List of antibiotics

List of antibiotics
The following is a list of antibiotics, sorted by class. The highest division is between bactericidal antibiotics and bacteriostatic antibiotics. Bactericidals kill bacteria directly, whereas bacteriostatics prevent them from dividing. However, these classifications are based on laboratory behavior. In practice, both can prevent a bacterial infection.[1] See also pathogenic bacteria for a list of antibiotics sorted by target bacteria.

Antibiotics by class
Generic name Brand names Common uses [2] Possible side effects Mechanism of action

Aminoglycosides Amikacin Gentamicin Kanamycin Neomycin Netilmicin Tobramycin Paromomycin Spectinomycin Amikin Garamycin Kantrex Neo-Fradin Netromycin Nebcin Humatin Trobicin Gonorrhea Ansamycins Geldanamycin Herbimycin Rifaximin Xifaxan Experimental, as antitumor antibiotics Traveler's diarrhea caused by E. coli Infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Effective against Aerobic bacteria (not obligate/facultative anaerobes) and tularemia. Hearing loss Vertigo Kidney damage Binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.

Streptomycin Carbacephem Loracarbef Lorabid Discontinued prevents bacterial cell division by inhibiting cell wall synthesis.

Carbapenems Ertapenem Doripenem Imipenem/Cilastatin Meropenem Invanz Doribax Primaxin Merrem Bactericidal for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms and therefore useful for empiric broad-spectrum antibacterial coverage. (Note MRSA resistance to this class.) Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Nausea Seizures Headache Rash and allergic reactions Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Cephalosporins (First generation) Cefadroxil Cefazolin Cefalotin or Cefalothin Duricef Ancef Keflin (discontinued) Keflex Cephalosporins (Second generation) Good coverage against Gram-positive infections. Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently) Allergic reactions Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.

Cefalexin

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Distaclor Mandol (discontinued) Mefoxin (discontinued) Cefzil Ceftin, Zinnat (UK) Cephalosporins (Third generation) Less Gram-positive cover, improved Gram-negative cover. Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently) Allergic reactions Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.

Cefaclor Cefamandole

Cefoxitin

Cefprozil Cefuroxime

Cefixime Cefdinir

Suprax Omnicef, Cefdiel Spectracef Cefobid (discontinued) Claforan Vantin Fortaz

Cefditoren Cefoperazone

Improved coverage of Gram-negative organisms, except Pseudomonas. Reduced Gram-positive cover.

Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently) Allergic reactions

Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.

Cefotaxime Cefpodoxime Ceftazidime[Unlike most third-generation agents, Ceftazidime is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa] Ceftibuten Ceftizoxime

Cedax Cefizox (discontinued) Rocephin Cephalosporins (Fourth generation)

Ceftriaxone

Cefepime

Maxipime

Covers pseudomonal infections.

Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently) Allergic reactions

Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.

Cephalosporins (Fifth generation) Ceftaroline fosamil Teflaro Used to treat MRSA Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Allergic reaction Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.

Ceftobiprole

Zeftera

Used to treat MRSA

Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently) Allergic reactions

Glycopeptides Teicoplanin Vancomycin Telavancin Targocid (UK) Vancocin Vibativ Active against aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria including MRSA; Vancomycin is used orally for the treatment of C. difficile inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis

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Lincosamides

Clindamycin

Cleocin

Lincomycin

Lincocin

Serious staph-, pneumo-, and streptococcal infections in penicillin-allergic patients, also anaerobic infections; clindamycin topically for acne Lipopeptide

Possible C. difficile-related pseudomembranous enterocolitis

Bind to 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomal RNA thereby inhibiting protein synthesis

Daptomycin

Cubicin

Gram-positive organisms

Bind to the membrane and cause rapid depolarization, resulting in a loss of membrane potential leading to inhibition of protein, DNA and RNA synthesis

Macrolides Azithromycin Zithromax, Sumamed, Xithrone Biaxin Dynabac (discontinued) Erythocin, Erythroped Streptococcal infections, syphilis, upper respiratory tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, mycoplasmal infections, Lyme disease Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (especially at higher doses) Prolonged cardiac QT interval (especially erythromycin) Jaundice inhibition of bacterial protein biosynthesis by binding reversibly to the subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting translocation of peptidyl tRNA.

Clarithromycin Dirithromycin

Erythromycin

Roxithromycin Troleandomycin Tao (discontinued) Ketek Pneumonia Visual Disturbance, Liver Toxicity.

Telithromycin

Spiramycin

Rovamycine

Mouth infections Monobactams

Aztreonam

Azactam

Gram-negative bacteria

Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.

Nitrofurans Furazolidone Furoxone Bacterial or protozoal diarrhea or enteritis Urinary tract infections

Nitrofurantoin

Macrodantin, Macrobid

Oxazolidonones Linezolid Zyvox VRSA Thrombocytopenia Peripheral neuropathy Protein synthesis inhibitor; prevents the initiation step

Posizolid

Phase II clinical trials Phase II clinical trials Phase II clinical trials

Radezolid

Torezolid

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Penicillins

Amoxicillin

Novamox, Amoxil Principen (discontinued)

Ampicillin

Wide range of infections; penicillin used for streptococcal infections, syphilis, and Lyme disease

Azlocillin Carbenicillin Geocillin (discontinued) Tegopen (discontinued) Dynapen (discontinued) Floxapen (Sold to European generics Actavis Group) Mezlin (discontinued) Staphcillin (discontinued) Unipen (discontinued) Prostaphlin (discontinued) Pentids (discontinued) Veetids (Pen-Vee-K) (discontinued) Pipracil (discontinued) Pfizerpen Negaban (UK) (discontinued) Ticar (discontinued)

Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Allergy with serious anaphylactic reactions Brain and kidney damage (rare)

Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.

Cloxacillin

Dicloxacillin

Flucloxacillin

Mezlocillin

Methicillin

Nafcillin

Oxacillin

Penicillin G

Penicillin V

Piperacillin

Penicillin G Temocillin

Ticarcillin

Penicillin combinations Amoxicillin/clavulanate Ampicillin/sulbactam Piperacillin/tazobactam Ticarcillin/clavulanate Augmentin Unasyn Zosyn Timentin Polypeptides The second component prevents bacterial resistance to the first component

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Eye, ear or bladder Kidney and nerve infections; usually applied damage (when given by directly to the eye or inhaled injection) into the lungs; rarely given by injection, although the use of intravenous colistin is experiencing a resurgence due to the emergence of multi drug resistant organisms.

Bacitracin

Inhibits isoprenyl pyrophosphate, a molecule that carries the building blocks of the peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall outside of the [3] inner membrane Interact with the Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane. It displaces bacterial counter ions, which destabilizes the outer membrane. They act like a detergent against the cytoplasmic membrane, which alters its permeability. Polymyxin B and E are bactericidal even in an isosmotic solution.

Colistin

Coly-Mycin-S

Polymyxin B

Quinolones/Fluoroquinolone Ciprofloxacin Cipro, Ciproxin, Ciprobay Penetrex Tequin Factive Levaquin Maxaquin Avelox NegGram Noroxin Floxin, Ocuflox Trovan Raxar Zagam Omniflox Withdrawn Sulfonamides Mafenide Sulfacetamide Sulfamylon Sulamyd, Bleph-10 Micro-Sulfon Silvadene Di-Methox, Albon Urinary tract infections (except sulfacetamide, used for eye infections, and mafenide and silver sulfadiazine, used topically for burns) Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea Allergy (including skin rashes) Crystals in urine Kidney failure Decrease in white blood cell count Sensitivity to sunlight Folate synthesis inhibition. They are competitive inhibitors of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase, DHPS. DHPS catalyses the conversion of PABA (para-aminobenzoate) to dihydropteroate, a key step in folate synthesis. Folate is necessary for the cell to synthesize nucleic acids (nucleic acids are essential building blocks of DNA and RNA), and in its absence cells cannot divide. Urinary tract infections, bacterial prostatitis, community-acquired pneumonia, bacterial diarrhea, mycoplasmal infections, gonorrhea Nausea (rare), irreversible damage to central nervous system (uncommon), tendinosis (rare) inhibit the bacterial DNA gyrase or the topoisomerase IV enzyme, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and transcription.

Enoxacin Gatifloxacin Gemifloxacin Levofloxacin Lomefloxacin Moxifloxacin Nalidixic acid Norfloxacin Ofloxacin Trovafloxacin Grepafloxacin Sparfloxacin Temafloxacin

Sulfadiazine Silver sulfadiazine Sulfadimethoxine

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Thiosulfil Forte Gantanol

Sulfamethizole Sulfamethoxazole Sulfanilimide (archaic) Sulfasalazine Sulfisoxazole Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Co-trimoxazole) (TMP-SMX) Sulfonamidochrysoidine (archaic)

Azulfidine Gantrisin Bactrim, Septra

Prontosil Tetracyclines

Demeclocycline Doxycycline Minocycline Oxytetracycline Tetracycline

Declomycin Vibramycin Minocin Terramycin Sumycin, Achromycin V, Steclin

Syphilis, chlamydial infections, Lyme disease, mycoplasmal infections, acne rickettsial infections, *malaria *Note: Malaria is caused by a protist and not a bacterium.

Gastrointestinal upset Sensitivity to sunlight Potential toxicity to mother and fetus during pregnancy Enamel hypoplasia (staining of teeth; potentially permanent) transient depression of bone growth

inhibiting the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex. They do so mainly by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit in the mRNA translation complex.

Drugs against mycobacteria Clofazimine Dapsone Capreomycin Cycloserine Lamprene Avlosulfon Capastat Seromycin Antileprotic Antileprotic Antituberculosis Antituberculosis, urinary tract infections Antituberculosis Antituberculosis Antituberculosis Antituberculosis mostly Gram-positive and mycobacteria Mycobacterium avium complex Antituberculosis Antituberculosis Neurotoxicity, ototoxicity As other aminoglycosides Reddish-orange sweat, tears, and urine rash, discolored urine, GI symptoms Binds to the subunit of RNA polymerase to inhibit transcription Inhibits peptide synthesis

Ethambutol Ethionamide Isoniazid Pyrazinamide Rifampicin (Rifampin in US)

Myambutol Trecator I.N.H. Aldinamide Rifadin, Rimactane Mycobutin

Rifabutin

Rifapentine Streptomycin

Priftin

Others Arsphenamine Salvarsan Spirochaetal infections (obsolete) meningitis, MRSA, topical use, or for low cost internal treatment. Historic: typhus, cholera. Gram-negative, Gram-positive, anaerobes Rarely: aplastic anemia. Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome

Chloramphenicol

Chloromycetin

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Monurol Acute cystitis in women Inactivates enolpyruvyl transferase, thereby blocking cell wall synthesis

Fosfomycin

Fusidic acid Metronidazole

Fucidin Flagyl Infections caused by anaerobic bacteria; also amoebiasis, trichomoniasis, Giardiasis Discolored urine, headache, metallic taste, nausea; alcohol is contraindicated Produces toxic free radicals that disrupt DNA and proteins. This non-specific mechanism is responsible for its activity against a variety of bacteria, amoebae, and protozoa. Inhibits isoleucine t-RNA synthetase (IleRS) causing inhibition of protein synthesis

Mupirocin

Bactroban

Ointment for impetigo, cream for infected cuts

Platensimycin Quinupristin/Dalfopristin Thiamphenicol Synercid Gram-negative, Gram-positive, anaerobes. widely used in veterinary medicine. Tigacyl Indicated for complicated skin/skin structure infections and complicated intra-abdominal infections. protozoan infections Rash. Lacks known anemic side-effects. A chloramphenicol analog. May inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome

Tigecycline

Teeth discoloration.

Tinidazole

Tindamax Fasigyn Proloprim, Trimpex Brand Names

upset stomach, bitter taste, and itchiness

Trimethoprim

Urinary Tract Infections

Generic Name

Common Uses

Possible Side Effects

Mechanism of action

References
[1] Pelczar, M.J., Chan, E.C.S. and Krieg, N.R. (1999) Host-Parasite Interaction; Nonspecific Host Resistance, In: Microbiology Conceptsand Applications, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, U.S.A. pp. 478-479. [2] For common Uses and possible side effects reference is: Robert Berkow (ed.) The Merck Manual of Medical Information - Home Edition. Pocket (September 1999), ISBN 0-671-02727-1. [3] Mechanism of Action of Bacitracin: Complexation with Metal Ion and C55-Isoprenyl Pyrophosphate (http:/ / www. pnas. org/ cgi/ content/ abstract/ 68/ 12/ 3223) K. John Stone and Jack L. Strominger

Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors

List of antibiotics Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=602195379 Contributors: Acgator09, Akjakositz, Andrew c, Arjun024, Arunsingh16, Avengre, B.f.baumer, Banielse, Blue520, Bunnyhop11, Buttered corn, Calmer Waters, Camrn86, Coasterlover1994, Correogsk, DRAGON BOOSTER, Dcirovic, Denis tarasov, Diptanshu.D, Edgar181, Epastore, Fvasconcellos, GoingBatty, Gsarwa, Jacobthechemist, James Robson, Kappalex, Lambiam, LilHelpa, M9dani0903, Magioladitis, Maksdo, MarnetteD, Materialscientist, Mbodnar21, Mikael Hggstrm, NotWith, Open2universe, Peaceray, Petersam, Pikkusiili, QuiteUnusual, Ray Van De Walker, Rcinda1, Rod57, Ronz, Senaiboy, Shalom S., Sky07, Sumsum2010, Swamp Ig, Tedder, Thedeviv, Vanshe, Woohookitty, Xkjq, 71 anonymous edits

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