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0 : Introduction To Quality

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What are the differences?

1. Price 2. Quality 3. Specification 4. Comfortable

Value for money

What is Quality ?
Sales Dept Marketing Dept Design Dept

Production Dept

Production Engineering

Customers

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Services
Product

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If You Ask 10 People to Define Quality, You Probably Will Get 10 Definitions Foster (2010) pg 29

According to Summers, Donna C. S. :

The American Society for Quality defines quality as a subjective term for which each person had his or her own definition. In technical usage, quality can have two meanings : (a) the characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs; (b) a product or service free of deficiencies. Dr. W. Edwards Deming describes quality as nonfaulty systems are error-free systems that have ability to provide the consumer with a product or service as specified.

Dr. Joseph M. Juran describes quality as fitness for use.

Philip Crosby describes quality as conformance to requirements (nonquality as nonconformance).

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Summers, Donna C. S. (2010) concluded that the above definitions stated three types of quality:
Quality of Design means that the product has been designed to successfully fill a consumer need, real or perceived. Quality of Conformance means conformance to requirements, refers to the manufacture of the product or the provision of the service that meets the specific requirements say by consumer.
Quality of Performance means that the product or service performs its intended function as identified by the consumer.

Summers, Donna C. S. (2010) stressed -- that clearly communicating the needs, requirements, and expectations of the consumer requires a more complete definition of quality.

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But Summers, Donna C. S. (2010) believes that perhaps most complete definition of quality is as defined by Armand Feigenbaum :
Quality is a customer determination which is based on the customers actual experience with the product or service, measured against his or her requirements stated or unstated, conscious or merely sensed, technically operational or entirely subjective and always representing a moving target in a competitive market.

Some key words stand out from this definition are :

a. Customer Determination only a customer can decide if and how well a product or service meets his or her needs, requirements, and expectations. b. Actual Experience the customer will judge the quality of a product or service not only at the time of purchase but throughout usage of the product or service. c. Requirements necessary aspects of a product or service called for or demanded by the customer may be stated or unstated, conscious or merely sensed. d. Technically Operational aspects of a product or service may be clearly identified in words by the consumer. e. Entirely Subjective - aspects of a product or service may only be conjured in a consumers personal feelings.

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1.2. Recognizing Different Perspectives on Quality.

a. Product Quality Dimensions b. Service Quality (SQ) Dimensions

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a. Product Quality Dimensions
Foster (2010) David Garvin found that most definitions of quality were either (a) transcendent, (b) product-based, (c) user-based, (d) manufacturing-based, or (e) value-based.
Transcendent Quality is something that is intuitively understood but nearly impossible to communicate, such as beauty or love. Product-based Quality is found in the components and attributes of a product. User-based If the customer is satisfied, the product has good quality. Manufacturing-based If the product conforms to design specifications, it has good quality.

Value-based If the product is perceived as providing good value for the prove, it has good quality.

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GARVINS PRODUCT QUALITY DIMENSIONS

Performance Features Durability

Reliability
Conformance

Serviceability
Aesthetics

Perceived Quality

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From these five definitions of quality, Garvin developed a list of eight quality dimensions: i. Performance refers to the efficiency with which a product achieves its intended purpose.This might be the return on a mutual fund investment, the fuel efficiency of an automobile, or the acoustic range of a pair of stereo speakers. Generally, better performance is synonymous with better quality.

ii. Features are attributes of a product that supplement the products basic performance.These include many of the bells and whistles contained in products. For example Electronic shop / store will reveal some features such as HDTC capability, plasma, and size.

iii. Reliability refers to the propensity for a product to perform consistently over its useful design life. A product considered reliable if the chance that it will fail during its designed life is long. For example if a computer has a 2% chance of failure in useful life of 5 years, we say that it is 98% reliable.

B J M Q 3 0 1 3 - Q U AL I TY M A N A G E M EN T: D R C H E A Z L A N T A I B

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iv. Conformance when a product is designed, certain numeric dimensions for the products performance are established, such as capacity, speed, size, durability, or the like. These numeric product dimensions are referred to as specifications. Specifications typically are allowed to vary small amount called a tolerance. If a particular dimension of a product is within the allowable range of tolerance of the specification, it conforms. For example video camera. v. Durability is the degree to which a product tolerates or trauma without failing. For example car battery. vi. Serviceability a product is very serviceable if it can be repaired easily and cheaply. For example personal computer. vii. Aesthetics are subjective sensory characteristics such as taste, feel, sound, look, and smell. In terms of aesthetics, we measure quality as the degree to which product attributes are matched to consumer preferences. For example cell phone color. viii. Perceived Quality is based on customer opinion. Customer imbue products and services with their understanding of their goodness.This is perceived quality.

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SERVICE QUALITY DIMENSIONS

Parasuraman, Zeithamel, and Berrys Service Quality Dimensions

Tangibles

Responsiveness

Service Reliability Empathy

Assurance

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b. Service Quality (SQ) Dimensions
Foster (2010), SQ is even more difficult to define than product quality. Although services and production share many attributes, services have more diverse quality attributes than products.

Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry (1985), published a widely recognized set of service quality dimensions.
Reliability : Delivering on Promises: is defined as the ability to perform the promised service dependably and accurately. means that the company delivers on its promises promises about delivery, service provision, problem solution and pricing.

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Responsiveness: is the willingness to help customers and to provide prompt services. emphasizes attentiveness and promptness in dealing with customer requests, questions, complaints, and problems. is communicated to customers by the length of time they have to wait for assistance, answers to questions or attention to problems. also captures the notion of flexibility and ability to customize the service to customer needs . to excel the dimension of responsiveness, a company must be certain to view the process of delivery and handling request.

Assurance : Inspiring Trust and Confidence: is defined as employees knowledge and courtesy and ability of the firm and its employees to inspire trust and confidence.

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Empathy :Treating Customers as Individual is defined as the caring, individualized attention the firm provides its customers. essence of empathy is conveying, through personalized or customized service, that customers are unique and special. Customers want to feel understood by and important to firms that provide service to them.

Tangibles : Representing the Service Physically are defined as the appearance of physical facilities, equipment, personnel, and communication materials. All these provide physical representations or images of the service that customers, particularly new customers, will use to evaluate quality.

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WHY DOES IT MATTER THAT DIFFERENCE DEFINITIONS OF QUALITY EXIST?

Understanding that definitions and dimensions of quality exist allows measures to be taken to provide a better basis for communication and planning in a firm.

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1.3. Differing Functional Perspectives on Quality.

One of the important determinants of how we perceive quality is the functional role we fulfill organizationally.
Functional

Perspectives include:
Supply Chain Perspective
Engineering Perspective

Operations Perspective
Strategic Management Perspective Marketing Perspective Financial Perspective Human Resource Perspective

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A. Supply Chain Perspectives

The value chain includes inbound logistics, core processes, and outbound logistics, human resources, information systems, and purchasing.

Operations, logistics, and marketing are the primary participants in supply chain.

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B. Engineering Perspective
The major emphasis of engineering perspective are:
Product Design Engineering Concurrent Engineering SPC

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Product Design Engineering (PDE)

The PDE involves all those activities associated with developing a product from concept development to final design and and implementation. Product design is the key because quality is assured at design stage.

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Concurrent engineering

Concurrent engineering involves the formation of cross-functional team. This allows engineers and managers of differing disciplines to work together simultaneously in developing product and process designs. Concurrent design has been improved quality and faster speed to market for news products.

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SPC

Is concerned with monitoring process capability and process stability.

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C. Operations Perspective

Operation management view of quality is rooted in the engineering approach but grown beyond the technical engineering perspective.

Uses the Systems View that underlies modern Quality management thinking.
Systems view involves the understanding that product quality is the result of the interactions of several variables, such as machines, labors, procedures, planning, and management.

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Operation management uses the system view which is involves the understanding that product quality is the result of the interactions of several variables, such as machine, labor, procedures, planning, and management.

Planning Input
Process

Organizing Output Customer Feedback

Controlling

Process Control

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D. Strategic Management Perspective
Strategic refers to the planning, processes used by an organization to achieve a set of long-term goals. The keys are planning processes and a long-term orientation This plan must be cohesive and coherent with goals, policies, plans, and sequence to achieve quality improvement.

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Mission/Vision/Goals

External Analysis
Strategic Options Business-Level Strategy Corporate-Level Strategy . Operational Subplans Organizational Design

Internal Analysis

Change Management

Organizational Reward System

Strategic Alignment between Structure and Goals

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E. A Marketing Perspective
Traditionally, the term marketing has referred to activities involves with directing the flows of products and services from the producer to the consumer. More recently, in a trend known as customer relationship management, marketing has directed its attention toward satisfying the customer and delivering value to the customer.

The marketers focus on perceived quality (means that quality as the customer views it) of product and services.
The primary marketing tools for influencing customer perceptions of quality are price and advertising.

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Marketing also concerned about systems.
Marketing System
Organization

Offering
Offering Intermediary

Payment Payment Payment Customer

Offering

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Another important contribution of the marketing perspective are :

Time of the transaction After-sales support

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Cont F. A Financial Perspective

The finance function is primarily interested in the relationships between the risks of investments and the potential rewards resulting from those investments.
Deming: Quality Improvement is linked to reduction of defects and improved organizational performance.

Juran: Quality related costs can result in lost sales because of a poor reputation for reliability.
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Improve Quality Cost Decrease (Less rework, fewer mistakes, fewer delays, snags, better use of machine time and materials)

Deming Value Chain

Productivity Improves

Capture the Market Stay in Business Provide Jobs and More Jobs
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G. Human Resources
It is impossible to implement quality without the commitment and action of the employees.

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1.4. Other Perspectives on Quality.

H. Value-Added Perspective on Quality
A Value-Added Perspective on Quality involves a subjective assessment of the efficacy of every step of the process for the customer.

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I. Cultural Perspective on Quality
National / International marketers have long noted differences in taste and preferences between cultures and nations.

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1.5. Quality Concepts.

Garvin (1988) quality is an unusually slippery concept, easy to visualize and yet exasperatingly difficult to define. It remains a source of great confusion to manager.
The concept derived or inferred from specific instances or occurrences or a thought or notion. The concept of Quality is very similar to the concept of beautiful or good. It is very difficult to define and one definition can be the opposite of another.
We must deal with reason and attempt to define clearly what we are hoping to achieve in the study of this topic.

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Sinha and Willborn (1985)--- an abstract explanation of quality concept as follows :

Quality is what people think it is, perceive it to be, or experience it to be. Quality perceived as high, low, or negative, describes its value in utility and useful. Quality is not always what the consumer buys and expects as fair and adequate. Quality is also understood as excellence, which is better than a minimum standard.

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Quality means not just fitness for use but, in more specific terms, reliability, safety, maintainability, status etcetera.

Quality in business is expressed as specified standards against which actual performance and conformance can be measured.
Quality, understood as product and service characteristics that are specified, standardized, and contracted, has a relationship to quantity, time, and space..

Quality also is an expression of the people who contribute to produce. Attaining quality is thus everybodys responsibility. Quality is totality of all attributes and characteristics of a product or service as specified, required, and expected.

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Cont.. Four quality concepts

Zero Defects
Implies that there is no tolerance for errors within the system. The goal of all processes is to avoid defects in the product or service.
Similar to six sigma: almost zero defects

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The Customer is the Next Person in the Process
The internal organization has a system that ensures the product or

service is transferred to the next person in the process in a complete and correct manner.

The product or service being built is transferred to another internal

party only after it meets all the specifications and all actions at the current work station.

Avoids incorrectly assembled components and poor workmanship.

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Do the Right Thing Right the First Time
Implies that it is easier and less costly to do the work right the first

time than it is to do it the second time.

correctly complete the work.

Entails the training of personnel to ensure sufficient skills and tools to

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Continuous Improvement Process (CIP)/ Kaizen
A sustained, gradual change to improve the situation. Differs from innovation -- does not make a sudden jump to a plateau

where it matures over time.

Focuses on 11 principles: constancy of purpose, commitment to quality,

customer focus and involvement, process orientation, continuous improvement, system-centered management, investment in knowledge, teamwork, conservation of human resources, total involvement, and perpetual commitment.

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Cont.. Quality Concepts in Education

There are four main issues: Johnson and Golomskiss (1999)
Incorporation of quality concepts in the curriculum.
Using quality concepts to improve educational administration.

Using quality concepts to improve the teaching of any subject

Quality concepts in doing research

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Cont.. Quality Concepts

Garvin, D.A. (1988) in his book Managing Quality : The

Strategic and Competitive Edge. Five principle approaches to defining quality are (as being discussed earlier):

Transcendent (Luar Biasa)

Product-based

User-based
Manufacturing-based Value-based

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Cont.. Quality Concepts

Foster (2010) one way to conceptualize the quality

management is known as the three spheres of quality.

QM

QA

QC

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QC

QA

QM

Monitoring process capability and stability Measuring process performance

Reducing process variability Optimizing processes to normal measures Performing acceptance sampling Developing and maintaining control charts.

FMEA Concurrent engineering

Experimental design Process improvement Design team formation and management Off-line experimentation

Planning for Quality Improvement Creating a quality organizational culture

Providing leadership and support Providing training and retraining Designing an organizational system that reinforce quality ides Providing employee recognition

Reliability / durability product testing

Facilitating organizational communication

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1.6. Quality and Competitiveness Concepts.

Operation Management
Quality Mgt Product & Services

Global Operations

Quality

SPC

Process, Technology, and Capacity

Project Mgt

Facilities

Designing the System

Human Resources

Competitiveness
Sumber : Russell, R.S and Taylor III, B.W. (2006). Operations Management : Quality and Competitiveness in a Global Environment. 1 - 49

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Quality Management management is a process involving certain functions and work activities that managers must perform to achieve an enterprises goals.

Products and Services the design process converts customer requirements into technical product or service characteristics.

Processes, Technology, and Capacity once the product/service has been designed, the physical process for producing the product/service must be prepared. Process planning involves deciding what tasks need to be done, what labor and equipment resources are needed, and how they are to be coordinated.

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Facilities to be effective, processes must be physically housed in facilities that are laid out in an efficient fashion.

Human Resources a primary component of production (product/service) is the work performed by people, alone, together, or with machines and equipment.
Project Management is a technique at breaks down complex processes, schedules activities, and ensures that the project is completed on time and on budget.

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Summarizing
What is quality
Quality and Competitiveness

Recognizing Different Perspectives on Quality

Quality Concepts

End
Other Perspectives on Quality

Differing Functional Perspectives on Quality

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