Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
Introduction

Primary functions:
Maintenance of proper internal levels of inorganic solutes (Na+ (Na+, K+ K+, Cl Cl-, CO2 CO2, etc) Maintenance of proper plasma water volume Removal of nonnutritive and harmful substances from metabolism (ammonia, urea, bilirubin, etc) Maintenance of osmotic balance

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
Introduction
Organ g systems y involved in excretion and retention Respiratory system
Regulate O2 and CO2 Gills can remove ammonia and HCO3 HCO3 Participate in acid-base balance

Digestive system
Removal R l of f undigested di t d f food d and d wastes t May regulate ion and water

Integumentory system
Can excrete organic wastes May regulate salt and water uptake

Renal organs g
Filter body fluids Regulate water, ions and organic substances

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
Introduction Nitrogenous products from nitrogen metabolism
Ammonia (NH3)
Most bony y fishes, , larval amphibians p and most invertebrates They are called ammonotelic animals

Urea
Most adult amphibians and mammals They are called ureotelic animals

Uric acid
Insects, birds, most reptiles, tree frogs and desert toads They are called uricotelic animals

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System Excretion of nitrogenous g wastes
Introduction

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
Renal organs modify body fluids by four basic renal processes:
Filtration
Movement through a semipermeable membrane An ultrafiltration is produced

Secretion
Specific solutes are transported into the tubule lumen for excretion

Reabsorption p
Specific solutes are transported back into the body from the lumen

Osmoconcentration
Water is removed from the lumen leaving solutes behind

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
Schematic of functions of tubular excretory organ

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
Schematic of functions of tubular excretory organ

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Functions of the mammalian kidney

Regulate major inorganic solutes Regulate R l plasma l volume l Regulate harmful or un-needed organic molecules Osmotic balance Secretion of erythropoietin y p Secretion of renin Conversion of vitamin D to its active form Excretion of pheromones

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

The Kidneys
Located on either side of vertebrae, between T12 and L3 Left kidney slightly superior to right Adrenal glands sit on superior surface of each kidneys Kidneys y lie between dorsal body y wall and the p parietal peritoneum Each kidney is protected and stabilized by:
The renal capsule - layer of collagen fibers The adipose capsule - thick layer of adipose tissue The renal fascia - dense outer layer of collagen fibers

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System The urinary y system y in a mammal
The Mammalian Urinary System

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System Gross anatomy of the human kidney
The Mammalian Urinary System

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Internal anatomy of the human kidney

Principles of Animal Physiology

Gross anatomy of the kidney

Excretory System

Renal hilus - prominent medial indentation and point of entry for f renal l artery, renal l nerves and d point i of f exit i for f the h renal vein Renal sinus - internal cavity y within the kidney y Renal Cortex - superficial layer in contact with capsule Renal Medulla - inner layer - consists of
R Renal l pyramids id - triangular t i l structures t t Renal papilla - projects from the tips of pyramids to sinus Renal columns - separate pyramids

Renal R l lobe l b - renal l pyramids id and d overlying l i cortex t Minor calyx - ducts into which urine drains from papilla Major calyx - collection of two or more minor calyces Renal pelvis - funnel-shaped chamber from which urine leaves kidney

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Structure of kidneys and urinary system

Paired kidneys, lie retroperitoneal Composed C d of f about b 1 1,200,000 200 000 f functional i l units i The functional unit is the nephron Each nephron is composed of a glomerulus and a tubule

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Functional parts of a nephron

Nephron - the smallest functional unit capable of the kidney kidneys s basic functions

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Functional parts of a nephron

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Functional parts of a nephron

Bowmans (Glomerular) capsule Glomerulus Proximal tubule Loop p of Henle
Descending limb (thick & thin) Loop Ascending limb (thin & thick)

Juxtaglomerular apparatus (complex) Distal Di t l tubule t b l Collecting duct

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Two types of nephrons in birds & mammals

Cortical nephrons
Originate in cortex Glomeruli lie in outer layer of cortex Hairpin p loop p only y dips p slightly g y into medullary y region g Only has peritubular capillaries Originate in cortex Glomeruli lie in inner layer of cortex Hairpin loop dips plunges deep into medullary region Peritubular capillaries form vasa recta

Juxtamedullary y nephrons

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Two types of nephrons

Juxtamedullary Cortical C i l

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Two types of nephrons

Juxtamedullary Cortical C ti l

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Cortical nephrons nephrons........and and Juxtamedullary nephron

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Three capillary beds

Glomerular
Specifically for filtration Relatively high blood pressure force solutes out of the blood

Peritubular
Adapted for absorption Arise from efferent arterioles that drain glomerulus Low blood pressure Ab b solutes Absorb l & water from f the h tubules b l

Vasa recta
Long, g, thin-walled Looping arterioles that follow loop of Henle Serve juxtamedullary nephrons

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Vascular elements of the kidney

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Layers of the glomerular membrane

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Glomerular filtration
Glomerular membrane 100 times more permeable Filters entire plasma volume 65x a day Filters everything except blood cells and most plasma proteins Fluid passes through 3 layers:
Outer wall is fenestrated - endothelial cells Basement membrane made of collagen & glycoproteins y consists of p podocytes y Inner layer

Filtrate passes between the cell layers, not through the cells

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Glomerular filtration - Forces involved

Glomerular capillary blood pressure Plasma-colloid Pl ll id osmotic i pressure Bowmans capsule hydrostatic pressure Bowmans capsule osmotic pressure

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Pressure drop through kidneys

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Glomerular filtration - Forces involved

Glomerular capillary blood pressure Plasma-colloid Pl ll id osmotic i pressure Bowmans capsule hydrostatic pressure Bowmans capsule osmotic pressure

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Glomerular filtration - Forces involved

Amt of fluid processed
Bowmans B - 180 L/day L/d Proximal Urine - 54 L/day - 1.5 L/day Loop Henle - 18 L/day

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

Total amount of filtered fluid per minute Directly proportional to net filtration pressure Increase in blood pressure leads to increase in GFR

Factors regulating filtration rate at capillary beds

Total surface are for filtration Filtration membrane permeability Net filtration pressure (NFP 17 mmHg)

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Control of GFR
Autoregulation - Intrinsic control Regulation R l i of f GFR within i hi li limits i Myogenic mechanism

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Control of GFR
Autoregulation - intrinsic control
Myogenic M i mechanism h i
Smooth muscle contracts when stretched - blood vessels

Tubuloglomerular feedbacm mechanism

Involves JG apparatus Involves macula densa Increased in tubular flow sensed by macula densa release of vasoactive paracrines constriction of afferent arteriole decreased GFR decreased tubular flow The paracrines are unclear. Maybe endothelin for vasoconstriction and bradykinin for vasodilation

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Control of GFR
Autoregulation - Intrinsic control
Regulation R l ti of f GFR within ithi li limits it Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Control of GFR
Autoregulation - Intrinsic control
Regulation R l ti of f GFR within ithi li limits it Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Control of GFR
Intrinsic response
Myogenic y g response p
GFR constant at MABP between 80 to 180 mmHg

Tubuloglomerular feedback
GFR tubular flow, flow macula densa send chemical signal to JG cells on afferent arteriole causing it to constrict and GFR

Extrinsic response
Nervous response
SNS can decrease GFR

Hormonal response
Angiotensin II - vasoconstrict arterioles Prostogalndins - vasodilate arterioles

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Tubular Reabsorption may be Active or Passive

Sodium
Active or passive p Symport - glucose, AA

Water follows sodium

Passive

Proteins
Small S ll amounts t Transcytosis

Urea
Passive

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System Tubular Reabsorption may be Active or Passive
Transepithelial transport across 5 barriers
The Mammalian Urinary System

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Tubular Reabsorption may be Active or Passive

Sodium S di reabsorption b ti

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Active and Passive transport at the PCT

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Renin secreted into the blood by JG cells
Decreased D d blood bl d NaCl N Cl Decreased ECF volume Decreased blood pressure

Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I In I l lungs angiotensin i i Ii is converted d to angiotensin i i II Angiotensin II stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Renin secreted into the blood by JG cells
Decreased D d blood bl d NaCl N Cl Decreased ECF volume Decreased blood pressure

Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I In I l lungs angiotensin i i Ii is converted d to angiotensin i i II Angiotensin II stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Osmoconcentration
The ability to excrete urine of varying concentrations depends on the medullary contercurrent-multiplier system Recall R ll
Isotonic (isosmotic) Hypotonic H t i (hypo-osmotic) (h ti ) Hypertonic (hyperosmotic)

Large L vertical ti l osmotic ti gradient di t i in th the kid kidneys

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Osmoconcentration
Large vertical osmotic gradient in the kidneys

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Osmoconcentration
Working model of the countercurrent multplier system:
Assumptions:
Descending limb highly permeable to H2O Descending limb does not actively transport Na+ Hairpin loop Ascending limb actively cotransports Na+ and Cl- from lumen Ascending limb relatively impermeable to H2O Pump can achieve 200 mOsmol/L maximal difference across the loop

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Osmoconcentration
The Countercurrent Multiplier System
A
300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400

B
200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 300 300 300 300 400 400 400 400

C
200 200 200 200 400 400 400 400 350 350 350 350 500 500 500 500

D
150 150 150 150 300 300 300 300 300 300 350 350 350 350 500 500

E
150 150 300 300 300 300 500 500 325 325 425 425 425 425 600 600

F
125 125 225 225 225 425 400 400

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Countercurrent Multiplication System

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Countercurrent Multiplication System

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Countercurrent Multiplication System

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Countercurrent Multiplication System

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System The Mammalian Urinary System Osmoconcentration
Recycling of Urea

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System Osmoconcentration
The Mammalian Urinary System

Excretion of Urine - concentrated urine

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System Osmoconcentration
The Mammalian Urinary System

Excretion of Urine - diluted urine

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Bladder storage and micturition

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Bladder storage and micturition

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Mammalian Urinary System

Nephrons from the major classes of vertebrates

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Avian Urinary

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
The Salt Glands of a Gull

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
Insect Malpighian Tubules

Principles of Animal Physiology

Excretory System
Insect Malpighian Tubules

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Excretory System Stop here Review