students have a wide variety of
subjects to choose from.
- Students at large schools have a wide variety of subjects to choose from because large
schools offer many different courses.

Use so and therefore in phrases and clauses that state an effect or result

Examples
- Large schools offer many different courses, so students have a wide variety of subjects to
choose from.
- Large schools offer many different courses; therefore, students have a wide variety of
subjects to choose from.


6
- Large schools offer many different courses. Therefore, students have a wide variety of
subjects to choose from.
Completing Sentences with Because, So, and Therefore Complete the following
sentences with because, so, or therefore.
1. Students who study in a foreign country live with people who do not speak their native
Language; therefore , they will learn that countrys language we]
2. Public colleges are more practical because they are less expensive.
3. When students attend a local college, they can live at home, so they dont have to spend
a lot on rent and food.
4. Because international students have to study in a foreign language, they often have
difficulty with their courses.
5. International students spend a long time away from home. therefore ,they may lose
touch with their own customs and culture.

USING CONNECTING WORDS: IN ADDITION AND ALSO
In a paragraph. its important to use connecting wordswords that connect the ideas
Otherwise, the paragraph will sound choppythat is, not smooth, You can make a
paragraph more cohesive by using in addition and also to connect similar ideas.

in addition usually comes at the beginning of a sentence. in this position, it is always
followed by a comma.
Example
- It is very difficult to study abroad. in addition, It can be much more expensive thai studying
in your own country.

Also can come at the beginning of a sentence, before a simple present or a past tensE verb,
or after an auxiliary verb or modal. Note that if It comes at the beginning of a ser tence, it is
followed by a comma.
Examples
Also, large universities offer a more diverse student population.
Large universities also offer a more diverse student population.
Large universities can also offer a more diverse student population.

Connecting Sentences with Also and In Addition Use also and in addition to connect
1. the sentences, More than one answer is possible.
Many students learn a lot about the world from their study abroad experience.
They learn a lot about themselves.
Many students learn a lot about the world from their study abroad
experience. They also learn a lot about themselves.
2. Most students in four-year colleges are very intelligent. They study hard.
Most students in four-year colleges are very intelligent. Also, they
study hard.


7
3. Some professors dont always understand international students. They may know very
little about foreign cultures.
Some professors dont always understand international students. In
addition, they may know very little about foreign cultures.
4. Many students who go abroad to study lose contact with their families. Some of them
marry foreigners and never return home.
Many students who go abroad to study lose contact with their
families. In addition, some of them marry foreigners and never
return home.
5. Studying in a foreign country can be more exciting than studying in your native country.
You may get a better education.
Studying in a foreign country can be more exciting than studying in
your native country. You may also get a better education.































8
Lecture 4
Chapter 1: Education and Student Life

Rewriting a paragraph with connecting words
Studying abroad offers students many advantages. First of all, students have
the opportunity to learn a new language by interacting with native speakers every day. The
students live in a new culture, so they can learn both in and out of the classroom. Studying
abroad teaches students that there are other ways of looking at the world. This is a very
important part of education. Students learn to be flexible because they have to adapt to
different ways of living. They experience another culture in a much more significant way
than if they simply took a vacation to another country. Foreign students are far from home.
Therefore, they have to become responsible and self-reliant. When they study abroad,
students have an experience they will remember all their lives.
Studying abroad offers students many advantages. First of all, students have the
opportunity to learn a new language by interacting with native speakers every day. In
addition, the students live in a new culture, so they can learn both in and out of the
classroom. Studying abroad also teaches students that there are other ways of looking at
the world. This is a very important part of education. In addition, students learn to be
flexible because they have to adapt to different ways of living. They experience another
culture in a much more significant way than if they simply took a vacation to another
country. Also, Foreign students are far from home. Therefore, they have to become
responsible and self-reliant. When they study abroad, students have an experience they will
remember all their lives.

Using transition words and phrases: First of all and finally:

Use first of all and finally when you want to list several points. These are also called listing
cues.
Note that first of all and finally come at the beginning of a sentence and are always
followed by a comma.

There are many reasons international students might feel homesick. First of all, they may
be away from their families for the first time. In addition, there is the problem of adapting
to a completely different culture. Finally, not knowing the native language can make
students feel isolated.

Overgeneralization
When you write, do not make statements that are so general that they are not true






9
Example of Overgeneralizations
All international students work harder than other students
Is this always true?
Avoid using always and never
Use usually, often, almost never to give an opinion about something
Teenagers are often irresponsible
Revising for Content Look at the paragraph below. Focus only on the contentthe writers
ideas and organization. Make comments and suggestions based on the following questions:
1. Does the writer give enough information?
2. Does the topic sentence state the main idea of the paragraph?
3. Does the writer give reasons for his or her opinions?
4. Is the paragraph smooth or choppy?
5. Does the writer use overgeneralizations?

Don't worry about misspelled words and other errors for now.
There are several reasons that undergraduate students should not study away from
home living away from home is much more expensive than living at home. Families can save
money by not paying room and board, teenagers are not mature enough to live far away
from their families. Therefore, they often get into trouble. Some students even fail courses
because they are not disciplined enough to study in addition they never go to class. Finally
many students feel lonely and homesick So they are not able to study. All undergraduate
students who stay home with their families get a good education and also a good price.
Homework
Correcting Overgeneralizations Rewrite the following sentences so that they are not
overgeneralizations. Use adverbs of frequency and/or quantifiers.

1. All international students have a difficult time their first year.
Mary interactional students have a difficult time their first year.
2. International students never become friendly with native-speaking students.
International students not usually become friendly with native-
speaking students.
3. All international students get better grades than other students.
Most international students get better grades than other students.
4. Professors never understand students from other countries.
Professors hardly ever understand students from other countries.
5. International students always feel isolated.
International students often feel isolated.




10
Lecture 5
Chapter 2: Writing about Sense Details and Feelings

Think of .
Things you ca
See
Hear
Touch
Taste
Smell

Things you can
See colorful, bright, cramped, gloomy
Hear noisy
Touch soft, smooth, rough
Taste salty, spicy, bitter, sour, foul
Smell rotten, foul

What Do You Think?
Classifying Sense Details
Work with a partner, and test your knowledge of the adjectives below. Put each
adjective in the correct category. (Note: Some might fit into more than one category.) Then
add some adjectives of your own to each category.

bitter cramped noisy salty smooth bright foul rotten soft spicy
colorful gloomy rough sour

See Hear Smell Taste Touch
Colorful
Bright
Cramped
gloomy
noise Foul
rotten
Bitter
Salty
spicy
sour

Smooth
Soft
rough

My Neighborhood page 26
We will read it together and see if we can identify any sense words. After that we will look
at exercise 8 on the same page.








11
Building Vocabulary:
My neighborhood is fascinating because people from all over the world live in it.
When I walk down the main street of my neighborhood, I can hear the unfamiliar sounds of
languages from all over the world. Each ethnic group has its own colorful shop or
fascinating restaurant. On a warm evening, I can smell the sweet melons from the Korean
produce store and the spicy curries from the Indian restaurant. These smells are free, but
for a small price, I can also buy any of 50 kinds of cheeses with strange names from one
store, or exotic Asian vegetables and the spices to cook them in from another. The people
of the neighborhood take pride in their surroundings. On almost every street , they plant
trees and flowers from their native countries to remind them of home and to brighten up
the dull gray cement and run-down apartment buildings. One of my neighbors plants
delicate Scottish flowers every year in memory of her mothers garden in Scotland.
Another neighbor has a Chinese vegetable garden in window boxes. I dont need to buy an
airplane ticket to experience the world, a walk around my neighborhood can be just as
exciting.

Exercise 8 page 26/27
1. Strange and unusual exotic
2. small and pretty delicate
3. very interesting fascinating
4. to make pretty brighten up
5. sad-looking dull gray
6. to be proud of take pride in



Hong Kongs neighborhoods are lively
1. What you can see:
I can see the street. It is crowded
2. What you can hear:
I can hear car horns. They are very noisy.
3. What you can smell:
I can smell some smoke coming out of cars. It
is foul
4. What you can taste:
I can taste some famous foods from Hong
Kong. They are very spicy.
5. What you can feel:
I can feel the warmth. The sun is very bright.





12
Village in Europe
1. What you can see:
I can see the colorful houses with the
gorgeous small plants boxes
2. What you can hear:
I can hear a woman singing while she
waters the plants.
3. What you can smell:
I can smell the grass and a freshly baked
cheery pie.
4. What you can taste:
I can taste the berries I just picked from
the tree.
5. What you can feel:
I can feel the soft cool wind.































13
lecture 6
Writing a Topic Sentence

The topic sentences:
The topic sentence tells the reader the subject of the paragraph. In a descriptive
paragraph, the topic sentence is general enough to unite all the descriptive details in the
paragraph but focused enough to grab the readers attention. It should also indicate the
writers feeling or opinion about the place.
Bad topic sentence:
My neighborhood is a nice place to live.
Good topic sentence:
My neighborhood is fascinating because people from many countries live in it.

Exercise 10 page 28:
Choosing the best topic sentence:
Topic: My room.
(1)
a. _____ My room is a perfect place for one person to live.
b. _____ Many people live in single rooms.
c. _____ My room is nice.
d. _____ I love the big window.
(2)
Topic: My house
a. _____ There are a lot of houses like mine in my neighborhood.
b. _____ I love my house because it is filled with happy memories.
c. _____ Big houses are best.
d. _____ My family lives in a good house.
(3)
Topic: My Dormitory.
a. _____ My dormitory has never felt like home to me.
b. _____ I live in a dormitory.
c. _____ Dormitories are where students live.
d. _____ The cafeteria.

Using Graphic Organizers p. 29-30
One way to brainstorm and organize ideas for a focused descriptive paragraph is to use a
graphic organizer. Graphic organizers show how ideas are connected to each other.

The graphic organizer below is called a mind map. In the mind map, the topic sentence is in
the center. The main supporting details are connected directly to the topic sentence. The
secondary details are connected to the main details.


14

Exercise 11 page 29: Write a draft topic sentence for your descriptive paragraph.
Part 1
Using graphic organizers
Using graphic organizers: page 2 9
- One way to brainstorm and organize ideas for a focused descriptive paragraph is to use a
graphic organizer.
- Graphic organizers show how ideas are connected to each other.
- The mind map is an example of graphic organizers
Getting rid of irrelevant details: page 3 0



15
- All the details in a paragraph should develop the idea stated in the topic sentence.
- You can use your mind map to identify the irrelevant ideas and cross them out.
The irrelevant details in exercise 13 are: Landlord is not pleasant
Sometimes I am lonely /great neighbors.
Writing concluding sentences: page 3 1
- Most paragraphs have concluding sentences that repeat the idea of the topic sentence.
- Other concluding sentences give a personal reaction to the topic of the paragraph.



Giving Reasons with SINCE p. 32
Because and since have almost the same meaning when since doesnt refer to a point of
time in the past. They both express a cause.

Example:
Since quite a few people in the neighborhood come from the Middle East, there are
many great Middle Eastern shops and restaurants here.

Homework page 32
Combining Sentences Using Since Combine the sentences below using since. More than
one answer is correct.
1. Many people have lived in my neighborhood for years. It is a very friendly place.
Since many people have lived in my neighborhood for years, it is a
very friendly place.
2. My apartment is small. I have to keep it very neat.
Since my apartment is very small, I have to keep it very clean.
3. My cousin needed a roommate and is easy to get along with. I decided to move in with
hint
Since my cousin needed a roommate and is easy to get along with, I
decided to move in with him.
4. It is easy to get to know everyone in my dormitory. Only 40 people live in it
It is easy to get to know everyone in my dormitory since only 40
people live in it..
Since I have many relatives in the city, I decided not to live in a
dormitory.

Varying sentence structure:
- If most of the sentences in a paragraph are structured the same way or repeat the same
words, the paragraph may be boring to read.
- You can make a paragraph more interesting by varying the sentence structure.


16
- You can begin some of the sentences with dependent clauses beginning with words like
because, since and when or prepositional phrases beginning with prepositions such as at, in,
on, from or with.

Revising and Editing
All of the sentences in a paragraph should develop the main idea in the topic sentence. If
they dont, there are two things you can do:
1. If you find that you started to write about an idea that is different from the idea in
your topic sentence, and you like the new idea, you can change your topic sentence
to reflect the new idea.
2. If some of your sentences are not about the idea in your topic sentence, change or
delete those sentences

Homework page 35

We live in an ordinary house on an ordinary
street in an ordinary suburb, and I think it is terrific!
Our house is now 30 years old, but it looks newer. My
house is like hundreds of other houses in the suburbs,
one story with an attached garage. There is nothing
special about the house, and it wont win any prizes
for architecture, but its perfect for our family. The
kitchen is big and has new appliances, including a
beautiful new dishwasher and a microwave oven. I
dont like the heat, but we have air conditioning in the
living room and bedrooms, so it is always cool. For the
kids theres a nice yard where they can play. Its very safe, so my wife and I dont have to
worry. I am very thankful that we can afford this house and live our ordinary lives there.


















17
lecture 7
Chapter 3: Business and Money
Free Writing
Free writing is a good way to generate ideas on a topic before you write. When you free
write, you write as fast as you can without thinking too much about what youre writing or
where youre headed. You do not need to think about grammar and vocabulary. You also do
not have to worry about connecting your ideas. You can sometimes come up with your best
ideas when you allow yourself to free write.

Fortune or Thievery?

Columbus, Ohio. October 28 was a fortunate day for motorists driving along Interstate 71 at about
9:30 in the morning .As a truck from the metropolitan armored car company sped down the
highway, its back door blew open, and bags of money fell onto the road. When other vehicles hit
the bags , the bags split open, spewing over million dollars all over the highway.
I didn't take motorists long to realize that the paper swirling around them was cash. They stopped
on and around the highway and scooped up handfuls of money, gleefully putting $20 , $50, $100
d0llars bills into bags, pockets, and purses. When the police arrived, they estimated that over two
hundred people had been helping themselves to the bonanza.
Officials hoping to recover the money were not so gleeful. Columbus mayor Dana G. Rinehart
called the motorists who took the money thieves and said, " may they have many sleepless nights."
He states the government will prosecute anyone the police can find.
To encourage the return of the money. Metropolitan armored Car Company has offered a reward
of 10% of all the money they receive. So far, however, they have received only $100,000 from
about thirty different people.
One man gave back $57,000. Another man, however, called to say he was set for life and was
leaving town. Since the cash was insured and belonged to local banks, many people can't see that
they are hurting anyone by keeping it .
Even if the government prosecutes, it will have trouble convicting the thieves. "probably two-thirds
of the jurors would think the defendants should have kept the money," said prosecutor Michael
Miller.

Matching words to their Definitions
1. armored h. protected with strong metal
2. split d. tear open
3. spew f. spill
4. recover e. find
5. scoop up b. pick up
6. gleeful a. very happy
7. bonanza g. sudden riches
8. prosecute c. charge with crime
9. convict i. find guilty of a crime
10. insured j. protected from loss




18
Using a Vocabulary Chart In your letter to the editor, you might want to us some of the
words above. First put each of them in the correct column below. Then write sentences
with five of the words, giving your opinion of the happenings in the article.
Noun Verbs Adjectives
Bonanza

Split
Spew
Recover
scoop up
prosecute
convict
Armored
Gleeful
Insured

Expressing opinion and giving reasons
If you want to put your opinion in writing sometime, remember to give reasons for your
opinion.

Letter to the Editor
October 30,20__
Dear Editor,
Regarding the article about people who don't pay taxes on money they make from small
home businesses (Government Targets Small Business Owners, Oct. 23), my opinion is that
the government should stay out of at least one part of our lives-our income!
First of all, most people who run small businesses are honest, law-abiding citizens. Many of
them have other jobs where they pay more than their share of taxes (unlike the very
wealthy, who find ways to pay almost no taxes). Others are people who want jobs where
taxes are automatically taken out of their paychecks but can't find them.
Secondly, the government requires too much paperwork from small businesses. If these
businesspeople have to keep the complicated records that the tax people require, they
won't have time to sell old furniture, prepare food for parties, or whatever their business
involves.
Finally, and most importantly, this is supposed to be a free country, but the government
interferes everywhere. Let us be free at least in our own homes!
Sincerely,
AI Melinowski
Miami

Exercise 10 Page 49
Analyzing the organization of a letter:
The letter begins with a phrase telling the editor which article the writer is responding to.
the letter has 4 paragraphs.
Each paragraph contains reasons supporting the writers opinion stated in the 1st
paragraph.
The writer uses the transition words first of all, secondly and finally .
They make the paragraph more cohesive and smooth.
The writer supports her opinions with reasons.


19
Lecture 8

Expressing obligation and giving advice with modals: Must, Have to, and Should
Giving advice
You can give advice using the modals should and shouldnt.
Examples
You should do your homework every night.
You shouldnt spend a lot of money. You need to save it for a vacation.
Expressing Obligation
You can express obligation using the modals have to, dont have to, and must.
Expressing obligation means stating whether an action is necessary or not necessary.
Example
We have to turn in our papers tomorrow. We dont have to type them.
They must arrive on time, or we will leave without them.
Activity 2
Using Modals in Sentences write a sentence using must, must not, have to, not have to,
should, or should not about the following topics:
1. paying taxes
Everyone should pay taxes no matter how much money he or
she makes.
2. underage driving
Underage driving mustn't be allowed in any country.
3. spending a lot of money to clean up the environment
In some countries, the government should spend a lot of money
to clean up the environment.
4. giving money to the poor
we should always give money to the poor to make them happy
5. Lying
You mustnt lie to anyone. You must always tell the truth.
6. trying to find the owner of jewelry found on the street
You have to try to find the owner of jewelry found on the street.
7. robbing a persons house if you need money
You mustnt rob a persons house if you need money.
8. borrowing someones car
You shouldnt borrow your friends car because you may
damage






20
Lecture 9
Revising and Editing
Evaluating Expressions

1. I disagree with ---------- Moderate
2. ---------- is total nonsense Strong
3. My opinion is that ---------- Moderate
4. ---------- is immoral Strong

Revising and Editing
1. False analogy
2. Overgeneralization
3. Irrelevant argument
4. Circular reasoning

Avoiding Faulty Reasoning
When you revise a piece of writing that includes reasons that support opinions, you should
make sure that you haven't used faulty reasoning. Following are definitions and examples of
different kinds of faulty reasoning.
1. False analogy: assuming that two things are similar in all ways just because
they are similar in one or two ways.
Example
Opinion: Dancing is the same as fighting.
Reason: Both are done with a partner.
This is a false analogy. Just because both activities include two people does not
mean they are the same.

2. Overgeneralization: saying that something is true for all people or situations
when It is only true for some, or making a general statement based on only
a few cases.
Example
Opinion: Rich men arent generous.
Reason: There is a wealthy man who comes Into the restaurant where I am a waiter,
and he never leaves a tip.
This Is an overgeneralization. The opinion is based on tile case of only one person.

3. Irrelevant argument: giving an example or reason that does not relate to
the opinion.
Example
Opinion: I dont think the accountant was the one who stole money from
the company.
Reason: She Is so nice. She always says hello to me.
The fact that a person is friendly and seems nice has nothing to do with whether
she is capable of stealing.


21
An irrelevant argument might also suggest that. because one event follows another, it
relates to It, when It really doesnt.
Example
Opinion: Borrowing money always causes problems.
Reason: Two days after Mario borrowed money from a friend, he had a car accident.
Obviously, Marios car accident was not caused by borrowing money

4. Circular reasoning; giving a reason that only restates the opinion in different words.
Example
Opinion: Peter never lies.
Reason: He is always truthful.
in the example above, the reason is a restatement of the opinion. This is circular
reasoning.

































22
Lecture 10
Chapter 4: Jobs and Professions

Writing about Yourself
What have you accomplished in the past two years?
Tell us about yourself that will help us know you better.

Responses to avoid
Ive only been hanging out and playing soccer.
Ive been spending all my time in English class.
I just watched TV all day and didnt do much.
I dont know what to say. I havent thought about it.

Useful vocabulary

ambitious
sociable
creative
disciplined
enthusiastic
hardworking
jealous
aggressive
selfless
difficult


a good sense of humor
self-confident
agreeable
moody
untrustworthy
cold
sensitive
generous
irresponsible
optimistic


Exploring Ideas
Describing your accomplishments:
In this chapter you are going to write a paragraph in response to the following question on
job or college application:
Describe an accomplishment in your life.
- You should show that you are special or different in some way, be positive and focus on
your good points and describe qualities that would show you could succeed at the job or
college for which you are applying.
Example:
I immigrated to the United States, I am learning English and I have
got a part-time job.




23
Discussing Vocabulary Words The words and phrases below describe personal
characteristics. In small groups, discuss their meanings. Put a check mark () next to the
positive words. Put an ( X ) next to the negative words. Look up any words you dont know.
ambitious
sociable
creative
disciplined
enthusiastic
hardworking
jealous
aggressive
selfless
difficult
a good sense of humor
self-confident
agreeable
moody
untrustworthy
cold
sensitive
generous
irresponsible
optimistic

























24
Lecture 11
Tenses 1

USING THE CORRECT TENSE: SIMPLE PAST OR PRESENT PERFECT
Simple Past Tense
Use the past tense to describe an action or state that was completed in the past, especially
when the specific time is mentioned.
Example
I was in Beirut in 2005. (The state Is completed and the time period is mentioned.)

Present Perfect tense
Use the present perfect tense to describe an action or state that was completed in the past
but we dont know when.
Example
I have been to Beirut many times. (We dont know when.)

Use the present perfect tense to describe an action that was started in the past and
continues to the present. In this case, for or since is often used.
Examples
Every year since 2002, I have gone to Beirut for summer vacation. (I still go.)
I have lived in St. Petersburg for three years. (I still live there.)

Exercise
Completing Sentences with the Correct Verb Form Complete the sentences below with the
simple past or present perfect form of the verb in parentheses.
Examples: (You live in Tokyo now.) I have lived (live) in Tokyo for three years.
(You live in New York now.) I lived (live) in Cairo for three years.
1. My father has come (come) to visit me once a year since 1997.
2. My mother has come (come) to visit me every year since I arrived.
3. I have had (have) two jobs this year.
4. I had (have) two jobs last year.
5. I learned (learn) a lot when I was waiting to immigrate.
6. I have learned (learn) a lot in my life.
7. I have worked (work) in this store for a month now.
8. I worked (work) in that store for a month, but then I quit.
9. Kelsey took (take) computer classes last year.
10.She has taken (take) computer classes for one year.
11.Rashad has been (be ) to Mexico City many times since 2000.
12.He went (go) to Morocco two years ago .


25
Lecture 12
Tenses 2

USING THE CORRECT TENSE: PRESENT PERFECT AND
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Present Perfect
The present perfect tense describes actions and states that were completed at an
unspecified time in the past or continue to the present.
Examples
I have been to San Francisco. (Completed in the past. The time is not specified.)
I have lived In San Francisco for three years. (Continues to the present.)

The following time expressions often appear with the present perfect tense: already, just,
recently, still, yet, twice, three (four, etc) times, for, and since.
Examples
I have visited San Francisco three times.
My parents have just returned from Europe.

Present Perfect Continuous
The present perfect continuous tense describes an event or state that is currently in
progress as well as how long it has been in progress up until now.

The following time expressions often appear with it so far, up to now, for (a period of time),
or since (a beginning time).
Examples
I have been going to that restaurant for months.
we have been swimming a lot this summer.

Present Perfect versus Present Perfect Continuous
Dont use the present perfect continuous with most nonaction verbsverbs that express
feelings, opinions, possession, or perceptions. Instead, use the present perfect tense.

The following are examples of nonaction verbs: be, believe, know, like, need, prefer, seem,
realize, and want.

Possession: belong to, have, own, possess
Perceptions: smell, look, taste, see

Examples
They have known about this meeting since last month.
I havent seen her for years.





26
A few verbs, such as live, make, study, think, and work, are used with the present perfect
continuous or the present perfect with little difference in meaning when a time expression
is used.
Examples
She has worked at this company for five years.
She has been working at this company for five years.
We have lived here since 1998.
We have been living here since 1998.

Exercise
Completing Sentences with the Correct Verb Form Complete the sentences with the
present perfect or present perfect continuous form of the verbs in parentheses.
Examples
I have Know (know) about this for a long time.
I have been thinking (think) about this since yesterday.

1. I have worked (work) at many different restaurants, but the Starlight Diner is
my favorite.
2. Has he ever worked (work) in a restaurant?
3. I have not written (not write) my essay yet.
4. They have been painting (paint) the house for a month, and they still aren't
finished.
5. She has already filled out (fill out) her application.
6. She has been filling out (fill out) her application for the last four hours.
7. Marco is always late. I have waited (wait) for him many times.
8. Hes late again today.
I have been waiting (wait) for him for two hours!
9. I have been doing (do) calligraphy for four years now.















27
Lecture 13
Using demonstratives
this that
these those
USING DEMONSTRATIVES TO UNIFY A PARAGRAPH
A good writer uses phrases with this, that, these, or thosedemonstrativesto refer to
ideas in previous sentences.
Use that or those when referring to things and experiences in the past.
Example
When I was 15, I read a book about Sammy Sosa. That was the first time I thought
about becoming a professional baseball player.

Use this or these when referring to things and experiences that are still relevant today.
Example
My classmates and I have gotten very close. These students have taught me that
language doesnt have to be a barrier to friendship.

The following examples include a demonstrative that refers to an experience in the past
that is still relevant today.
Examples
Before my grandmother went with me to the airport, she told me to work hard and
not to forget my family. Those were her last words to me. I never saw her again.
However, I will pass this lesson on to my children.

Those is used to refer to the words spoken in the past.
This is used to refer to the lesson that is still relevant today.
Examples
Five years ago, I was failing math and thinking about quitting school. Luckily, my
teacher spent a lot of time working with me. Eventually I passed with a B. that
experience taught me about perseverance and hard work. I still value these qualities.

That is used to refer to an experience that occurred in the past.
These is used to refer to qualities that are relevant today.

Identifying Demonstratives Underline the phrases with demonstratives in Activity 3 on
page 76. What words or ideas do they refer to?

Completing sentences with Demonstratives Complete the sentences
below with this, that, these, or those.





28
1. I first began to play soccer when I was four years old, and I have spent some of my
happiest moments since that time on the soccer field.
2. A very important holiday in China is New Year's Day. On this day , we have a big
feast.
3. My favorite aunt died recently. That experience was sad and frightening because no
one close to me had ever died before.
4. I have learned French, Hungarian, and Spanish, and I'm now learning English.
love the different qualities of each of these languages.
5. When I was a teenager, I had to work nights and weekends to help my mother pay for
food, rent and other necessities. Those years were very difficult for us.



































29
Lecture 14
Final remarks
The topic sentence
The topic sentence tells the reader the subject of the paragraph. In a descriptive paragraph,
the topic sentence is general enough to unite all the descriptive details in the paragraph but
focused enough to grab the readers attention. It should also indicate the writers feeling or
opinion about the place.

Bad topic sentence:
My neighborhood is a nice place t o live.
Good topic sentence:
My neighborhood is fascinating because people from many countries live in it.

Expressing opinion and giving reasons
If you want to put your opinion in writing sometime, remember to give reasons for your
opinion.

Expressing obligation and giving advice with modals: Must, Have to, and Should
Giving advice
You can give advice using the modals should and shouldnt.
Examples
You should do your homework every night.
You shouldnt spend a lot of money. You need to save it for a vacation.

Expressing Obligation
You can express obligation using the modals have to, dont have
to, and must.
Expressing obligation means stating whether an act ion is
necessary or not necessary.
Example
We have to turn in our papers tomorrow. We dont have to type them.
They must arrive on time, or we will leave without them.














30
1 - 2 - 3 - 4


( ( ) )



Muscat, the ancient capital of Oman, is on a spectacular site. The city lies on a
narrow strip of land between the sparkling blue waters of the Arabian Gulf and the rocky
brown mountains behind it. Muscat is a wonderful combination of historic sites and modern
buildings. Tourists interested in history will marvel at the splendid forts with their
watchtowers and walled gateways. Those with an interest in contemporary architecture will
appreciate the simple lines of the Sultan's lovely but unpretentious palace. Directly adjacent
to Muscat is the harbor of Muttrah with its beautiful corniche and busy market full of the
sights and sounds of this ancient bridge between the Middle East and Asia.

-----------------------------------------------------
I have many qualities that have made me a successes a bike messenger. First
of all, I have the ability to persevere when there are difficulties. And bike messengers run
into many difficulties. I have had problems with drivers who almost run me over, constant
rain for weeks at a time, unreadable addresses, and rude customers. In addition, my
dedication to the job has also served me well. I believe that you should do your best at even
the most routine jobs. For example, I work hard at finding short cuts around the city. And
I'm proud to say that when a package needs to be delivered really quickly, my boss always
calls on me. Finally, my success as a bike messenger is partly due to my sense of humor.
Many times I have wanted to quit, but I just try to laugh at the situation

-----------------------------------------------------

My life was very easy until I was 15 years old. My family was rich, and I never
worry about anything. Then one day my father left us. We sell our beautiful house and
moved to a small apartment. My mother has to go to work in an office. My brothers and
sisters and I have left private school and began attending public school. I was extremely
lonely and unhappy. I couldnt make friends at the new school. Everyone thought I was a
snob. My life has changed when I got an after school job at a small bakery in town. The
owner, Mrs. Garcia, took a special interest in me. She has taught me all about baking,
running a small business, and life in general. Two years ago, Mrs. Garcia retired. Since that
time, I have been running the bakery on my own. It hasnt been easy to run a business and
attend school part-time. Ive had to work very hard, but it has been worth it. I can truthfully
say that Ive been experiencing an easy life and a hard life and, in many ways, the hard life is
better.
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31
I have been taking an English class for the last six months. This has been a
rewarding but difficult change in my life. Before that, I spent all my time raising my family, a
daughter who is now five and a son who is three. My daughters name is Karen. She is in
kindergarten, and my son now goes to day care. Because I did not speak much English, my
focus was my home and my neighborhood, where I felt comfortable and could speak
Spanish. I spoke only Spanish at home and in my neighborhood. When I needed to take my
children to the doctor or speak with my landlord, my younger sisters translated for me. One
of them would go with me and speak to the doctor in English and then tell me what he said
in Spanish. Now I have become more independent. I have learned a lot from my classmates,
and I have also realized that as a mother I have had many experiences that they are
interested in. Now my sisters tell me to speak to the doctor or landlord myself. I go to
stores where I have to speak English, and I speak English in the clinic where I take my son to
the doctor. This was very difficult at first, but I have been feeling more and more
comfortable about my ability to communicate with other English speakers. I hope to use
this new confidence to get a job.

-----------------------------------------------------
Some children play sports; others collect stamps. However, since I was young,
my hobby was owning my own business. I was very good in mathematics, so when I was
fifteen, I started a tutoring business. Every afternoon after school I taught math to younger
children. I had fun, and the students did too. That experience gave me confidence. In 2005, I
entered the university and started another business. I taught businesspeople how to use
different computer programs. That business was very successful. At first, I spent all of my
free time at my business. That was a mistake. The first year, I failed three classes. That
showed me that you cant do everything alone. Then I hired two assistants. Now my
business is doing well and my classes are too.

______________________________________________

Done by Bisan - 2014
I wish you all the success