Chap 34
Chap 34
Chap 34
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Arctowski (Poland)
Artigas (Uruguay)
Bellingshausen (Russia)
Com. Ferraz (Brazil)
Great Wall (China)
Jubany (Argentina)
King Sejong (S. Korea)
Pres. Eduardo Frei (Chile)
KING GEORGE
ISLAND STATIONS
Orcadas
(Argentina)
Scott (N.Z.)
McMurdo (U.S.)
MAP STUDY
Antarctica: National Claims and Research Stations
2. Applying Geography Skills How does the
map show international cooperation in Antarctica?
Find NGS online map resources @ www.nationalgeographic.com/maps
Chile
Argentina
United Kingdom
Norway
Australia
France
New Zealand
Major research station
Antarctic Land Claims
1. Interpreting Maps What countries hold over-
lapping claims in Antarctica?
836 U n i t 1 1
Tourism
In recent decades the expansion of air travel
has boosted tourism in Australia and Oceania.
Each year thousands of tourists visit the region.
Among the South Pacific regions attractions are
its indigenous cultures, unique wildlife, and con-
trasting physical featuresrock formations,
tropical rain forests, geysers, mountain glaciers,
sandy beaches, and coral reefs.
History
World War II in the Pacific
Today several countries in Oceania are promot-
ing World War II battle sites on or near South
Pacific islands as tourist destinations. Just as his-
tory buffs in the United States visit Civil War bat-
tlefields, people from the countries involved are
now visiting World War II battle sites. For devel-
oping South Pacific countries, such as Vanuatu, the
Marshall Islands, the Solomon Islands, and the
Federated States of Micronesia, tourism provides a
much-needed source of income.
Global Trade Links
In recent decades, improved transportation and
communications links have increased trade between
the once remote South Pacific region and other parts
of the world. The South Pacifics agricultural and
mining products are its greatest sources of export
income. Countries in Oceania export copra, timber
and wood products, fish, vegetables, and handi-
crafts. The spices of the vast South Pacific region
are now found in kitchens around the world. For
example, the islands of Micronesia are a major
source of black pepper, and Tonga exports ginger
and the costly vanilla beans used to flavor ice
cream and baked goods. A number of South
Pacific countries, however, must import food to
supplement the subsistence crops.
During most of the 1900s, Australia and New
Zealand traded exclusively with the United
Kingdom and the United States. In recent years, how-
ever, these South Pacific countries have increased
trade with their neighboring Asian countries of
Japan, Taiwan, and China. In 1971 various island
countries of Oceania set up the South Pacific Forum,
an organization that promotes trade and economic
growth. Because of few natural resources, some
South Pacific islands are dependent to some degree
on outside investment or foreign aid.
Transportation and
Communications
Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica contain thou-
sands of miles of coastland, barren desert, and
solid ice. Physical barriers and long distances chal-
lenge travelers in the region.
Land Travel
Australia and New Zealand have the most
developed road and rail systems in the region. In
coastal areas of these countries, highways are well
maintained, and subways provide public trans-
portation in urban areas. Few roads, however, are
found in the isolated Australian outback.
In Oceania many island countries are too small,
too poor, or too rugged to have well-developed
road or rail systems. Some governments, however,
are improving the roads and bridges necessary
for economic growth. Antarctica lacks permanent
settlements and has no roads or rail systems.
Battle Site Guadalcanal, one of the Solomon
Islands, was the site of heavy fighting between the
United States and Japan during World War II.
Place How do World War II battle sites benefit Pacific
countries today?
Checking for Understanding
1. Define station, grazier, copra.
2. Main Ideas On a table like the
one below, fill in details about
the key agricultural and mining
products of countries in this
region. Then describe the role the
region plays in world trade.
Critical Thinking
3. Identifying Cause and Effect How
does importing more manufac-
tured goods than it exports affect
a countrys economy?
4. Predicting Consequences What
might be the consequences of
opening Antarctica to mining?
5. Drawing Conclusions Why are
Australia and Oceania trading
more with East Asia and South-
east Asia than with the West?
Analyzing Maps
6. Place Study the map on page 835.
Which Latin American countries
hold claims in Antarctica? Which
have research stations there?
Agricultural Mining
Country Products Products
7. Economic Activities Create
a table that shows major
economic activities for six
countries in the region. Then
explain why the economies
of some countries focus on
one major product.
Applying Geography
Air and Water Travel
Long distances, harsh climates, or obstacles to land
travel make air and water travel important to the
region. Cargo ships and planes move imports and
exports to and from far-flung Pacific territories. Com-
mercial airlines and cruise ships bring travelers.
Water and air also provide important means of
personal transportation. Pacific islanders began
using outrigger canoes thousands of years ago, and
many of Oceanias travelers continue to use boats
today. Sailboats and motorized boats are common,
and ferries link New Zealands two major islands.
Icebreakersships with reinforced bowscarry
people and supplies to Antarctica as do small
planes and helicopters, although winter blizzards
often make transportation of any kind impossible.
Severe winters isolate Antarctica:
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ASSESSMENT & ACTIVITIES
846 U n i t 1 1
Reduce tourist impact
C h a p t e r X 847
Look for the best answer choice for
the question. The best answer choice
is the one that offers the most correct
information in response to the question.
Self-Check Quiz Visit the Glencoe World
Geography Web site at tx.geography.glencoe.com
and click on Self-Check QuizzesChapter 34 to
prepare for the Chapter Test.
Using the Regional Atlas
Refer to the Regional Atlas on pages 784787.
1. Location Where are most of the zinc
deposits in the region?
2. Human-Environment Interaction Which
physical features in the region are vulnera-
ble to environmental damage from mining
activities?
Thinking Like a Geographer
Using what you know about the physical geogra-
phy of Oceanias islands, write a paragraph sug-
gesting three ways these islands might address
their lack of clean freshwater.
Problem-Solving Activity
Group Research Project With a small group
of classmates, research one of the introduced
species in Australia. Investigate the origins of
the problem it has created, its effects on the
environment, and suggested solutions. Brain-
storm additional solutions, and evaluate each
proposal. Prepare a report to the class on the
solution you think is best.
GeoJournal
Descriptive Writing Using your GeoJournal
data, select a human activity from each of the fol-
lowing areas: Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica.
Then write a descriptive paragraph that com-
pares how each of these activities has modified
the physical environment.
Technology Activity
Using the Internet for Research Use
the Internet to find information about global
warming. List the sources you find on the Internet,
and compare the different viewpoints on the issue
of global warming. Then choose one solution that
you support, and write an argument for adopting
that solution.
C h a p t e r 3 4 847
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Read the selection below. Then choose the best
answer for the following multiple-choice
question. If you have trouble answering the
question, use the process of elimination to
narrow your choices.
Rabbits are one of the more destructive
wild animals that have been introduced into
Australia. They damage the environment and
reduce agricultural production. They compete
with native wildlife for food and shelter,
which reduces the populations of many
native plants and animals. Because rabbits
eat seedlings, there are fewer young plants to
replace those that die naturally. Rabbits also
compete with livestock for the same plants,
eating them to below ground level. This loss
of plant cover results in soil erosion.
1. Based on the information in the paragraph,
how do rabbits reduce agricultural
production?
A They live in wheat-growing regions and
eat the wheat seedlings.
B They compete with native wildlife for food.
C Dead plants are not replaced by enough
new plants to prevent soil erosion.
D They eat the plants that provide food
for livestock and cause soil erosion by
eliminating plant cover.