SPC 631 LESSON 6: THERMOCHEMISTRY Learning Outcomes: Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to: Understand

d energy changes in chemical reactions Understand the energy level diagram Understand the example of exothermic and endothermic reactions in everyday life Before we proceed, lets take a look at the overview map of Lesson 4. For your easy reference, these are the topics that we will cover in this lesson. 6.1 Energy changes in chemical reactions

Thermochemistry

6.2 Energy level diagram

6.3 Example of exothermic and endothermic reactions in everyday life

6.4 Summary 6.1. Energy changes in chemical reactions Before we proceed, lets try this out:

1.Energy exists in various forms. In chemistry,what are the important forms of energy that you know? 1. Heat energy, ligt energy, chemical energy, Electrical energy, kinetic energy 2. What is Law of Conservation ofEnergy? Energy cannot be created or destroyed. However, energy can be converted from one form to another as shown in Table 4.1.
Energy change Example a) Electrical energy - chemical energy Electrolysis b) chemical energy electrical energy Chemical cells (batteris) 1. All chemical reactions involve energy changes. In some reactions, c) Light energy chemical energy Photosynthesis are able to see these energy changes by an increase or a either Photochemical reactions

we

decrease in the overall energy of the system.

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1. Energy changes when a chemical reaction takes place. 2. Thermochemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies the changes in heat energy in chemical reaction. 3. Based on the energy changes that occur during the reaction, chemical reactions can be divided into two classes. a) Exothermic reactions b) Endothermic reactions 6.1.1 Exothermic and endothermic reactions 1. When a chemical reaction occurs, bonds in the reactants break, while new bonds form in the product. The following example may help to explain this. 2. For bonds to break, energy must be absorbed. When new bonds form, energy is released. 3. In some reactions, the energy that must be absorbed to break the bonds in the reactants, is less than the total energy that is released when new bonds are formed. This means that in the overall reaction, energy is released as either heat or light. This type of reaction is called an exothermic reaction. Definition: Exothermic reaction An exothermic reaction is one that releases energy in the form of heat or light.

4. In other reactions,the energy that must be absorbed to break the bonds in the reactants, is more than the total energy that is released when new bonds are formed. This means that in the overall reaction, energy must be absorbed from the surroundings. This type of reaction is known as an endothermic reaction. Definition: Endothermic reaction An endothermic reaction is one that absorbs energy in the form of heat or light.

5. The Table 6.1 below shows the differences between the exothermic and endothermic reactions.

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Table 6.1. The differences between the exothermic and endothermic reactions. Definition Exothermic reactionsreactions that release heat energy to the surroundings. Characteristics a) Heat is released and transferred from the reactants to the surrounding b) The reaction mixture and the container become hot c) The temperatures of the reaction mixture and the container rise d) the chemical energy is converted into heat energy a) Heat is absorbed and transferred from the reactants b) The reaction mixture and the container become cold c) The temperatures of the reaction mixture and the container fall d) the heat energy is converted into chemical energy Examples a) respiration b) neutralization reactions c) burning of fuel d) e)

Endothermic reactions- reactions that absorb heat energy from the surroundings.

a) photosynthesis b) frying an egg c) decomposition of metal nitrate

Activity 1: Group work : Endothermic and exothermic reactions 1. In groups of 4-6, design an experiment that will help you to study the exothermic and endothermic reactions. During your group discussion, you should think about the following: What equipment will you need? How will you conduct the experiment to make sure that you are able to compare the results for different temperatures? How will you record your results? What safety precautions will you need to take when you carry out this experiment? 2. Present your experiment ideas to the rest of the class, and give them a chance to comment on what you have done. 3. Once you have received feedback, carry out the experiment and record your results. *Answers in Success chemistry SPM pg 456. 4. What can you conclude from your experiment?

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6.2. Energy level diagram 1. When a chemical reaction takes place, a certain quantity of heat is given off or absorb. 2. The absolute energy content of a given susbtance cannot be determined but the changes in energy content that occur when the reactants are converted to the products can be determined and given the symbol, H (unit: kJ mol-1. 3. H is the difference between the energy of the reactants and the energy of products. H= Hproducts- H reactants 4. The energy change in chemical reaction can be presented by using an energy level diagram. 5. An energy level diagram is a graph that shows the energy change in chemical reaction. Exothermic Energy level diagram Endothermic

Students answer. H Explanation H products < H reactants Energy is given off. The energy of the products , Hproducts is less than the energy of the reactants, Hreactants. H products > H reactants Energy is absorbed. The energy of the products , Hproducts is more than the energy of the reactants, Hreactants.

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Exercise Fill in the blanks. Energy level diagram Exothermic Interpretation The reaction between zinc, Zn and hydrochloric acid, HCl to form zinc chloride, ZnCl2 and hydrogen, H2 gas. The reaction is exothermic. When one mole of zinc, Zn reacts with two moles of hydrochloric acid, HCl to form one mole of zinc chloride, ZnCl2 and one mole of hydrogen, H2 gas, the quantity of heat released is 126kJ. The total energy of one mole of zinc, Zn and two moles of hydrochloric acid, HCl is more than the total energy of one mole of zinc chloride, ZnCl2 and one mole of g hydrogen, H2 gas. The difference in energy is 126kJ kJ. The temperature of the reaction mixture of zinc, Zn and hydrochloric acid, HCl will rise. The reaction between nitrogen, N2 gas and. oxygen, O2 gas to form nitrogen dioxide, NO2 gas. The reaction is endothermic. When one mole of nitrogen, N2 gas reacts with two moles of oxygen, O2 gas to form two mole of nitrogen dioxide, NO2 gas, the quantity of heat released is 66 kJ. The energy of two moles of nitrogen, N2 gas is more than the total energy of one mole of nitrogen, N2 gas and two moles of oxygen, O2. The difference in energy is 66 kJ. The temperature of the reaction mixture of nitrogen, N2 gas and. oxygen, O2 gas will fall.

Balanced equation: Zn2(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) Endothermic

Balanced equation: N2(g) + 2O2(g) 2NO2(g)

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6.3 Example of Exothermic and Endothermic reactions in everyday life Example of exothermic Hot packs Description: Example of Endothermic Cold pack Description:

Cold pack contains ammonium nitrate in a strong bag and water in a thin inner bag. When the cold pack is squeesed, the inner bag containing water will break. The water then react with ammnium nitrate. The reaction is very ednothermic and the water temperature can drop as much as 18oC depending on the amount of ammonium nitrate used.

Combustion reactions Description:

Photosynthesis Description:

Respiration Description:

Evaporation Description:

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6.4 Summary 1. When a reaction occurs, some bonds break and new bonds form. These changes involve energy. 2. When bonds break, energy is absorbed and when new bonds form, energy is released. 3. The bond energy is the amount of energy that is needed to break the chemical bond between two atoms. 4. If the energy that is needed to break the bonds is greater than the energy that is released 5. When new bonds form, then the reaction is endothermic. The energy of the product is greater than the energy of the reactants. 6. If the energy that is needed to break the bonds is less than the energy that is released 7. When new bonds form, then the reaction is exothermic. The energy of the product is less than the energy of the reactants. 8. An endothermic reaction is one that absorbs energy in the form of heat, while an exothermic reaction is one that releases energy in the form of heat and light. 9. The difference in energy between the reactants and the product is called the heat of reaction and has the symbol H. In an endothermic reaction, H is a positive number, and in an exothermic reaction, H will be negative. 10. Photosynthesis, evaporation and the thermal decomposition of limestone, are all examples of endothermic reactions. 11. Combustion reactions and respiration are both examples of exothermic reactions.

CONCLUSION/CHECKLIST You are now able to:

Describe the energy changes in chemical reactions Describe exothermic and endothermic reactions. Draw the energy level diagrams for exothermic and endothermic reactions. Explain the examples of exothermic and endothermic reactions in everyday life

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