Defense of the nullity of sale [1] Salas vs Court of Appeals and Filinvest Finance G.R. No.

76788 January 22, 1990 Fernan, C.J. Facts: Juanita Salas bought a motor vehicle from the Violago Motor Sales Corporation as evidenced by a promissory note. This note was subsequently endorsed to Filinvest Finance & Leasing Corporation which financed the purchase. Petitioner defaulted in her installments allegedly due to a discrepancy in the engine and chassis numbers of the vehicle delivered to her and those indicated in the sales invoice, certificate of registration and deed of chattel mortgage, which fact she discovered when the vehicle figured in an accident on 9 May 1980. This failure to pay prompted Filinvest Finance to initiate a civil action for a sum of money against petitioner before the RTC-San Fernando, Pampanga. The trial court favored petitioner and ordered Salas to pay the amount; the CA affirmed the decision. On this petition, imputing fraud, bad faith and misrepresentation against VMS for having delivered a different vehicle to petitioner, she prayed for a reversal of the trial court's decision so that she may be absolved from the obligation under the contract on the ground that the provision of the law on sales by description is applicable here; hence, no contract ever existed between her and VMS and therefore none had been assigned in favor of private respondent. Issue: Whether the promissory note in question is a negotiable instrument which will bar completely all the available defenses of the petitioner against private respondent. Ruling: No. Petitioner cannot set up against respondent the defense of nullity of the contract of sale between her and VMS. A careful study of the questioned promissory note shows that it is a negotiable instrument, having complied with the requisites under the law as follows: [a] it is in writing and signed by the maker Juanita Salas; [b] it contains an unconditional promise to pay the amount of P58,138.20; [c] it is payable at a fixed or determinable future time which is "P1,614.95 monthly for 36 months due and payable on the 21 st day of each month starting March 21, 1980 thru and inclusive of Feb. 21, 1983;" [d] it is payable to Violago Motor Sales Corporation, or order and as such, [e] the drawee is named or indicated with certainty. It was negotiated by indorsement in writing on the instrument itself payable to the Order of Filinvest Finance and Leasing Corporation and it is an indorsement of the entire instrument. Under the circumstances, there appears to be no question that Filinvest is a holder in due course, having taken the instrument under the following conditions: [a] it is complete and regular upon its face; [b] it became the holder thereof before it was overdue, and without notice that it had previously been dishonored; [c] it took the same in good faith and for value; and [d] when it was negotiated to Filinvest, the latter had no notice of any infirmity in the instrument or defect in the title of VMS Corporation. Accordingly, respondent corporation holds the instrument free from any defect of title of prior parties, and free from defenses available to prior parties among themselves, and may enforce payment of the instrument for the full amount thereof.

Defense of negligence of respondent bank in not discovering forged check [2] PNB vs Court of Appeals and PCIB G.R. No. L-26001, October 29, 1968 Concepcion, C.J. Facts: One Augusto Lim deposited in his current account with PCIB-Padre Faura, a GSIS check in the sum of P57,415.00, drawn against PNB. Following an established banking practice in the Philippines, the check was forwarded for clearing. PNB did not return said check but retained it and paid its amount to PCIB, as well as debited it against the account of the GSIS in the PNB. However, the signatures of the General Manager and the Auditor of the GSIS on the check, as drawer thereof, are forged; that the person named in the check as its payee was one Mariano D. Pulido, who purportedly indorsed it to one Manuel Go; that the check purports to have been indorsed by Manuel Go to Augusto Lim, who, in turn, deposited it with PCIB. Upon demand from the GSIS, said sum of P57,415.00 was recredited to the latter's account. Thereupon, PNB demanded from the PCIB the refund of said sum, which the PCIB refused to do. Hence, the present action against the PCIB, which was dismissed by the Court of First Instance of Manila, whose decision was, in turn, affirmed by the Court of Appeals. PNB maintains that the lower court erred in not finding the PCIB guilty of negligence. Issue: Whether or not the lower court erred in not finding that the PCIB had been guilty of negligence in not discovering that the check was forged. Ruling: No. Assuming that there had been such negligence on the part of the PCIB, it is undeniable, however, that the PNB has, also, been negligent, with the particularity that the PNB had been guilty of a greater degree of negligence, because it had a previous and formal notice from the GSIS that the check had been lost, with the request that payment thereof be stopped. PCIB did not cash the check upon its presentation by Augusto Lim; that the latter had merely deposited it in his current account with the PCIB; that, on the same day, the PCIB sent it, through the Central Bank, to the PNB, for clearing; that the PNB did not return the check to the PCIB the next day or at any other time; that said failure to return the check to the PCIB implied, under the current banking practice, that the PNB considered the check good and would honor it; that, in fact, the PNB honored the check and paid its amount to the PCIB; and that only then did the PCIB allow Augusto Lim to draw said amount from his aforementioned current account. Thus, by not returning the check to the PCIB, by thereby indicating that the PNB had found nothing wrong with the check and would honor the same, and by actually paying its amount to the PCIB, the PNB induced the latter, not only to believe that the check was genuine and good in every respect, but, also, to pay its amount to Augusto Lim. In other words, the PNB was the primary or proximate cause of the loss, and, hence, may not recover from the PCIB.

Defense of material alteration [3] The International Corporate Bank vs CA and PNB G.R. No. 129910, September 5, 2006 Carpio, J. Facts: The Ministry of Education and Culture issued 15 checks drawn against respondent bank, PNB, which petitioner bank accepted for deposit on various dates. After 24 hours from submission of the checks to respondent for clearing, petitioner paid the value of the checks and allowed the withdrawals of the deposits. However, PNB returned all the checks to petitioner without clearing them on the ground that they were materially altered. Thus, petitioner instituted an action for collection of sums of money against respondent to recover the value of the checks. The trial court dismissed the complaint but the CA held PNB liable. On reconsideration, the CA reversed its decision on the ground that it failed to appreciate that the rule on the return of altered checks within 24 hours from the discovery of the alteration passed by the Central Bank and accepted by the members of the banking system. Hence, this petition for review whether the alteration of serial numbers were material alterations. Issues: Whether the alteration of serial numbers of the checks were material alterations. Ruling: No. The question on whether an alteration of the serial number of a check is a material alteration under the Negotiable Instruments Law is already a settled matter. In Philippine National Bank v. Court of Appeals, this Court ruled that the alteration on the serial number of a check is not a material alteration. An alteration is said to be material if it alters the effect of the instrument. An innocent alteration (generally, changes on items other than those required to be stated under Sec. 1, N.I.L.) and spoliation (alterations done by a stranger) will not avoid the instrument, but the holder may enforce it only according to its original tenor. Since there were no material alterations on the checks, respondent as drawee bank has no right to dishonor them and return them to petitioner, the collecting bank. Thus, respondent is liable to petitioner for the value of the checks.

Defense of forgery [4] Associated Bank vs CA and Province of Tarlac and PNB G.R. No. 107382/G.R. No. 107612, January 31, 1996 Romero, J. Facts: The Province of Tarlac maintains a current account with PNB Tarlac. A portion of the funds of the province is allocated to the Concepcion Emergency Hospital. The checks (drawn to the order of Concepcion Emergency Hospital, Concepcion, Tarlac) are released by the Office of the Provincial Treasurer and received for the hospital by its administrative officer and cashier. The Provincial Auditor discovered that the hospital did not receive several allotment checks drawn by the Province. It turned out that Fausto Pangilinan, who was the administrative officer and cashier of payee hospital until his retirement on February 28, 1978, collected the questioned checks from the office of the Provincial Treasurer. By forging the signature of the hospital Chief, he was able to encash 30 checks amounting to P203,300.00. The Provincial Treasurer wrote the manager of the PNB seeking the restoration of the various amounts debited from the current account of the Province. In turn, the PNB manager demanded reimbursement from the Associated Bank. As both banks resisted payment, the Province of Tarlac brought suit against PNB which, in turn, impleaded Associated Bank as third-party defendant. The latter then filed a fourth-party complaint against Adena Canlas and Fausto Pangilinan. The trial court found in favor of the Province of Tarlac; ordered PNB to pay the province, Associated Bank to pay PNB. The CA affirmed in toto the decision; hence, this petition for review. Both banks claimed that they are innocent of the forgery; hence, they should not bear the loss. Issue: Whether or not both banks can invoke the defense of forgery. Ruling: No. A forged signature, whether it be that of the drawer or the payee, is wholly inoperative and no one can gain title to the instrument through it. A person whose signature to an instrument was forged was never a party and never consented to the contract which allegedly gave rise to such instrument. Section 23 does not avoid the instrument but only the forged signature. Thus, a forged indorsement does not operate as the payee's indorsement. The exception to the general rule in Section 23 is where "a party against whom it is sought to enforce a right is precluded from setting up the forgery or want of authority." Parties who warrant or admit the genuineness of the signature in question and those who, by their acts, silence or negligence are estopped from setting up the defense of forgery, are precluded from using this defense. Indorsers, persons negotiating by delivery and acceptors are warrantors of the genuineness of the signatures on the instrument. In cases involving checks with forged indorsements, the chain of liability does not end with the drawee bank. The drawee bank may not debit the account of the drawer but may generally pass liability back through the collection chain to the party who took from the forger and, of course, to the forger himself, if available.

[5] Jai Alai Corporation vs BPI G.R. No. L-29432, August 6, 1975 Castro, J. Facts: Jai Alai Corporation deposited ten checks with a total face value of P8,030.58 with BPI. All the foregoing checks were acquired by the petitioner from one Antonio J. Ramirez, a sales agent of the Inter-Island Gas and a regular bettor at jai-alai games. These were temporarily credited to the petitioner's account in accordance with the clause printed on the deposit slips. After Ramirez had resigned from the Inter-Island Gas and after the checks had been submitted to inter-bank clearing, the Inter-Island Gas discovered that all the indorsements made on the checks were forgeries. In due time, the Inter-Island Gas advised the petitioner, the respondent, the drawers and the drawee-banks. BPI debited the petitioner's current account and forwarded to the latter the checks containing the forged indorsements, the petitioner, however, refused to accept. After the dishonor of its check due to insufficiency of funds after netting out the value of the forged checks, petitioner filed a complaint against respondent. The trial court and the CA, however, dismissed; hence, this petition. Issue: Whether or not the respondent bank had the right to debit the petitioner's current account in the amount corresponding to the total value of the checks in question. Held: Yes. The respondent acted within legal bounds when it debited the petitioner's account. When the petitioner deposited the checks with the respondent, the nature of the relationship created at that stage was one of agency, that is, the bank was to collect from the drawees of the checks the corresponding proceeds. Under Section 23 of the NIL, a forged signature in a negotiable instrument is wholly inoperative and no right to discharge it or enforce its payment can be acquired through or under the forged signature except against a party who cannot invoke the forgery. However, the respondent, as a collecting bank which indorsed the checks to the drawee-banks for clearing, cannot be held liable to the latter for reimbursement, for, as found by the court a quo and by the appellate court, the indorsements on the checks had been forged prior to their delivery to the petitioner. In legal contemplation, therefore, the payments made by the draweebanks to the respondent on account of the said checks were ineffective; and, such being the case, the relationship of creditor and debtor between the petitioner and the respondent had not been validly effected, the checks not having been properly and legitimately converted into cash.

[6] Republic Bank vs Ebrada G.R. No. L-40796 July 31, 1975 Martin, J. Facts: Mauricia T. Ebrada encashed a back pay check issued by the Bureau of Treasury amounting to P1,246.08 at Republic Bank, Escolta, Manila. It turned out, however, that the signature of the original payee of the check, Martin Lorenzo was a forgery because he was already dead for almost 11 years before the check in question was issued by the Bureau of Treasury. The Bureau of Treasury then asked the bank to refund the amount of P1,246.08. To recover what it had refunded to the Bureau of Treasury, plaintiff Bank made verbal and formal demands upon defendant Ebrada to account for the sum of P1,246.08, but said defendant refused to do so. So plaintiff Bank sued defendant Ebrada before the City Court of Manila. Ebrada filed her answer denying the material allegations of the complaint and as affirmative defenses alleged that she was a holder in due course of the check in question, or at the very least, has acquired her rights from a holder in due course and therefore entitled to the proceeds thereof. She also alleged that the plaintiff Bank has no cause of action against her; that it is in estoppel, or so negligent as not to be entitled to recover anything from her. Issues: Whether or not Ebrada is a holder in due course and she is entitled to the proceeds of thereof. Ruling: No. It is clear from the provision of Section 23 of the Negotiable Instruments Law that where the signature on a negotiable instrument if forged, the negotiation of the check is without force or effect. Where a check has several indorsements on it, it is only the negotiation based on the forged or unauthorized signature which is inoperative (Beam vs. Farrel, 135 Iowa 670, 113 N.W. 590). This means that the negotiation of the check in question from Martin Lorenzo, the original payee, to Ramon R. Lorenzo, the second indorser, should be declared of no affect, but the negotiation of the aforesaid check from Ramon R. Lorenzo to Adelaida Dominguez, the third indorser, and from Adelaida Dominguez to the defendant-appellant who did not know of the forgery, should be considered valid and enforceable, barring any claim of forgery. However, the drawee of a check can recover from the holder the money paid to him on a forged instrument (State v. Broadway Mut. Bank, 282 S.W. 196, 197). This is because the indorser is supposed to warrant to the drawee that the signatures of the payee and previous indorsers are genuine, warranty not extending only to holders in due course. Every one with even the least experience in business knows that no business man would accept a check in exchange for money or goods unless he is satisfied that the check is genuine. Upon receiving the check in question, the defendant-appellant was duty-bound to ascertain whether the check in question was genuine before presenting it to plaintiff Bank for payment. Her failure to do so makes her liable for the loss and the plaintiff Bank may recover from her the money she received for the check.

[7] Philippine National Bank vs Quimpo G.R. No. L-53194 March 14, 1988 Gancayco, J. Facts: On July 3, 1973, Francisco S. Gozon II, who was a depositor of the Caloocan City Branch of the Philippine National Bank, went to the bank in his car accompanied by his friend Ernesto Santos whom he left in the car while he transacted business in the bank. When Santos saw that Gozon left his check book he took a check therefrom, filled it up for the amount of P5,000.00, forged the signature of Gozon, and thereafter he encashed the check in the bank on the same day. The account of Gozon was debited the said amount. Upon receipt of the statement of account from the bank, Gozon asked that the said amount of P5,000.00 should be returned to his account as his signature on the check was forged but the bank refused. Gozon filed the complaint for recovery of the amount of P5,000.00 against PNB, which the court approved. Hence, this petition on the ground that respondent cannot put up the defense of forgery because he is the proximate cause of the loss. Issue: Whether or not petitioner bank is correct that petitioner cannot put up the defense of forgery. Ruling: No. As held by the court a quo, "[a] bank is bound to know the signatures of its customers; and if it pays a forged check, it must be considered as making the payment out of its own funds, and cannot ordinarily change the amount so paid to the account of the depositor whose name was forged." The prime duty of a bank is to ascertain the genuineness of the signature of the drawer or the depositor on the check being encashed. It is expected to use reasonable business prudence in accepting and cashing a check presented to it. Obviously, petitioner was negligent in encashing said forged check without carefully examining the signature which shows marked variation from the genuine signature of private respondent. Private respondent trustee Ernesto Santos as a classmate and a friend. He brought him along in his car to the bank and he left his personal belongings in the car. Santos however removed and stole a check from his cheek book without the knowledge and consent of private respondent. No doubt private respondent cannot be considered negligent under the circumstances of the case.

[8] Gempesaw vs CA G.R. No. 92244 February 9, 1993 Campos, Jr. Facts: Natividad O. Gempesaw (petitioner) owns and operates four grocery stores located at Rizal Avenue Extension and at Second Avenue, Caloocan City. To facilitate payment of debts to her suppliers, petitioner draws checks against her checking account with PBCOM. The checks were prepared and filled up as to all material particulars by her trusted bookkeeper, Alicia Galang, an employee for more than eight (8) years. For a period of two years, a total of eighty two (820 checks were issued by Gempesaw but none of these have reached the suppliers. All the 82 checks with forged signatures of the payees were brought to Ernest L. Boon, Chief Accountant of respondent drawee Bank at the Buendia branch, who, without authority therefor, accepted them all for deposit at the Buendia branch to the credit and/or in the accounts of Alfredo Y. Romero and Benito Lam. Gempesaw made a written demand on respondent drawee Bank to credit her account with the money value of the 82 checks totalling P1,208.606.89 for having been wrongfully charged against her account. Respondent drawee Bank refused to grant petitioner's demand. Hence, petitioner filed a complaint against the bank. The RTC dismissed the complaint. On appeal, the CA affirmed the RTC. Hence, this petition on the ruling of the CA that she is precluded from setting up the defense of forgery or want of authority because her negligence is the proximate cause of the resulting injury. Issue: Whether or not petitioner is precluded from setting up the defense of forgery due to negligence. Ruling: Yes. While there is no duty resting on the depositor to look for forged indorsements on his cancelled checks in contrast to a duty imposed upon him to look for forgeries of his own name, a depositor is under a duty to set up an accounting system and a business procedure as are reasonably calculated to prevent or render difficult the forgery of indorsements, particularly by the depositor's own employees. And if the drawer (depositor) learns that a check drawn by him has been paid under a forged indorsement, the drawer is under duty promptly to report such fact to the drawee bank. Petitioner's negligence was the proximate cause of her loss. And since it was her negligence which caused the respondent drawee Bank to honor the forged checks or prevented it from recovering the amount it had already paid on the checks, petitioner cannot now complain should the bank refuse to recredit her account with the amount of such checks. Under Section 23 of the NIL, she is now precluded from using the forgery to prevent the bank's debiting of her account.

[9] Philippine Commercial International Bank vs CA G.R. No. 121413 January 29, 2001 Quisumbing, J. Facts: Ford Philippines issued three Citibank checks payable to the Commission on International Revenue for its quarterly tax percentage, amounting to P4,746,114.41, P5,851,706.37 and P6,311,591.73. These checks, which were "crossed checks" and contain two diagonal lines on its upper corner and with written words "payable to the payee's account only," were deposited with the Insular Bank of Asia and America (now PCIBank). The checks were cleared but the proceeds thereof never reached the payee, CIR. It appeared that the funds were embezzled by an alleged organized syndicate represented by PCIBank, Ford and CIR employees. Ford filed an action to recover an amount with the drawee bank, Citibank, and the collecting bank, PCIBank. Issue: Whether or not Ford has the right to recover from the collecting bank (PCIBank) and the drawee bank (Citibank) the value of the checks intended as payment to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. Ruling: Yes. As to the unlawful negotiation of the check the applicable law is Section 55 of the Negotiable Instruments Law (NIL). It appears that although the employees of Ford initiated the transactions attributable to an organized syndicate, their actions were not the proximate cause of encashing the checks payable to the CIR. The collecting bank's (PCIBank) negligence is the proximate cause of the loss. The crossing of the check with the phrase "Payee's Account Only," is a warning that the check should be deposited only in the account of the CIR. Thus, it is the duty of the collecting bank PCIBank to ascertain that the check be deposited in payee's account only. Therefore, it is the collecting bank (PCIBank) which is bound to scruninize the check and to know its depositors before it could make the clearing indorsement "all prior indorsements and/or lack of indorsement guaranteed". And the bank is liable for the fraudulent acts or representations of its officers who apparently performed their activities using facilities in their official capacity or authority but for their personal and private gain or benefit. Citibank as drawee bank was likewise negligent in the performance of its duties. Citibank failed to establish that its payment of Ford's checks were made in due course and legally in order. Section 62 of the Negotiable Instruments Law provides that by accepting the instrument, the acceptor which is Citibank engages that it will pay according to the tenor of its acceptance, and that it will pay only to the payee, (the CIR), considering the fact that here the check was crossed with annotation "Payees Account Only." Thus, invoking the doctrine of comparative negligence, both PCIBank and Citibank failed in their respective obligations and both were negligent in the selection and supervision of their employees resulting in the encashment of the Citibank checks. Thus, they are equally liable for the loss of the proceeds of said checks issued by Ford in favor of the CIR.

[10] MWSS vs CA G.R. No. L-62943 July 14, 1986 Gutierrez, J. Facts: By special arrangement with the PNB, the MWSS (successor-in-interest of NWSA) used personalized checks in drawing from its account. These checks were printed for MWSS by its printer, F. Mesina Enterprises. During the months of March, April and May 1969, twenty-three (23) checks were prepared, processed, issued and released by NWSA, all of which were paid and cleared by PNB and debited by PNB against NWSA Account No. 6. Another, twenty-three (23) checks bearing the same numbers as the aforementioned NWSA checks were likewise paid and cleared by PNB and debited against NWSA Account No. 6. The foregoing checks were deposited by the payees Raul Dizon, Arturo Sison and Antonio Mendoza in their respective current accounts with PCIB and PBC - all fictitious persons. NWSA requested PNB for the immediate restoration to its Account No. 6, of the total sum of P3,457,903.00 corresponding to the total amount of these 23 checks to be forged and/or spurious checks. But the PNB refused hence the filing of an action for recovery. The CFI favored the MWSS but the CA reversed. Hence, this petition on the ground that the CA erred in not upholding its defense of forgery. Issue: Whether or not MWSS can set up the defense of forgery. Ruling: No. The petitioner is barred from setting up the defense of forgery under Section 23 of the Negotiable Instruments Law because it was guilty of negligence not only before the questioned checks were negotiated but even after the same had already been negotiated. The records show that at the time the twenty-three (23) checks were prepared, negotiated, and encashed, the petitioner was using its own personalized checks, instead of the official PNB Commercial blank checks. In the exercise of this special privilege, however, the petitioner failed to provide the needed security measures.

[11] Ilusurio vs CA and Manila Bank [G.R. No. 139130. November 27, 2002] Quisumbing, J. Facts: Ramon K. Ilusorio, a prominent businessman, running about 20 corporations, and going out of the country a number of times, entrusted to his secretary, Katherine E. Eugenio, his credit cards and his checkbook with blank checks. It was also Eugenio who verified and reconciled the statements of said checking account. Eugenio was able to encash and deposit to her personal account about seventeen (17) checks drawn against the account of Ilusorio at the Manila Bank, with an aggregate amount of P119,634.34. Petitioner did not bother to check his statement of account until a business partner apprised him that he saw Eugenio use his credit cards. Petitioner fired Eugenio immediately, and instituted a criminal action against her for estafa thru falsification. He then requested the respondent bank to credit back and restore to its account the value of the checks which were wrongfully encashed but respondent bank refused. Hence, he filed the instant case but the trial court dismissed the case, and the CA affirmed on the ground that he has no cause of action because he failed to prove the defense of forgery. Thus, petitioner filed this petition for review on the ground that the lower court erred in not applying Section 23 of the NIL, since a check is forged, it is inoperative and the bank had no authority to pay forged checks. Issue: Whether or not the petitioner can invoke the defense of forgery. Ruling: No. True, it is a rule that when a signature is forged or made without the authority of the person whose signature it purports to be, the check is wholly inoperative. No right to retain the instrument, or to give a discharge therefor, or to enforce payment thereof against any party, can be acquired through or under such signature. However, the rule does provide for an exception, namely: unless the party against whom it is sought to enforce such right is precluded from setting up the forgery or want of authority. In the instant case, it is the exception that applies. Petitioner is precluded from setting up the forgery, assuming there is forgery, due to his own negligence in entrusting to his secretary his credit cards and checkbook including the verification of his statements of account.

[12] Samsung Construction vs FEBTC G.R. No. 129015. August 13, 2004 Tinga, J. Facts: Samsung Construction, based in Bian, Laguna, maintained a current account with Far East Bank, Makati. The sole signatory to Samsung Constructions account was Jong Kyu Lee (Jong), its Project Manager, while the checks remained in the custody of the companys accountant, Kyu Yong Lee (Kyu). A certain Roberto Gonzaga presented for payment a check, payable to cash and drawn against Samsung Constructions current account, in the amount of P999,500.00. Jose Sempio III (Sempio), the assistant accountant of Samsung Construction, who was also in the bank, vouched for the genuineness of Jongs signature. The bank encashed the check to Gonzaga. Jong learned of the encashment of the check, and realized that his signature had been forged. Samsung Construction filed a Complaint against the bank for violation of Section 23 of the Negotiable Instruments Law. Both sides presented their respective expert witnesses to testify, the NBI and PNP. The NBI concluded that Jongs signature had been forged on the check; the PNP found that Jongs signature on the check was genuine. The RTC chose to believe the findings of the NBI expert and directed the bank to pay Samsung Construction. On appeal, the CA reversed the decision placing the fault on Samsung Construction for negligence and absolving FEBTC of any liabiliity. Hence, this petition for review. Issue: Whether or not Samsung Corporation is precluded from setting up the defense of forgery. Ruling: No. Section 23 of the Negotiable Instruments Law bars a party from setting up the defense of forgery if it is guilty of negligence. The Court finds no basis to conclude that Samsung Construction was negligent in the safekeeping of its checks. For one, the settled rule is that the mere fact that the depositor leaves his check book lying around does not constitute such negligence as will free the bank from liability to him, where a clerk of the depositor or other persons, taking advantage of the opportunity, abstract some of the check blanks, forges the depositors signature and collect on the checks from the bank. Samsung Construction was not negligent at all since it reported the forgery almost immediately upon discovery. Even if the bank performed with utmost diligence, the drawer whose signature was forged may still recover from the bank as long as he or she is not precluded from setting up the defense of forgery. After all, Section 23 of the Negotiable Instruments Law plainly states that no right to enforce the payment of a check can arise out of a forged signature. Since the drawer, Samsung Construction, is not precluded by negligence from setting up the forgery, the general rule should apply. Consequently, if a bank pays a forged check, it must be considered as paying out of its funds and cannot charge the amount so paid to the account of the depositor. A bank is liable, irrespective of its good faith, in paying a forged check.

[13] Metrobank vs Cabilzo G.R. No. 154469, December 6, 2006 Chico-Nazario, J. Facts: Renato D. Cabilzo issued a check payable to "CASH" and postdated on 24 November 1994 in the amount of P1,000.00. The check was drawn against Cabilzos Account with Metrobank Pasong Tamo and was paid by Cabilzo to a certain Mr. Marquez, as his sales commission. Subsequently, the check was presented to Westmont Bank for payment. Westmont Bank, in turn, indorsed the check to Metrobank for appropriate clearing. Later, Cabilzo discovered that the check was altered to P91,000.00 and the date 24 November 1994 was changed to 14 November 1994. Hence, he demanded that Metrobank re-credit the amount of P91,000.00 to his account. Metrobank, however, refused reasoning that it has to refer the matter first to its Legal Division for appropriate action. Metrobank failed or refused to comply with its obligation. Consequently, Cabilzo instituted a civil action for damages against Metrobank. Metrobank claimed that as a collecting bank and the last indorser, Westmont Bank should be held liable for the value of the check, and that Cabilzo leaving spaces on the check, was partly responsible for the fraudulent insertion of the amount and figures thereon. The RTC favored Cabilzo and the CA affirmed the decision; hence, this petition for review by Metrobank on the ground that the CA erred in holding the drawee bank as liable for the altered check. Issue: Whether or not Metrobank is liable for the altered check. Ruling: Yes. An alteration is said to be material if it changes the effect of the instrument. In other words, a material alteration is one which changes the items which are required to be stated under Section 1 of the Negotiable Instruments Law. In the case at bar, the check was altered so that the amount was increased from P1,000.00 to P91,000.00 and the date was changed from 24 November 1994 to 14 November 1994. Apparently, since the entries altered were among those enumerated under Section 1 and 125, namely, the sum of money payable and the date of the check, the instant controversy therefore squarely falls within the purview of material alteration. Under Section 124, Cabilzo was not the one who made nor authorized the alteration. Neither did he assent to the alteration by his express or implied acts. There is no showing that he failed to exercise such reasonable degree of diligence required of a prudent man which could have otherwise prevented the loss. When the drawee bank pays a materially altered check, it violates the terms of the check, as well as its duty to charge its clients account only for bona fide disbursements he had made. Since the drawee bank, in the instant case, did not pay according to the original tenor of the instrument, as directed by the drawer, then it has no right to claim reimbursement from the drawer, much less, the right to deduct the erroneous payment it made from the drawers account which it was expected to treat with utmost fidelity.

[14] Bank of America vs Philippine Racing Club G.R. No. 150228, July 20, 2009 Leonardo-De Castro, J. Facts: In order not to disrupt their business, the President and Vice-President of Philippine Racing Club pre-signed some several checks. These checks were entrusted to the accountant with instruction to make use of the same as the need arose. One employee of the PRCI, however, were able to get hold of two checks and presented to Bank of America. The two checks amounting to P110,000.00 each were typewritten incorrectly. On the space where the name of the payee should be indicated (Pay To The Order Of) the following 2-line entries were instead typewritten: on the upper line was the word CASH while the lower line had the following typewritten words, viz: ONE HUNDRED TEN THOUSAND PESOS ONLY. Despite the highly irregular entries on the face of the checks, defendant-appellant bank, without as much as verifying and/or confirming the legitimacy of the checks considering the substantial amount involved and the obvious infirmity/defect of the checks on their faces, encashed said checks. PRCI demanded payment; the RTC and the CA aproved and ordered the BA to pay. Hence, this petition on the ground that in holding that petitioner was liable for the amount of the checks despite the fact that it was merely fulfilling its obligation under law and contract when it encashed the aforesaid checks and neither of the subject checks contains any material alteration or erasure. Issue: Whether or not the Bank can set up the defense of no material alteration. Ruling: No. Although not in the strict sense material alterations, the misplacement of the typewritten entries for the payee and the amount on the same blank and the repetition of the amount using a check writer were glaringly obvious irregularities on the face of the check. Clearly, someone made a mistake in filling up the checks and the repetition of the entries was possibly an attempt to rectify the mistake. Also, if the check had been filled up by the person who customarily accomplishes the checks of respondent, it should have occurred to petitioners employees that it would be unlikely such mistakes would be made. All these circumstances should have alerted the bank to the possibility that the holder or the person who is attempting to encash the checks did not have proper title to the checks or did not have authority to fill up and encash the same. As noted by the CA, petitioner could have made a simple phone call to its client to clarify the irregularities and the loss to respondent due to the encashment of the stolen checks would have been prevented.

Defense of material alteration [15] Metrobank (formerly Asian Bank) vs BA Finance G.R. No. 179952, December 4, 2009 Carpio-Morales, J. Facts: Lamberto Bitanga (Bitanga) obtained from respondent BA Finance Corporation a P329,280 loan to secure which, he mortgaged his car to respondent BA Finance. Bitanga thus had the mortgaged car insured by respondent Malayan Insurance. The car was stolen. On Bitangas claim, Malayan Insurance issued a check payable to the order of B.A. Finance Corporation and Lamberto Bitanga forP224,500, drawn against China Bank. The check was crossed with the notation For Deposit Payees Account Only. Without the indorsement or authority of his co-payee BA Finance, Bitanga deposited the check to his account with the Asianbank Corporation (Asianbank), now merged with herein petitioner Metrobank. Bitanga subsequently withdrew the entire proceeds of the check. Bitangas loan became past due, but despite demands, he failed to settle it. BA Finance eventually learned of the loss of the car and of Malayan Insurances issuance of a crossed check payable to it and Bitanga, and of Bitangas depositing it in his account at Asianbank and withdrawing the entire proceeds thereof. BA Finance thereupon demanded the payment of the value of the check from Asianbank but to no avail, prompting it to file a complaint before the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Makati for sum of money and damages against Asianbank and Bitanga, alleging that, inter alia, it is entitled to the entire proceeds of the check. The trial court found Asianbank and Bitanga jointly and severally liable to BA Finance. The CA affirmed the decision following Section 41 of the Negotiable Instruments Law and Associated Bank v. Court of Appeals. On this petition, petitioner argued that since there was neither forgery, nor unauthorized indorsement because Bitanga was a co-payee in the subject check, the dictum in Associated Bank v. CA does not apply, and he is not liable for the full amount. Issues: Whether or not petitioner can invoke the absence of forgery as a defense. Ruling: No. The payment of an instrument over a missing indorsement is the equivalent of payment on a forged indorsement or an unauthorized indorsement in itself in the case of joint payees. Clearly, petitioner, through its employee, was negligent when it allowed the deposit of the crossed check, despite the lone endorsement of Bitanga, ostensibly ignoring the fact that the check did not, it bears repeating, carry the indorsement of BA Finance. As has been repeatedly emphasized, the banking business is imbued with public interest such that the highest degree of diligence and highest standards of integrity and performance are expected of banks in order to maintain the trust and confidence of the public in general in the banking sector.