Section

CDMA RF Planning Guide

2
2.1 Introduction

Basic CDMA Spectrum Planning

This section provides a set of general guidelines required to properly allocate spectrum for the CDMA system, including issues relating to the co-location of CDMA and AMPS systems. The information is specific to spectrum allocation based on U.S. and International Standards. Issues regarding technological impacts to capacity will be addressed in Section 3. In this section, "channels" refer to frequency allocation and not conversation channels. Common world-wide frequency bands for cellular and PCS introduces the section along with Motorolas current BTS product portfolio for CDMA. Next follows a general discussion on CDMA channel spacing. Specifics are given on CMDA channel designations (domestic) for 800 MHz and how to segregate the spectrum with existing 800 MHz technologies. PCS (domestic) channel designations are listed, followed by a short discussion of dual-mode and dual-band. The topic of spectrum clearing appears last, however it is perhaps one of the most important and challenging aspects to the CDMA System Design Engineer. References include standards and FCC web page locations.

2.2

Domestic and International Frequency Blocks

The manner in which the frequency spectrum is allocated in some countries imposes some limitations on where CDMA may be implemented. It is difficult to predict the amount of available spectrum or the frequency band which international operators might be considering for their CDMA systems. With this in mind, prior to designing a CDMA system, the CDMA system design engineers should obtain the frequency spectrum information from the operator and then determine the appropriate BTS product to use based on the desired application and the operating frequency. The table below highlights some of the more common frequency bands which are currently being utilized for cellular, PCS and technologies in adjacent spectrum throughout the world. Table 2-1: Some Common World-Wide Frequency Bands for Cellular and PCS Transmit Frequency Band (MHz)
Block Designator Personal Station Base Station

AMPS/EAMPS TACS/ETACS DCS 1800 GSM

824-849 872-915 1710-1785 890-915

869-894 917-960 1805-1880 935-960

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Table 2-1: Some Common World-Wide Frequency Bands for Cellular and PCS Transmit Frequency Band (MHz)
Block Designator Personal Station Base Station

PCS (Korea) ARDIS (Pan America) RAM Mobitex (Pan America) PCS (U.S. and Pan America) FPLMTS FPLMTS (satellite) PDC 900 PDC 1500 (Malaysia, Moscow) Japan Marinet Japan Analog DECT (TDD Systems) PHS (TDD Systems)

1750-1780 806-824 896-901 1850-1910 1885-2025 1980-2010 940-956 1477-1501 887-889 898-901, 915-925 1880-1900 1895-1918

1840-1870 851-869 935-940 1930-1990 2110-2200 2170-2200 810-826 1429-1453 832-834 843-846, 860-870 1880-1900 1895-1918

2.2.1

Motorolas Current BTS Product Portfolio for CDMA

To assist CMDA system design engineers with selection of the proper SuperCell BTS for their markets frequency band, Table 2-2 represents Motorolas current BTS product portfolio for CDMA. For further detail, refer to your products documentation outlining its specifications.

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Table 2-2: Motorolas Current BTS Product Portfolio for CDMA
Frequency Range (MHz) Product SC 601 SC 604 SC 611 SC 611 SC 611 SC 614 SC 614T SC 2400 1 (micro) 1 (micro) 1 (micro) 2 or 3 (macro) 2 or 3 (macro) 3 (macro) Sectors Transmit Receive Mode MHz

Replaced by SC 611 Replaced by SC 614T 1930 - 1990 1840 - 1870 869 - 894 869 - 894 1930 - 1990 869 - 894 1850 - 1910 1750 - 1780 824 - 849 824 - 849 1850 - 1910 824 - 849 CDMA 1900 CDMA 1700 CDMA 800 CDMA 800 CDMA 1900 AMPS 800 NAMPS 800 CDMA 800

SC 2420 SC 2440

3 (macro) 6 (macro) 3 (macro) 6 (macro) 1, 2 or 3 (macro)

930 - 949 832 - 834

885 - 904 887- 889

CDMA 900 JCDMA 800 (Marinet) CDMA 800 CDMA 800 CDMA 1700

SC 2450 SC 4812 SC 4820 SC 4820E* (*exterior)

869 - 894 869 - 894 1840 - 1870

824 - 849 824 - 849 1750 - 1780

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Table 2-2: Motorolas Current BTS Product Portfolio for CDMA
Frequency Range (MHz) Product SC 4840 Sectors 6 (macro) 1, 2, or 3 (macro) 1, 2 or 3 (macro) Transmit 843 - 846 Receive 898 - 901 Mode MHz JCDMA 800 (Lo TACS) CDMA 1900 CDMA 1900

SC 4850 SC 4850E* (*exterior) SC 4852 SC 4852R SC 4852E* (*exterior) SC 9600

1930 - 1990

1850 -1910

1930 - 1990

1850 -1910

1, 2 or 3 (marco)

869 - 894

824 - 849

CDMA 800 CDMA 800 and/or NAMPS/ AMPS 800 PDC 800, 1.5 GHz

SC 9640

6 (macro)

860 - 870

915 - 925

JCDMA 800 (Hi TACS)

2.3

CDMA Channel Spacing - General

CDMA is a broadband technology which utilizes 1.2288 MHz bandwidth per CDMA Channel (this is often rounded off to 1.23 MHz). There exists a 1.25 MHz minimum separation between CDMA channels and guard bands of 0.27 MHz are added to each side. In Section 2, "channel" is defined as each 1.2288 MHz carrier and not as a conversation path. For AMPS, each frequency (carrier) corresponds to one conversation path therefore a channel could be used to discuss conversational paths or the number of carriers. For CDMA, each carrier can support many conversation paths and therefore the term "channel" can take on different meanings based upon the context in which it is used.

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2.3.1 Minimum Spacing Between CDMA Carriers As the number of the CDMA subscribers increases, there may be a need to add additional CDMA carriers to the system. If the first and second carriers are to be adjacent to one another then the minimum spacing between CDMA carriers (center to center) should be 1.25 MHz. This places the broadband carriers adjacent to one another and allows the sidebands of each to intrude into the band of the other. If system noise, non-linearities or other imperfections increase the energy in the skirts of the carriers, then a capacity reduction may be experienced. Figure 2-1: Minimum Spacing Between CDMA Channels

1.25 MHz

1st CDMA Channel 1.23 MHz

2nd CDMA Channel 1.23 MHz

2.3.2

1st CDMA Carrier

The initial introduction of CDMA will require a band segment of 1.77 MHz. The band segment consists of the 1.23 MHz required for the CDMA carrier bandwidth plus 0.27 MHz of guard band on both sides of the CDMA carrier. The minimum frequency separation required between any CDMA carrier and the nearest AMPS carrier is 900 kHz (center to center). The CDMA carrier width (1.23 MHz) is the result of the chip rate chosen for the Pseudorandom Noise (PN) spreading sequence. The guard band between CDMA and analog systems is defined as the minimum frequency separation required such that the level of interference caused by one FM mobile is less than a predetermined threshold. The threshold is taken to be the thermal noise level in each receiver. Figure 2-2: Calculation of Spectrum Required for a CDMA Carrier
CDMA Channel = CDMA Guard = Totals 1.23 MHz = 0.27 MHz/side = 1.77 MHz 1.23MHz / 30kHza = 0.54MHz / 30kHza = 41 AMPS Channels 18 AMPS Channels 59 AMPS Channels

a. One AMPS Channel = 30 kHz

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2.3.3 2nd CDMA Carrier The following figure summarizes the additional and total number of AMPS channels removed for the second CDMA channel.

Figure 2-3: Calculation of Minimum Spectrum Required Two CDMA Channels

CDMA Spacing= CDMA Channel = CDMA Guard = Totals 1.25 MHz = 1.23 MHz = 0.27 MHz/side = 3.02 MHz 1.25MHz / 30kHza = 1.23MHz / 30kHza = 0.54MHz / 30kHz =
a

42 AMPS Channels 41 AMPS Channels 18 AMPS Channels 101 AMPS Channels

a. One AMPS Channel = 30 kHz

The difference between the 1st CDMA carrier and the 2nd CDMA carrier is equal to the channel spacing. Minimal channel spacing is 1.25 MHz (41.667 AMPS channels). The following figure represents the frequency requirements for 2nd carrier implementation. Figure 2-4: 2nd CDMA Carrier
1.25 MHz

Guard

1st CDMA Channel 1.23 MHz

2nd CDMA Channel 1.23 MHz

Guard

2.3.4

Greater Than Two CDMA Carriers

Additional carriers can be added as outlined in 2.3.2 and 2.3.3. See Figure 2-5 for a 3-carrier example. CDMA carriers must be at least 1.25 MHz apart with guard bands. The governing body controlling the frequency allocations will dictate the amount of spectrum available for each operator. This spectrum will limit the number of carriers allowed per block.

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Figure 2-5: 3rd CDMA Carrier
1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz

Guard

1st CDMA Channel 1.23 MHz

2nd CDMA Channel 1.23 MHz

3rd CDMA Channel 1.23 MHz

Guard

2.4

Channel Spacing and Designation - 800 MHz

The Primary and Secondary CDMA Channel shall be assigned as indicated in Table 2-3 CDMA Channel Spacing and Designation. Table 2-4 is taken directly from the IS-95A and outlines the channel allocations shared by CDMA and AMPS technologies. Table 2-3: CDMA Channel Spacing and Designation
A Band B Band.

Primary Secondary

283 691

384 777a

a. In the United States due to proximity of 800 MHz Air-Ground Radiotelephone Service, channel 777 has interference considerations associated with it. Use of this channel should require determination of sufficient isolation to the nearest AirFone base receiver prior to implementation.

Table 2-4: Channel Number and Frequencies

System Valid CDMA Frequency Assignments ////////// Analog Channel Count 22 CDMA Channel Number 991 1012 CDMA 11 1013 1023 Transmitter Frequency Assignment (MHz) Mobile Base 824.040 824.670 824.700 825.000 869.040 869.670 869.700 870.000

A" (1 MHz)

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Table 2-4: Channel Number and Frequencies
System Valid CDMA Frequency Assignments CDMA Analog Channel Count 311 CDMA Channel Number 1 311 ////////// 22 312 333 B (10 MHz) ////////// 22 334 355 CDMA 289 356 644 ////////// 22 645 666 A (1.5 MHz) ////////// 22 667 688 CDMA 6 689 694 ////////// 22 695 716 B (2.5 MHz) ////////// 22 717 738 CDMA 39 739 777 ////////// 22 778 799 Transmitter Frequency Assignment (MHz) Mobile Base 825.030 834.330 834.360 834.990 835.020 835.650 835.680 844.320 844.350 844.980 845.010 845.640 845.670 845.820 845.850 846.480 846.510 847.140 847.170 848.310 848.340 848.970 870.030 879.330 879.360 879.990 880.020 880.650 880.680 889.320 889.350 889.980 890.010 890.640 890.670 890.820 890.850 891.480 891.510 892.140 892.170 893.310 893.340 893.970

A (10 MHz)

Frequencies in shaded (//////////) regions are not valid for CDMA frequency assignments.

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In Table 2-4 Channel Number and Frequencies, the center frequency in MHz corresponding to the channel number (expressed as N) is calculated as follows in Table 2-5 CDMA Channel Number to CDMA Frequency Assignment Correspondence. Table 2-5: CDMA Channel Number to CDMA Frequency Assignment Correspondence
Transmitter Mobile Station CDMA Channel Number 1 <= N <= 777 1013 <= N <= 1023 Base Station 1 <= N <= 777 1013 <= N <= 1023 Center Frequency (MHz) 0.030 * N + 825.000 0.030 * (N-1023) + 825.000 0.030 * N + 870.000 0.030 * (N-1023) + 870.000

A visual depiction of the CDMA frequencies is identified in Fig 2-6: AMPS Frequency Allocation. Figure 2-6: AMPS Frequency Allocation
1023 1 333 334 666 667 991 716 717 799

EAMPS

A AMPS

B AMPS
2nd ary A Band CDMA

EAMPS EAMPS

1st A Band CDMA

283 384

691 777

1st B Band CDMA

2ndary B Band CDMA

Non-Wireline Wireline
1st refers to the primary channel. 2nd ary refers to the secondary channel. Not to be confused with a second carrier.

2.4.1

Segregated Spectrum

When the CDMA carrier is deployed where other technology already exists, the system spectrum must be split into two frequency bands. One band is for the existing technology and the other band is for digital frequency bands. This concept is shown in the following B band frequency chart figure. Note that the digital band includes a single primary CDMA carrier.

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7 Cell (120), 21 Channel Spacing, B Band

D1E E1E F1E G1E A2E B2E C2E D2E E2E F2E G2E A3E B3E C3E D3E E3E F3E G3E

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358 379 400 421 442 463 484 505 526 547 568 589 610 631 652 359 380 401 422 443 464 485 506 527 548 569 590 611 632 653 360 381 402 423 444 465 486 507 528 549 570 591 612 633 654 361 382 403 424 445 466 487 508 529 550 571 592 613 634 655 362 383 404 425 446 467 488 509 530 551 572 593 614 635 656 363 384 405 426 447 468 489 510 531 552 573 594 61 636 657 364 385 406 427 448 469 490 511 532 553 574 595 616 637 658 365 386 407 428 449 470 491 512 533 554 575 596 617 638 659 366 387 408 429 450 471 492 513 534 555 576 597 618 639 660 367 388 409 430 451 472 493 514 535 556 577 598 619 640 661 368 389 410 431 452 473 494 515 536 557 578 599 620 641 662 369 390 411 432 453 474 495 516 537 558 579 600 621 642 663 370 391 412 433 454 475 496 517 538 559 580 601 622 643 664 371 392 413 434 455 476 497 518 539 560 581 602 623 644 665 372 393 414 435 456 477 498 519 540 561 582 603 624 645 666 373 394 415 436 457 478 499 520 541 562 583 604 625 646 374 395 416 437 458 479 500 521 542 563 584 605 626 647 375 396 417 438 459 480 501 522 543 564 585 606 626 648 736 757 778 799 737 758 779 717 738 759 780 718 739 760 781 719 740 761 782 720 741 762 783 721 742 763 784 722 743 764 785 723 744 765 786 724 745 766 787 725 746 767 788 726 747 768 789 727 748 769 790 728 749 770 791 729 750 771 792 730 751 772 793 731 752 773 794 732 753 774 795 CDMA Channel (364-404) CDMA Guard (355-363 / 405-413)

Group

A1E

B1E

C1E

SIG

334

335

336

355 376 397 418 439 460 481 502 523 544 565 586 607 628 649

356 377 398 419 440 461 482 503 524 545 566 587 608 629 650

357 378 399 420 441 462 483 504 525 546 567 588 609 630 651

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734 755 776 797

735 756 777 798

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All advanced technology (NAMPS, TDMA or CDMA) that must co-exist with AMPS/EAMPS in the available spectrum requires implementation of segregated spectrum. Transition from AMPS to CDMA consists of effectively replacing AMPS channels with CDMA channels. In such a mixed system, co-channel interference is minimized by dividing the available cellular spectrum into two parts as depicted above. The segregated spectrum approach also requires the system to be partitioned into three distinct geographic areas. This technique ensures the physical separation needed to permit reuse of AMPS channels from the CDMA band. There are two benefits to segregated spectrum planning. First, spectrum division reduces concern over introducing interference as each CDMA carrier is implemented. Second, it will allow for independent AMPS and CDMA planning. The three distinct geographic areas created are identified as follows: Core Zone - The region in which CDMA carriers are deployed. The core will operate CDMA channels in the CDMA band and AMPS channels in the AMPS band. The existing AMPS frequency plan is modified to delete AMPS channels in the CDMA band. Perimeter Zone - The outermost area contains those cells that are located an adequate distance from the CDMA core such that it is acceptable to assign AMPS channels that are in the CDMA band. This physical separation serves to maintain acceptable interference levels. Transition Zone - The transition zone (also known as the guard zone) is located between the core and the perimeter. AMPS channels in the CDMA band should not be assigned in the transition zone. This zone should not be confused with the transition cell hand-down capability.

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Figure 2-7: Segregated Spectrum
Option # 1 - Uniform Perimeter Zone Option # 2 - Non-Uniform

CORE

Core

Core

Transition Zone

CORE Option # 3 - Homogeneous Requires Isolated system or adjacent CDMA systems

The grade-of-service (blocking) should be checked for all cells to make sure it is acceptable, particularly in the transition zone. In the event that the grade of service is unacceptable and all channels have been assigned, certain design options can be exercised to resolve this problem. The first option that may be considered is to replace the AMPS channels with CDMA channels. The cell would then become a core cell. A second option would be to sectorize or cell split the AMPS cell. A third option would be to reduce the size of the CDMA core to the point that this cell would then be considered a perimeter zone cell. Segregated spectrum may be implemented in various configurations: uniform, non-uniform and homogenous. Uniform deployment consists of a single core area surrounded by a single transition and perimeter zone. Non-uniform implementation may establish multiple CDMA core and transition zones. A homogeneous implementation occurs when the entire system consists of CDMA and there are no transitions or perimeter zones. Homogeneous system composition may be considered by isolated systems or systems adjacent to another CDMA system.

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2.5 1,900 MHz Channel Spacing and Designation
The block designators for the personal and base station frequencies are as specified in Table 2-6. Table 2-6: Band Class 1 System Frequency Correspondence Transmit Frequency Band (MHz)
Block Designator Personal Station Base Station

A D B E F C

1850-1865 1865-1870 1870-1885 1885-1890 1890-1895 1895-1910

1930-1945 1945-1950 1950-1965 1965-1970 1970-1975 1975-1990

The channel spacing, CDMA channel designations and transmit center frequencies are specified in Table 2-7. Table 2-7: CDMA Channel Number to CDMA Frequency Assignment Transmitter Personal Station Base Station CDMA Channel Number 0 <= N <= 1199 0 <= N <= 1199 Center Frequency (MHz) 1850.000 + 0.050 * N 1930.000 + 0.050 * N

Transmission on conditionally valid channels is permissible if the adjacent block is allocated to the licensee or if other valid authorization has been obtained. Valid CDMA Channels Numbers are identified in Table 2-8.

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Table 2-8: CDMA Channel Numbers and Corresponding Frequencies for Band Class 1
Block Designator Valid CDMA Frequency Assignments CDMA Channel Number Transmit Frequency Band (MHz) Personal Station Base Station

A (15 MHz) D (5 MHz) B (15 MHz) E (5 MHz) F (5 MHz) C (15 MHz)

Not Valid Valid Cond. Valid Cond. Valid Valid Cond. Valid Cond. Valid Valid Cond. Valid Cond. Valid Valid Cond. Valid Cond. Valid Valid Not Valid Cond. Valid Valid Not Valid

0 - 24 25 - 275 276 - 299 300 - 324 325 - 375 376 - 399 400 - 424 425 - 675 676 - 699 700 - 724 725 - 775 776 - 799 800 - 824 825 - 875 876 - 899 900 - 924 925 - 1175 1176 - 1199

1850.000 - 1851.200 1851.250 - 1863.750 1863.800 - 1864.950 1865.000 - 1866.200 1866.250 - 1868.750 1868.800 - 1869.950 1870.000 - 1871.200 1871.250 - 1883.750 1883.800 - 1884.950 1885.000 - 1886.200 1886.250 - 1888.750 1888.800 - 1889.950 1890.000 - 1891.200 1891.250 - 1893.750 1893.800 - 1894.950 1895.000 - 1896.200 1896.250 - 1908.750 1908.800 - 1909.950

1930.000 - 1931.200 1931.250 - 1943.750 1943.800 - 1944.950 1945.000 - 1946.200 1946.250 - 1948.750 1948.800 - 1949.950 1950.000 - 1951.200 1951.250 - 1963.750 1963.800 - 1964.950 1965.000 - 1966.200 1966.250 - 1968.750 1968.800 - 1969.950 1970.000 - 1971.200 1971.250 - 1973.750 1973.800 - 1974.950 1975.000 - 1976.200 1976.250 - 1988.750 1988.800 - 1989.950

Table 2-9: CDMA Preferred Set of Frequency Assignments for Band Class 1
Block Designator Preferred Set Channel Numbers

A D B E F C

25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275 325, 350, 375 425, 450, 475, 500, 525, 550, 575, 600, 625, 650, 675 725, 750, 775 825, 850, 875 925, 950, 975, 1000, 1025, 1050, 1075, 1100, 1125, 1150, 1175

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2.6 Dual-Mode vs. Dual-Band
Dual-mode subscriber units can support two air-interfaces using a common frequency band (i.e. 800 MHz). In a mixed digital and analog system, normally the registration request will be attempted first to the digital service then to the analog service. Dual-mode allows the digital service provider the option to re-direct traffic to a different air-interface where resources are available, for capacity control or emergency hand down. Dual-mode phones also allow the subscriber unit to roam outside of its home network (assuming service is provided). Dual-band subscriber units are designed to allow a subscriber to utilize two frequency spectrums, such as PCS frequency spectrum and the cellular bands. Handoffs are supported between CDMA providers of different bands (much like dual-mode) and also supported between CDMA, NAMPS and AMPS. With dual-mode phones, the service provider has the option to re-direct the subscriber unit to a different air interface, however dual-band providers re-direct the subscriber unit to a different part of the frequency spectrum. An example for dual-mode would be a subscriber unit that is capable of operating on a CDMA 800 MHz system or could be re-directed to an AMPS 800 MHz system, assuming resources are available. An example for dual-band operation would be a subscriber unit that is capable of operating on a CDMA PCS (1900 MHz) system and also being able to operate on an AMPS 800 MHz system. The goal in developing dual-mode and dual-band subscriber units is to ease transition from one technology to a second (such as 800 MHz AMPS to 800 MHz CDMA), allow a single subscriber unit to roam outside of the providers service area, and eventually to have a subscriber unit which will work everywhere (domestic and international) thus providing "seamless" coverage. "Seamless" coverage does not necessarily imply a single service provider.

2.7

Spectrum Clearing

Spectrum clearing is a topic which is especially important to CDMA systems. The CDMA technology bases its capacity on a signal to noise balance (uplink and downlink). Adequate spectrum must be cleared to optimize a system to its greatest capacity. Although there are many approaches to testing the airways for clearance, it is advised that drive tests are performed (i.e. with a spectrum analyzer) to verify that the spectrum is clear, and/or locate possible spectrum violators. In the cellular bands, CDMA bandwidth is created by removing the appropriate number of AMPS channels. This should be done in cells within the core and transition zones. For the 1st CDMA carrier, 59 AMPS (30 kHz) channels would need to be cleared. Cells for the transition (or guard) zone can be identified either by predictive RF propagation or actual noise floor measurements. The coverage area needing spectrum clearing will vary depending upon transmission signal strength, base station height, terrain variation, foliage, and reflection from buildings, hills or the atmosphere. The zone or area of cells to be cleared is related to the re-use distance needed to achieve acceptable C/I levels. The area needing clearing for CDMA may be reduced by controlling interference. Examples of how to control interference include: utilizing directional antennas, increasing or decreasing antenna heights and downtilts, careful adjustment of power applied to pilot and voice channels, or by using geographic elements

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for isolation. Because all transmission equipment has the capacity to block or disrupt signalling, each country has laws governing transmission of signals. Many countries have adopted the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) standards. However, do NOT assume these standards are international. In the United States, Codes of Federal Regulations must be strictly adhered to. The U.S. government divides these codes into what are called "Titles". Each Title covers a specific topic. For instance, Title 7 covers Agriculture codes, Title 15 covers Commerce and Foreign Trade. The Telecommunication Code of Federal Regulations is listed in Title 47. Title 47 is subdivided into "Volumes" which contain "Parts" or chapters explicitly defining each code. The FCC World-Wide Web Page contains a search engine which can assist you in locating specific regulations. For example, regulations governing licensing and use of frequencies in the 806-824, 851-869, 896-901, and 935-940 MHz bands are located under CFR 47, Part 90, Subpart S. Specific codes for PCS exist under CFR 47, Part 24. The following list is what is contained in subparts A thru I. Subpart A: Subpart B: Subpart C: Subpart D: Subpart E: Subpart F: Subpart G: Subpart H: Subpart I: General Information Applications and Licenses Technical Standards Narrowband PCS Broadband PCS Competitive Bidding Procedures for Narrowband PCS Interim Application, Licensing and Processing Rules for Narrowband PCS Competitive Bidding Procedures for Broadband PCS Interim Application, Licensing and Processing Rules for Broadband PCS

Within these subparts great detail is given to rules and restrictions. One rule for example, under Subpart E paragraph 24.236 gives the field strength limits: "The predicted or measured median field strength at any location on the border of the PCS service area shall not exceed 47 dBuV/m unless the parties agree to a higher field strength." Rules can very specific. For instance regulations are given for items such as antenna mast heights, antenna location, what maximum radiated power is allowed at each frequency, how to divide spectrum, who is responsible for clearing spectrum and what is the allotted time frame. It is important to understand clearly the regulations of the government for which you are designing the system. Large fines can be assessed to the customer and/or Motorola. Although Federal Regulations take priority, each state and town/city may have additional codes or zoning regulations. For non-U.S. regulations, please contact the governing agency of that country.

2.8

Conclusion

To design a system adequately, the RF System Engineer will need to work closely with the customer and carefully follow government codes. To optimize CDMA, the signal to noise ratio must be balanced. The goal is to minimize the noise and maximize the capacity.
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2.9 References
1. EIA/TIA/IS-95-A, Mobile Station - Base Station Compatibility Standard for Dual-Mode Wideband Spread Spectrum Cellular Systems, 1995, Sections 2.1.1.1, 2.2.1.1, 3.1.1.1, 3.2.1.1, 6.1.1.1, 6.2.1.1, 7.1.1.1, Tables 2.1.1.1-1, 6.1.1.1-1, 6.1.1.1-2. 2. ANSI J-STD-008, Personal Station-Base Station Compatibility Requirements for 1.8 to 2.0 GHz Code Division Multiple Access Personal Communications, March 24, 1995, Section 2.1.1.1, Tables 2.1.1.1-1, 2.1.1.1-2, 2.1.1.1-3 and 2.1.1.1-4. 3. CFR 47 (Telecommunications), Office of the Federal Register National Archives and Records Administration, October 1, 1997. 4. FCC Web Page (Wireless Telecommunications Bureau): http://www.fcc.gov/wtb/ National Archives and Records Administration (CFR Search Engine): http:// www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/index.html

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