BC.

COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL FORCES

The axial force could be tension or compression. When the axial load is in compression, the member is probably called beam-column. Guide lines are given in Ch.4 (P.16.1-3) in the manual. Combined force is more critical than tensile axial force. All members in frame are subjected to "combined forces" For column-beam: 1. load deflection plot is nonlinear 2. additional moment results from " P effect" (second order effect)

M = Primary Moment + P , =

PL3 48EI

Design Approach for Member Under Combined Loading (sec.H) Tow cases: Case A axial force is small Case B axial force is not small P Case A: ( Pu small) u < 0.2 Pn

M ux M uy Pu + + 1.0 a (H1-1b) 2Pn M M b nx b ny Pu 0 .2 Case B: ( Pu not small) Pn

Interaction equation Interaction equation

M uy Pu 8 M ux + + 1.0 a (H1-1a) Pn 9 M M b nx b ny

Pn
Eq.H1 - 1a

Pu
Eq.H1 - 1b

0.2Pn 0.9b M n

b M n

BC. 2
For Axial Tension ( Pu tensile):
= required tensile strength (factored) Pu = nominal tensile strength Pn M u = required flexural strength M n = nominal flexural strength x-x axis of bending For compressive force ( Pu comp.), the same interaction formula is applicable, put the value of M ux and M uy must take into account P

(second order effect) Second Order Effect for Beam-Column (Ch.C P.16.1-17) Code allows either to use exact second order elastic analysis or the approximate one in lieu of. Approximate Method: M u = B1 M nt + B2 M lt M nt = Required flexural strength assuming no lateral translation of the frame (no sway) M lt = Required flexural strength as a result of lateral translation of the frame (sidesway) Cm B1 = 1 .0 In plane of bending for braced (1 Pu Pe1 ) frame slenderness parameter 2 Ag Fy F kl E calculated in the plane of y Pe1 = 2 = Ag , c = 2 bending (not necessarily max r E c (kl r ) kl r ) ( k 1.0 ) Value of Cm a) no transverse loading on member between supports: C m = 0.6 0.4( M 1 M 2 ) M1 M2 M1, M2 Moment at the ends ratio M 1 M 2 is +ive if reverse curvature bending L M1 M2 + M 1 M 2 is -ive if ratio M1 M2 reverse curvature reverse curvature bending M 1 M 2 1 .0 L M1 M2 _
single curvature

b) compression member subjected to transverse loading end restrained C m = 0.85 end unrestrained C m = 1.0 More exact value of C m for (b) C m = 1 + Pu Pe1 See P.16.1-187 Table C-C1.1 for & C m values

BC. 3
1 oh 1 Pu HL 1 or B2 = easer Pu 1 Pe 2 B2 =

= required axial strength of all

column in a story o h = lateral inter-story deflection (sway) H = sum of all horizontal producing o h L = story height

Pe 2 =

Ag

2 c
kl r Fy E
,
calculated of bending unsupported frame ( k < 1 )

c =

c is

as

an

Notice that there are two value of Euler load, Pe1 and Pe 2 . Pe1 calculated as braced frame (no side sway) with k 1 Pe 2 calculated as unbraced frame (side sway) with k > 1

The moment magnification for Mu takes place in two parts: one considering no sidesway for all gravity loads and the second considering sidesway under lateral loads

This Mu will be of two components M nt + M lt no sidesway sidesway (gravity loads) (wind loads) factor are same as before, For tension, = 0.9 or 0.75 , for column, c = 0.85 and for beam b = 0.9 Example Investigate the acceptability of W16x67 used as a beam column in a braced frame as shown. P = 87.5k .DL,262.5k .LL , M = 15k '.DL,45k '.LL , Fy = 50ksi
P M P M

Mx

15'

Braced frame (no sidesway). only M nt exist. M lt = 0 Pu = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL = 1.2 87.5 + 1.6 262.5 = 525k M nt = 1.2M DL + 1.6M LL = 1.2 15 + 1.6 45 = 90k ' M ux (x-axis bending) = B1 M nt

BC. 4
Value of B1
Cm 1.0 , C m = 0.6 0.4( M 1 M 2 ) (1 Pu Pe1 ) k = 1.0 safe C m = 0.6 0.4(0 90) = 0.6 1.0 15 12 kl kl = about axis of bending = = 25.9 r rx 6.96 B1 =
= 8430k (kl r ) 2 25.9 2 Cm 0 .6 B1 = = = 0.64 < 1.0 (1 Pu Pe1 ) (1 525 8430) Thus, B1 = 1.0 Value of c Pn (column design capacity) Pe1 =

2 E Ag

2 29000 19.7

1.0 15 12 kl kl = 73.2 = = r r y 2.46 kl From table, for = 73.2 , c Fcr = 28.70ksi (P.16.1-145) r c Pn = c Fcr Ag = 28.70 19.7 = 565k
Max Value of b M nx (design moment capacity) Unbraced length, Lb = 15' ; take C b = 1.0 from charts, find the capacity for W16x67, with Lb = 15' , b M nx = 430k ' ; Pu 525 = = 0.929 > 0.2 c Pn 565 Use equation H1-1a M uy Pu 8 M ux + + 1.0 (no y-axis bending in this problem) Pn 9 b M nx b M ny M nx = B1 M nt = 1.0 90 = 90.0k ' Interaction equation checking: 252 8 90 + = 0.929 + 0.186 = 1.115 > 1.0 262 9 430 Thus, section W16x67 is not acceptable. Example #2 Determine service load w (40% DL, 60%LL) that can be applied to the member shown below. Ends are simply supported. Lateral support only at ends. A-36 steel. Strong axis bending. P = 20k .DL,40k .LL Factored P = 1.2 20 + 1.6 40 w = 88k P P Let wu = factored ultimate load

20' W12x96

M ux = B1 M nt

BC. 5
wu l 2 wu 20 2 M nt = = = 50 wu k ' 8 8 Cm B1 = ; C m = 1.0 (simplified value with lateral loads) (1 Pu Pe1 ) Pe1 =
1.0 (1 88 4147) Column strength c Pn B1 = kl (kl )x = (kl ) y ; max kl = r r y = 1.0 20 12 = 78 3.09

2 E Ag
(kl r ) 2

(1.0 20 12 5.44)2

2 29000 19.7

= 4147k

c Fcr = 22.22ksi c Pn = c Fcr Ag = 22.22 28.2 = 626.6k Beam strength b M nx

Lb = laterally unsupported length = 15' ; b M nx with C b = 1.0 is 376k ' Interaction equation Pu 88 = = 0.140 < 0.2 c Pn 626.6
M ux Pu M 88 + + ux 1.0 1 .0 2Pn b M nx 2 626.6 376 Or 0.07 + 0.00266M ux 1.0

But

M ux = 349.6k ' M nx = B1 M nt
M nt = M nx 349.6 = = 342k ' B1 1.022 = 50wu = 342 wu = 6.84k / ft

M nt Now wu = 1.2 (0.4 w) + 1.6 (0.6w) = 1.44w (given 40%DL, 60%LL) w Thus, the allowable service load w = u = 4.75k / ft 1.44 Of this total w, DL = 1.9k / ft , LL = 2.85k / ft
DL = 1.9k / ft Total = 4.75k / ft LL = 2.85k / ft

20'

BC. 6
Example #3 Investigate if W14x145 (A-36) can be used as a column in a floor of a single-pay building, considering of lines of column. A single-order elastic analysis was carried out to obtain the results as shown. The combined load shown is DL+LL+WL. The bending is about the major axis and assumes the frame is braced in the weak-axis.
322 26 15 209 104

Remember: For approx. moment magnification method, analysis must be done in two steps: 1. no sidesway with DL+LL loads and 2. sidesway with WL or EQ

13'

13 P

450

i) Column capacity: c Pn k y = 1.0 (Braced)

k x must be calculated using G A and G B for a frame. Assume k x = 1.57 in this example [Remember, k x and k y must be calculated for an actual frame.
considering each axis of bending separately for the frame i.e. from G A , G B and nomograph.]
1.57 13 12 kl = 38.7 = 6.33 r x

1.0 13 12 kl = 39.2 controls = 3.98 r y From table, c Fcr = 28.2ksi c Pn = c Fcr Ag = 28.2 42.7 = 1204k
ii) Beam capacity: b M nx LP = 16.6' < Lb = 13.0' , section compact Thus, M nx = M px

b M nx = b M px = 702k ' from manual

BC. 7
iii) Moment magnification factor B1 & B2 Value B1 (as braced) kl 1.0 13 12 kl about the axis of bending = = 24.6 6.33 r r x C m = 0.6 0.4( M 1 M 2 ) = 0.6 0.4(13 26) = 0.4
(kl r ) 2 Pu = 322 + 15 = 337k B1 = Pe1 =

2 E Ag

2 29000 42.7

(24.6)2

= 20,200k

Cm 04 = <1 (1 Pu Pe1 ) (1 337 20,200) Thus, B1 = 1.0 Value B2 (with sidesway) Pu = 2 322 = 644k

Net vertical load from sidesway = 0

kl kl about the axis of bending = 38.7 (calculated before) r r x 2 E Ag 2 29000 42.7 Pe 2 = = = 8160k (for each axis) (kl r ) 2 (38.7 )2 1 1 = 1.04 B2 = = 644 Pu 1 1 2 8160 P
e2

Thus, M ux = B1 M nt + B2 M lt = 1.0 26.0 + 1.04 450 = 496k ' iv) Check Equation Pu 377 = = 0.28 > 0.2 c Pn 1204
Pu 8 M ux 8 496 = 0.91 < 1.0 OK + = 0.28 + 8 702 Pn 9 b M nx

Thus, W14x145 is OK

BC. 8
Design of Beam-Column If no design aid is available, design is done by "trial-and-error" process. AISC manual provides tables that can be used to quickly design a beamcolumn. (P.6-11) The suggested method is based on using values b, m and n as explained below. 1 Not: ( kip 1 ) b= Proper value of "b" must be used c Pn kl 8 . considering largest value of ( kip ft 1 ) m= r 9b M nx Value of "m" is based on Lb 8 1 ( kip ft ) n= 9b M ny
if Pu 0 .2 Pn Pu < 0 .2 Pn

formula H1-1b controls

bPu + mM ux + nM uy 1.0
if

formula H1-1a controls

1 9 bPu + (mM ux + nM uy ) 1.0 2 8 (Tables 6-12 onwards provides values of b, m and n) Median values for a W-family. Specific values for a given section are given in the following pages.
Example #1 Select a W-shape from W14 family for the following design data: Fy = 50ksi , Pu = 400k , M ux = 350k ' and M uy = 80k ' Median values for W14 with (kl ) y = 14.0' and lb = 14.0' are

(kl )x = (kl ) y

= 14.0' ; unbraced length lb = 14.0'

b = 0.573 10 3 , m = 0.826 10 3 and n = 1.64 10 3 (do median first) Pu P 400 = u = = 0.229 > 0.2 Pn 1 b 1 0.573 10 3 bPu + mM ux + nM uy =
0.573 10 3 400 + 0.826 10 3 350 + 1.64 10 3 80 = 0.65 1.0 Try W14x132 ( b = 0.702 10 3 , m = 1.02 10 3 and n = 2.12 10 3 ) Pu P 400 = u = = 0.28 > 0.2 Pn 1 b 1 0.702 10 3 bPu + mM ux + nM uy = 0.281 + 0.207 + 0.170 = 0.66 1.0 too low
Try W14x99 ( b = 0.939 10 3 , m = 1.38 10 3 and n = 2.88 10 3 ) Pu P 400 = u = = 0.28 > 0.2 Pn 1 b 1 0.702 10 3 bPu + mM ux + nM uy = 0.376 + 0.438 + 0.230 = 0951 1.0 (close to 1.0) Use W14x99

BC. 9
Not: the value of the equation can be found on a calculator quickly to select the best section from a chosen family Example #2 Repeat the same problem for best section For W12, median values are much higher, won't be economical. For W10, section won't exist For W24 ( b = 0.687 10 3 , m = 0.596 10 3 and n = 2.61 10 3 ) To beat W14x99, weight must be less than 99lb / ft W24x99 won't work! Similar scanning can be performed. Best section is W14x99. Example #3 From a first-order elastic analysis, the following service load force are calculated for a column in floor of framed building: DL : Pu = 150k ; M x = 20k ' , M y = 10k '
LL : Pu = 180k ; M x = 35k ' , M y = 15k '

WL : Pu = 5k ; M x = 150k ' , M y = nil

Design the column, assuming that ( DL + LL + WL ) will govern. Fy = 50ksi , l = 16.0' k x = 1.4 and k y = 1.0 ; given C m = 0.50 and B2 = 1.2 Combination DL + LL + WL 1.2 DL + 0.5 LL + 1.3WL Pu = 1.2 150 + 0.5 180 + 1.3 5 = 276.5k M ntx = 1.2 20 + 0.5 35 = 41.5k ' M nty = 1.2 10 + 0.5 15 = 19.5k '

M ntx = 1.3 150 = 195k ' M nly = 0

Needed M ux and M uy :

M ux = B1 M ntx + B2 M ltx M ux = B1 41.5 + 1.2 195 = 41.5 B1 + 234k ' As C m = 0.50 , B1 cannot be more than 1.0 . Take for initial selection B1 = 1.0 , say. Thus, M ux = 41.5 + 234 = 275.5k ' M uy = B1 M nty 1.0 19.5 19.5k ' (assuming B1 = 1.0 about y-axis)
Thus, the design values are: Pu = 276.5k ; M ux = 275.5k ' , M uy = 19.5k ' Ratio (kl )x (kl ) y = 1.4 ; l = unbraced length = 16.0' First consider W14 family Median values (Assuming (kl ) y controls)
Pu < 0 .2 Pn

(kl )x

= 1.4 16 = 22.4' and (kl ) y = 1.0 16 = 16.0' ;

( b = 0.596 10 3 , m = 0.836 10 3 , n = 1.64 10 3 for (kl ) y = 16.0' )

Appears

BC. 10
Interaction equation value 1 9 bPu + (mM ux + nM uy ) = 0.082 + 0.295 = 0.377 1.0 2 8 P If u > 0.2 , value 0.427 Pn By observation/search, try W14x90( b = 1.08 10 3 , m = 1.54 10 3 and n = 3.25 10 3 ) value = 0.786 , for W14x82, value > 1.0 select W14x90 compare with W12 family W14x90 is better. Now, find exact value of (B1 ) x and (B1 ) y and see if the values are 1.0 . If more than 1.0 , correct M ux and M uy by multiplying with B1 .