TM-9-2320-280-20-1 HMMWV Unit Maintnance Vol 1

ARMY TM 9-2320-280-20-1
AIR FORCE TO 36A12-1A-2092-1-1

MARINE CORPS TM 2320-20/7B
Volume No. 1 (SUPERSEDES TM 9-2320-280-20-1, 19 JANUARY 1990)
TECHNICAL MANUAL
HOW TO USE THIS
UNIT MAINTENANCE MANUAL
v
TRUCK, UTILITY: CARGO/TROOP CARRIER, 1-1/4 TON, 4X4, M998 INTRODUCTION 1-1
(2320-01-107-7155) (EIC: BBD); M998A1 (2320-01-371-9577) (EIC: BBN);
TRUCK, UTILITY: CARGO/TROOP CARRIER, 1-1/4 TON, 4X4, W/WINCH,
M1038 (2320-01-107-7156) (EIC: BBE); M1038A1 (2320-01-371-9578) (EIC: BBP); S E RVICE AND
TROUBLESHOOTING 2-1
TRUCK, UTILITY: HEAVY VARIANT, 4X4, M1097 (2320-01-346-9317) (EIC:BBM); INSTRUCTIONS
M1097A1 (2320-01-371-9583) (EIC: BBU); M1097A2 (2320-01-380-8604) (EIC: BB6);
M1123 (2320-01-455-9593) (EIC: B6G); ENGINE SYSTEMS 3-1
MAINTENANCE
TRUCK, UTILITY: TOW CARRIER, ARMORED, 1-1/4 TON, 4X4,
M966 (2320-01-107-7153) (EIC: BBC); M966A1 (2320-01-372-3932) (EIC: BBX);
M1121 (2320-01-456-1282) (EIC: B6H); ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS 4-1
MAINTENANCE
TRUCK, UTILITY: TOW CARRIER, ARMORED, 1-1/4 TON, 4X4, W/WINCH,
M1036 (2320-01-107-7154) (EIC: BBH);
TRANSMISSION
TRUCK, UTILITY: TOW CARRIER, W/SUPPLEMENTAL ARMOR, 1-1/4 TON, 4X4, AND TRANSFER CASE 5-1
MAINTENANCE
M1045 (2320-01-146-7191); M1045A1 (2320-01-371-9580) (EIC: BBR);
M1045A2 (2320-01-380-8229) (EIC: BB5);
PROPELLER SHAFTS
TRUCK, UTILITY: TOW CARRIER, W/SUPPLEMENTAL ARMOR, 1-1/4 TON, 4X4, AXLES AND SUSPENSION 6-1
W/WINCH, M1046 (2320-01-146-7188); M1046A1 (2320-01-371-9582) (EIC: BBT); MAINTENANCE
TRUCK, UTILITY: ARMAMENT CARRIER, ARMORED, 1-1/4 TON, 4X4, M1025

BRAKE SYSTEM
(2320-01-128-9551) (EIC: BBF); M1025A1 (2320-01-371-9584) (EIC: BBV); 7-1
MAINTENANCE
M1025A2 (2320-01-380-8233) (EIC: BB3);
TRUCK, UTILITY: ARMAMENT CARRIER, ARMORED, 1-1/4 TON, 4X4, W/WINCH,
WHEELS AND STEERING
M1026 (2320-01-128-9552) (EIC: BBG); M1026A1 (2320-01-371-9579) (EIC: BBQ); 8-1
MAINTENANCE
TRUCK, UTILITY: ARMAMENT CARRIER, W/SUPPLEMENTAL ARMOR, 1-1/4 TON, 4X4,
M1043 (2320-01-146-7190); M1043A1 (2320-01-372-3933) (EIC: BBY);
M1043A2 (2320-01-380-8213) (EIC: BB4); FRAME MAINTENANCE 9-1

W/WINCH, M1044 (2320-01-146-7189); M1044A1 (2320-01-371-9581) (EIC: BBS);
BODY AND ACCESSORIES 10-1
TRUCK, UTILITY: S250 SHELTER CARRIER, 4X4, M1037 (2320-01-146-7193) (EIC: BBK); MAINTENANCE
TRUCK, UTILITY: S250 SHELTER CARRIER, 4X4, W/WINCH, M1042 (2320-01-146-7187);

SPECIAL PURPOSE
TRUCK, AMBULANCE, 2-LITTER, ARMORED, 4X4, M996 (2310-01-111-2275) 11-1
BODIES MAINTENANCE
(EIC: BBB); M996A1 (2310-01-372-3935) (EIC: BB2);
TRUCK, AMBULANCE, 4-LITTER, ARMORED, 4X4, M997 (2310-01-111-2274) (EIC: BBA); SPECIAL PURPOSE KITS
M997A1 (2310-01-372-3934) (EIC: BBZ); 12-1
MAINTENANCE
M997A2 (2310-01-380-8225) (EIC: BB8);
TRUCK, AMBULANCE, 2-LITTER, SOFT TOP, 4X4, M1035 (2310-01-146-7194); PREPARATION FOR
M1035A1 (2310-01-371-9585) (EIC: BBW); M1035A2 (2310-01-380-8290) (EIC: BB9). 13-1
STORAGE OR SHIPMENT
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY,

THE AIR FORCE, AND MARINE CORPS
JANUARY 1996
PIN: 068172-001
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
WARNING
EXHAUST GASES CAN KILL
Brain damage or death can result from heavy exposure. Precautions must be followed to ensure crew safety
when the personnel heater, main, or auxiliary engine of any vehicle is operated for any purpose.
1. Do not operate your vehicle engine in enclosed areas.
2. Do not idle vehicle engine with vehicle windows closed.
3. Be alert at all times for exhaust odors.
4. Be alert for exhaust poisoning symptoms. they are:
Ž Headache
Ž Dizziness
Ž Sleepiness
Ž Loss of muscular control
5. If you see another person with exhaust poisoning symptoms:
Ž Remove person from area
Ž Expose to open air
Ž Keep person warm
Ž Do not permit physical exercise
Ž Administer artificial respiration, if necessary*
Ž Notify a medic
*For artificial respiration, refer to FM 21-11.
6. BE AWARE, the field protective mask for nuclear, biological or chemical (NBC) protection will not
protect you from carbon monoxide poisoning.
THE BEST DEFENSE AGAINST EXHAUST POISONING IS ADEQUATE VENTILATION.
a
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
WARNING SUMMARY (Cont’d)
Ž Drycleaning solvent is flammable and will not be used near an open flame. A fire extinguisher will be
kept nearby when the solvent is used. Use only in well-ventilated places. Failure to do this may result in
injury to personnel and/or damage to equipment.
Ž Compressed air used for cleaning purposes will not exceed 30 psi (207 kPa). Use only with effective chip
guarding and personal protective equipment (goggles/shield, gloves, etc.).
Ž Diesel fuel is highly flammable. Do not perform any procedure near fire, flames, or sparks. Severe injury
or death will result.
Ž Do not touch hot exhaust system components with bare hands. Severe injury will result.
Ž Do not remove surge tank filler cap before releasing internal pressure when engine temperature is above
190°F (88°C). Steam or hot coolant under pressure will cause injury.
Ž Do not drain oil when engine is hot. Severe injury to personnel will result.
Ž Always wear eye protection when bleeding brakes. Failure to do this may cause injury if brake fluid
comes in contact with eyes.
Ž Do not perform battery system checks or inspections while smoking or near fire, flames, or sparks.
Batteries may explode causing damage to vehicle, injury, or death to personnel.
Ž Remove all jewelry such as rings, dog tags, bracelets, etc. If jewelry or disconnected battery ground cable
contacts battery terminal, a direct short will result, causing injury to personnel, or damage to equipment.
Ž Use caution when testing thermostat. Hot water will cause burns.
Ž Negative battery cable must be disconnected before disconnecting any harness from protective control
box, or serious injury to personnel or damage to equipment will result.
Ž Keep hands and arms away from fan blade and drivebelts while engine is running, or serious injury may
result.
Ž Battery acid (electrolyte) is extremely harmful. Always wear safety goggles and rubber gloves, and do not
smoke when performing maintenance on batteries. Injury will result if acid contacts eyes or skin.
Ž When removing battery cable clamps, disconnect ground cable first. Ensure all switches are in OFF
position before disconnecting ground cable. Do not allow tools to come in contact with vehicle when
disconnecting cable clamps. A direct short can result, causing instant heating of tools, tool damage,
battery damage, or battery explosion.
Ž Allow transmission/transfer case to cool before performing maintenance. Failure to do this may cause
injury.
Ž Always apply parking brake and chock opposite wheel before removing wheel. Avoid removing wheel
when vehicle is on sloping terrain. Injury to personnel or damage to equipment may result.
Ž Gloves must be worn whenever handling winch cable. Severe injury may result.
Ž Opening one end of cargo door without ensuring opposite end is securely closed will cause both ends to
open simultaneously, resulting in injury to personnel or damage to equipment.
Ž Direct all personnel to stand clear during engine hoisting operations. Failure to do this may cause injury
to personnel.
Ž Hydraulic jacks are used for raising and lowering, and are not used to support vehicle. Never work under
vehicle unless wheels are blocked and it is properly supported. Injury or damage to equipment may result
if vehicle suddenly shifts or moves.
● Remove only the inner group of nuts when removing a wheel from the vehicle. Removing the outer nuts
which hold the rim together while the assembly is inflated could result in serious injury or death.
b
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
WARNING SUMMARY (Cont’d)
Ž In all disassembly of the wheel assembly operations, ensure the tire is totally deflated before removing
wheel nuts. Failure to follow proper safety precautions could cause serious injury or death.
Ž Never inflate a wheel assembly with the wheel locknuts removed in an attempt to separate inner and
outer rim halves. The assembly will separate under pressure resulting in serious injury or death.
Ž Never use wheel assemblies with studs which are damaged, loose, or have damaged threads. Damaged
studs can cause improper assembly, which could cause individual fasteners to fail. Any of these situations
could cause serious injury or death.
Ž Never use tubes in wheel assemblies. Use of a tube defeats built-in safety features, and could allow the
wheel to come apart under pressure, resulting in serious injury or death.
Ž Use only replacement parts specified in TM 9-2320-280-24P. Wheels assembled with components which
do not meet specifications could cause the assembly to separate under pressure, resulting in serious
injury or death.
Ž Never inflate a wheel assembly without having checked wheel locknut torques to ensure to wheel
locknuts are tightened to specifications. An assembly with improperly tightened locknuts could separate
under pressure resulting in serious injury or death.
Ž Always use a tire inflation cage for inflation purposes. Stand on one side of cage, during inflation, never
directly in front. Keep hands out of the cage during inflation. Inflate assembly to recommended pressure,
using a clip-on air chuck. Do not exceed 30 psi (207 kPa) cold bias tire inflation pressure or 50 psi
(344 kPa) cold radial tire inflation pressure. Failure to follow these instructions may result in serious
injury or death.
Ž Never mix radial tires and bias ply tires on the same vehicle. Injury to personnel or damage to equipment
may result.
Ž Rear steps must be raised before disconnecting retractor lever from rear steps. Failure to do this may
cause injury to personnel and damage to equipment.
Ž NBC contaminated filters must be handled and disposed of only by authorized and trained personnel. The
unit commander or senior officer in charge of maintenance personnel must ensure that prescribed
protective clothing (FM 3-4) is used, and prescribed safety measures and decontamination procedures
(FM 3-5) are followed. The local unit SOP is responsible for final disposal of contaminated air filters.
Failure to do this may cause severe injury to personnel.
Ž Seatbelta are to be replaced as a set. Failure to do this may cause injury to personnel or damage to
equipment.
Ž The Department of Transportation requires 105 mm cannon ammunition to be in wooden boxes when
transporting ammunition on public highways, by fixed wing aircraft, rail, or ship. Movement of cannon
ammunition in fiber containers (inner pack) in the HMMWV ammunition rack is restricted to other than
public highways.
c/(d blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
LIST OF EFFECTIVE PA G E S
NOTE: The portion of the text affected by the changes is indicated by a vertical line in the outer margins of the page.
Dates of issue for original and Dates of issue for original and Dates of issue for original and
changed pages of volume 1 are: changed pages of volume 2 are: changed pages of volume 3 are:
Original...... 0 .. 31 January 1996 Original........ 0 ......31 January 1996 Original...... 0 .. 31 January 1996
Change ...... 1 ........ 30 June 1999 Change ........ 1 ..14 September 1998 Change ...... 1 ........ 30 June 1999
Volume 1 contains 914 pages Change ........ 2 .......... 30 June 1999 Volume 3 contains 1,157 pages
Volume 2 contains 940 pages
TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES IN THIS PUBLICATION IS 3,011. CONSISTING OF THE FOLLOWING:

Page No. . . . . . . . .*Change No. Page No. . . . . . . . .*Change No. Page No. . . . . . . . .*Change No.
VOLUME 1 2-30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-213 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
a - c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-31 - 2-33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-214 - 2-217 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
d Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-34 - 2-45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-218 - 2-220 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
A - E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-46 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-221 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
F Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-47 - 2-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-222 - 2-223 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
i - ii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-56 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-224 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
iii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-57 - 2-63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-224.1 - 2-224.12 Added . . . . .1
iv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-64 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-225 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
v - xi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-65 - 2-66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-226 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
xii Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-227 - 2-249 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1-1 - 1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-68 - 2-69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-250 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-70 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-251 - 2-259 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
1-4 - 1-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-71 - 2-77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-260 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
1-8 - 1-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-78 - 2-81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-261 - 2-264 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1-13 - 1-14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-82 - 2-105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-265 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
1-15 - 1-23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-106 - 2-107 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-266 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1-24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-108 - 2-135 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-267 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
1-25 - 1-29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-136 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-268 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1-30 - 1-35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-137 - 2-141 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-269 - 2-271 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
1-36 - 1-37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-142 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-272 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1-38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-143 - 2-145 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-273 - 2-275 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
1-39 - 1-42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-146 - 2-147 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-276 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1-42.1 - 1-42.3 Added . . . . . . . .1 2-148 - 2-153 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-277 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
1-42.4 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-154 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-278 - 2-281 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1-43 - 1-50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-155 - 2-156 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-282 - 2-283 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
1-51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-157 - 2-158 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-284 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1-52 - 1-54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-159 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-285 - 2-289 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
1-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-160 - 2-169 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-290 - 2-295 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1-56 - 1-57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-170 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-296 - 2-297 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
1-58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-171 - 2-173 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-298 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-174 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-299 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-2 - 2-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-175 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-300 - 2-301 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
2-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-176 - 2-177 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-302 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
2-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-178 - 2-185 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-303 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
2-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-186 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-304 - 2-310 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-187 - 2-192 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-311 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
2-8 - 2-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-193 - 2-205 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-312 - 2-317 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-10 - 2-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-206 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-318 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-12 - 2-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-207 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-318.1 - 2-318.15 . . . . . . . . . . .1
2-14 - 2-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-208 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-318.16 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
2-20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-209 - 2-210 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-319 - 2-331 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-21 - 2-29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2-211 - 2-212 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 2-332 - 2-337 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
*Zero in this column indicates original page.

Change 1 A
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES (Contd)
2-338 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 FP-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-39 - 3-41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-339 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 FP-4 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-42 - 3-46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2-340 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 FP-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-46.1 - 3-46.2 Added . . . . . . . .2
2-341 - 2-344 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 FP-6 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-47 - 3-49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-345 - 2-387 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 FP-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2-388 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 FP-8 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-51 - 3-53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-389 - 2-397 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 FP-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-54 - 3-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2-398 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 FP-10 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-56 - 3-60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-399 - 2-400 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 FP-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2-401 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 FP-12 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-62 - 3-64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-402 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 FP-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2-403 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 FP-14 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-66 - 3-68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-404 - 2-409 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 FP-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2-410 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 FP-16 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-70 - 3-73 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-411 - 2-427 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 FP-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2-428 - 2-429 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 FP-18 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-75 - 3-85 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-430 - 2-436 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 FP-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2-437 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 FP-20 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-87 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-438 - 2-443 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 FP-21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-88 - 3-93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2-444 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 FP-22 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-94 - 3-95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-445 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 FP-23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-96 - 3-99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2-446 - 2-448 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 FP-24 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-100 - 3-106 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-449 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 FP-25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-107 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2-450 - 2-457 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 FP-26 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-108 - 3-109 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-458 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 FP-27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-110 - 3-112 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2-459 - 2-468 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 FP-28 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-113 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-469 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 FP-29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-114 - 3-115 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2-470 - 2-472 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 FP-30 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-116 - 3-125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-473 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 FP-31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-126 - 3-128 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2-474 - 2-476 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 FP-32 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-129 - 3-130 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-477 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 VOLUME 2 3-130.1 - 3-130.4 Added . . . . . .2
2-478 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 a - c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-131 - 3-132 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2-479 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 d Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-133 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-480 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 A - B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 3-134 - 3-135 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2-481 - 2-495 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 i - ii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 3-136 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-496 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 iii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-137 - 3-142 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2-497 - 2-683 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 iv Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-142.1 - 3-142.2 Added . . . . . .2
2-684 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-1 - 3-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-143 - 3-145 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2-685 - 2-691 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 3-146 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-692 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-6 - 3-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 4-1 - 4-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2-693 - 2-713 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 4-6.1 - 4-6.14 Added . . . . . . . . .2
2-714 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-14 - 3-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 4-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2-715 - 2-721 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 4-8 - 4-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-722 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 4-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2-723 - 2-731 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 4-10.1 - 4-10.2 Added . . . . . . . .2
2-732 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-23 - 3-25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 4-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2-733 - 2-760 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 4-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
2-761 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 3-27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 4-12.1 - 4-12.3 Added . . . . . . . .2
2-762 - 2-766 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 4-12.4 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Index-1 - Index-3 . . . . . . . . . . .1 3-29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 4-12.5 - 4-12.38 Added . . . . . . .2
Index 4 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 3-30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 4-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
FP-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-31 - 3-35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 4-14 - 4-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
FP-2 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 3-36 - 3-38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 4-16 - 4-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

B Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
4-20 - 4-21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 5-1 - 5-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 7-51 - 7-52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
4-22 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 5-8 - 5-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 7-53 - 7-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
4-23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 5-13 - 5-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 7-56 - 7-63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
4-24 - 4-28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 5-17 - 5-20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 7-64 - 7-65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
4-28.1 - 4-28.4 Added . . . . . . . .2 5-21 - 5-25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 7-66 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
4-29 - 4-30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 5-26 - 5-30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 8-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
4-31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 5-31 - 5-39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 8-2 - 8-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
4-32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 5-40 - 5-42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 8-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
4-32.1 - 4-32.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 5-43 - 5-46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 8-5 - 8-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
4-32.3 - 4-32.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 5-47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 8-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
4-33 - 4-35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 5-48 - 5-49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 8-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
4-36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 5-50 - 5-52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 8-10 - 8-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
4-36.1 - 4-36.2 Added . . . . . . . .2 5-52.1 - 5-52.4 Added . . . . . . . .2 8-14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
4-37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 5-53 - 5-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 8-14.1 - 8-14.10 Added . . . . . . .2
4-38 - 4-57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 5-56 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 8-15 - 8-24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
4-58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 6-1 - 6-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 8-24.1 - 8-24.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
4-59 - 4-66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 6-5 - 6-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 8-25 - 8-31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
4-66.1 - 4-66.2 Added . . . . . . . .2 6-7 - 6-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 8-32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
4-67 - 4-68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 6-17 - 6-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 8-33 - 8-42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
4-69 - 4-71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 6-19 - 6-21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 8-43 - 8-46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
4-72 - 4-74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 6-22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 8-47 - 8-50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
4-75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 6-22.1 - 6-22.2 Added . . . . . . . .2 8-51 - 8-53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
4-76 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 6-23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 8-54 - 8-67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
4-77 - 4-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 6-24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 8-68 - 8-69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
4-80 - 4-85 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 6-25 - 6-30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 8-70 - 8-71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
4-86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 6-31 - 6-35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 8-72 - 8-74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
4-87 - 4-89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 6-36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 8-74.1 - 8-74.2 Added . . . . . . . .2
4-90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 6-37 - 6-52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 8-75 - 8-77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
4-91 - 4-94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 6-53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 8-78 - 8-85 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
4-95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 6-54 - 6-57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 8-86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
4-96 - 4-99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 6-58 - 6-60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 8-87 - 8-88 Added . . . . . . . . . . .2
4-100 - 4-101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 6-61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 9-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
4-102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 6-62 - 6-67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 9-2 - 9-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
4-103 - 4-107 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 6-68 - 6-72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 9-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
4-108 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 7-1 - 7-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 9-13 - 9-14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
4-109 - 4-113 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 7-3 - 7-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 9-14.1 Added . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
4-114 - 4-137 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 7-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 9-14.2 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
4-138 - 4-141 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 7-18.1 - 7-18.5 Added . . . . . . . .2 9-15 - 9-23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
4-142 - 4-156 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 7-18.6 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 9-24 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
4-157 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 7-19 - 7-23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 Index-1 - Index-23 . . . . . . . . . .2
4-158 - 4-237 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 7-24 - 7-27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Index-24 - Index-26 Added . . .2
4-238 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 7-28 - 7-31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 VOLUME 3
4-238.1 - 4-238.2 Added . . . . . .2 7-32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 a - b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
4-239 - 4-241 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 7-32.1 - 7-32.2 Added . . . . . . . .2 A - B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
4-242 - 4-247 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 7-33 - 7-34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 i - ii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
4-248 - 4-256 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 7-34.1 - 7-34.2 Added . . . . . . . .2 10-1 - 10-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
4-256.1 - 4-256.2 Added . . . . . .2 7-35 - 7-40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 10-3 - 10-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
4-257 - 4-260 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 7-41 - 7-47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 10-8 - 10-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
4-260.1 - 4-260.4 . . . . . . . . . . .2 7-48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 10-10 - 10-14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
4-261 - 4-263 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 7-49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 10-14.1 Added . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
4-264 - 4-325 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 7-50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 10-14.2 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
4-326 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 7-50.1 - 7-50.2 Added . . . . . . . .2 10-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
Change 1 C
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
10-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 10-174 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 12-2 - 12-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
10-17 - 10-33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 10-175 - 10-176 . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 12-7 - 12-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
10-34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 10-176.1 - 10-176.2 Added . . . .1 12-9 - 12-22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
10-35 - 10-36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 10-177 - 10-178 . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 12-23 - 12-24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
10-37 - 10-38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 10-179 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 12-25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
10-39 - 10-45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 10-180 - 10-186 . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 12-26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
10-46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 10-186.1 - 10-186.4 . . . . . . . . . .1 12-27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
10-47 - 10-56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 10-187 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 12-28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
10-56.1 - 10-56.2 Added . . . . . .1 10-188 - 10-190 . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 12-28.1 - 12-28.2 Added . . . . . .1
10-57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 10-190.1 - 10-190.2 . . . . . . . . . .1 12-29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
10-58 - 10-80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 10-191 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 12-30 - 12-31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
10-80.1 - 10-80.2 Added . . . . . .1 10-192 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 12-32 - 12-34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
10-81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 10-193 - 10195 . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 12-34.1 - 12-34.8 Added . . . . . .1
10-82 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 10-196 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 12-35 - 12-36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
10-82.1 - 10-82.2 Added . . . . . .1 11-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 12-37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
10-83 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 11-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 12-38 - 12-39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
10-84 - 10-92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 11-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 12-40 - 12-56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
10-93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 11-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 12-57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
10-94 - 10-110 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 11-5 - 11-48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 12-58 - 12-62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
10-111 - 10-112 . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 11-48.1 Added . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 12-62.1 - 12-62.2 Added . . . . . .1
10-113 - 10-114 . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 11-48.2 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 12-63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
10-114.1 Added . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 11-49 - 11-50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 12-64 - 12-68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
10-114.2 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 11-51 - 11-68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 12-69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
10-115 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 11-69 - 11-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 12-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
10-116 - 10-123 . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 11-71 - 11-74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 12-70.1 - 12-70.4 Added . . . . . .1
10-124 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 11-75 - 11-76 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 12-71 - 12-72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
10-125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 11-77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 12-72.1 Added . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
10-126 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 11-78 - 11-82 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 12-72.2 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
10-127 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 11-83 - 11-131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 12-73 - 12-109 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
10-128 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 11-132 - 11-134 . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 12-110 - 12-111 . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
10-129 - 10-145 . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 11-134.1 Added . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 12-112 - 12-200 . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
10-146 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 11-134.2 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 12-201 - 12-202 . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
10-147 - 10-149 . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 11-135 - 11-156 . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 12-202.1 - 12-202.2 Added . . . .1
10-150 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 11-156.1 - 11-156.6 Added . . . .1 12-203 - 12-204 . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
10-151 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 11-157 - 11-160 . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 12-204.1 - 12-204.4 Added . . . .1
10-152 - 10-154 . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 11-161 - 11-172 . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 12-205 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
10-154.1 - 10-154.2 Added . . . .1 11-173 - 11-174 . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 12-206 - 12-220 . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
10-155 - 10-156 . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 11-175 - 11-201 . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 12-221 - 12-222 . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
10-157 - 10-159 . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 11-202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 12-222.1 Added . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
10-160 - 10-161 . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 11-202.1 - 11-202.2 Added . . . .1 12-222.2 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
10-162 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 11-203 - 11-205 . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 12-223 - 12-281 . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
10-163 - 10-164 . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 11-206 - 11-212 . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 12-282 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
10-164.1 - 10-164.6 Added . . . .1 11-212.1 - 11-212.2 Added . . . .1 12-283 - 12-294 . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
10-165 - 10-166 . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 11-213 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 12-295 - 12-317 . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
10-166.1 Added . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 11-214 - 11-262 . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 12-318 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
10-166.2 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 11-262.1 Added . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 A-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
10-167 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 11-262.2 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 A-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
10-168 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 11-263 - 11-306 . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 B-1 - B-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
10-169 - 10-171 . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 11-307 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 B-4 - B-27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
10-172 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 11-308 - 11-325 . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 B-28 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
10-172.1 - 10-172.4 Added . . . .1 11-326 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 C-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
10-173 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 12-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 C-2 - C-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
D Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page No. . . . . . . . .*Change No.

C-8 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
D-1 - D-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
D-3 - D-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
D-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
D-11 - D-46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
D-46.1 - D-46.2 Added . . . . . . .1
D-47 - D-48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
D-49 - D-64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
D-65 - D-66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
D-67 - D-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
D-71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
D-72 - D-77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
D-78 - D-116 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
E-1 - E-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
F-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
F-2 - F-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
G-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
G-2 - G-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
G-9 Added . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
G-10 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Index 1-35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Index 1-36 Blank . . . . . . . . . . .1
FP-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
FP-2 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
FP-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
FP-4 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
FP-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
FP-6 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
FP-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
FP-8 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
FP-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
FP-10 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
FP-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
FP-12 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
FP-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
FP-14 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
FP-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
FP-16 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
FP-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
FP-18 Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
Change 1 E/(F blank)

ARMY TM 9-2320-280-20-1
AIR FORCE TO 36A12-1A-2092-1-1
MARINE CORPS TM 2320-20/7B
CHANGE HEADQUARTERS
DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY,
NO. 1 THE AIR FORCE, AND MARINE CORPS
Washington, D.C., 30 JUNE 1999
TECHNICAL MANUAL
VOLUME 1 OF 3
UNIT MAINTENANCE
TRUCK, UTILITY: CARGO/TROOP CARRIER, 1-1/4 TON, 4X4,
M998 (2320-01-107-7155) (EIC: BBD); M998A1 (2320-01-371-9577) (EIC: BBN);
TRUCK, UTILITY: CARGO/TROOP CARRIER, 1-1/4 TON, 4X4, W/WINCH,
M1038 (2320-01-107-7156) (EIC: BBE); M1038A1 (2320-01-371-9578) (EIC: BBP);
TRUCK, UTILITY: HEAVY VARIANT, 4X4, M1097 (2320-01-346-9317) (EIC: BBM);
M1097A1 (2320-01-371-9583) (EIC: BBU); M1097A2 (2320-01-380-8604) (EIC: BB6); M1123 (2320-01-455-9593) (EIC: B6G);
TRUCK, UTILITY: TOW CARRIER, ARMORED, 1-1/4 TON, 4X4,
M966 (2320-01-107-7153) (EIC: BBC); M966A1 (2320-01-372-3932) (EIC: BBX); M1121 (2320-01-456-1282) (EIC: B6H);
TRUCK, UTILITY: TOW CARRIER, ARMORED, 1-1/4 TON, 4X4, W/WINCH,
M1036 (2320-01-107-7154) (EIC: BBH);
TRUCK, UTILITY: TOW CARRIER, W/SUPPLEMENTAL ARMOR, 1-1/4 TON, 4X4,
M1045 (2320-01-146-7191); M1045A1 (2320-01-371-9580) (EIC: BBR); M1045A2 (2320-01-380-8229) (EIC: BB5);
TRUCK, UTILITY: TOW CARRIER, W/SUPPLEMENTAL ARMOR, 1-1/4 TON, 4X4, W/WINCH,
M1046 (2320-01-146-7188); M1046A1 (2320-01-371-9582) (EIC: BBT);
TRUCK, UTILITY: ARMAMENT CARRIER, ARMORED, 1-1/4 TON, 4X4,
M1025 (2320-01-128-9551) (EIC: BBF); M1025A1 (2320-01-371-9584) (EIC: BBV); M1025A2 (2320-01-380-8233) (EIC: BB3);
TRUCK, UTILITY: ARMAMENT CARRIER, ARMORED, 1-1/4 TON, 4X4, W/WINCH,
M1026 (2320-01-128-9552) (EIC: BBG); M1026A1 (2320-01-371-9579) (EIC: BBQ);
M1043 (2320-01-146-7190) M1043A1 (2320-01-372-3933) (EIC: BBY); M1043A2 (2320-01-380-8213) (EIC: BB4);
TRUCK, UTILITY: ARMAMENT CARRIER, W/SUPPLEMENTAL ARMOR, 1-1/4 TON, 4X4, W/WINCH,
M1044 (2320-01-146-7189); M1044A1 (2320-01-371-9581) (EIC: BBS);
TRUCK, UTILITY: S250 SHELTER CARRIER, 4X4, M1037 (2320-01-146-7193) (EIC: BBK);
TRUCK, AMBULANCE, 2-LITTER, ARMORED, 4X4, M996 (2310-01-111-2275) (EIC: BBB); M996A1 (2310-01-372-3935) (EIC: BB2);
TRUCK, AMBULANCE, 4-LITTER, ARMORED, 4X4, M997 (2310-01-111-2274) (EIC: BBA);
M997A1 (2310-01-372-3934) (EIC: BBZ); M997A2 (2310-01-380-8225) (EIC: BB8);
TRUCK, AMBULANCE, 2-LITTER, SOFT TOP, 4X4,
M1035 (2310-01-146-7194); M1035A1 (2310-01-371-9585) (EIC: BBW); M1035A2 (2310-01-380-8290) (EIC: BB9).
TM 9-2320-280-20-1, 31 January 1996, is changed as follows:
1. Two new models have been added to the front cover. The new cover, located at the end of the change
package, replaces the existing cover.
2. Remove old pages and insert new pages as indicated below.
3. New or changed material is indicated by a vertical bar in the margin of the page.
Remove pages Insert page
None A through E/(F blank)
i through iv i through iv
1-1 through 1-8 1-1 through 1-8
1-13 and 1-14 1-13 and 1-14
1-23 and 1-24 1-23 and 1-24
None 1-42.1 through 1-42.3/(1-42.4 blank)
1-51 and 1-52 1-51 and 1-52

Remove pages Insert pages

2-67 and 2-68 2-67 and 2-68
2-105 through 2-108 2-105 through 2-108
2-145 through 2-148 2-145 through 2-148
2-155 and 2-156 2-155 and 2-156
2-159 and 2-160 2-159 and 2-160
2-169 and 2-170 2-169 and 2-170
2-173 through 2-178 2-173 through 2-178
2-193 through 2-210 2-193 through 2-210
2-213 and 2-214 2-213 and 2-214
2-217 through 2-249/(2-250 blank) 2-217 through 2-249/(2-250 blank)
2-261 through 2-268 2-261 through 2-268
2-271 and 2-272 2-271 and 2-272
2-275 through 2-284 2-275 through 2-284
2-289 through 2-304 2-289 through 2-304
2-311 and 2-312 2-311 and 2-312
None 2-318.1 through 2-318.15/(2-318.16 blank)
2-331 through 2-344 2-331 through 2-344
2-401 through 2-404 2-401 through 2-404
2-427 through 2-430 2-427 through 2-430
2-437 and 2-438 2-437 and 2-438
2-445 and 2-446 2-445 and 2-446
2-449 and 2-450 2-449 and 2-450
2-469 and 2-470 2-469 and 2-470
2-473 and 2-474 2-473 and 2-474
2-477/(2-478 blank) through 2-480 2-477/(2-478 blank) through 2-480
2-761 and 2-762 2-761 and 2-762
Index 1 through Index 3 Index 1 through Index 3/(Index 4 blank)
cover cover
4. File this change sheet in front of the publication for reference purposes.
By Order of the Secretary of the Army:
ERIC K. SHINSEKI
General, United States Army
Chief of Staff
Official:
JOEL B. HUDSON
Administrative Assistant to the
Secretary of the Army
05690
By Order of the Secretary of the Air Force:
RONALD R. FOGLEMAN
General, United States Air Force
Chief of Staff
Official:
H E N RY VICCELLIO, JR.
C o m m a n d e r, Air Force Materiel Command
By Order of the Marine Corps:
D.R. BLOOMER
Colonel, USMC
Director, Program Support
Marine Corps Systems Command
Distribution:
To be distributed in accordance with the initial distribution number (IDN) 380900, requirements for
TM 9-2320-280-20-1.
*ARMY TM9-2320-280-20-1
ARMY TM 9-2320-280-20-1
AIRFORCE
AIR FORCETO
TO36A12-1A-
36A12-1A-2092-1-1
2092-1-1
MARINECORPS
MARINE CORPSTM
TM2320-20/7B
2320-20/7B
HEADQUARTERS
TECHNICAL MANUAL DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY,
NO. 9-2320-280-20-1 THE AIR FORCE, AND MARINE CORPS
NO. 2320-20/7B Washington, D.C., 31 JANUARY 1996
TECHNICAL ORDER
NO. 36A12-1A-2092-1-1 TECHNICAL MANUAL
VOLUME 1 OF 3
UNIT MAINTENANCE
TRUCK, UTILITY: CARGO/TROOP CARRIER, 1-1/4 TON, 4X4, M998 (2320-01-107-7155) (EIC: BBD);
M998A1 (2320-01-371-9577) (EIC: BBN);
TRUCK, UTILITY: CARGO/TROOP CARRIER, 1-1/4 TON, 4X4, W/WINCH, M1038 (2320-01-107-7156) (EIC: BBE);
M1038A1 (2320-01-371-9578) (EIC: BBP);
TRUCK, UTILITY: HEAVY VARIANT, 4X4, M1097 (2320-01-346-9317) (EIC: BBM); M1097A1 (2320-01-371-9583) (EIC: BBU);
M1097A2 (2320-01-380-8604) (EIC: BB6); M1123 (2320-01-455-9593) (EIC: B6G);
TRUCK, UTILITY: TOW CARRIER, ARMORED, 1-1/4 TON, 4X4, M966 (2320-01-107-7153) (EIC: BBC);
M966A1 (2320-01-372-3932) (EIC: BBX); M1121 (2320-01-456-1282) (EIC: B6H);
TRUCK, UTILITY: TOW CARRIER, ARMORED, 1-1/4 TON, 4X4, W/WINCH, M1036 (2320-01-107-7154) (EIC: BBH);
TRUCK, UTILITY: TOW CARRIER, W/SUPPLEMENTAL ARMOR, 1-1/4 TON, 4X4, M1045 (2320-01-146-7191);
M1045A1 (2320-01-371-9580) (EIC: BBR); M1045A2 (2320-01-380-8229) (EIC: BB5);
TRUCK, UTILITY: TOW CARRIER, W/SUPPLEMENTAL ARMOR, 1-1/4 TON, 4X4, W/WINCH, M1046 (2320-01-146-7188);
M1046A1 (2320-01-371-9582) (EIC: BBT);
TRUCK, UTILITY: ARMAMENT CARRIER, ARMORED, 1-1/4 TON, 4X4, M1025 (2320-01-128-9551) (EIC: BBF);
M1025A1 (2320-01-371-9584) (EIC: BBV); M1025A2 (2320-01-380-8233) (EIC: BB3);
TRUCK, UTILITY: ARMAMENT CARRIER, ARMORED, 1-1/4 TON, 4X4, W/WINCH, M1026 (2320-01-128-9552) (EIC: BBG);
M1026A1 (2320-01-371-9579) (EIC: BBQ);
TRUCK, UTILITY: ARMAMENT CARRIER, W/SUPPLEMENTAL ARMOR, 1-1/4 TON, 4X4, M1043 (2320-01-146-7190);
M1043A1 (2320-01-372-3933) (EIC: BBY); M1043A2 (2320-01-380-8213) (EIC: BB4);
TRUCK, UTILITY: ARMAMENT CARRIER, W/SUPPLEMENTAL ARMOR, 1-1/4 TON, 4X4, W/WINCH, M1044 (2320-01-146-7189);
M1044A1 (2320-01-371-9581) (EIC: BBS);
TRUCK, UTILITY: S250 SHELTER CARRIER, 4X4, M1037 (2320-01-146-7193) (EIC: BBK);
TRUCK, AMBULANCE, 2-LITTER, ARMORED, 4X4, M996 (2310-01-111-2275) (EIC: BBB); M996A1 (2310-01-372-3935) (EIC: BB2);
TRUCK, AMBULANCE, 4-LITTER, ARMORED, 4X4, M997 (2310-01-111-2274)
(EIC: BBA); M997A1 (2310-01-372-3934) (EIC: BBZ); M997A2 (2310-01-380-8225) (EIC: BB8);
TRUCK, AMBULANCE, 2-LITTER, SOFT TOP, 4X4, M1035 (2310-01-146-7194);
M1035A1 (2310-01-371-9585) (EIC: BBW); M1035A2 (2310-01-380-8290) (EIC: BB9).
REPORTING OF ERRORS AND RECOMMENDING IMPROVEMENTS
You can help improve this publication. If you find any mistakes or if you know of a way to improve the procedures, please
let us know. Submit your DA Form 2028-2 (Recommended Changes to Equipment Technical Publications), through the
Internet, on the Army Electronic Product Support (AEPS) website. The Internet address is http://aeps.ria.army.mil. If
you need a password, scroll down and click on “ACCESS REQUEST FORM.” The DA Form 2028 is located in the
ONLINE FORMS PROCESSING section of the AEPS. Fill out the form and click on SUBMIT. Using this form on the
AEPS will enable us to respond quicker to your comments and better manage the DA Form 2028 program. You may also
mail, fax or email your letter, DA Form 2028, or DA Form 2028-2 direct to: Commander, U.S. Army Tank-automotive and
Armaments Command, ATTN: AMSTA-LC-CIP-WT, Rock Island, IL 61299-7630. The email address is amsta-ac-
[email protected]. The fax number is DSN 793-0726 or Commercial (309) 782-0726. (Marine Corps) Submit NAVMC
10772 to the Commanding General (826), MCLB, 814 Radford Blvd., Albany, GA 31704-1128.
This manual is published in three parts. TM 9-2320-280-20-1 contains chapters 1 and 2, TM 9-2320-280-20-2
contains chapters 3 through 9, and TM 9-2320-280-20-3 contains chapters 10 through 13 and appendices A
through G.
This manual contains a table of contents for all three volumes 1, 2, and 3 and alphabetical index for chapters
1 and 2.
*This publication supersedes TM 9-2320-280-20-1 dated 19 January 1990 and all changes.
Change 1 i
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
VOLUME 1 OF 3
Page
HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL ...................................v
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

Section I. General Information ........................................... 1-1
II. Equipment Description and Data .................................. 1-2
III. Principles of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-35
CHAPTER 2 SERVICE AND TROUBLESHOOTING INSTRUCTIONS .............. 2-1

Section I. Repair Parts, Special Tools, Test, Measurement, and Diagnostic
Equipment (TMDE), and Support Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
II. Service Upon Receipt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
III. Preventive Maintenance Checks and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
IV. Electrical/Mechanical Systems Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-30
VOLUME 2 OF 3
CHAPTER 3 ENGINE SYSTEMS MAINTENANCE ............................ 3-1

Section I. Lubrication System Maintenance .................................. 3-1
II. Fuel System Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-19
III. Accelerator System Maintenance .................................. 3-77
IV. Exhaust System Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-86
V. Cooling System Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-107
CHAPTER 4 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM MAINTENANCE ......................... 4-1

Section I. Generating and Protective Control Box/Distribution Box System Maintenance . . 4-1
I.1. Dual Voltage Alternator and Regulator System Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12.5
II. Starter and Starting Control System Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14
III. Instruments, Sending Units, Switches, and Horn Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23
IV. Transfer Case and Transmission Electrical Maintenance ................. 4-58
V. Lighting System Maintenance .................................... 4-77
VI. Battery System Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-113
ii Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page
CHAPTER 5 TRANSMISSION AND TRANSFER CASE MAINTENANCE ............ 5-1

Section I. Transmission Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
II. Transfer Case Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-47
CHAPTER 6 PROPELLER SHAFTS, AXLES, AND SUSPENSION MAINTENANCE .... 6-1

Section I. Propeller Shafts Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1
II. Front and Rear Axles Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-16
III. Suspension Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-54
CHAPTER 7 BRAKE SYSTEM MAINTENANCE ............................. 7-1

Section I. Parking Brake System Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1
II. Service Brake System Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-19
III. Rear Dual Service/Parking Brake System Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-45
CHAPTER 8 WHEELS AND STEERING MAINTENANCE ....................... 8-1

Section I. Wheel and Runflat System Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1
II. Steering Components Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-43
CHAPTER 9 FRAME MAINTENANCE ..................................... 9-1
VOLUME 3 OF 3
CHAPTER 10 BODY AND ACCESSORIES MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1

Section I. Body Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
II. Body Accessories Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-115
III. Winch Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-179
CHAPTER 11 SPECIAL PURPOSE BODIES MAINTENANCE ..................... 11-1

Section I. Weapon Carrier Body Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1
II. S250 Shelter Carrier Body Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-161
III. Ambulance Body Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-173
iii
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page
CHAPTER 12 SPECIAL PURPOSE KITS MAINTENANCE ....................... 12-1

Section I. Deep Water Fording Kit Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1
II. Troop Seat Kit Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-19
III. 100 Ampere Alternator Kit Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-23
IV. Arctic Winterization Kits Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-36
V. Arctic Winterization Crew Top Kits Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-104
VI. Troop/Cargo Winterization Kit Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-114
VII. Communications Kits Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-201
VIII. 81 MM Mortar Kit Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-235
IX. Traversing Bar Kit Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-251
X. M1097, M1097A1, and M1097A2 Special Purpose Kits Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . 12-254
XI. Accessory Kits Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-282
XII. Cargo Barrier and Net Kit Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-314
CHAPTER 13 PREPARATION FOR STORAGE OR SHIPMENT .................... 13-1

Section I. General Instructions ........................................... 13-1
II. Preparation for Storage and Shipment .............................. 13-2
APPENDIX A REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

APPENDIX B MAINTENANCE ALLOCATION CHART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1
APPENDIX C EXPENDABLE/DURABLE SUPPLIES AND MATERIALS LIST ........... C-1
APPENDIX D ILLUSTRATED LIST OF MANUFACTURED ITEMS ................... D-1
APPENDIX E TORQUE LIMITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1
APPENDIX F WIRING DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-1
APPENDIX G MANDATORY REPLACEMENT PARTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-1
INDEX ........................................................... Index 1
iv Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL
ABOUT YOUR MANUAL

a. Spend some time looking through this manual. You’ll find that it has a new look, different than most of
the TMs you’ve been using. New features added to improve the convenience of this manual and increase
your efficiency are:
1. Accessing Information - These include physical entry features such as the bleed-to-edge indicators
on the cover and edge of the manual. Extensive troubleshooting guides for specific systems lead
directly to step by step directions for problem solving and maintenance tasks.
2. Illustrations - A variety of methods are used to make locating and fixing components much easier.
Locator illustrations with keyed text, exploded views, and cut-away diagrams make the information in
this manual easier to understand.
3. Keying Text With Illustrations - Instructions are located together with figures that illustrate the
specific task you are working on. In most cases, the task steps and figures are located side by side
making part identification and procedure sequence easier to follow.
The TM is the fundamental means by which the Army communicates to soldiers the requirements and
procedures necessary to perform equipment operations and maintenance. This manual describes in detail
the Unit Maintenance authorized by the Maintenance Allocation Chart (appendix B) and Source,
Maintenance, and Recovery (SMR) codes (TM 9-2320-280-24P).
b. General Features. Your TM is the best source available for providing information and data critical to
vehicle operation and maintenance:
Safety summary (warning page a, b, and c)
General information, equipment descriptions, and data (chapter 1)
Principles of operation (chapter 1, section III)
Preventive Maintenance Checks and Services – PMCS (chapter 2, section III)
Electrical/Mechanical Systems Troubleshooting (chapter 2, section IV)
Detailed maintenance procedures (chapters 3-12)
General maintenance instructions (chapter 2, section II and III)
Maintenance Allocation Chart - MAC (appendix B)
Expendable/durable supplies and materials list (appendix C)
Manufactured items (appendix D)
Torque limits (appendix E)
Wiring Diagrams and Schematic (appendix F)
Mandatory replacement parts (appendix G)
A typical example of how to use this manual is provided on the following pages.
v
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
USING YOUR MANUAL AN EXAMPLE
a. TASK: The operator of an M998 series

vehicle has complained that his TOW
carrier uses too much engine oil. The
vehicle has been assigned to you for repair.
b. TROUBLESHOOTING STEPS:
1. Look at the cover of this manual. You’ll

see chapter titles listed from top to
bottom on the right-hand side.
2. Look at the right edge of the manual. On

some of the pages you’ll see black bars
(bleed-to-edge indicators) that are alined
with the chapter bars on the cover. These
are the locations of the chapters in the
text.
3. Look for “SERVICE AND TROUBLESHOOTING INSTRUCTIONS” in the chapter list on the cover.
This is where the troubleshooting information is located.
4. Turn to those pages with the edge indicator matching the black bar for service and troubleshooting
instructions. Page numbers are also listed next to chapter titles.
5. Chapter 2 is divided into four sections:

Section I - Repair Parts, Special Tools, TMDE, and Support Equipment
Ž Section II - Service Upon Receipt
Ž Section III – PMCS
Ž Section IV – Electrical/Mechanical Systems Troubleshooting
vi
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
6. Turn to section IV, "ELECTRICAL/

MECHANICAL SYSTEMS TROUBLE-
SHOOTING (page 2-30).
This troubleshooting section is system-
oriented and is broken down into five top level
tests and twenty-one system level tests.
7. One of the first pages of this section is the

"ELECTRICAL/MECHANICAL SYSTEM
TROUBLESHOOTING" (turn to page 2-31)
8. Look down the list of symptoms until you find

"ENGINE LUBRICATION TESTS”. In that
paragraph you will find the diagnostic flow
chart that the vehicle operator can pick the
test as “OIL LEAKS OR ENGINE
PROBLEMS”.
9. Turn to the test indicated.
vii
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
10. On page 2-188, steps relating to

resolving the problem of excessive oil
loss are listed. Read the diagnostic flow
chart until you find “OIL LEAKS OR
ENGINE PROBLEMS”. The tests listed
are shown in the example page to the
right of this text.
11. In accordance with Test 1, you checked

the oil level and filter for leaks. The oil
level and filter appears normal and you
move on to Test 2.
12. In Test 2, you begin a methodical check of the engine lubricating system. You discover a leak in the oil
cooler assembly adjacent to one of the mounting brackets. One of the welds has cracked, allowing a
class III leak from a small area of the cooling fins. The oil cooler assembly must be repaired or replaced.
13. At this point, the engine lubrication diagnostic flow chart would direct you to a specific detailed
procedure to solve the problem. However, the engine lubricating system is complex and you must now
refer to the table of contents to locate the proper task paragraph.
NOTE: Before attempting to repair or replace the oil cooler assembly, as a Unit mechanic, you must:
a. Determine the maintenance responsibility of repair or replacement of the component.
b. If the task is at your echelon of maintenance responsibility, you must identify the tools needed and
the replacement parts required.
Refer to the Maintenance Allocation Chart – MAC (appendix B) to determine not only the maintenance
responsibility of the item, but also to obtain an estimate of the time required to perform the task, tools
needed, and any special notes/requirements necessary.
Refer to TM 9-2320-280-24P, Unit Maintenance Repair Parts and Special Tools List for M998 Series
Vehicles, for requisition data concerning replacement parts for this task.
viii
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
c. OIL COOLER ASSEMBLY REPLACEMENT. After reporting the results of your troubleshooting
efforts to your supervisor, he decides that the most expedient means of returning the vehicle to service
would be to replace the oil cooler assembly.
1. Turn to the “TABLE OF CONTENTS” and

find the chapter dealing with the engine. You
find it as "CHAPTER 3, ENGINE SYSTEMS
MAINTENANCE”. Furthermore, you note
that the chapter is divided into five sections;
you are interested in "Section I. Lubrication
System Maintenance”.
2. Turn to chapter 3, section I on page 3-1. Here

you find the "Lubrication System
Maintenance Task Summary". Read down the
list of tasks until you find the one that will
correct your maintenance problem. For our
example, you find it as task 3-8 "Engine and
Transmission Oil Cooler Assembly
Maintenance". Turn to page 3-12.
ix
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
3. On page 3-12 you find paragraph 3-8, the detailed procedure for replacing the oil cooler assembly.
d. DETAILED MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES. Detailed maintenance procedures include everything
you must do to accomplish a basic maintenance task. Unless otherwise stated, general mechanic’s
automotive tool kit will be used for maintenance of this vehicle.
1. Before beginning the maintenance task, look through the procedure. You must familiarize yourself
with the entire maintenance procedure of para. 3-8: "Engine and Transmission Oil Cooler Assembly
Maintenance". The task includes "a. Removal" "b. Installation" and "c. Cleaning and Inspection".
2. The ten basic headings listed under “INITIAL SETUP” outline task conditions, materials, special
tools, manpower requirements, and special conditions. The headings are:
Applicable Models: Any models that require a particular maintenance task. If a maintenance task
covers all models, then this heading will not be used.
Test Equipment: Test equipment needed to complete a task. If test equipment is not required, this
heading will not be used.
Tools These are common tools and general mechanic tool sets required to perform
maintenance tasks. These common tools should be on hand to properly perform the task. Torque
wrenches are required for many tasks; the proper torque wrench should be available to tighten
mounting hardware.
Special Tools: Those special tools needed to complete a maintenance task. If no special tools are
needed, this heading will not be used.
If you don’t have one of these special tools, requisition it (before starting the task) using the data
supplied in TM 9-2320-280-24P, the repair parts and special tools list for this level of maintenance.
Special tools are located in section III.
Materials/Parts: This heading lists only mandatory replacement materials or parts (gaskets, O-
rings, sealant, etc.). To replace other unserviceable parts, refer to TM 9-2320-280-24P for requisition
data. If no mandatory replacement materials/parts are required, this heading will not be used.
x
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Personnel Required: The number of personnel needed to perform a task. If only one mechanic is
needed, this heading will not be used.
NOTE
If you think that you need more help to adequately or safely
complete a task, perhaps as the result of unusual conditions, etc.,
alert your supervisor and ask for help.
Manual References: Those TMs needed to complete the task.
Equipment Condition: Notes the conditions that must exist before starting the task. If none are
required, this heading will not be used. For oil cooler assembly replacement, the left-hand engine
splash shield should be removed before we can start the task. If not already done, follow the
procedure for splash shield removal in para. 10-17, before proceeding with this task.
General Safety Instructions: Summarizes all safety warnings for the maintenance task. If none
are required, this heading will not be used.
3. A step by step maintenance procedure follows the "INITIAL SETUP" and gives detailed instructions
for the procedure. These instructions give the part’s general location and name and action
performed. In the example, oil cooler assembly replacement -a. Removal, step 1 is "Disconnect
engine oil cooler supply and return lines (7) from engine oil cooler ports (9)”. Note that the numbers
in parenthesis correspond to the part’s callout number in the accompanying illustration.
NOTE
Warnings, cautions, and notes provide supplemental information:
Warnings : Indicate conditions, practices, or procedures which must be observed to avoid personnel
injury, loss of life, loss of life, or long-term health hazard.
Cautions: Indicate condition, practices, or procedures which must be observed to avoid damage to
equipment or destruction of equipment.
Notes: Include essential information of special importance, interest, or aid in job performance
which should be remembered and would be otherwise difficult to find or incorporate into the text.
4. At the end of a procedure, "FOLLOW-ON TASKS” will list those additional tasks that must be
performed to complete the procedure. The Follow-On Tasks for oil cooler assembly replacement are:
Ž Fill oil to proper level (TM 9-2320-280-10).
Ž Install left-hand splash shield (para. 10-17).
Ž Start engine (TM 9-2320-280-10) and check for leaks.
e. Refer to the example pages for para. 3-8, Engine and Transmission Oil Cooler Assembly Maintenance,
as we review the following points:
1. Modular Text: Both pages of text and illustrations are to be used together. This manual was
designed so that the two pages would be visible at once, making part identification and procedure
sequence easy to follow.
2. Initial Setup: Outlines task conditions.
3. Illustrations: An exploded diagram of the component shows part locations, attachments, and
spatial relationships. Cutaway views (part of the vehicle is “erased”) show the location and
orientation of screws and attachments.
f. Your manual is easy to use once you understand its design. We hope it will encourage you to use your
TM more often as an aid to maintenance support for M998 series vehicles.
xi/(xii blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Section I. GENERAL INFORMAT I O N
1-1. SCOPE
a. This technical manual contains instructions for organizational maintenance of the 1-1/4 ton, 4X4,
M998 series vehicles.
b. Models included are:
(1) M998 and M998A1, Cargo/Troop Carrier
(2) M1038 and M1038A1, Cargo/Troop Carrier, W/Winch
(3) M1097, M1097A1, M1097A2, and M1123 Heavy Variant
(4) M966, M966A1, and M1121 TOW Carrier, Armored
(5) M1036, TOW Carrier, Armored, W/Winch
(6) M1045, M1045A1, and M1045A2 TOW Carrier, W/Supplemental Armor
(7) M1046 and M1046A1, TOW Carrier, W/Supplemental Armor, W/Winch
(8) M1025, M1025A1, and M1025A2 Armament Carrier, Armored
(9) M1026 and M1026A1, Armament Carrier, Armored, W/Winch
(10) M1043, M1043A1, and M1043A2 Armament Carrier, W/Supplemental Armor
(11) M1044 and M1044A1, Armament Carrier, W/Supplemental Armor, W/Winch
(12) M1037, S250 Shelter Carrier
(13) M1042, S250 Shelter Carrier, W/Winch
(14) M996 and M996A1 2-Litter Ambulance, Armored
(15) M997, M997A1, and M997A2 4-Litter Ambulance, Armored
(16) M1035, M1035A1, and M1035A2 2-Litter Ambulance, Soft Top
1 - 2 . MAINTENANCE FORMS, RECORDS, AND REPOR

TS
(Army) Department of the Army forms and procedures used for equipment maintenance will be those
prescribed by DA Pam 738-750, The Army Maintenance Management System (TAMMS). (Marine Corps)
Refer to TM 4700-15/1–.
1 - 3 . DESTRUCTION OF ARMY EQUIPMENT TO PREVENT ENEMY USE

Refer to TM 750-244-6, Procedures for Destruction of Army Tank-Automotive Equipment to Prevent
Enemy Use.
1 - 4 . PREPARATION FOR STORAGE AND SHIPMENT

(Army) Refer to TM 740-90-1, Administrative Storage of Equipment and TM 746-10, Marking, Packaging
and Shipment of Supplies and Equipment: General Packaging Instructions for Field Use. (Marine Corps)
Refer to MCO 4450-7.
1 - 5 . R E P O RTING EQUIPMENT IMPROVEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS (EIR)

(Army) If your M998 series vehicles need improvement, let us know. Send us an EIR. You, the user, are
the only one who can tell us what you don’t like about your vehicle. Let us know why you don’t like the
design or performance. Put it on an SF 368 (Product Quality Deficiency Report). Mail it to us at:
Commander, U.S. Army Tank-automotive and Armaments Command, ATTN: AMSTA-TR-Q, Warren,
Michigan 48397-5000. We'll send you a reply. (Marine Corps) Submit QDR’s in accordance with
MCO 4855-10.
Change 1 1-1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1 - 6 . EQUIPMENT IMPROVEMENT REPORT AND MAINTENANCE DIGEST (EIR MD)

The quarterly Equipment Improvement Report and Maintenance Digest, TB 43-0001-39 series, contains
valuable field information on the equipment covered in this manual. The information in the TB 43-0001-39
series is compiled from some of the Equipment Improvement Reports that you prepared on the vehicles
covered in this manual. Many of these articles resulted from comments, suggestions, and improvement
recommendations that you submitted to the EIR program. The TB 43-0001-39 series contains information
on equipment improvements, minor alterations, proposed Modification Work Orders (MWOs), warranties (if
applicable), actions taken on some of your DA, Form 2028's (Recommended Changes to Publications), and
advance information on proposed changes that may affect this manual. The information will help you in
doing your job better and will help in keeping you advised of the latest changes to this manual. Also refer to
DA Pam 25-30, Consolidated Index of Army Publications and Blank Forms and Appendix A, References, of
this manual. For those with access to the World Wide Web (WWW), the EIR MD can be viewed through the
Army Electronic Product Support. The site is http://aeps.ria.army.mil.
1 - 7 . METRIC SYSTEM
The equipment described herein contains metric components and requires metric common and special
tools; therefore, metric units in addition to standard units will be used throughout this publication.
In addition, a metric conversion table is located on the inside back cover of this publication.
1 - 8 . MANDATORY REPLACEMENT PA RT S
The maintenance instructions contained herein make reference to removing and discarding piece
parts such as: gaskets, lockwashers, cotter pins, O-rings, seals; etc.; these items should be considered
mandatory replacement items and replaced with new parts during assembly/installation.
1 - 9 . BREAK-IN PROCEDURE
Upon receipt of vehicles, or after engine replacement, break-in procedures must be observed during the
first 500 miles (804 kilometers) of operation. For break-in procedure, refer to TM 9-2320-280-10.
Section II. EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION AND DATA
1 - 1 0 . EQUIPMENT CHARACTERISTICS, CAPABILITIES, AND FEA

TURES
The 1-1/4 ton, 4x4, M998 series of vehicles are tactical vehicles designed for use over all types of roads, as
well as cross-country terrain in all weather conditions. The vehicles have four driving wheels powered by
a V-8, liquid-cooled, diesel engine. Four-wheel hydraulic service brakes and a mechanical parking brake
are common to all models in the M998 series. All vehicles are equipped with a pintle hook for towing.
Tiedown and lifting eyes are provided for air, rail, or sea shipment.
1-2 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
CARGO/TROOP CARRIERS: M998, M998A1, M1038, AND M1038A1
PURPOSE: These models are used to transport cargo and troops. The M1038 and M1038A1 models,
which have a winch, can be used for recovery operations. Both models utilize a troop seat kit for troop
transport operations.
1-3
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
HEAVY VARIANT CARGO/TROOP CARRIERS: M1097, M1097A1, M1097A2, AND M1123
PURPOSE: This model is used for transporting equipment, materials, and/or personnel (including crew)
of 4,400 pounds (1,998 kilograms). The only difference between the M998 and M998A1 cargo/troop carriers
and the M1097, M1097A1, M1097A2, and M1123 heavy variant cargo/troop carriers is that the M1097,
M1097A1, M1097A2, and M1123 are specifically designed to accommodate a higher payload capacity. This
difference affects vehicle length, width, and shipping dimensions, but does not affect the basic purpose and
performance of the vehicle. The increased payload capabilities accomodate the following kit configurations:
A. 105MM TOWED HOWITZER PRIME MOVER (L119 KIT) consists of:

• Larger rear bumper and reinforced mounting
• Body wiring harness trailer receptacle extension
• Ammunition stowage rack and tiedown straps
• Camouflage net stowage rack
• Winch
• Two-man crew area soft top
• Troop area soft top
• Cargo bulkhead
B. TOWED VULCAN SYSTEMS (TVS) MOVER consists of:
• Two-man crew area soft top
• Troop area soft top
• Camouflage net stowage rack
• Troop seat kit
• Cargo bulkhead
C. S250 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT SHELTER consists of:
• Shelter support
• Shelter tailgate
• 200 amp umbilical power cable
1-4 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
M1097/M1097A1/M1097A2/M1123
(WITH 2-MAN SOFT TOP INSTALLED)
M1097A2
M1123
Change 1 1-5
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
M1097/M1097A1/M1097A2/M1123
(WITH L119 KIT INSTALLED)
(WITHOUT WINCH, TOWED VULCAN SYSTEMS (TVS) MOVER)
M1097/M1097A1/M1097A2/M1123
(WITH S250 SHELTER INSTALLED)
1-6 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
TOW CARRIERS: M966, M966A1, M1036, AND M1121
PURPOSE: These models are used to transport, mount, and operate the TOW missile launcher system
with armor protection for crew, TOW system components, and ammunition. The M1036 model, which has a
winch, can be used for recovery operations.
M966/M966A1/M1121
M1036 W/WINCH
Change 1 1-7
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
TOW CARRIERS, W/SUPPLEMENTAL ARMOR M1045, M1045A1, M1045A2, M1046, AND M1046A1
a. PURPOSE: These models are used to transport, mount, and operate the TOW missile launcher
system with added ballistic protection for crew, TOW system components, and ammunition. The M1046 and
M1046A1 models, which have a winch, can be used for recovery operations.
b. SPECIAL LIMITATIONS: Weapon station azimuth is limited to 300° left and right of vehicle
centerline when Vehicle Power Conditioner (VPC) cables are connected. With launcher installed, elevation is
limited to 20° and depression is limited to 10°.
1-8
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
ARMAMENT CARRIERS, W/SUPPLEMENTAL ARMOR: M1025, M1025A1, M1025A2, M1026, AND M1026A1
a. PURPOSE: These models are used to transport, mount, and operate the M2 and M60 machine guns
and MK19 automatic grenade launcher with armor protection for crew, weapons components, and
ammunition. The M1026 and M1026A1 models, which have a winch, can be used for recovery operations.
b. SPECIAL LIMITATIONS: Weapon station azimuth is limited to 300° left and right of vehicle
centerline when Vehicle Power Condition (VPC) cables are connected. With launcher installed, elevation is
limited to 20° and depression is limited to 10°.
1-9
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
ARMAMENT CARRIERS, W/SUPPLEMENTAL ARMOR M1043, M1043A1, M1043A2, M1044, AND M1044A1
PURPOSE: These models are used to transport, mount, and operate the M2 and M60 machine guns and
MK19 automatic grenade launcher with added ballistic protection for crew, weapons components, and
ammunition. The M1044 and M1044A1 models, which have a winch, can be used for recovery operations.
1-10
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
S250 SHELTER CARRIERS M1037 AND M1042
PURPOSE: These models are used for securing and transporting the S250 electrical equipment shelter.
The M1042 model, which has a winch, can be used for recovery operations.
1-11
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
ARMORED AMBULANCES: M996, M996A1, M997, M997A1, AND M997A2
PURPOSE: These models are used to transport patients with armor protection for crew and patients.
The M996 and M996A1 are reducible in height for CH47 helicopter transport. The M997, M997A1, and
M997A2 have air conditioning for patient comfort. For operation in an NBC environment, the M997,
M997A1, and M997A2 is equipped with a Gas-Particulate Filter Unit (GPFU) with heaters capable of
supporting up to seven personnel equipped with either M25 series protective masks or M13 series patient
protective masks.
1-12
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
SOFT TOP AMBULANCES: M1035, M1035A1, AND M1035A2
PURPOSE: These models are used to transport a maximum of 2 litter and 2 ambulatory patients and
are transportable by a CH47 helicopter.
M1035/M1035A1
M1035A2
Change 1 1-13
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1 - 1 1 . L O C ATION AND DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR EXTERIOR

COMPONENTS
The exterior components described below are common to all vehicles covered in this manual. Special
differences are found in TM 9-2320-280-10 or table 1-1, differences between models, of this manual.
A AIR CLEANER – Filters air before it enters intake manifold.
B ENGINE – Provides power for the vehicle.
C TRANSMISSION – Transmits engine power to transfer case at varying speeds.
D FUEL TANK – Stores fuel.
E GEARED HUB – Transfers turning action of half shafts to wheels for vehicle motion.
F PINTLE HOOK – Permits towing of vehicles or equipment.
G REAR PROPELLER SHAFT – Transmits power from the transfer case to the rear differential.
H TRANSFER CASE – Provides full-time four-wheel drive with three drive ranges.
I FRONT PROPELLER SHAFT – Transmits power from the transfer case to the front differential.
MASTER CYLINDER AND HYDRO-BOOST – Provides hydraulic pressure and power assist for
J
vehicle stopping power.
K DIFFERENTIAL – Transfers turning action of the propeller shaft to the geared hubs through the
half shafts.
WINCH – 6000 lb (M1026, M1026A1, M1036, M1038, M1038A1, M1042, M1044, M1044A1, M1046,
L
and M1046A1 only), electrically powered to provide recovery capability.
M WINCH – 9000 lb, can be used on “A2” models M1025A2, M1043A2, M1045A2, and M1097A2 and
M1123.
1-14 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1-11. LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR EXTERIOR

COMPONENTS (Cont’d)
1-15
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1-12. LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR INTERIOR

COMPONENTS
The major interior components shown below are common to all vehicles covered in this manual. Components
not covered here can be found in TM 9-2320-280-10 or the applicable maintenance chapters of this manual.
AIR RESTRICTION GAUGE – Indicates restrictions in the air cleaner.
DIRECTIONAL SIGNAL CONTROL - Activates turn signal lights.
STEERING WHEEL – Manual control for turning vehicle.
INSTRUMENT CLUSTER – Houses controls and indicators.
DIAGNOSTIC CONNECTOR – Connection point for STE/ICE-R test set.
TRANSMISSION SHIFT LEVER – Manual control for shifting transmission.
TRANSFER CASE SHIFT LEVER – Manual control for shifting transfer case.
PARKING BRAKE LEVER - Manual control for applying parking brake.
ACCELERATOR PEDAL – Foot control for determining engine speed.
BRAKE PEDAL – Foot control for stopping vehicle.
MAIN LIGHT SWITCH - Controls operation of vehicle lights.
ROTARY SWITCH – When positioned to START, the starter is engaged to crank the engine.
1-16
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1-12. LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR INTERIOR

COMPONENTS (Cont’d)
1-17
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1-13. LOCATION AND CONTENTS OF WARNING, CAUTION, AND DATA PLATES

The location and contents of caution, data, and warning plates are provided in this paragraph. If any of
these plates are worn, broken, painted over, missing, or unreadable, they must be replaced. Information on
data plate may vary per model.
1-18
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1-13. LOCATION AND CONTENTS OF WARNING, CAUTION, AND DATA PlATES

(Cont’d)
1-19
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

(Cont’d)
1-20
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

(Cont’d)
1-21
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

(Cont’d)
1-22
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

(Cont’d)
1-23
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1 - 1 3 . L O C ATION AND CONTENTS OF WARNING, CAUTION, AND DATA PLA

TES
(Cont'd)
1-24 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

(Cont'd)
1-25
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

(Cont’d)
1-26
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1-13. LOCATION AND CONTENTS OF WARNING, CAUTION, AND DATA PLATES (Cont’d)
1-27
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1-28
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1-29
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1-14. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MODELS
Table 1-1. Differences Between Models
Equipment/
Function
Personnel/Cargo x x x
Operations
TOW Launcher x x x x
Mounting
Armament Mounting x x x x
S250 Shelter x x x
Configuration
Ambulance:
Two Litter Patients x x
Four Litter Patients x
Eight Ambulatory x
Patients
Six Ambulatory x
Patients
Two Litter and Four x

Ambulatory Patients
One Litter and x

Three Ambulatory
Patients
Vehicle Winch x x x x x x
Communications:
AN/GRC-160 x x x x x x x x x x x x
AN/VRC-12 Series x x
Collective NBC Protection x x
Basic Armor x x x x x x
Supplemental Armor x x x x
Howitzer Prime Mover x
1-30 Change 1
TM-9-2320-280-20-1
1-15. TA B U L ATED DATA
Vehicle performance data for the M998 series vehicles is listed in table 1-2. This information includes only
that data applicable to unit maintenance. Information not covered can be found in TM-9-2320-280-10.
Table 1-2. Tabulated Data
NOTE
Standard and metric measurements will be used in this table.
A list of their abbreviations is provided below.
TABULATED DATA ABBREVIATIONS
MEASUREMENT ABBREVIATION MEASUREMENT ABBREVIATION
Pint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pt Fahrenheit . . . . . . . . . . . ........ F
Quart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . qt Celsius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ C
Gallon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gal. Liters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ L
Inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in. Centimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm
Miles Per Hour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mph Kilometers Per Hour . . . . . . . . . . . . kph
Miles Per Gallon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mpg KiloPascal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kPa
Pounds Per Square Inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . psi Maximum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . max
Revolutions Per Minute. . . . . . . . . . . . . . rpm Minimum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min
Kilometers Per Liter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . km/L Kilogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg
Pound-Feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lb-ft Newton-Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N•m
Gallon Per Minute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gpm Millimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm
Volt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ V Ampere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ A
Horsepower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hp KiloWatt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kW
Liters Per Minute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l/m
STANDARD METRIC
1. PAYLOAD
M998, M998A1, M1038, and M1038A1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,500 lb 1,135 kg
M1097, M1123, “A1” and “A2” Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,400 lb 1,998 kg
2. CAPACITIES*
Cooling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 qt 24.6 L
Engine
Crankcase Only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 qt 6.6 L
Crankcase and Filter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 qt 7.6 L
Fuel Tank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 gal. 94.6 L
Differential (each) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 qt 1.9 L
Transmission (3L80):
Drain and Refill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 qt 5.7 L
W/Dry Converter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 qt 13.2 L
Transmission (4L80-E):
Drain and Refill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 qt 7.3 L
W/Dry Converter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5 qt 12.8 L
Transfer Case (model 218) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 qt 3.3 L
Transfer Case (model 242) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.35 qt 3.17 L
Geared Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 pt 0.47 L
Steering Hydraulic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 qt 0.95 L
Steering Hydraulic System with Steering Cooler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.25 qt 1.18 L
Brake Hydraulic System (All except M1097, M1123, “A1” and “A2” series) . . 1.2 pt 0.57 L
Brake Hydraulic System (M1097, M1123, “A1” and “A2” series) . . . . . . 1.63 pt 0.77 L
Brake Master Cylinder (All except M1097, M1123, “A1” and “A2 series) . . . 0.69 pt 0.33 L
Brake Master Cylinder (M1097, M1123, “A1” and “A2” series). . . . . . . . 1.12 pt 0.53 L
Windshield Washer Reservoir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 qt 0.95 L
*ALL HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS AND ALL FUEL CAPACITIES
ARE CALCULATED APPROXIMATIONS
Change 1 1-31
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Table 1-2. Tabulated Data (Cont'd)

STANDARD METRIC
3. ENGINE
Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DDA 6.2 L
Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diesel, Naturally Aspirated Liquid-Cooled, V8
Brake Horsepower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 hp @ 3,600 rpm 111.9 kW @ 3,600 rpm
Idle Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650 ± 25 rpm
Operating Speed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,500-2,300 rpm
Oil Pressure:
@ Idle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 psi 103 kPa
@ Operating Speed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40-50 psi 276-345 kPa
4. ENGINE
Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DDA 6.5 L
Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diesel, Naturally Aspirated, Liquid-Cooled, V8
Brake Horsepower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 hp @ 3,400 rpm 119.4 kW @ 3,400 rpm
Idle Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650 ± 25 rpm
Operating Speed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,500-2,300 rpm
Oil Pressure
@ Idle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 psi 69 kPa
@ Operating Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40-50 psi 276-345 kPa
5. FUEL SYSTEM
Fuel Pump (Mechanical):
Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cam-Driven Diaphragm
Fuel Filter
Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fuel/Water Separator
Air Cleaner:
Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dry Element
Glowplug:
Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fast Start
6. COOLING SYSTEM
Surge Tank Cap Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 psi 103 kPa
Thermostat:
Starts to Open . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190°F 88°C
Fully Open. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212°F 100°C
Radiator:
Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Downflow
Fan:
Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ten Blade
Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 in. 48.26 cm
7. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Alternator:
60 Ampere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 A @ 28 V
100 Ampere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 A @ 28 V
200 Ampere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 A @ 28 V
400 Ampere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 A @ 28 V
Starter:
Voltage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 V
Batteries (2):
Voltage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 V
1-32 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

STANDARD METRIC
8. TRANSMISSION
Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3L80
Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-Speed, Automatic
Oil Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dexron® II
Oil Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55-160 psi 379-1,103 kPa
9. TRANSMISSION
Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4L80-E
Type . . . . . . . . . . . 4-speed, Automatic Torque Converter Stall Ratio and
Direct Drive w/Lock Up Clutch
Gear Ratios
First . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.48:1
Second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.45:1
Third . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.00:1
Fourth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.75:1
Reverse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.08:1
Oil Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dexron® III
Oil Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35-324 psi 241-2,234 kPa
10. TRANSFER CASE
Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NPG 218 w/Cooler
NPG 242 w/Cooler
Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-speed
Oil Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dexron® II
11. SERVICE BRAKE CALIPER (FRONT)
Manufacturer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kelsey-Hayes
Piston Diameter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 in. 66 mm
12. SERVICE/PARKING BRAKE CALIPER (REAR)
Manufacturer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kelsey-Hayes
Piston diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 in. 66 mm
13. SERVICE BRAKE ROTOR (FRONT)
A2 Manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kelsey-Hayes
Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5 in. 267 mm
A2 Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 in. 305 mm
Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.87 in. 22.1 mm
A2 Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.02 in. 26 mm
14. SERVICE/PARKING BRAKE ROTOR (REAR)
A2 Manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kelsey-Hayes
Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5 in. 267 mm
A2 Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 in. 305 mm
Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.87 in. 22.1 mm
A2 Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.02 in. 26 mm
Change 1 1-33
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

15. PARKING BRAKE (VEHICLES SERIAL NUMBERS 1 THROUGH 44824)
Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rod and Cable Actuated, Caliper
Rotor Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 in. 203 mm
Brake Pad:
Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bonded
Minimum thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.125 in. 3.2 mm
Lever Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Over-Center
16. WHEELS AND TIRES
Tire size (Bias ply) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 in. x 12.5 in. x 16.5 in. 91.4 cm x 31.75 cm
x 41.9 cm
Tire size (Radial) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 in. x 12.5 in. x 16.5 in. 93.98 cm x 31.75 cm
x 41.9 cm
Wheels:
Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Offset Disc
Runflat Insert:
Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-Piece Magnesium
17. STEERING SYSTEM
Steering Gear:
Manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saginaw
Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Variable Ratio
Ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13/16:1
Power Steering Pump:
Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saginaw 125
Output Pressure (max) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,450 psi 9,998 kPa
Flow Rate (max) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 gpm 13.2 l/m
Tow-In (Front/Rear @ curb weight):
M998, M998A1, M1025, M1025A1, M1025A2, M1026, M1026A1,
M1035, M1035A1, M1035A2, M1038, M1038A1, M1043, M1043A1,
M1043A2, M1044, M1044A1, M1097, M1097A1,
M1097A2, and M1123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.438 in. ± 0.125 in. 11 mm ± 3.2 mm
M966, M966A1, M996, M996A1, M997, M997A1, M997A2,
M1036, M1037, M1042, M1045, M1045A1, M1045A2, M1046, M1121,
and M1046A1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.312 in. ± 0.125 in. 8 mm ± 3.2 mm
18. WINCH
Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W6000D25
Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electric Drive, Thermal Cutoff Switch
Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,000 lb 2,724 kg
19. WINCH
Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M I L - 9 0 0 0
Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Electric Drive, Thermal Cutoff Switch
Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,000 lb 4,086 kg
19.1.WINCH
Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8 3 - 7 5 - 5 0 0 5 0
Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H y d r a u l i c
Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10,500 lb 4,767 kg
20. AIR-CONDITIONING COMPRESSOR
Manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sanden
Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
Field Coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24V
1-34 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Section III. PRINCIPLES OF OPERAT I O N
1-16. GENERAL
This section explains how components of the M998 series vehicles work together. The systems (functional
groups) covered are listed in the Principles of Operation Reference Index, paragraph 1-17.
1 - 1 7 . PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION REFERENCE INDEX
REF. PAGE
SYSTEM
PARA. NO.
1-18. Drivetrain Operation 1-36

1-19. Fuel System Operation 1-37
1-20. Cooling System Operation 1-38
1-21. Starting System Operation 1-40
1-22. Generating System Operation 1-41
1-23. Generating System Operation (200 Ampere Alternator) 1-42
1-23.1. Generating System Operation (100 Ampere Dual Voltage
Alternator) 1-42.1
Alternator) 1-42.2
Alternator) 1-42.3
1-24. Battery System Operation 1-43
1-25. Windshield Wiper/Washer System Operation 1-44
1-26. Parking Brake System Operation 1-45
1-27. Service/Parking Brake System Operation 1-46
1-28. Service Brake System Operation 1-47
1-29. Steering Control System Operation 1-49
1-30. Suspension System Operation 1-51
1-31. Ambulance Patient Compartment Fuel Burning Heater 1-53
System Operation
1-32. M997, M997A1, and M997A2 Ambulance Air-Conditioning 1-54
System Operation
1-33. Stowage Racks and Tiedown Straps 1-55
1-34. 200 Ampere Umbilical Power Cable 1-58
Change 1 1-35
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1-18. DRIVETRAIN OPERATION
The drivetrain is identical for all models covered in this manual. It converts horsepower into mechanical
force to move the vehicle. Major components of the drivetrain are:
ENGINE - The water-cooled 6.2 liter, V-8, Diesel engine provides up to 150 horsepower at 3600 rpm to
power the vehicle. The 6.5 liter V-8 engine develops approximately 160 horsepower at 3400 rpm to
power the vehicle. The engines are essentially the same on all models except those equipped with deep
water fording kit installed, which adds a specially sealed dipstick, dipstick tube, and vented CDR valve.
These differences do not affect engine performance.
TRANSMISSION (3L80) - Adapts engine power to meet different driving conditions. The automatic
transmission has three forward speeds, a reverse and a neutral. A neutral safety switch prevents the
vehicle from being started with the transmission in any selector lever position except neutral.
TRANSMISSION (4L80E) - Adapts engine power to meet different driving conditions. The
automotic transmission has four forward speeds, a reverse, a neutral and a park. A neutral safety
switch prevents the vehicle from being started with the transmission in any selector lever position
except park and neutral.
TRANSFER CASE - Directs engine-to-transmission power to front and rear differentials
simultaneously. This condition means the vehicle is always in four-wheel drive. The transfer case
allows for selection of three drive ranges and a neutral position. A complete description of these
driving ranges and the recommended driving conditions during which they are used can be found in
TM 9-2320-280-10.
PROPELLER SHAFTS - Link transfer case to differentials. Universal joints, located at either end
of the front and rear propeller shafts, permit inline driving power between the transfer case and
differentials even though they are mounted at different angles.
DIFFERENTIALS - Transmit driving power, via halfshafts and geared hubs, to left and right
wheels. The differential ensures power is applied to the wheel having traction, regardless of which
wheel is slipping. This feature is called torque biasing.
HALFSHAFTS - Transmits power from differentials to geared hubs.
GEARED HUBS - Serve as the front wheel steering spindle and act as the final drive components
to front and rear wheels.
1-36
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1-19. FUEL SYSTEM OPERATION
The HMMWV diesel fuel system operation is identical for all models covered in this manual. It stores,
cleans, and supplies fuel for the engine. Major components of the fuel system are:
FUEL PUMP - Draws fuel from fuel tank through the supply line and pumps it to the fuel filter.
FUEL RETURN LINE - Directs unused fuel from the injection pump back to the fuel tank.
FUEL SUPPLY LINE - Directs fuel from fuel tank to the system.
FUEL TANK – Stores 25 gallons of diesel fuel.
FUEL FILLER CAP - Located at right rear side of vehicle, the cap is removed to permit fuel tank
servicing.
FUEL INJECTORS - Receive metered fuel from the injection pump and sprays fuel into the
combustion chamber.
FUEL FILTER/WATER SEPARATOR- Filters water and sediment from fuel before fuel enters
the injection pump.
INJECTION PUMP - Directs metered and pressurized fuel to the eight injector nozzles. It is
mounted on top of the engine under the intake manifold.
1-37
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1 - 2 0 . COOLING SYSTEM OPERAT I O N
The cooling system removes excess heat from the engine, engine oil, transfer oil, and transmission oil. This
system is identical on all models covered in this manual. Major components of the cooling system are:
ENGINE TEMPERATURE SENDING UNIT – Sends signal indicating coolant temperature to

A gauge on instrument cluster.
ENGINE TEMPERATURE SWITCH – Sends signal to activate control valve system to operate fan
B when engine temperature exceeds 215°F (102°C) and deactivate when engine temperature drops
below 190°F (88°C).
WATER CROSSOVER – Collects coolant from cylinder heads and channels it to the thermostat
C housing where it is redirected through the cooling system.
THERMOSTAT – Shuts off coolant return flow to radiator until temperature reaches 190°F (88°C).
D Coolant is then directed to the radiator through the radiator inlet hose.
RADIATOR – Directs coolant through a series of fins and baffles so outside air can dissipate excess
E engine heat before the coolant is recirculated through the engine.
OIL COOLER – Directs engine oil (lower half of cooler) and transmission oil (upper half of cooler)
F through a series of fins or baffles so outside air can remove heat from oil.
SURGE TANK – Filling and expansion point for cooling system.
G
PERSONNEL HEATER – Provides heat for personnel and interior of vehicle.

H
1-38 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1-20. COOLING SYSTEM OPERATION (Cont'd)
FAN - Pulls outside air through radiator to remove heat from coolant.
HYDRAULIC CONTROL VALVE - Directs hydraulic fluid to provide required pressure to actuate
fan clutch as required by engine temperature. Hydraulic pressure supplied by power steering pump.
TIME DELAY MODULE - Sends delayed signal to fan clutch solenoid for delay of fan actuation to
provide needed horsepower for engine acceleration.
FAN CLUTCH SOLENOID - Actuates hydraulic control valve as required by coolant temperature.
WATER PUMP - Driven by V-belts provides circulation of coolant through cooling system.
FAN CLUTCH - Hydraulically actuated by pressure from hydraulic control valve to control
operation of fan. Hydraulic pressure supplied by power steering pump.
DRAINCOCK - Draining point for radiator and cooling system.
RADIATOR SHROUD - Permits a greater concentration of air to be pulled through the radiator.
1-39
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1-21. STARTING SYSTEM OPERATION
The starting system is identical for all vehicles covered in this manual, and consists of the following
components and circuits.
ROTARY SWITCH - When in "START” position, provides battery power to the starter solenoid and
to the neutral start switch through circuit 14.
NEUTRAL STARTER SWITCH - When transmission shift lever is in "N" (neutral) position, this
switch closes a relay in the protective control box through circuit 14 allowing battery power to reach
the starter solenoid.
PROTECTIVE CONTROL BOX - Locks out the starter circuit, which prevents starter from
reengaging while engine is running.
STARTER SOLENOID - A magnetic relay that transmits 24-volt battery power to the starter
motor.
STARTER MOTOR - Cranks the engine for starting, and is supplied 24-volt battery power through
circuit 6A.
1-40
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1-22. GENERATING SYSTEM OPERATION (60/100 AMPERE ALTERNATOR)

The 60 ampere generating system is identical for all vehicles except the M997, M997A1, M997A2 4-litter and
M996, M996A1 2-litter ambulances.
1-41
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1-23. GENERATING SYSTEM OPERATION (200 AMPERE ALTERNATOR)

The 200 ampere generating system maintains battery charge and provides electrical power to operate
vehicle circuits. Major components of the generating system are:
BATTERY GAUGE - Indicates electrical system voltage. It is connected to the electrical system
through circuit 567.
ALTERNATOR (200 AMPERE) - Is rated at 28 volts, 200 amperes, with external regulator. The
alternator assists and recharges the vehicle batteries during operation.
CIRCUIT 568/CIRCUIT 5 (ALTERNATOR A0013036AA ONLY) - Senses vehicle voltage, and
activates the field current in the alternator to generate current.
PROTECTIVE CONTROL BOX - Protects the vehicle electrical system in the event battery
polarity is reversed.
CIRCUIT 2 - Sends AC signal, indicating alternator shaft rpm, to frequency switch in protective
control box to prevent operation of starter solenoid when engine is running.
BATTERIES - Two 12-volt batteries are connected in a series to provide 24 volts to start vehicle
and assist alternator during operation.
POSITIVE CABLE - Transmits alternator output to maintain battery charge. A fuse at the
alternator power stud will prevent damage to alternator if battery polarity is reversed.
CIRCUIT 3 - Connects to negative stud on alternator with engine ground strap to provide a ground
circuit to alternator.
1-42
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1 - 2 3 . 1 . GENERATING SYSTEM OPERATION (100 AMPERE DUAL VOLTAGE ALTERNATOR)
The 100-ampere dual voltage generating system maintains battery charge and provides electrical power to
operate vehicle circuits. Major components of the generating system are:
BATTERY GAUGE – Indicates electrical system voltage. It is connected to the electrical system
A
ALTERNATOR (100 AMPERE)– Is rated at 28 volts at 100 amperes and 14 volts at 50 amperes
B
with external regulator. The alternator assists and recharges the vehicle batteries during operation.
CIRCUIT 568 – Senses vehicle voltage, and activates the field current in the alternator circuit to
C alternator.
PROTECTIVE CONTROL BOX / DISTRIBUTION BOX* – Protects the vehicle electric system in
D
the event battery polarity is reversed. Provides load dump, glow plug operation, and interfacing of
engine and body harnesses.
CIRCUIT 2 – Sends AC signal, indicating alternator shaft rpm, to frequency switch in protective
E
F BATTERIES – Two 12-volt batteries are connected in a series to provide 24 volts to start vehicle and
assist alternator during operation.
G POSITIVE CABLE 6 – Provides 28-volt alternator output to maintain charge across two batteries.
POSITIVE CABLE 68A – Provides 16-volt alternator output to maintain charge across the lower
H
battery.
CIRCUIT 3 – Connects to negative stud on alternator with engine ground strap to provide a ground
I
* Distribution box provides same function as protective control box except distribution box does not
protect against reversal of battery polarity.
Change 1 1-42.1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
A
ALTERNATOR (200 AMPERE) – Is rated at 28 volts at 200 amperes and 14 volts at 50 amperes
B
C
alternator.
D the event battery polarity is reversed. Provides load dump, glow plug operation, and interfacing of
engine and body harnesses.
E
BATTERIES – Two 12-volt batteries are connected in a series to provide 24 volts to start vehicle and
F
G POSITIVE CABLE 6 – Provides 28-volt alternator output to maintain charge across two batteries.
H
battery.
I CIRCUIT 3 – Connects to negative stud on alternator with engine ground strap to provide a ground
1-42.2 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
A
ALTERNATOR (400 AMPERE) – Is rated at 28 volts at 400 amperes and 14 volts at 50 amperes
B
C
alternator.
D
the event battery polarity is reversed. Provides load dump, glow plug operation, and interfacing of
engine body harnesses.
E
BATTERIES – Two 12-volt batteries are connected in a series to provide 24 volts to start vehicle and
F
POSITIVE CABLE 6 – Provides 28-volt alternator output to maintain charge across two batteries.
G
H
battery.
CIRCUIT 3 – Connects to negative stud on alternator with engine ground strap to provide a ground
I
Change 1 1-42.3/(1-42.4 blank)

TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1-24. BATTERY SYSTEM OPERATION

The battery system is identical for all vehicles covered in this manual and consists of the following circuits
and components.
CIRCUIT 6A- Connects the batteries to the starter and to the protective control box through
circuit 74A.
BATTERIES - Two 6TN batteries are connected to provide 24 volts D.C. for the electrical starting
system.
SLAVE RECEPTACLE - Links an external power source directly to the slaved vehicle’s batteries to
assist in cranking the engine when the vehicle’s batteries are not sufficiently charged.
SHUNT - Used when measuring current draw from batteries utilizing STE/ICE-R.
PROTECTIVE CONTROL BOX - Protects the vehicle electrical system in the event the battery
system polarity is reversed.
ROTARY SWITCH - When in "START" position actuates starter solenoid through circuit 11A and
74A. When in "RUN" position closes circuit 29A to activate instrument cluster gages through circuit 27.
CIRCUIT 7A- Connects the battery system to the starter negative terminal and chassis ground.
STARTER SOLENOID - Actuates starter motor gear to crank vehicle engine.
1-43
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1-25. WINDSHIELD WIPER/WASHER SYSTEM OPERATION

The following miscellaneous components and circuits are not covered in any of the other electrical systems:
WINDSHIELD WIPER MOTOR - When knob is turned to “LOW” or “HIGH” position, circuit 27
carries battery power to wiper motor to activate windshield wipers.
CIRCUIT 57- Provides a ground circuit for wiper motor.
WINDSHIELD WASHER MOTOR - When knob on wiper motor is pushed, the washer motor is
activated through circuit 71 to spray water onto windshield.
1-44
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1-26. PARKING BRAKE SYSTEM OPERATION

The parking brake system for vehicles with serial numbers 1 through 44824 is a mechanically-actuated
system that provides a means of keeping the vehicle still once it stops. It also assists in emergency stopping
if there is a service brake system failure. Major components of the parking brake system are:
PARKING BRAKE ROTOR - Attached to pinion flange on rear differential, rotor prevents pinion
flange from turning when parking brake is applied.
BRAKE PADS - Apply friction to rotor when hand lever is applied.
PARKING BRAKE CALIPER - Forces brake pads against rotor when hand lever is applied.
PARKING BRAKE CABLE - Connects brake caliper to parking brake rod at bracket on left frame
rail.
PARKING BRAKE ROD - Connects parking brake hand lever to parking brake cable by means of
a adjustable clevis.
PARKING BRAKE HAND LEVER - Permits operator to engage the parking brake.
PARKING BRAKE HAND LEVER ADJUSTING CAP – Permits operator to make minor tension
adjustment of parking brake.
1-45
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1-27. SERVICE/PARKING BRAKE SYSTEM OPERATION

The parking brake system is a mechanically-actuated system that provides a means of keeping the vehicle
still once it stops. It also assists in emergency stopping if there is a complete service brake system failure.
Major components of the parking brake system are:
PARKING BRAKE ROTORS - Attached to output flanges on rear differential, rotors prevents
output flanges from turning when parking brake is applied.
BRAKE PADS – Apply friction to rotors when hand lever is applied.
PARKING BRAKE CALIPERS - Forces brake pads against rotors when hand lever is applied.
PARKING BRAKE CABLES - Connects parking brake hand lever to equalizer bar.
EQUALIZER BAR - Evenly distributes braking pressure to the rear brake rotors.
PARKING BRAKE ROD - Connects parking brake hand lever to equalizer bar.
PARKING BRAKE HAND LEVER - Permits operator to engage the parking brake.
PARKING BRAKE HAND LEVER ADJUSTING CAP - Permits operator to make minor tension
adjustment of parking brake.
1-46
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1-28. SERVICE BRAKE SYSTEM OPERATION

The service brake system is identical for all models covered in this manual. It is an inboard-mounted, four-
wheel, disc brake, hydraulically-assisted system. Major components of the braking system are:
HYDRO-BOOST - Converts hydraulic power from the steering pump to mechanical power to the
master cylinder, providing power assist during braking.
MASTER CYLINDER/RESERVOIR - Stores brake fluid, and converts mechanical pedal pressure
to hydraulic pressure.
PROPORTIONING VALVE - Provides balanced front-to-rear braking and activates brake
warning lamp in case of brake system malfunction.
ACCUMULATOR - Stores hydraulic pressure for additional power-assisted braking in case of loss
of pressure in steering system.
BRAKE PEDAL - Provides operator control for stopping vehicle.
BRAKE LINKAGE - Directs brake pedal pressure to hydro-boost.
1-47
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1-28. SERVICE BRAKE SYSTEM OPERATION (Cont'd)
HYDRAULIC BRAKE LINES - Directs brakes fluid under pressure to all four brake calipers
from master cylinder.
BRAKE CALIPER - Converts hydraulic pressure to mechanical force to compress brake pads
against brake rotors.
BRAKE ROTOR - Attached to output flange on front and rear differentials, rotor prevents output
flange from turning when brakes are applied.
BRAKE PADS - Apply friction to brake rotor when brake pedal is depressed.
1-48
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1-29. STEERING CONTROL SYSTEM OPERATION

The steering system is identical for all models covered in this manual. Major components of the steering
system are:
HYDRAULIC CONTROL VALVE - Directs hydraulic fluid to provide required pressure to actuate
and deactuate fan clutch as required by engine temperature. Hydraulic pressure supplied by power
steering pump.
HYDRO-BOOST - Converts hydraulic power from the steering pump to mechanical power to the
master cylinder, providing power assist during braking.
ACCESSORY DRIVE PULLEY BELTS - Transmits mechanical driving power from crankshaft
drive pulley to steering pump pulley which drives the steering pump.
POWER STEERING COOLER - Directs power steering fluid through a series of fins or baffles so
outside air can dissipate excess heat before the fluid is recirculated through the steering system.
OIL RESERVOIR AND STEERING PUMP - Combined in one unit, the reservoir serves as an oil
filling point and the pump supplies the oil under pressure throughout the steering system.
FAN CLUTCH - Hydraulically-actuated by pressure from hydraulic control valve to control
operation of fan. Hydraulic pressure supplied by power steering pump.
1-49
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1-29. STEERING CONTROL SYSTEM OPERATION (Cont'd)
STEERING WHEEL - Serves as manual steering control for the operator.
STEERING COLUMN - Transmits turning effort from steering wheel to intermediate steering
shaft.
INTERMEDIATE STEERING SHAFT - Permits angle of torque from steering column to input
shaft of power steering gear.
STEERING GEAR - Converts hydraulic power from steering pump to mechanical power at pitman
arm.
PITMAN ARM - Transfers steering torque from power steering gear to center link.
TIE ROD ASSEMBLY - Transmits movement from center link to geared hub.
GEARED HUB - Serves as the pivot point and link for the front wheels via the tie rod assembly.
CENTER LINK - Transmits movement from pitman arm to tie rods.
IDLER ARM – Supports right side of center link.
1-50
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1 - 3 0 . SUSPENSION SYSTEM OPERAT I O N

The suspension system is identical for all models covered in this manual. It is an independent coil spring
type system. Major components of the suspension system are:
BALL JOINTS – Connects geared hub to control arms, and allows change of angle between geared
A
hub and control arms during suspension movement.
B UPPER CONTROL ARM – Connects geared hub to frame rail.
C STABILIZER BAR (FRONT ONLY) – Prevents vehicle sway when cornering.
D GEARED HUB – Serves as a mounting point for wheel and tire assembly and provides 1.92:1 gear
reduction to increase torque to wheel and tire assembly.
E LOWER CONTROL ARM – Connects geared hub to frame rail.
F SHOCK ABSORBER – Dampens suspension movement and limits amount of suspension travel.
COIL SPRING – Supports weight of vehicle and allows suspension travel to vary depending on
G
terrain and vehicle loading.
Change 1 1-51
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1-30. SUSPENSION SYSTEM OPERATION (Cont'd)
RADIUS ROD (REAR ONLY) – Connects geared hub to frame, to maintain rear end alinement.
1-52
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1-31. AMBULANCE PATlENT COMPARTMENT FUEL BURNING HEATER SYSTEM

OPERATION
The ambulance patient compartment fuel burning heater in the M996, M996A1, M997, M997A1, and
M997A2 vehicles are similar in that they are multi-fuel burning and heat filtered fresh air. Major
components of the fuel burning heater system are:
FRESH AIR INTAKE GRILLE — The entry point of fresh air for the heater and ventilation system.
The grille stops large debris from entering the system.
FRESH AIR FILTER — Filters out dust and dirt which could foul the system.
FUEL BURNING HEATER — A self-contained heater/blower unit which heats filtered fresh air
with a heat exchanger and forces it out to heat vents in the patient compartment.
HEATER EXHAUST PIPE — Outlet for exhaust gases from fuel burning heater.
HEATING/VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM (HVAC) CONTROL BOX —

The central point of operation for fuel burning heater.
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM FUSE BOX — Provides electrical overload protection for the
HVAC system.
MANUAL SHUTOFF VALVE — Stops fuel flow to heater in an emergency or when performing
maintenance on the heater.
FUEL FILTER — Filters contaminants out of the fuel for efficient burning.
FUEL PUMP — Pumps fuel out of the fuel tank and provides fuel pressure to the rest of the system.
Pump will not draw fuel if tank is below 1/4 tank.
FUEL TANK — The supply point of fuel for fuel burning heater.
FUEL LINES — Supply fuel to the fuel burning heater.
1-53
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1-32. M997, M997A1, AND M997A2 AMBULANCE AIR-CONDITIONING

SYSTEM OPERATION
The air-conditioning system covered in this manual applies only to the M997, M997A1, and M997A2
vehicles and consists of the following major components:
COMPRESSOR - Inside the compressor, low pressure gas refrigerant is compressed into a high
pressure gas that is pushed into the condenser by the compressor.
DISCHARGE LINE - High pressure gas is carried through the discharge line from the compressor
to the condenser.
CONDENSER - Refrigerant enters the condenser as a high pressure gas. When condensed, it
gives up its heat to the outside air and becomes a high pressure liquid.
LIQUID LINE - High pressure liquid refrigerant is carried back to the evaporator by the liquid
line to repeat the evaporation/condensation cycle.
EXPANSION VALVE - High pressure liquid refrigerant enters a non-adjustable expansion valve
where the refrigerant is formed into a liquid spray.
EVAPORATOR - Refrigerant enters evaporator as a liquid spray. It absorbs heat from the air in
the patient compartment and vaporizes into a low pressure gas.
SUCTION LINE - Refrigerant in low pressure gas form is drawn from the evaporator by the
suction action of the compressor.
1-54
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1 - 3 3 . S T O WAGE RACKS AND TIEDOWN STRAPS

The stowage racks and tiedown straps covered in this manual apply to the M1097, M1097A1, M1097A2, and
M1123 vehicles and consist of the following major components:
A AMMO STOWAGE RACK AND AMMO STRAP ASSEMBLY — Provides stowage for twenty-two
ammunition rounds during transportation and allows quick access to rounds during reload
operations.
B M60 MACHINE GUN STRAPS (two each) — Secure M60 machine gun on top of ammo rack.
C JACK STRUT SPRING CLIPS (two each) — Secure jack strut on top of ammo rack.
D PARALLELOSCOPE SPIKE CLIPS (four each) — Secure two aiming stacks on top of ammo rack.
E SIGHT BOX #1 STRAPS (two each) — Secure sight box #1 to cargo floor in front of ammo rack.
F SIGHT BOX #2 STRAP — Secure sight box #2 to cargo floor in front of ammo rack.
G SPADE STRAPS (two each) — Secure spade on cargo floor and against cargo bulkhead.
H SECTION CHEST STRAPS (two each) — Secure section box on cargo floor.
Change 1 1-55
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1-33. STOWAGE RACKS AND TIEDOWN STRAPS (Cont'd)
FUEL CAN STRAP - Secures fuel cans to cargo bulkhead in front of right footwell.
REMOTE STRAP - Secures remote to right fixed door behind companion seat.
TRIPOD STRAPS (two each) - Secure tripod to bottom of troop seat.
TELEPHONE STRAP - Secures telephone to right fixed door in front of wheelhouse.
PARALLELOSCOPE AIMING POST STRAPS (three each) - Secure paralleloscope and aiming
posts to cargo floor and right wheelhouse.
CABLE REEL STRAPS (two each) - Secure cable reels to right footwell in front of wheelhouse.
1-56
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1-33. STOWAGE RACKS AND TIEDOWN STRAPS (Cont'd)
G.D.U. BATTERY STRAP - Secures G.D.U. battery to left fixed door in front of wheelhouse.
WATER CAN STRAP - Secures water cans to cargo bulkhead in front of left footwell.
G.D.U. BOX STRAP - Secures G.D.U. to left footwell in front of wheelhouse.
CAMOUFLAGE STOWAGE RACK AND STRAPS (three) - Provide stowage for camouflage
screen and support system during transportation.
1-57
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1 - 3 4 . 200 AMPERE UMBILICAL POWER CABLE
The 200 ampere umbilical power cable covered in this manual applies to the M1097A2 and M1123 vehicles
and consists of the following major component.
A POWER CABLE - Located behind the companion seat provides power for shelter equipment.
1-58 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
CHAPTER 2
SERVICE AND TROUBLESHOOTING INSTRUCTIONS
Section I. REPAIR PARTS, SPECIAL TOOLS, TEST, MEASUREMENT
DIAGNOSTIC EQUIPMENT (TMDE), AND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT
2-1. COMMON TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

For authorized common tools and equipment, refer to the Modified Table of Organization and Equipment
(MTOE) applicable to your unit.
2-2. SPECIAL TOOLS, TMDE, AND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT
Special Tools, Test, Measurement, Diagnostic Equipment (TMDE), and Support Equipment used to
maintain the vehicles covered in this manual can be found in TM 9-2320-280-24P.
2-3. REPAIR PARTS

Repair parts are listed and illustrated in TM 9-2320-280-24P.
Section II. SERVICE UPON RECEIPT
2-4. GENERAL
a. Upon receipt of a new, used, or reconditioned vehicle, you must determine if the vehicle has been
properly prepared for service. The following steps should be followed:
(1) Inspect all assemblies, subassemblies, and accessories to be sure they are in proper working order.
(2) Secure, clean, lubricate, or adjust as needed.
(3) Check all Basic Issue Items (TM 9-2320-280-10) to be sure every item is present, in good condition,
and properly mounted, or stowed.
(4) Follow general procedures for all services and inspections given in TM 9-2320-280-10.
b. The operator will assist when performing service upon receipt inspections.
c. See TM 9-2320-280-10 when checking equipment for proper operation.
d. Refer to TM 9-2320-280-10 for information concerning brake-in procedures.
2-5. GENERAL INSPECTION AND SERVICING INSTRUCTIONS

The following steps should be taken while performing general inspection and services:
NOTE
Cooler fin and engine protective covers can be used to prevent
damage to the vehicle components during maintenance. Refer to
Appendix D for fabrication instructions.
(1) Use TM 9-2320-280-10 as well as other sections of this manual, when servicing and inspecting
equipment.
WARNING
Drycleaning solvent is flammable and will not be used near an open flame. A fire
extinguisher will be kept nearby when the solvent is used. Use only in well-ventilated
places. Failure to do this may result in injury to personnel and/or damage to
equipment.
(2) Clean all exterior surfaces coated with rust-preventive compounds. Use drycleaning solvent
(Appendix C, Item 18).
2-1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(3) Clean fittings before lubrication. Clean parts with drycleaning solvent (SD), type II, or equivalent.
Dry before lubricating. Relubricate all items found contaminated after fording.
.WARNING.
Compressed air used for cleaning purposes will not exceed 30 psi
(207 kPa). Use only with effective chip guarding and personal protective
equipment such as goggles or shield, gloves, etc.
NOTE
Use compressed air to dry electrical components. Use sealing compound
(Appendix C, Item 40) before reconnecting plugs.
(4) Inspect electrical connectors for corrosion and/or damage (i.e., bent pins). Clean and repair
damage. Clean electrical components with clean cloth dampened with drycleaning solvent. Care must be
taken not to damage protective insulation.
(5) Read “Processing and Deprocessing Record of Shipping, Storage, and Issue of Vehicles and Spare
Engines,” tag (DD Form 1397) and follow all precautions listed. This tag should be attached to steering
wheel, steering column, or rotary switch.
2-6. SPECIFIC INSPECTION AND SERVICING INSTRUCTIONS

The following steps should be taken while performing specific inspections and services:
(1) Do the Semiannual (S) preventive maintenance checks and services listed in Section III in this
chapter.
(2) Lubricate the vehicle. Do not lubricate gear cases and engine unless processing tag states that the
oil is unsuitable for 500 mi (805 km) operation. If oil is suitable, just check level.
(3) Schedule semiannual service on DD Form 314 (Preventive Maintenance Schedule and Record Card).
(4) If vehicle is delivered with a dry charged battery, activate it according to TM 9-6140-200-14.
(5) Check vehicle coolant level and determine if solution is proper for climate (refer to TB 750-651 for
preparation of antifreeze solutions).
(6) Remove towing brackets from their stowed position behind the bumper and install them in their
proper location (para. 9-2, 9-3, or 9-4).
(7) Remove front lifting shackles from stowed position under passenger seat and install on towing
brackets (para. 9-13).
Section III. PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE CHECKS AND SERVICES
2-7. GENERAL
The best way to maintain vehicles covered by this manual is to inspect them on a regular basis so minor
faults can be discovered and corrected before they result in serious damage, failure, or injury. All intervals
are based on normal operation. Hard time intervals may be shortened if your lubricants are contaminated or
if you are operating the equipment under adverse conditions, including longer-than-usual operating hours.
Hard time intervals may be extended during periods of low activity, though adequate preservation
precautions must be taken. This section contains systematic instructions of inspection, adjustment,
lubrication, and correction of vehicle components to avoid costly repairs or major breakdowns. This is
Preventive Maintenance Checks and Services (PMCS).
2-8. INTERVALS
a. Unit maintenance, assisted by operator/crew, will perform checks and services contained in Table 2-1
at the following intervals:
(1) Semiannually (S). Every 6 months or 3,000 miles (4,800 km), whichever comes first.
(2) Annually (A). Every 12 months or 6,000 miles (9,654 km), whichever comes first.
(3) Biennially (B). Every 24 months or 12,000 miles (19,308 km), whichever comes first.
2-2 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
b. Refer to following steps when performing lubrication checks and services:

(1) Intervals. Lubrication services coincide with the vehicle's Semiannual (S) Preventive Maintenance
Service. For this propose, a 10% tolerance (variation) in specified lubrication point mileage is permissible.
Those vehicles not accumulating 1,000 mi (1,609 km) in a 6-month period will be lubricated at the time of (S)
Preventive Maintenance Service.
(2) Army Oil Analysis Program (AOAP). HMMWV engines and transmissions are enrolled in the
Army Oil Analysis Program (AOAP). The sampling interval for the engine is every six months or 3,000 miles,
or 100 hours (if hour meter is installed) of operation. For the transmission, the sampling interval is every
12 months or 6,000 miles, or 300 hours (if hour meter is installed) of operation.
(3) For Operation of Equipment in Protracted Cold Temperatures Below -15°F. (-26°C).
Remove lubricants prescribed in lubrication table for temperatures above -15°F (-26°C). Relubricate with
lubricants specified in lubrication table for temperatures below -15°F (-26°C). If OEA lubricant is required,
see the temperature ranges prescribed in the lubrication table. OEA lubricant is to be used in place of
OE/HDO 10 lubricant for all temperature ranges where OE/HDO 10 is specified in the lubrication table.
c. Perform all (S) inspections in addition to (A) inspections at the time of the annual inspection. Perform
all (A) and (S) inspections in addition to (B) inspections at the time of the biennial inspection.
2 - 9 . R E P O RTING REPA I R S
All vehicle shortcomings will be reported on DA Form 2404 Equipment Inspection and Maintenance
Worksheet or DA Form 5988-E (automated) (DA Pam 738-750) immediately after the PMCS, and before
taking corrective action. All vehicle deficiencies will be reported in the equipment record.
2-10. GENERAL SERVICE AND INSPECTION PROCEDURES

a. While performing specific PMCS procedures, make sure items are correctly assembled, secure, not
worn, serviceable, not leaking, and adequately lubricated as defined below.
(1) An item is CORRECTLY ASSEMBLED when it is in proper position and all parts are present.
(2) When wires, nuts, washers, hoses, or attaching hardware cannot be moved by hand, or wrench,
they are SECURE.
(3) An item is WORN if there is too much play between joining parts or when marking data, warning,
and caution plates are not readable.
(4) An item is UNSERVICEABLE if it is worn beyond repair and is likely to fail before the next
scheduled inspection.
(5) LEAKS. TM 9-2320-280-10 contains definitions of Class I, II, and III leaks and their effect on
vehicle operation.
(6) If an item meets the specified lubrication requirements, then it is ADEQUATELY LUBRICATED.
b. Where the instruction “tighten” appears in a procedure, you must tighten with a wrench to the given
torque value even when the item appears to be secure.
.WARNING.
Drycleaning solvent is flammable and will not be used near an open
flame. A fire extinguisher will be kept nearby when the solvent is
used. Use only in well-ventilated places. Failure to do this may
result in injury to personnel, and/or damage to equipment.
c. Where the instruction “clean” appears in a procedure, you must use drycleaning solvent (Appendix C,
Item 18) to clean grease or oil from metal parts. After the item is cleaned, rinsed, and dried, apply a light
grade of oil to unprotected surfaces to prevent rusting.
d. Clean rubber and plastic materials with soap and water. Refer to TM 9-2320-280-10 for general
vehicle cleaning instructions.
Change 1 2-3
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-11. SPECIFIC PMCS PROCEDURES

a. The preventive maintenance for which you are responsible is provided in Table 2-1. The checks and
services listed are arranged in logical order requiring minimal time and effort on your part.
b. The following columns read across on the PMCS schedule:
(1) Item Number. Provides logical order of PMCS performance and is used as a source number for
DA Form 2404, on which your PMCS results will be recorded.
(2) Intervals. Shows the interval next to each item number to indicate when that check is to be
performed. The interval will be repeated when consecutive item numbers are to be inspected during the
same interval. Interval columns include:
(a) Semiannual (six month) checks;
(b) Annual (yearly) checks; and
(c) Biennial (every two years) checks.
(3) Item To Be Inspected. Lists the system, common name, or location of the item to be inspected.
(4) Procedures. Provides instructions for servicing, inspection, lubrication, replacement, or
adjustment, and in some cases, having item repaired at a higher level.
NOTE
Always do your preventive maintenance checks and services in the order prepared. Once it
gets to be a habit, you will be able to spot anything wrong in a hurry.
(5) Not Fully Mission Capable. If vehicle meets criteria in this column, vehicle is not mission
capable (NMC).
2-4
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Table 2-1. Unit Level Preventive Maintenance Checks and Services HMMWV
ITEM I N T E RVA L ITEM TO BE PROCEDURES NOT FULLY MISSION

NO. INSPECTED C A PABLE IF:
PRIOR TO ROAD TEST

Ensure Operator/Crew has
performed PMCS listed in TM 9-
2320-280-10.
ROAD TEST
Maintenance personnel will be with
vehicle operator to assist in perform-
ing PMCS checks and verify pre-
service checks.
1 Semi- Pre-Service a. Notice if starter engages smoothly a. Starter inoperative or
Annual Checks and turns the engine at normal makes excessive grinding
cranking speed. sound.
b. Listen for unusual noise at idle, b. Engine knocks, rattles,
at operating speed, and under or smokes excessively.
acceleration. Be alert for excessive
vibration and the smell of oil, fuel,
and exhaust.
c. Check for transmission response to c. Transmission shifts
shifting and for smoothness of improperly, does not shift,
operation in all gear ranges. Be alert or makes excessive noises.
for unusual noises and difficulty in
shifting in any speed range.
NOTE
If desired range cannot be selected,
turn engine off, select range, and re-
start engine.
d. Check for transfer response to d. Lever inoperable or

shifting and for smoothness of does not engage in all
operation in all gear ranges. Be ranges with engine not
alert for unusual noises and difficulty running.
in shifting in any gear range.
e. Test for response to accelerator e. Pedal sticking or
feed. Observe for sticking pedal. binding.
f. With vehicle speed approximately 5 f. Steering binds, grabs,
mph (8 kph) turn steering wheel to wanders, or has excessive
left, then right, to detect hard steering, freeplay.
steering backlash, or shimmy. Vehicle
should respond instantly. With vehicle
moving on straight, level terrain, lightly
hold steering wheel to check for pull
and wandering.
g. Apply brake pedal with steady force. g. Brakes chatter, pull
Vehicle should slow and stop without to one side, or inoperative.
pulling to one side or jerking. Release Brakes will not release.
brake pedal. The brakes should release
immediately and without difficulty.
Change 1 2-5
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Table 2-1. Unit Level Preventive Maintenance Checks and Semites HMMWV (Cont'd)
NOTE
2-6
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Table 2-1. Unit Level Preventive Maintenance Checks and Services HMMWV (Cont'd)

3 Semi- Fuel d. Inspect all fuel lines for loose con- d. Any class III leak.
Annual System nections, splits, cracks, and bends that
(Cont'd) could leak.
e. Disconnect leads from each e. Continuity is not
glow plug (paragraph 3-38) and check present.
for resistance between glow plug ter-
minal and ground. Continuity should
be present.
f. Check each glow plug for looseness f. Glow plugs are loose
and damage. Tighten each plug to or damaged.
8-12 lb-ft (11-16 N•m).
g. Check locknut on body mounts. g. Body mounts loose.
Proper torque 90 lb-ft (122 N•m).
h. Check the fuel tank for propeller h. Any class III fuel leak
shaft rub marks and damage. Ensure or tank strap improperly
straps are properly installed in fuel installed or loose.
tank slots. Tighten strap locknuts
to 23-27 lb-in. (2.6 - 3 N•m).
4 Semi- Engine a. Check for missing, broken, cracked, a. Any drivebelt is miss-
Annual Accessory and frayed drivebelts. Ensure ing, broken, frayed, or
Drive and serpentine drivebelt has not moved dry-rotted. Belt fiber has
Serpentine out of place on pulley. more than one crack 1/8 in.
Belt (3.2 mm) in depth or 50% of
belt thickness) or has frays
more than 2 in. (51 mm)
long. Serpentine belt has
moved out of place on
pulleys.
b. (All models except M1123 and “A2” b. Tension below 70 lbs
vehicles). Check all drivebelts tension (311 N), or greater than
using belt tension gauge. Belt tension 110 lbs (489 N) new belt
should be 70 lbs (311 N) minimum. If and 95 lbs (422 N)
belt tension is not at least 70 lbs (311 N), old belts.
adjust drivebelts (paragraph 3-82). Tension
should not be greater than 110 lbs (489 N)
for new belts; old belts 95 lbs (422 N).
5 Semi- Protective a. Inspect four nuts for security of a. Mounting not secure,
Annual Control Box mounting. four nuts loose.
b. Ensure cannon plugs are securely
connected to box.
Change 1 2-7
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
ITEM INTERVAL ITEM TO BE PROCEDURES NOT FULLY MISSION

NO. INSPECTED CAPABLE IF:
6 Semi- Cooling WARNING

Annual System
If vehicle has been operating, use
extreme care to avoid being burned
when removing cooling system
radiator cap. Use heavy rags or gloves
to protect hands. Turn radiator cap
only one-half turn counterclockwise
and allow pressure to be released
before fully removing cap.
NOTE
Ž Coolant level is correct when coolant
recovery tank is full TM 9-2320-280-10).
Ž Use MIL-A-46153 in temperatures
above 0°F (-18°C) and MIL-A-11755 in
temperature below 0°F (-18°C).
a. Check coolant condition. Test coolant a. Coolant condition/
to see if draining is necessary testing shows draining
(TB 750-651). is required.
b. Inspect surge tank, radiator shroud, b. Any class III water
power steering cooler, oil cooler, all leak. Hoses cracked
hoses, quick disconnects and fittings for or dry rotted.
security of mounting, leaks, and
deterioration. Inspect and clean as
necessary the radiator and oil cooler cores.
2-8
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
ITEM INTERVAL ITEM TO BE PROCEDURES NOT FULLY MISSION

NO. INSPECTED CAPABLE IF:
WARNING
If NBC exposure is suspected, all air
filter media should be handled by
personnel wearing protective
equipment. Consult your unit NBC
officer or NBC NCO for appropriate
handling or disposal instructions.
7 Semi- Air-Intake a. Inspect and clean air cleaner
Annual System element and housing
(para. 3-13).
b. Check CDR valve oil saturation. b. CDR fails water
Disconnect CDR valve oil fill tube hose manometer vacuum test.
from CDR valve and inspect. Some oil
accumulation in the CDR valve is
acceptable. Correct CDR function is
determined by checking vacuum with a
water manometer. (para. 3-9a).
CAUTION
Do not clean CDR valve with solvent.
This will damage the diaphragm in-
side the CDR valve. Wiping with a rag
is the only authorized method of
cleaning.
c. Remove and wipe off the CDR valve
and hoses with a rag.
2-9
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

8 Semi- 60, 100, and a. Inspect alternator and voltage a. Mounting bolts
Annual 200 Amp regulator (200 amp only) for condition, missing or alternator
Alternators proper installation, and security of damaged.
mounting.
b. Inspect electrical wiring for b. Wiring frayed, broken,
broken strands, frayed, cracked or worn or loose connections.
insulation, and loose connections.
c. Deleted
d. Check alternator mounting bolts d. Any alternator
for security of mounting. Tighten mounting bolt is loose.
bolts to 40 lb-ft (54 N•m).
9 Semi- Accelerator Inspect for bends, excessive play, cracks, Linkage damaged, bent,
Annual Linkage and damage that could cause failure. or cracked.
10 Semi- Suspension NOTE

Annual and If access to locknut is a problem,
Steering remove geared hub from control arm
System (para. 6-11).
a. Remove wheel and tire assembly a. Capscrews or locknuts
(para. 8-3). Check front and rear are finger or hand
lower ball joint mounting. For M996, turnable.
M997, M1042, M1037, M1097, M1123,
and “A1” and “A2” series vehicles,
tighten rear lower ball joint to lower
control arm locknuts to 60 lb-ft (81 N•m)
and front to 35 lb-ft (48 N•m). All other
models, tighten front and rear lower
ball joint to lower control arm locknuts
to 35 lb-ft (48 N•m) and ensure cotter
pin is present. Tighten ball joint slotted
nut to 73 lb-ft (99 N•m) and ensure
cotter pin is present.
b. Check front and rear upper ball joint b. Capscrews or locknuts
mounting. Tighten upper ball joint to are finger or hand
upper control arm locknuts to 21 lb-ft turnable.
29 (N•m). Tighten upper control arm to
control arm bracket locknuts to 260 lb-ft
(353 N•m) . Tighten ball joint slotted
nut to 65 lb-ft (88 N•m) and ensure cotter
pin is present.
NOTE
Do not over lubricate ball joints, one
or two shots is adequate.
c. Lubricate front and rear upper

ball joints with GAA.
2-10 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

NOTE
Do not lubricate shock absorber
bushings, radius rod bushings,
stabilizer bar bushing, or suspension
arm pivot bushing.
10 Semi- Suspension d. Inspect control arms, control arm d. Control arm bent,
Annual and Steering bushings, springs, shock absorbers, bushing worn or obvious
System and bracket for damage. damage that would
(Cont'd) hinder operation.
e. Inspect steering column U-joints, e. U-joints, tie rods,

tie rods or radius rods, pitman arm, pitman arm or idler arm
center link, and idler arm for breaks, are worn or cracked.
cracks, and wear.
e.1. Inspect steering column for e.1. Steering column

security of mounting hardware. is not secure.
f. Inspect steering gear for mounting f. Any mounting bolt
security. Tighten mounting bolts to missing or unserviceable.
60 lb-ft (81 N•m).
Change 1 2-11
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
CAUTION
MIL-B-46176
table 2-1
NOTE
2-12
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
paragraph 7-11
paragraph 7-3
para. 7-21
2-13
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

11 Semi- Brake f. Inspect parking brake cable, cable f. Parking brake binding
Annual System clip, lever, spring, and pushrod/guide or cable frayed or broken.
(Cont'd) pin for binding and loose components. Spring or cable clip
missing.
g. On vehicles equipped with a single

parking brake assembly mounted
between the rear prop shaft and rear
differential, lubricate parking brake
lever, parking brake cam, parking
brake push pins, and parking brake
guide pins with WTR. On vehicles
equipped with a left and right parking/
service brake assembly mounted between
the rear axle half-shafts and rear
differential, lubricate the parking brake
lever with WTR. The parking/service
brake assembly needs no lubrication.
h. Inspect rear parking brake cables for h. Parking brake binding
damage and/or chaffing in the area of or cable frayed or broken.
the control arm. If cables are damaged,
replace cables (paragraph 7-23 or 7-24).
i. Inspect for presence of, or damage to,
parking brake cable clamps.
12 Semi- Engine and a. Inspect engine mounts and insu- a. Engine mounts or
Annual Transmis- lators for loose, worn, and damaged insulators cracked,
sion Mounts condition. damaged, loose, or worn.
b. Check for loose or missing engine b. Capscrews or locknuts,
mount capscrews and locknuts. If loose or missing.
engine mount capscrews or locknuts are
loose or missing, notify DS maintenance.
2-14 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

12 Semi- Engine and c. Using 3/4 inch torque adapter c. Transmission mount
Annual Trans- (reefer to Appendix B, Item 145), loose, cracked, or
mission tighten two capscrews securing damaged.
Mount transmission mount to adapter to
(Cont’d) 65 lb-ft (88 N•m). Tighten two locknuts
securing transmission mount to
crossmember to 28 lb-ft (38 N•m).
13 Semi- Starter CAUTION

Annual Disconnect negative cable.
a. Inspect starter for mounting a. Mounting bolt

security. Tighten mounting bolts to missing or will not
40 lb-ft (54 N•m). torque.
b. Inspect cables and studs for loose b. Stud nut loose.
nuts and damage.
13.1 Semi- Neutral WARNING

Annual Start Safety Ensure vehicle parking brake is set,
Switch wheels are chocked, and rotary
switch is in the ENG STOP position.
Failure to comply may result in
injury to personnel and/or damage to
equipment.
a. Disconnect wires 14A and 14B from Neutral start safety
wires 14 at neutral start safety switch is malfunctioning.
switch.
b. Check for continuity of neutral
start safety switch.
(1) With transmission shift lever in
N (neutral), or P (park) (for M1123,
A2 series, and up-armor models only),
continuity should be present between
wires 14 at neutral start safety
switch.
Change 1 2-15
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

13.1 Semi- Neutral (2) Place transmission shift lever in

Annual Start Safety D (drive). There should be no
Switch continuity present between wires 14.
(Cont’d) If continuity is present, replace
neutral start safety switch (para. 5-6).
c. Connect wires 14A and 14B to
wires 14 at neutral start safety
switch.
14 Semi- Trans- a. Inspect vent lines and connectors a. Vent line cracked,
Annual mission for security, cracks, and deterioration. plugged, or missing.
b. Inspect transmission shift linkage b. Shift linkage is

for bends, excessive play, cracks, and unserviceable.
damage that could cause failure.
15 Semi- Transfer a. Inspect transfer case vent lines and a. Vent line cracked,
Annual connectors for security, cracks, and plugged or missing.
deterioration. Shift linkage is unserv-
iceable.
b. Inspect transfer case shift linkage
for bends, excessive play, cracks, and
damage that could cause failure.
CAUTION
Use Dexron II for filling transfer case.
®
Failure to use Dexron® II will cause

damage to transfer case.
c. Check transfer case fluid level every
3,000 (4,800 km) or semiannually,
whichever occurs first. Remove fill plug
and gasket. Level should be within 1/2 in.
(12.7 mm) of fill plug opening when vehicle
is on level ground. Install fill plug and
gasket, and tighten to 35 lb-ft (47 N•m).
2-16 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

15 Semi- Transfer NOTE

Annual (Cont’d) Do not overtorque retaining nuts.
d. Inspect oil cooler lines for leaks or d. Any class III oil
damage. Check for loose oil cooler line leak or damage to
nuts and damage to the spiral wrap on spiral wrap.
the cooler line. If oil cooler line nuts are
loose, hold end of oil cooler stationary, and
tighten line nuts to 194-212 lb-in.
(22-24 N•m)
16 Semi- Driveline a. Inspect geared hub vent lines and a. Hub vent lines
Annual Compo- connectors for security, cracks, and cracked, plugged, or
nents deterioration. missing.
b. Inspect geared hub for leaking b. Class III leaks or
seals and damage. damage.
CAUTION
Change geared hub and differential
lubricants when required by mainte-
nance repair action, contaminated by
water or foreign material, or if
lubricant appears by smell, feel, or
visual indication to be overheated.
NOTE
•Fill each axle differential with 2
quarts (1.9 L) of GO.
•Fill each geared hub with 1 pint
(0.5 L) of GO.
c. Adjust spindle bearing c. Bearing damaged.
(paragraph 6-14).
d. Inspect differential vent lines and d. Differential vent line
connectors for security, cracks, and has hole, plugged, or
deterioration. cracked.
e. Inspect differentials for leaking e. Class III leak.
seals and cracks.
Change 1 2-17
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

16 Semi- Driveline f. M998, M998A1, and M1121 series f. Lube level not within
Annual Compo- vehicles – Check differential lubricant 1/4 inch (6.4 mm) of fill
nents level semiannually or every (3,000 miles) plug opening when cold
(Cont’d) (4,830 km). M998A2 and M1123 series or to plug level when hot.
vehicles – Change differential lubricant
semiannually or every 3,000 miles
(4,830 km). Differential level should be
within 1/4 inch (6.4 mm) of fill plug
opening when lubricant is cold or to plug
level when hot.
g. Inspect U-joints for damage, free g. U-joint is damaged,

play, and missing or unserviceable unserviceable, or missing
lubrication fittings. lubrication fitting.
h. Tighten front prop shaft mounting h. Loose, missing, or
capscrews to 13-18 lb-ft (18-24 N•m) broken capscrews.
and center support capscrews to 60 lb-ft
(81 N•m). Tighten rear prop shaft
capscrews to 13-18 lb-ft (18-24 N•m)
and tighten U-bolt nuts to 21 lb-ft
(29 N•m).
2-18 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

16 Semi- Driveline i. Tighten halfshaft mounting bolts to i. Loose, missing, or

Annual Compo- 48 lb-ft (65 N•m). broken bolts.
nents
(Cont’d)
17 Semi- Exhaust Inspect for cracked and loose pipes, Cracked, loose, or holes in
Annual Compo- muffler, and hangers. Check for ex- pipes or muffler.
nents haust leaks. Exhaust leak.
18 Semi- Frame and a. Inspect frame side rails for cracks, a. Any loose or missing
Annual Cross- breaks, bends, wear, deterioration, fasteners. Cracks, bends,
members and missing or loose fasteners. or breaks in frame.
b. Inspect crossmembers for cracks, b. Any loose or missing

breaks, bends, deterioration, and fasteners. Cracks, bends,
loose or missing fasteners. or breaks in cross-
members.
c. Inspect for missing, broken, bent, c. Any missing, broken,

or loose bumper supports before bent, or loose bumper
towing a trailer. supports.
19 Semi- Tires WARNING

Annual • Changing tire pressures or wheel
alignment, out of the
recommended specification, may
adversely affect the vehicle's
handling characteristics. Loss of
vehicle control may result in
serious injury or death and
damage to equipment.
• Radial and bias ply tires should
not be mixed on the same vehicle.
Injury to personnel and damage to
equipment may result.
NOTE
Vehicle must be up on jack stands for
the following checks.
a. Check tread depth of tires with tire a. Tread depth is less

gauge. If tread depth is less than 2/32 than 2/32 in. (1.59 mm).
in. (1.59 mm), replace tire in approx-
imately 400 miles (644 km) bias tires
will wear 1/32 in. (0.79 mm), radial tires
will take approximately 1,300 miles
(2092 km) to wear 1/32 in. (0.79 mm). If
mission will require the vehicle to travel
this distance within a month, replace tire
if it measures 3/32 in. (2.38 mm).
Change 1 2-19
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
paragraph 8-9
para. 8-4
2-20
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

19 Semi- Tires e. Check for loose, missing, or e. Any broken studs, or

Annual (Cont’d) broken wheel studs and nuts. loose or missing wheel
nuts.
CAUTION
Prior to checking torque, the tire
assembly must be deflated.
(1) Release air pressure from tire
(para. 8-4 or 8-5).
CAUTION
Tighten locknuts gradually to avoid
bent and broken studs, or damage to
wheel components will result.
(2) Wheel configurations:
(a) 12-bolt configuration –
Tighten locknuts to 85 lb-ft (115 N•m)
in sequence shown; repeat torque
sequence at 125 lb-ft (170 N•m).
12-BOLT TIGHTENING SEQUENCE
(b) 8-bolt configuration –

Tighten locknuts to 55 lb-ft (75 N•m)
in sequence shown; repeat torque
sequence at 65 lb-ft (88 N•m).
8-BOLT TIGHTENING SEQUENCE
(3) Inflate tire to recommended tire

pressure (TM 9-2320-280-10).
Change 1 2-21
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

19 Semi- Tires NOTE

Annual (Cont’d) If vehicle is new and has been driven
less than 3,000 miles (4,800 km), it is
not necessary to align wheels unless
abnormal handling is reported.
f. Check alignment of front and rear f. Front or rear wheels
wheels (paras. 8-10 and 8-11). are out of alignment.
20 Semi- Engine a. Inspect engine for leaks or damage a. Class III leaks.
Annual that could cause engine failure. Damage evident that
would cause engine
failure.
NOTE
Oil and oil filter will be changed when
they are known to be contaminated,
clogged, or when service is
recommended by AOAP laboratory.
b. Perform AOAP sample. If AOAP is not

available, change oil and oil filter at
3,000 miles (4,800 km), or 100 hours (if
hour meter is installed), or every six
months.
2-22 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

21 Semi- Batteries .WARNING.

Annual
• Do not perform battery system
checks or inspections while
smoking or near fire, flames, or
sparks. Batteries may explode
causing damage to vehicle, injury,
or death to personnel.
• Remove all jewelry such as rings,
dog tags, bracelets, etc. If jewelry
or disconnected battery ground
cable contacts battery terminal, a
direct short will result, causing
injury to personnel, or damage to
equipment.
NOTE
Reefer to TM 9-6140-200-14 for more
specific details on battery maintenance.
a. Inspect battery box and battery tray a. Corrosion has

bolts for corrosion and debris. If any made holes in metal
corrosion is evident, wipe bolts battery box.
and/or washers clean. If corrosion
cannot be removed or the surface of
bolts are pitted, replace bolts and/or
washers (para. 4-80).
b. Clean slave receptacle and coat b. Terminals corroded.
with corrosion preventive compound
(Appendix C, Item 24).
NOTE
Add 4 points (.004) to specific gravity
reading for every 10° above 80°F.
c. Check and record specific gravity c. If cell is below
of each cell. 1.225 specific gravity.
d. Inspect battery cables for frays, d. Cables frayed, split,
splits, or looseness. or loose.
SPECIAL PURPOSE KITS

22 Semi- Cargo Shell Check adjustment of cargo shell door
Annual Door (paragraph 11-13).
23 Semi- Rear Cargo Check rear cargo door for proper

Annual Door operation. Rotate gas springs (para.
11-21) 180 degrees every six
months and move left spring to right
side and right spring to left side.
Change 1 2-23
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

24 Semi- Ambulance a. Check DC outlets for proper oper- a. No DC voltage at

Annual (M996, tion. Using multimeter, check for volt- outlet, or not within
M996A1, age at DC receptacles. If engine is run- range.
M997, ning, voltage should be 27-28 volts. If
M997A1, and engine is not running, voltage should
M997A2) be 24.2-25.2 volts. Reefer to para. 2-39,
electrical troubleshooting, if voltage
is not within the specified range.
b. Inspect and tighten two mounting b. Body not securely
capscrews securing ambulance body to mounted to floor.
cargo floor to 90 lb-ft (122 N•m).
Tighten seven capscrews securing
ambulance body to “D” beam to
90 lb-ft (122 N•m).
c. (M997, M997A1, and M997A2 only) c. Any class III leak.

Inspect compressor for security of
mounting and oil leakage.
25 Semi- DeepWater a. Inspect vent tubes for bends,

Annual Fording Kit cracks, breaks, deterioration, and
restrictions.
b. Inspect vent tube mounting hard-

ware for proper installation.
c. Inspect intake and exhaust exten- c. Any exhaust extension

sions for proper installation and leaks. leaks.
2-24 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

26 Semi- Arctic Inspect all fuel lines for loose connec- Any class III leak.
Annual Winterization tions, splits, cracks, and bends that
Kit and/or could cause leaks. Tighten loose connec-
Troop/Cargo tions and replace damaged parts.
Winterization
Kit NOTE
If Annual/Biennial Service is being
performed, then Final Road Test will
be completed after last Annual/
Biennial task is complete.
27 Semi- Final Road Check vehicle for proper operation Vehicle fails to operate
Annual Test and performance. properly.
28 Annually Fuel Replace filter element every 6,000

System miles (9,600 km) or annually, which-
ever occurs first. Replace water sepa-
rator element if unserviceable (para.
3-33).
29 Annually Air-Intake Test CDR valve (para. 3-9).

System
29.1 Annually Dust Visually inspect dust unloader for Dust unloader missing or
Unloader presence and for cuts, tears, has cuts, tears, obstruc-
obstructions, worn areas, enlarged tions, worn areas,
gap, or if center opening exceeds enlarged gap, or if center
1/8 in. (3.175 mm). opening exceeds 1/8 in.
(3.175 mm).
Change 1 2-25
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

30 Annually Electrical Inspect all wiring and wiring harness Broken, frayed, split
Wiring for frays, splits, missing insulation, or wires or harness.
poor connections. Repair any worn
wiring (para. 4-85). If wiring cannot be
repaired, notify DS maintenance.
30.1 Annually Engine Observe engine and vehicle operation Vehicle fails to operate
Running for rough idle, rough running, lack properly.
Test of power, and unusual noise or
vibration (para. 2-18).
30.2 Annually Transmission Perform AOAP sample.
CAUTION
Use Dexron® II or Dexron® III for
3L80 transmission. Use only
Dexron® III for 4L80-E transmission.
Failure to use only Dexron® III for
4L80E transmission will cause damage
to transmission.
NOTE
• Oil and oil filter will be changed when
they are known to be contaminated,
clogged, or when service is
recommended by AOAP laboratory.
• Replace transmission oil filter each
time transmission is drained. Fill
3L80 transmission with 6 quarts
(5.7 L) of Dexron® II or Dexron® III.
Fill 4L80-E transmission with
7.7 quarts (7.3 L) of only Dexron® III.
In arctic conditions, use OEA in both
model transmissions.
31 Biennially Transmission CAUTION
Use Dexron® II or Dexron® III for
3L80 transmission. Use only Dexron®
III for 4L80-E transmission. Failure to
use only Dexron® III for 4L80E
transmission will cause damage to
transmission.
NOTE
• Change fluid every 12,000 miles
(19,300 km) or biennially, whichever
occurs first (para. 5-2a). Inspect
either 3L80 or 4L80-E transmission
drainplug for metal particles.
• Replace transmission oil filter each
time transmission is drained. Fill
3L80 transmission with 6 quarts
(5.7 L) of Dexron® II or Dexron® III.
Fill 4L80-E transmission with 7.7
quarts (7.3 L) of only Dexron® III. In
arctic conditions, use OEA in both
model transmissions.
2-26 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

31 Biennially Transmission
(Cont’d)
32 Biennially Transfer CAUTION

Case • If water or metal particles are
detected during transfer case
draining, notify Direct Support
Maintenance personnel before
refilling transfer case.
• Use Dexron® II for filling transfer
case. Failure to use Dexron® II
will cause damage to transfer case.
NOTE
• Fill transfer case (model 218) with
3.5 quarts (3.3 L) of Dexron® II.
• Fill transfer case (model 242) with
3.35 quarts (3.17 L) of Dexron® II.
Change fluid every 12,000 miles Metal particles are
TRANSFER CASE
Change 1 2-27
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
SEMI-ANNUAL (3,000 MILE) PMCS PARTS LIST
ITEM PART
NSN NOMENCLATURE QTY
NO. NUMBER
1. MS51943-31 5305-00-061-4650 Locknut 1

2. 5593033 5310-00-252-2999 Nut and Lockwasher Assembly 4
3. MS21245-L10 5310-00-449-2381 Locknut 4
4. MS35756-8 5315-00-616-5526 Woodruff Key 1
5. MS24665-355 5315-00-012-0123 Cotter Pin 1
6. MS51943-43 5310-00-061-4651 Locknut 1
7. MS51943-35 5310-00-935-9021 Locknut 1
8. MS51943-39 5310-00-488-3889 Locknut 4
9. MS51967-18 5310-00-763-8919 Locknut 2
10. MS35338-45 5310-00-407-9566 Lockwasher 2
11. PH13 2940-00-082-6034 Filter, Fluid, Engine Oil 1
ANNUAL (6,000 MILE) PMCS PARTS LIST
ITEM PART
NO. NUMBER
1. MS51943-31 5305-00-061-4650 Locknut 1

3. MS21245-L10 5310-00-449-2381 Locknut 4
4. MS35756-8 5315-00-616-5526 Woodruff Key 1
5. MS24665-355 5315-00-012-0123 Cotter Pin 1
6. MS51943-43 5310-00-061-4651 Locknut 1
7. MS51943-35 5310-00-935-9021 Locknut 1
8. MS51943-39 5310-00-488-3889 Locknut 4
9. MS51967-18 5310-00-763-8919 Locknut 2
10. MS35338-45 5310-00-407-9566 Lockwasher 2
12. 5589121 4330-01-190-3579 Filter Element Kit, Fuel 1
2-28 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
BIENNIALLY (12,000 MILE) PMCS PARTS LIST

ITEM PART
NO. NUMBER
1. MS51943-31 5305-00-061-4650 Locknut 1
3. MS21245-L10 5310-00-449-2381 Locknut 4
4. MS35756-8 5315-00-616-5526 Woodruff Key 1
5. MS24665-355 5315-00-012-0123 Cotter Pin 1
6. MS51943-43 5310-00-061-4651 Locknut 1
7. MS51943-35 5310-00-935-9021 Locknut 1
8. MS51943-39 5310-00-488-3889 Locknut 4
9. MS51967-18 5310-00-763-8919 Locknut 2
10. MS35338-45 5310-00-407-9566 Lockwasher 2
12. 12337210 4330-01-121-6350 Parts Kit, Fluid, Transmission (3L80-E) 1
13. 8655625 5330-01-148-7492 Gasket (3L80-E) 1
14. 8684221 2520-01-398-4589 Parts Kit, Fluid, Transmission (4L80-E) 1
15. 8677743 5330-01-360-5271 Gasket (4L80-E) 1
LUBRICATION TABLE
EXPECTED
USAGE FLUID/LUBRICANT CAPACITIES
TEMPERATURE
Engine Oil OE/HDO 30 Crankcase: Above +15°F (-9°C)
OE/HDO 10 w/o filter 7 qt (6.6 L) 40° to -15°F (4° to -26°C)
OEA w/filter 8 qt (7.6 L) 40° to -65°F (4° to -54°C)
Dry System 10 qt (9.5 L)
(INC. oil cooler)
Engine Ethylene Glycol Radiator: 5 qt (4.7 L)
Coolant and Water Complete System: 26 qt (24.6 L)
1/4 Ethylene Glycol/ 15°F (-9°C) and above
3/4 Water
2/5 Ethylene Glycol/ 40° to -15°F (4° to -26°C)
3/5 Water
3/5 Ethylene Glycol/ 40° to -65°F (4° to -54°C)
2/5 Water
Brake System Master Cylinder:
(All except Fluid Silicone BFS 0.69 pt (0.33 L)
All Temperatures
M1097, “A1”, “A2” Complete System:
series and M1123) 1.2 pt (0.56 L)
(M1097, “A1”, “A2” Master Cylinder:

series and M1123) 1.12 pt (0.53 L)
Complete System:
1.63 pt (0.78 L)
OE/HDO 15/40 (Grade 15W-40) lubricant may be used when expected temperatures are above +5°F (-15°C).
If OEA lubricant is required to meet the temperature ranges prescribed in the table, then the OEA lubricant is
to be used in place of OE/HDO 10 lubricant for all temperature ranges.
If operating conditions are severe or abnormal, service chassis lubrication points at 1,000 miles (1,600 kilometers).
Change 1 2-29
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
LUBRICATION TABLE (Cont'd)
Section IV. ELECTRICAL/MECHANICAL SYSTEMS TROUBLESHOOTING
2-12. GENERAL
a. This section provides information to diagnose and correct malfunctions of the electrical/mechanical
system.
b. Principles of operation showing system operation can be found in chapter 1. It should be used as a
reference when performing electrical/mechanical troubleshooting.
c. Each malfunction symptom given for an individual component or system is followed by step(s) you should
take to determine the cause and corrective action you must take to remedy the problem.
d. Before taking any action to correct a possible malfunction, the following rules should be followed:
(1) Question operator to obtain any information that might help you determine the cause of the problem.
(2) Never over look the chance that the problem could be of simple origin. The problem could be corrected
with minor adjustment.
(3) Use all senses to observe and locate troubles.
(4) Use test instruments or gauges to help you determine and isolate problem.
(5) Always isolate the system where the malfunction occurs and then locate the defective component.
(6) Use standard automotive theories and principles when troubleshooting the vehicles covered in this manual.
e. The STE/ICE-R is an integral part of these troubleshooting procedures. It should be used whenever
possible, although other options are given, when available. The Vehicle Identification Number (VIN)
assigned to the M998 series vehicles is 21 (14 is the temporary VIN). On page 2-753, you will find
information on STE/ICE-R description and operation. Use this information to become familiar with
STE/ICE-R operation and the equipment contained in the test set. On page 2-763 you will find STE/ICE-R
setup and internal checks. These must be performed prior to performing tests.
2-30
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-13. ELECTRICAL/MECHANICAL SYSTEMS TROUBLESHOOTING
ELECTRICAL/MECHANICAL TROUBLESHOOTING
PARA PAGE
NO. NO.
2-14. How to use this troubleshooting guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-32
2-15. Glossary of abbreviations and commonly used terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-38
2-16. Electrical circuit description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-39
2-17. Startability tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-41
2-18. Engine running tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-47
2-19. Cooling system tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-57
2-20. Lubrication system tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-65
2-21. Electrical tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-71
2-22. Fuel system tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-95
2-23. Air intake/exhaust tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-137
2-24. Compression/mechanical tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-143
2-25. Engine cooling tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-155
2-26. Engine lubrication tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-187
2-27. Alternator tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-194
2-28. Protective control box /distribution box tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-227
2-29. Battery circuit test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-251
2-30. Starter circuit tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-261
2-31. Glowplugs circuit tests (protective control box) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-303
2-31.1. Glowplugs circuit tests (distribution box) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-318.1
2-32. Instrument tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-319
2-33. Light tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-389
2-34. Transmission system tests (3L80) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-399
2-35. Transmission system tests (4L80-E). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-411
2-36. Brake system tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-445
2-37. Steering system tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-459
2-38. Drivetrain tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-479
2-39. Ambulance electrical system tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-497
2-40. Ambulance mechanical system tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-693
2-41. Winch system tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-715
2-42. DCA troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-723
2-43. STE/ICE-R test procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-733
2-44. Vehicle testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-761
Change 1 2-31
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-14. HOW TO USE THIS TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE
NOTE TO THE RECIPIENT OF THIS MANUAL
There are 16 foldouts that are supplied with this manual. Take the foldouts
and place them after the last page of diagnostics at the end of the
paragraph. That way, the foldout will be with diagnostics for that system.
Use the cross-reference information listed below to guide you in the
placement of the foldouts.
SYSTEM LEVEL TESTS PARAGRAPH FOLDOUT NUMBER
FUEL 2-22 FO-1

AIR INTAKE/EXHAUST 2-23 FO-2
COMPRESSION/MECHANICAL 2-24 FO-3
ENGINE COOLING 2-25 FO-4
ENGINE LUBRICATION 2-26 FO-5
ALTERNATOR 2-27 FO-6
PROTECTIVE CONTROL BOX/ 2-28
DISTRIBUTION BOX
BATTERY CIRCUIT 2-29 FO-7
STARTER CIRCUIT 2-30 FO-8
GLOWPLUGS (PROTECTIVE 2-31 FO-9
CONTROL BOX)
GLOWPLUGS (DISTRIBUTION BOX) 2-31.1
INSTRUMENTS 2-32 FO-10
LIGHTS 2-33 FO-11
TRANSMISSION (3L80) 2-34 FO-12
TRANSMISSION (4L80-E) 2-35
BRAKES 2-36 FO-13
STEERING 2-37 FO-14
DRIVETRAIN 2-38 FO-15
AMBULANCE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 2-39
AMBULANCE MECHANICAL SYSTEM 2-40
WINCH SYSTEM 2-41
DCA TROUBLESHOOTING 2-42 FO-16
2-32 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-14. HOW TO USE THIS TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE (CONT'D)
THERE ARE 5 TOP LEVEL TESTS. USE THESE FOR GENERAL SYMPTOMS
(HARD-TO-START, RUNS ROUGH, ETC).
THERE ARE 21 SYSTEM LEVEL TESTS. THESE ARE USED BY THE TOP
LEVEL TESTS BUT YOU CAN GO
STRAIGHT TO THEM IF YOU KNOW
WHAT YOU'RE DOING.
TROUBLESHOOTING PAGES. THE LAYOUT IS SHOWN ON THE NEXT PAGE.

THEY ARE SET UP SO THAT YOU DON'T READ
ANY MORE THAN YOU HAVE TO. AFTER YOU
HAVE FOUND THE FAULT, CORRECT IT AND
MAKE SURE THE SYSTEM IS WORKING
PROPERLY. CONTINUE IF THERE ARE
ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS.
TOP LEVEL TESTS PAGE
ENGINE STARTING 2-41

ENGINE RUNNING 2-47
COOLING 2-57
LUBRICATION 2-65
ELECTRICAL 2-71
SYSTEM LEVEL TESTS PAGE
FUEL 2-95
AIR INTAKE/EXHAUST 2-137
COMPRESSION/MECHANICAL 2-143
ENGINE COOLING 2-155
ENGINE LUBRICATION 2-187
ALTERNATOR 2-194
PROTECTIVE CONTROL BOX/ 2-227
DISTRIBUTION BOX
BATTERY CIRCUIT 2-251
STARTER CIRCUIT 2-261
GLOWPLUGS (PCB) 2-303
GLOWPLUGS (DISTRIBUTION BOX) 2-318.1
INSTRUMENTS 2-389
LIGHTS 2-399
TRANSMISSION (3L80) 2-411
TRANSMISSION (4L80-E) 2-445
BRAKES 2-459
STEERING 2-479
DRIVETRAIN 2-497
AMBULANCE ELECTRICAL 2-693
AMBULANCE MECHANICAL 2-715
WINCH 2-723
DCA TROUBLESHOOTING
Change 1 2-33
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-14. HOW TO USE THIS TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE (CONT’D)

PAGE LAYOUT
HOW TO TROUBLESHOOT
PICK THE TESTS: Select either a top level or a system level test.
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE Just answer the questions on the left hand page and
follow the YES or NO path. Helpful information about
the question is also on the right hand page. If you
aren’t sure about a question or procedure, look on the
right page for notes, instructions and help.
2-34
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
PAGE LAYOUT
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE
2-35
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
INFORMATION ABOUT THE QUESTION
TEST OPTIONS:
REASON FOR QUESTION
INFORMATION ABOUT THE DIAGNOSTIC LOGIC
KNOWN INFO
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
2-36
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
INFORMATION ABOUT THE QUESTION
TEST PROCEDURES
PICTURES
2-37
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-15. GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS AND COMMONLY USED TERMS
PCB - Protective Control Box, located on the firewall above the brake pedal.
STE/ICE-R - Simplified Test Equipment for Internal Combustion Engines - Reprogrammable, a testing
system used for performing tests and measurements on the vehicle. In addition to acting as a
conventional digital multimeter to measure voltage, current and resistance, it is also capable of measuring
pressure, speed, compression unbalance, engine power, and some specialized battery and starter
evaluations. It is powered from the vehicle batteries. The complete system includes a vehicle test meter
(VTM), a transducer kit (TK), cables, transit case and technical publications.
DCA - Diagnostic Connector Assembly, an electrical harness on the vehicle which allows the STE/ICE-R
to be powered and to make measurements of key vehicle signals from a single connection. In addition to
many basic electrical signals such as starter voltage and current, it includes engine speed and fuel
supply pressure. The STE/ICE-R can make TK measurements at the same time that it is connected to
the DCA.
VTM - Vehicle Test Meter, a box which performs the measurement and analysis functions of the
STE/ICE-R systems.
TK (and TK mode) - Transducer Kit, a collection of transducers, adapters and fittings which permit the
STE/ICE-R to be used as a general purpose measurement system for any application. This allows the
STE/lCE-R to be used anywhere that you want to measure voltage, current, resistance, pressure, or
speed. TK mode of operation is what you are doing when you use this kit (as opposed to DCA mode
where you are using the vehicle’s built-in sensors to make measurements).
Compression unbalance - A STE/ICE-R test that gives an indication of any engine cylinders that have
lower compression then the average. It does this by monitoring the battery voltage during cranking. As
each cylinder goes into compression, the extra load on the starter shows up as a drop in voltage. This
works well for finding one or more cylinders that have a compression problem, but don’t forget that it
doesn’t give the average compression. If all cylinders are low by the same amount, this test doesn’t find it.
Troubleshooting - the process of making measurements and observing the operation of the vehicle to find
out if anything is wrong with it and then to locate any problem that exists.
Diagnostics - Troubleshooting by following an exact procedure.
Test Chain - a series of tests to be followed in a particular order or sequence. It is referred to as a "chain"
of tests because they are all connected one after another like the links of a chain.
System - a collection of devices which are all related to each other because they depend on each other to
do some function or job. For instance, the function of the fuel system is to inject fuel into the cylinders at
the correct time in the correct amount and with the correct quality. The collection of devices that are
required to do this include the fuel pump, fuel lines, lift pump, fuel filter, injection pump, and injectors.
2-38
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-15. GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS AND COMMONLY USED TERMS (CONT’D)
Functional flow schematic - a diagram which is much like a normal electrical circuit diagram, except
that its purpose is to show the flow of information through the system (or the flow of a signal or the
flow of some material such as the fuel). This kind of diagram shows how each component or device
depends on the others. It is called functional flow because it shows the function (purpose of each
component) and how the output of one component “flows" into the next. For troubleshooting, the
functional flow schematic is better than the usual circuit diagram because it allows you to quickly see
how the system works and what to expect when you make measurements on a system that has
faults. You can’t expect the output of a device to be good when it has a bad input.
2-16. ELECTRIC CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
An electrical circuit is a collection of electrical devices which are connected in a loop from a positive
voltage source (the battery positive) to a negative source ( the battery negative). It must be
continuous, with no breaks (no opening in the loop) so that electrical current can flow from the positive
to the negative. You can think of it like the plumbing in your house. There must be a source of water
under pressure or nothing will flow through the pipes. Water pressure is like the positive voltage of
the battery. There may be branches (tees) in the pipes going to several different places, but if you
don’t connect the pipes, you don’t get water. The same thing is true with the electrical circuit. If the
wires aren’t connected, no electricity will flow through them.
In the plumbing of a house, all of the water must go to the drain (you won’t permit it to be spilled on
the floor). With the vehicle electrical circuit, the drain is the negative terminal of the battery. With the
water pipes, the water always flows from high pressure to low pressure (another way of saying that
water always flows downhill). The electrical current is the same as the water flow - it always goes
from positive to negative voltage. Voltage is to electricity what pressure is to water. Just like the
pressure in the water pipe, the greater the voltage, the more electricity will flow through the wires.
Unlike the water pipes that will spill the water if they break, you can’t "spill” the electricity. The closest
thing to this in an electrical circuit is when two wires touch that aren’t supposed to and the current
flows to some place that it shouldn’t (this is called a “short circuit” or a “short"). Shorts often happen
where the wire touches the vehicle body (the body is connected to the negative terminal of the
battery). Since the current always flows through the easiest path to negative, it will bypass the rest of
the circuit where it was supposed to go, and go through the short directly to the battery. Because this
new path to the battery negative is shorter the malfunction is called a “short circuit” or a “short”.
If you put a valve in a water pipe, you can control how much water flows by closing the valve. What
you are doing is pinching off the pipe with the valve which restricts the flow. If you shut it off
completely, you can stop all water from flowing. In the electrical circuit, a resistor acts like a valve. If
you make the resistor extremely large, you can stop the current from flowing. The resistance is
measured in “ohms”.
2-39
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-16. ELECTRIC CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION (CONT’D)
When there is no electrical connection, such as when a wire is disconnected, the resistance is infinite (too
large to be measured). No current will flow through the wires, because the circuit is no longer continuously
connected. This is referred to as an “open circuit” or simply an "open”. Remember that an electrical circuit
is formed by continuous loops of devices connected together. When you are troubleshooting you are
often asked to check for “continuity", which simply means that you need to find out if there is a continuous
path from one place in the circuit to another. Since you are trying to see if the path is continuous, you
must check wires and switches rather than any special or active devices. You will usually just measure
the resistance between two points. If the resistance is zero (or the value of any resistance that is
supposed to be there), then there is continuity. In the case of looking for a short, this may mean that you
have found the short. If the resistance is off-scale on the meter (infinite resistance) then there is no
connection and you have found an open. A continuity test is the same whether you are looking for an open
or a short, the only difference being what resistance values you are looking for and where you make the
measurements.
You are familiar with the typical light switch which allows you to turn a light on and off. A switch of any
kind in an electrical circuit is simply a way of opening the loop so that no current will flow through it.
Something to remember while troubleshooting is that everything on the positive side of the switch still has
full battery voltage while everything from the switch on through the rest of the circuit is (or should be)
connected to the battery negative terminal and you will measure zero volts. This is easy to remember if
you think of the faucet on a sink. If you shut off the faucet, there is no water flowing into the sink, but the
water in the pipe is still under pressure.
Sometimes a switch is turned on and off automatically. An example is a “circuit breaker" which is a
device that measures how much current is flowing through it. If the current goes too high (possibly
damaging equipment or melting the wires) then it opens an internal switch to stop the current flow. A
“relay” is another form of switch that is turned on and off under remote control using a signal in another
wire. When a device which requires a very large amount of current (such as the starter motor), must be
turned on and off, a “power relay” is used. The idea is to use a small switch to turn on a larger switch.
Thus, you don’t have very large wires going all over the vehicle or large switches on the instrument panel.
In the case of the starter’s power relay, it is also called a “solenoid”. A solenoid is any device that
changes the electrical current into a forward and backward motion. It is something like an electrical motor
except that instead of continuously going around in the same direction, it goes in or out. For the starter,
the solenoid is used to "push” a very large switch into the “on” position.
When testing a circuit, you will need to know how much current is flowing. Current is easilly measured
with the STE/lCE-R. A device called a “shunt" is connected to the negative terminal of the battery. A
shunt is a very precise resistor designed so that for every 1000 amps of current that flow through it there
is a drop of .1 volts from one side of it to the other (different shunts may have different values). By
measuring the voltage across the shunt you know how much current is flowing through the circuit. The
shunt is placed on the negative side because it is safer (less chance of accidents which may short out the
batteries). Since all of the current eventually goes through the negative battery terminal anyway, the shunt
gives the same measurement as if it were connected to the positive terminal. You can think of the shunt
as doing the same thing as the water meter in your house. As you turn devices such as lights on or off,
you can use the shunt to measure how much current they are using.
2-40
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-17. STARTABILITY TESTS
This is a top level test for problems with an engine that doesn’t start, or starts
but immediately stops, or is very hard to start. If the engine starts but doesn’t
run well after starting, try the "STARTABILITY" tests first.
FOR THE ENGINE TO START, ALL OF THE BASIC SYSTEMS SHOWN BELOW
MUST BE WORKING. THESE STARTABILITY TESTS WILL HELP YOU TO
VERIFY THE CONDITION OF EACH OF THESE SYSTEMS.
2-251
2-303
2-261
2-95
2-137
2-143
2-41
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
STARTABILITY DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART
Page 2-734
Page 2-261
Page 2-95
Page 2-137
Page 2-44
2-42
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION STARTABILITY
2-43
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
STARTABILITY DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART
PAGE 2-42
PAGE 2-303
Page 2-737
2-44
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION STARTABILITY
WARNING
CAUTION
2-45/(2-46 Blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-18. ENGINE RUNNING TESTS
This is a top level test for problems with an engine that starts but doesn’t run
well after starting. This includes an engine that starts but doesn’t stay running
for very long. If the engine doesn’t start, or starts but immediately stops, or is
very hard to start, try the "STARTABILITY" tests first.
A functional flow schematic is not applicable to this section.

However, so that you may refer to sections as you need them, a
quick index to the systems relating to engine running is given here.
2-95
2-137
2-143
2-47
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
ENGINE RUNNING DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART
Page 2-95
Page 2-50
2-48
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION ENGINE RUNNING
2-49
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-48
Page 2-52
Page 2-95
2-143
2-50
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-51
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-50
Page 2-736 & 2-735
Page 2-95
Page 2-95
Page 2-737
Page 2-54
2-52
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-53
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-52
Page 2-155
Page 2-155
Page 2-95
Page 2-479
PARAGRAPH 2-38
2-54
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-55/(2-56 blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-19. COOLING SYSTEM TESTS
This paragraph is a top level test for problems with either the watercooling
system or the oil cooling system. Just follow the path, answering the questions.
Additional information and notes are given on the facing page when necessary.
The Cooling System consists of the oil and water radiators, the engine fan and its
controller, the water pump, and the internal coolant passages in the engine.
ENGINE COOLING OIL COOLING
2-57
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
COOLING SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART
Page 2-62
Page 2-319
Page 2-155
Page 2-319
Page 2-60
2-58
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION COOLING SYSTEM
2-59
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-58
Page 2-155
2-60
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION COOLING SYSTEM
NOTE
Paragraph 2-34, Page 2-399

2-61
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-58
Page 2-319
Page 2-155
2-62
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION
COOLING SYSTEM
WARNING
2-63-(2-64 blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-20. LUBRICATION SYSTEM TESTS
This paragraph is a top level test for all of the lubrication systems in the vehicle. Just follow the
path, answering the questions. Additional information and notes are given on the facing page
when necessary.
The HMMWV includes a venting system that is also checked in this paragraph. The purpose of
the vent system is to allow vapor to escape to the atmosphere under normal operation, and to
prevent venting during deep water fording operations. If the vents were left open, water would
enter the engine and other systems and cause damage. The location of the vent lines is shown
below. The location of the other parts in the lubrication system are shown in other lower level
paragraph as required.
NOTE
2-65
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
LUBRICATION SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART
PARAGRAPH 2-26
PARAGRAPH 2-26
PAGE 2-187
Paragraph 2-26
PARAGRAPH 2-34 PAGE 2-399

PARAGRAPH 2-35 PAGE 2-411
TM 9-2320-280-10
Page 2-68
2-66
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION LUBRICATION SYSTEM
The tests in para. 2-26

test the oil level, cleanliness,
leaks in the system, and the
CDR valve. Return here when you've
fixed everything you can or if no
faults were found.
PROCEDURE FOR CHECKING TRANSMISSION FLUID
1. Start engine.
2. Hold down brake pedal
and move transmission
shift lever through all
ranges including reverse.
3. Engage parking brake and
place shift lever in neutral.
Check fluid level on dipstick.
4. Proper level is between "FULL" and
"ADD" marks on dipstick.
NOTE
CHECK FLUID FOR A BURNT SMELL,
GRIT, DISCOLORATION, AIR BUBBLES,
OR A MILKY APPEARANCE.
• Burnt smell, discoloration,

or grit indicates worn or
damaged internal components.
Notify DS maintenance.
• Bubbles indicate an overfilled
system or air leaks
in the system. Drain the fluid
and refill to proper level.
Refer to (para. 5-2).
• Milky appearance is due to water in
the system. Drain the fluid from the
entire transmission and transmission
cooling system and install a new filter.
Refer to (para 5-2).
• Check fill tube for indications of fluid
being blown out. If fluid is being blown out,
check vent line for obstructions, and refill
transmission to proper level. Refer to
(para. 5-2).
• Transmission fluid coming out of dipstick
filler tube indicates a restriction in the
ventilation system. Check for clogged, melted, or crushed
lines and/or fittings between transmission and
atmosphere vent on air cleaner canister. Replace where
needed. Refer to (para. 5-16).
Among the items are the driveshafts,
suspension, differentials, and
geared hubs.
Change 1 2-67
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
LUBRICATION SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART
Page 2-66
2-68
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION LUBRICATION SYSTEM
para 12-9
2-69/(2-70 blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-21. ELECTRICAL TESTS
Most of the electrical circuits in the vehicle are included in one of the major systems covered by
this manual. This is a top level paragraph to help you pick the right one. A number of
schematics are also included to help you find the problem. If you go through the flowchart and
can’t solve the problem, use the schematics to find wires which may be causing trouble.
The Electrical System consists of the batteries, which produce electrical power by a chemical
reaction between the lead plates and the electrolyte solution (a mixture of acid and water).
This power is carried by wires and cables to those parts of the vehicle which require electrical
power. The batteries get recharged by the alternator, which generates electrical power by
using some of the engine’s mechanical power, produced when the engine is running. If you
are not too confident about electrical concepts and terminology, you should read Paragraph
2-16, page 2-39.
All electrical systems require a connection to ground (called grounding), which is the
completion of the circuit to the battery negative. Pages 2-66, 2-67 and 2-68 are diagrams of
the grounding. If your vehicle exhibits strange symptoms that seem to defy all efforts to fix
them, the vehicle may have a grounding problem. Grounding problems cause strange
symptoms usually because more than one circuit is using the same ground, or because a
circuit has more than one ground. For example, looking at the body ground diagram, if wire
58D (a ground for the instruments) is disconnected from the left side cylinder head, the
instruments may still function due to the separate ground, but they would probably be erratic
and inaccurate. Usually the problem will be a loose or corroded connection between the circuit,
through body ground to battery negative terminal. Be sure to check continuity to battery
negative cable rather than simply to the vehicle body or engine block.
After the grounding diagrams are functional flow schematics of the major systems in the
vehicle. The shaded areas are the wires and components of the vehicle master power
distribution. These are designed to help you find the system giving you problems.
2-71
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
ELECTRICAL DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART
Page 2-751
Page 2-78
Page 2-82
Page 2-389
2-72 Page 2-74

TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION ELECTRICAL
2-73
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART
ELECTRICAL
Page 2-72
Page 2-84
Page 2-319
Page 2-319
Page 2-76
2-74
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-75
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-74
Page 2-740
Page 2-195
Page 2-155
Page 2-319
2-76
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-77
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
ELECTRICAL A DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART

FROM 1,
Page 2-72
KNOWN INFO A1 TEST OPTIONS
SHORT CIRCUIT IN DISCONNECT THE 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 90 (Page 2-751)

POWER LINES PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX BODY 2. VISUAL CHECK
CONNECTOR. KEEP THE ROTARY

SWITCH IN THE "STOP" POSITION.
IS THERE STILL POWER AT ANY
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS CIRCUITS OTHER THAN THE REASON FOR QUESTION
BODY CONNECTOR LIGHTS? If the problem goes away, the

HARNESS short is in the body connector
ENGINE harness or the rotary switch
CONNECTOR
NO GO TO B,
HARNESS
Page 2-80
ROTARY SWITCH
YES
BODY CONNECTOR RECONNECT THE BODY 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 90 (Page 2-751)

HARNESS OK CONNECTOR. 2. VISUAL CHECK
DISCONNECT THE ENGINE
CONNECTOR HARNESS. KEEP THE
ROTARY SWITCH AT "STOP". IS
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS THERE POWER AT ANY CIRCUITS REASON FOR QUESTION
OTHER THAN THE LIGHTS?
ENGINE If the problem stays, it has
CONNECTOR to be a short in the engine
HARNESS connector harness.
ROTARY SWITCH REPLACE
NO
PCB/DISTRIBUTION
BOX
YES
A3
REPAIR OR REPLACE THE ENGINE

CONNECTOR HARNESS. GO TO
STEP 1, PAGE 2-72 TO CONTINUE
TESTING.
2-78 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
WARNING 0-1500 AMPS DC

STE/ICE-R TEST 90
DISCONNECT NEGATIVE BATTERY CABLE
BEFORE DISCONNECTING AND
RECONNECTING PROTECTIVE CONTROL 1. Connect probe.
BOX/DISTRIBUTION BOX HARNESS.
2. Start Test 90, DC amps.
There is battery voltage at the PCB/distribution
box at all times. Failure to disconnect battery 3. Displayed reading is in amps.
cable will result in damage to equipment or
injury to personnel.
Replace PCB, refer to (para. 4-5).

Replace distribution box, refer to (para. 4-5.1).
Repair harness, refer to (para. 4-85).

Replace harness. Notify DS maintenance.
Change 1 2-79
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
B
ELECTRICAL FROM
A1, Page 2-78
KNOWN INFO B1 TEST OPTIONS
SHORT ON BODY 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 91 (Page 2-752)

CONNECTOR SIDE OF
IS THERE AN OPEN CIRCUIT FROM 2. MULTIMETER
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX PIN B TO PIN R AND FROM PIN
B TO PIN S ON THE ROTARY
SWITCH (WITH THE SWITCH IN
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS THE "STOP" POSITION)? REASON FOR QUESTION
ROTARY SWITCH Checking the rotary switch

PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX first makes it easier to check
BODY CONNECTOR the other possible problems.
BODY CONNECTOR REPLACE
CABLE HARNESS NO ROTARY
SWITCH
YES
1. STE/ICE-R TEST 89 (Page 2-750)

ROTARY SWITCH OK
IS THERE ABOUT 0 VOLTS AT 2. MULTIMETER
PINS A,B,D,G AND H OF THE
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX
BODY CONNECTOR?
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS REASON FOR QUESTION
If there is voltage at any of

PCB/DISTRIBUTION
these pins then the
BOX BODY
PCB/distribution box must
CONNECTOR REPLACE have a short in it.
BODY CONNECTOR NO PCB/DISTRIBUTIION
CABLE HARNESS BOX
YES
B3
REPAIR OR REPLACE THE BODY

CONNECTOR HARNESS.
GO TO A2, PAGE 2-78,
TO CONTINUE TESTING.
2-80 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
0-4500 OHMS
STE/ICE-R TEST 91
1. Connect RED clip and BLACK clip to the

terminations indicated in the question. RED to the
Replace rotary switch. Refer
first, BLACK to the second.
to (para. 4-7).
2. Start Test 91, 0-4500 ohms.
3. Displayed reading is in ohms. Less than 5 ohms

is continuity. If the resistance is over 4500 ohms,
STE/ICE displays "9.9.9.9."
0-45 DC VOLTS
STE/ICE-R TEST 89
Replace PCB. Refer to (para. 4-5).
Replace distribution box. Refer to (para. 4-5.1). 1. Connect RED clip to the indicated test point,
BLACK clip to negative or ground.
2. Start Test 89, DC volts.
3. Displayed reading is in volts.
WARNING
BEFORE DISCONNECTING AND
Repair or replace harness. RECONNECTING PROTECTIVE CONTROL
Notify DS maintenance. BOX/DISTRIBUTION BOX HARNESS.

box at all times. Failure to disconnect battery
Change 1 2-81
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-72
Page 2-251
PARAGRAPH 2-33, PAGE 2-389,
PAGE 2-72.
2-82
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Battery cables to starter.

Bus bar to solenoid
PCB engine & body connector
Light switch
2-83
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-74
Page 2-740
Page 2-251
PAGE 2-319,
PAGE 2-74.
2-84
T M 9-2320-280-20-1
2-85
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-86
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-87
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-88
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-89
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-90
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-91
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-92
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-93
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-94
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-22. FUEL SYSTEM TESTS
These Fuel System tests can be run any time you think there maybe a problem with the fuel system
or if you were sent here from another test.
If you are running this test because the engine runs rough remember that air intake and exhaust as
well as internal mechanical problems can also cause this condition.
At the bottom of this page is a simplified block diagram which shows how the different fuel system
components relate to each other. Refer to fold-out page FO-1, leave open for reference while you
are testing.
I This set of tests maybe used when the engine is hard starting,
has low power or runs rough. Just follow the path, answering the
questions. Additional information and notes are given on the
facing page (like this one) when necessary. It is recommended
that you refer to your fold-out diagram now because it will help
you follow the testing.
2-95
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-104
Page 2-106
Page 2-110
Page 2-98
2-96
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION FUEL SYSTEM

MAKE SURE ALL ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS
ARE CLEAN AND TIGHT. CHECK FUEL SOLENOID,
COLD ADVANCE SOLENOID, BATTERIES, ROTARY WARNING
SWITCH, ETC.
Diesel fuel is highly flammable.
1. While cranking or running the engine Do not perform any procedures
open the drain fitting end drain some fuel near fire, flames, or sparks.
into a clear container. Severe injury ordeath will result
2. The fuel should come out of the open
drain valve in a steady stream, if it
doesn't, than ANSWER NO TO THIS WARNING
QUESTION.
● NOTE: Nothing will come out unless the A hot engine may cause serious
engine is running or cranking. bums. Always use caution
3. Close the drain valve and turn the rotary when approaching a hot engine.
switch to STOP.
4. Check the fuel that came out to be sure
that it isn’t contaminated with water or
dirt.
5. If the fuel didn’t come out in a steady
stream or if it is contaminated then
ANSWER NO TO THIS QUESTION.
If you have trouble starting the engine you

should have entered here byway of the
Statability tests. If you didn’t begin there, go
beck to Page 2-41 and the the Startability top
level teat.
At this point you don’t care how well it starts

or runs but just that it will run.
THE ANSWER TO THIS QUESTION IS NO if

the engine seems to start but stops almost
immediately.
Engine temperature may be determined

from vehicle temp. gauge (Rotary Switch
must be in RUN position) or by touching
fortably than it is above 120° F (49° C).
Hard stating can be caused by other

things such as fuel in the lines leaking
back into the tank while the engine is
shut down. This will occur if there is an
air leak in the lines.
2-97
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-96
Page 2-738
Page 2-112
Page 2-112
Page 2-116
Page 2-734
Page 2-100
2-98
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Watch the fuel pump pressure while slowly

accelerating the angina from idle to maximum speed.
The pressure should always be greater than zero. If
pressure, check to be sure it is still above zero even

during maximum acceleration (maximum engine
power). You can use STE/ICE test 24 with control
function 02 (minimum).
NOTE
Rapidly accelerating the engine with the transmission
in neutral doesn't work for this engine because the
fuel supply can’t increase as fast as the engine can
accelerate so you won’t get good test results.
Proper engine performance is dependent

upon the availability of the correct fuel
volume to the injection pump.
Pay attention to when the engine runs rough. If it

runs rough only while warming up after a cold start it
may be a glowplug problem and you should run the
Glowplug Circuit tests.
Rough running may also be caused by air leaks in the
fuel supply lines. Air in the fuel should purge itself
while idling. If rough running occurs after a period of
high speed or high power running but seems to go
away after idling, then look for air leaks in the fuel
supply lines and fittings. if rough running occurs while
driving but idles ok, check the fuel return check valve
for any malfunctions (refer to para. 3-35).
NOTE
Try to adjust the engine idle speed by
turning the idle speed screw (refer to para 3-44).
Continue testing if you can adjust the
speed properly. If you cannot, notify
DS maintenance.
Engine must be at normal operating temperature

when making speed checks. Air fitter must be in
place and all accessories (lights, heater fan, etc...)
must be turned off.
This engine has a min-max governor which controls
engine speed at both idle and full throttle.
2-99
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-98
Page 2-734
Page 2-120
Page 2-736
Page 2-120
Page 2-102
2-100
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Governor no-load speed is

with the transmission in
neutral. Loaded speed is
with the transmission in
gear and the vehicle moving.
It is the maximum rpm’s the
engine will develop. The engine
will surge at governor speed
since the governor will try to
lower the engine speed and the
accelerator is trying to increase it.
A number over 75 is passing for STE/lCE-R

test 13. tf the vehicle seems to be low on
power while driving you have to check for
other things which could cause this such
as the transmission.
To try a road test, accelerate the vehicle
from 0 to a safe and reasonable speed on
a reasonably level road.
NOTE
If the exhaust is not colorless it must
be either white, blue or black. If
exhaust color is:
WHITE . . . . . . . . . . Go to G, Page 2-122. Also could be injector timing. Notify DS maintenance.
BLUE . . . . . . . . . . . . Blue smoke is a sign of oil entering the combustion

chambers. It usually enters pest the piston rings or intake
valve stem seals. This is an internal engine problem that
can't be handled at this level of maintenance. You may
want to run the Engine Running Mechanical tests, Page
2-47, before you notify DS Maintenance.
BLACK . . . . . . . . . Air lntake/exhaust, Page 2-137.
2-101
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-100
Page 2-124
2-102
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1. Note engine rpm reading (STE/lCE-R TEST 10)
2. Gently depress rocker arm on pump

towards injection pump
3. If mechanism is functioning properly

rpms will decrease.
4. If mechanism doesn't move freely, try

putting a drop of oil in the two spots
indicated. Gently try to depress rocker
arm again.
Injection pump as seen

from rear of engine. Gently press
screwdriver against arm.
Use a ten inch screwdriver
2-103
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-96
Page 2-112
Page 2-112
2-104
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
If no fuel arrives when cranking engine,

the diaphragm in the Iift pump may
be ruptured, allowing the fuel to
drain back into the tank.
There may be some water or dirt trapped

in the filter already that didn't come from
the fuel that is in the tank now.
Open the filter drain valve and sank the
engine for approximately 5 seconds to
purge the filter, then take a fuel sample in
a clear container.
Inspect the sample for water and dirt.
Replace fuel fitter, refer to (para 3-33).
2-105
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
B
FUEL SYSTEM FROM 2,
Page 2-96
ENGINE DOESN'T STAY DISCONNECT THE GLOWPLUG STE/ICE-R TEST 90

RUNNING CONTROLLER AND WIRE 569B/569D (Page 2-751)
FROM THE INJECTOR PUMP. MAKE MULTIMETER
SURE THAT WIRE 54A IS PROPERLY
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS CONNECTED TO THE INJECTOR
FUEL PUMP PUMP. WITH THE ROTARY SWITCH REASON FOR QUESTION
FUEL SUPPLY LINES IN "RUN" POSITION, DO YOU HAVE Current through the wire quickly
FUEL RETURN LINES checks the integrity of the fuel
AT LEAST 0.5 AMPS DC FLOWING system wiring. The normal
FUEL FILTER
FUEL SOLENOID/WIRING
THROUGH WIRE 54A? reading will be about 1.3 to 1.5
HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEM amps.
NO GO TO N,
YES Page 2-132
OTHER SYSTEMS
RECONNECT THE ABOVE WIRES.
STE/ICE-R TEST 24
LISTED ABOVE OK CHECK FUEL PUMP PRESSURE (Page 2-738) FUEL PUMP
AND VOLUME DURING CRANKING. VOLUME TEST
IS PUMP PRESSURE GREATER
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS THAN 3 PSI (20.69 kPa) AND FUEL
FUEL PUMP VOLUME AT THE INJECTION PUMP REASON FOR QUESTION
FUEL SUPPLY LINES INLET 1 PINT IN 30 SECONDS? Positive pressure and volume
FUEL RETURN LINES indicate that fuel is present and
FUEL FILTER supply lines and filter are not
FUEL SOLENOID/WIRING plugged. This is a test of the lift
HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEM GO TO D, pump.
NO
Page 2-112
YES
FUEL PUMP OK DOES THE ENGINE START AND PUT THE RETURN LINE IN A
FUEL SUPPLY LINES OK SUITABLE CONTAINER AND
FUEL FILTER OK
STAY RUNNING WITH THE FUEL
TRY STARTING THE ENGINE.
RETURN LINE (THE SHORT
RUBBER LINE AT THE INJECTOR
PUMP) DISCONNECTED?
REASON FOR QUESTION
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
A restricted fuel return line will
FUEL RETURN LINES
cause a pressure imbalance in
FUEL SOLENOID/WIRING
the pump and prevent the engine
HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEM
from running.
GO TO I,
NO
Page 2-126
YES
GO TO B4,
Page 2-108
2-106 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

NOTE
When using a multimeter to measure current through 5 AMPS DC
wire 54A, disconnect the wire. Set the ammeter to a STE/ICE-R TEST 90
scale of at least 5 amps DC. Connect the red lead of
the multimeter to wire 54A and the black lead to 1. Connect RED clip to the indicated test point;
ground. With the rotary switch in the RUN position, BLACK clip to negative or ground.
measure current. Be sure to read the correct scale.
Return the switch to the STOP position. Disconnect 2. Start Test 90.
the multimeter and reconnect wire 54A.
3. Displayed reading is in amps.
FUEL PUMP PRESSURE TEST

FUEL PUMP PRESSURE PRESSURE GAUGE
STE/ICE-R TEST#24
1. Connect a tee into the fuel line between the
fuel filter outlet and the injection pump inlet.
1. Select Fuel Supply Pressure Test (Test #24).
Perform CAL. 2. Attach gauge to tee.
2. Crank (or start) engine. 3. Crank (or start) engine.
FUEL PUMP VOLUME TEST
1. Disconnect fuel line at injection pump inlet and

route fuel line into a suitable, 1 quart container.
2. Crank the engine for 30 seconds.
3. If the pump and lines are ok, you should get

about 1 pint (1/2 quart) (0.5 L) in 30 seconds.
WARNING
Diesel fuel is highly flammable. Do
not perform any procedures near fire,
flames, or sparks. Severe injury or
death will result.
1. Disconnect the return line and

direct it into a suitable container.
2. Watch the fuel flow from the

return line as you or an assistant
try to start the engine.
Change 1 2-107
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-106
PAGE 2-137
2-108
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Return lines should be inspected for kinks or

crushed lines or anything that might restrick
fuel flow.
Inspect fuel return check valve for any
restrictions. Replace valve (para. 3-35).
Replace fuel lines. Refer to (para 3-25).
If you came here from the Startability

Tests, return to STEP 5, Page 2-44.
If you haven’t run the Startability Tests
yet, Go to STEP 1, Page 2-42.
2-109
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-96
Page 2-750
Page 2-130
Page 2-111
Page 2-303.
2-110
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
0-45 DC VOLTS
STE/ICE-R TEST 89
The engine temperature must be below 90° F (32°C)
to get voltage here. If the engine is warm, 1. Connect RED clip to positive, BLACK clip to
either wait for it to cool, or go to step C3 at the negative or ground.
bottom of the pegs and remember that the
cold advance maybe the problem if everything 2. Start Test 89, DC volts.
else checks out OK.
The Glowplugs or the lntake/Exhaust 3. Displayed reading is in volts.
System may be faulty, so you should test
them first.
BATTERY VOLTAGE
MULTIMETER
1. Set the voltmeter to a DC volts scale of at least
40 volts.
2. Connect the RED lead to positive and the

BLACK lead to negative.
The cold advance circuit advances the fuel injection
pump timing approximately 3 to 5 degrees during
3. Be sure to read the correct scale.
cold start up. If engine temperature is less than
90°F (32°C), then Advance circuit operation maybe
checked as follows:
1. Start the engine.

2. Disconnect wire 569B/569D from the
Advance Solenoid. If the circuit is working
correctly, then engine RPM should decrease.
3. Look at the advance mechanism on the
right side of the fuel injection pump
while you connect and disconnect 569D/
569B with the engine running. The
advance mechanism should move about
1/4 inch.
4. If the advance mechanism is stuck, apply
some oil at the points shown and try again.
Remember to reconnect any wires

that were disconnected during
troubleshooting.
2-111
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-98;
Page 2-104;
Page 2-106
Page 2-723
Page 2-114
2-112
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
If you hear a hissing noise while removing the

fuel filter cap then either the vent filter is plugged,
the vent line is restricted, or the vent valve is
restricted. The vent filter is located behind the
coolant surge tank.
Replace vent lines or vent line filter,

refer to (para. 3-27.)
Replace vent valve, refer to (para. 3-24.)
Diesel fuel is sensitive to temperature. All

diesel fuel has a certain amount of paraffin-like
components which have high energy value and
help improve fuel economy. When
temperatures are less than 20°F (-7°C) these
components begin turning into wax flakes that
can build upon the fuel tank strainer or in the
fuel filter. If wax build-up is found, replace the
fuel in the tank with a winter grade of fuel if
available. You will have to remove the fuel tank
if you need to inspect the tank strainer.
Replace fuel tank, refer to (para. 3-24.)
2-113
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-112
2-114
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Fuel lines should be inspected for

kinks, cracks or anything that would
restrict fuel flow or allow air to enter
the lines. Be sure to check the lines
all the way beck to the tank and
remember that there is a strainer
inside the tank which can become
plugged. You will have to remove
the tank if it becomes necessary to
check this.
Replace fuel lines, refer to
(para 3-25)
Poor starting and excessive smoke after

start up can be the result of a restricted
fuel supply. This restriction most likely will
be from a plugged fuel filter but can also
be caused by a pinched or kinked fuel line.
After the engine warms up, it generally will
run satisfactorily. If the restriction gets
progressively worse, top speed and
performance will be affected also.
FUNGUS
In warm or humid weather, fungi and/or
bacteria in the fuel can cause fuel system
damage by plugging the fuel lines, filter, or
injection nozzles.
For removal, replacement and torques,
refer to (para 3-33) or notify DS
maintenance.
Excessive roughness on any of these

parts is an indication of wear. The
pushrod should slide smoothly in the
engine block. If you notice any
roughness on the end of the pushrod
be sure to check the lobe on the
camshaft.
NOTE
If the pump or rod is worn, replace.
Refer to (para 3-23). If the lobe
on the camshaft is worn, notify
DS maintenance.
Rerun Test Chain

You may have corrected some
problems but there may be others
including the fuel pump.
For removal, replacement and torques,

refer to (para 3-23).
2-115
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
FUEL SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART

Page 2-98
Page 2-303
Page 2-110.
PAGE 2-110.
Page 2-118
2-116
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Injection pump timing that is too far

advanced can cause glowplugs
failure because it increases cylinder
temperature. Usually several but
not all glowplugs will fail.
2-117
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-116
Page 2-143
2-118
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Be sure to keep the line clear of

moving engine parts (fan, pulleys, etc...)
and DO NOT place the line on the
exhaust manifold.
Replace fuel lines (refer to para 3-25).
Check the fitter vent screw for tightness.
Check the supply lines for kinks, cracks, leaks, or loose
connections that could restrict fuel flow or allow air to enter the
system. Remember that under certain operating conditons parts
of the fuel system can be under vacuum so that loose connections
that may not leak fuel can let air in.
To test for air leaks in the supply lines, disconnect the return line
para. 3-25
para 3-25
2-119
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-100
Page 2-137
2-120
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
CAUTION
An important function of all hoses, lines and fittings is to
Be sure to keep the line clear of carry fuel without admitting air to the system. When the fuel
moving engine parts (fan, pulleys, etc...) tank cap is in place and the fuel pump and injection pump
and DO NOT place the line on the are drawing fuel through the lines a low vacuum of 0-1 PSI
exhaust manifold. is created. This occurs because the fuel which the engine
Fuel lines should be inspected for kinks, cracks, or uses must be replaced by air. During this vacuum
anything that would restrict fuel flow or allow air into condition, the slightest leak, which may not leak fuel out,
the lines. Be sure to check the lines all the way could draw air into the system and, depending on the
back to the tank and remember that there is a volume of air, cause a wide variety of engine malfunctions.
strainer inside the tank which can also become
plugged. COLD WEATHER OPERATION
To teat for air leaks in the supply lines, disconnect Diesel fuel is sensitive to temperature. All diesel fuel has a
the return line from the injection pump and connect certain amount of wax-like components which have high
a line that is long enough to reach the ground. energy value and help improve fuel economy. When
Place the end of the line into a bucket containing temperatures are less than 20°F (-7°C) these components
diesel fuel, making sure that the end of the line is begin turning into flakes that can build up on the fuel tank
below the level of fuel in the bucket. Run the strainer or in the fuel filter.
engine and watch for air bubbles in the bucket.
Replace fuel line, refer to (para 3-25). FUNGUS
In warm or humid weather, fungi and/or bacteria can cause
fuel system damage by plugging the fuel lines, filter, or
injection nozzles.
Old fuel smells like varnish.
Check the accelerator pedal for full movement

with no sticking or binding. It you have sticking
or binding, lubricate accelerator pedal bushing
and bearing with seasonal grade OE oil
(TM 9-2320-280-10). If you do not have full
pedal travel then disconnect the accelerator
linkage from the fuel injection pump and recheck
the travel. It you now have full travel then the
problem is in the fuel injection pump and cannot
be handled at this level of maintenance.
Operation of the injection pump and injectors

cannot be verified at this level of maintenance.
2-121
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-100
Page 2-128
Page 2-100
Page 2-303
2-122
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
WARNING
Be careful when performing

this test. Exhaust gas can
be extremely hot end severe
bums can result.
Put a piece of paper in the exhaust stream for a few
moments with the engine at idle. Then look at the paper
to see if there is any condensed fuel on it. Then smell
the paper to see if it smells like raw fuel. If it smells like
fuel then the engine could be very cold or else it has a
DS level fuel system fault or compression fault.
White smoke for a short time after start up,

especially on a cold day, is a normal condition.
It is caused by incomplete combustion of the
fuel because of low cylinder temperature. It
should clear up in a few minutes. If not you
may have a bed head gasket, cracked block,
or a restricted check valve. Check for
restricted check valve (para. 3-35).
2-123
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-102
Page 2-128
Page 2-750
Page 2-128
Page 2-750
2-124
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
WARNING
WARNING
NOTE
para 4-85
para 4-7
2-125
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-106
Page 2-303
Page 2-303
Page 2-750
2-126
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
FUEL SYSTEM
NOTE
page 2-112
para 4-85
2-127
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-122
Page 2-124
Page 2-124
Page 2-750
2-128
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
NOTE
WARNING
WARNING
para 4-85
para 4-5
2-129
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-110
Page 2-750
Page 2-750
Page 2-750
2-130
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para 4-85
NOTE
para 4-27
para 4-85
2-131
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-106
Page 2-752
Page 2-752
Page 2-134
Page 2-752
Page 2-134
2-132
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
WARNING
para 4-85
para 4-85
2-133
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-132
Page 2-752
Page 2-752
Page 2-752
2-134
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para 4-85
para 4-7
WARNING
para 4-5
2-135/(2-136 blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-23. AIR INTAKE/EXHAUST TESTS
These Air Intake/Exhaust System tests can be run anytime you think there maybe a problem
with the air intake or exhaust systems, or if you were sent here from another test.
At the bottom of this page is a simplified block diagram of the Intake Air/Exhaust System.
A detailed functional flow is not applicable to this system.
The Air Intake/Exhaust System is a very simple system that can cause very annoying
problems. Whether the vehicle is hard to start or runs rough or never develops full power,
it’s worth the few minutes that it takes to check the components of this system. You can run
through the diagnostic logic for this system almost anytime you open the hood or check the
underside of your vehicle.
2-137
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
INTAKE AIR/EXHAUST DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART
Page 2-140
2-138
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION INTAKE AIR/EXHAUST
para 3-13
page 2-319
para 3-12
para 3-12
2-139
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
INTAKE AIR/EXHAUST DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART
Page 2-138
2-140
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION INTAKE AIR/EXHAUST
para 3-48
2-141/(2-142 Blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-24. COMPRESSION/MECHANICAL TESTS
The main intent of this paragraph is to determine if the engine has internal
compression or mechanical problems and to fix everything possible without having
to notify DS maintenance.
2-143
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
COMPRESSION/MECHANICAL DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART
Page 2-734
page 2-148
Page 2-41
Page 2-739
Page 2-65
Page 2-146
2-144
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
COMPRESSION/MECHANICAL
2-145
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
COMPRESSION / MECHANICAL DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART

FROM 3,
Page 2-144
KNOWN INFO 4 TEST OPTIONS
BATTERY CIRCUIT OK DOES THE ENGINE SOUND REV THE ENGINE. DRIVE THE
STARTER CIRCUIT OK VEHICLE.
ENGINE NOT SEIZED
NORMAL AND HAVE NORMAL
AIR AND FUEL TO VIBRATIONS AT ALL SPEEDS ?
CYLINDERS

The first indication of a mechanical
problem is an abnormal noise or
INTAKE/EXHAUST
vibration. Before running other tests
FUEL SYSTEM
to check for engine problems, this is
ENGINE
GO TO B, to try to make sure that you don't
NO make a bad problem worse.
Page 2-150
YES
BATTERY CIRCUIT OK STE/ICE-R TEST 14

STARTER CIRCUIT OK
DOES THE ENGINE PASS THE
(Page 2-737).
ENGINE NOT SEIZED COMPRESSION UNBALANCE
AIR AND FUEL TO TEST?
CYLINDERS
FUEL SYSTEM OK
INTAKE/EXHAUST OK REASON FOR QUESTION
If the engine fails the cylinder
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS unbalance test then it indicates an
individual cylinder problem such as
ENGINE a bad fuel injector, excessive
RUN THE blowby, etc.
NO TRANSMISSION AND
STEERING TESTS. IF NO
YES FAULTS FOUND,
NOTIFY DS

BATTERY CIRCUIT OK
DOES THE ENGINE PASS THE STE/ICE-R TEST 13
STARTER CIRCUIT OK
(Page 2-736).
ENGINE NOT SEIZED POWER TEST?
AIR AND FUEL TO
CYLINDERS
REASON FOR QUESTION

POSSIBLE PROBLEMS Loss of power can be caused by
internal engine problems, fuel
ENGINE GO TO C, system, air intake/exhaust, or
FUEL SYSTEM NO
PAGE 2-152 drivetrain problems.
INTAKE/EXHAUST YES
NO FAULTS FOUND.
IF YOU WERE SENT HERE FROM
ANOTHER TEST, RETURN TO IT.
2-146 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION COMPRESSION / MECHANICAL
This is not to evaluate driving performance. If the

engine or the vehicle makes strange noises or
vibrations at idle speed, don't rev the engine. If
there is a problem internal to the engine, revving
the engine could cause major damage (like a rod
coming through the engine block).
COMPRESSION UNBALANCE
STE/ICE-R TEST 14
1. Run tests 72, 73, and 74 to verify that the
batteries are ok.
2. Disconnect wire 54A at injection pump to prevent
starting.
CAUTION
The glowplug controller and the
control valve electrical connector
must be disconnected prior to
running this test.
3. Disconnect glowplug controller and control valve
electrical connector.
4. Start Test 14, Compression Unbalance.
5. Wait for the GO message. Crank the engine.
6. Release the rotary switch when the VTM
displays OFF. A number less than 25%
is passing.
If the vehicle passes the STE/ICE-R Compression

Unbalance Test, it may still have a compression
problem, but it would mean that every cylinder has low
compression. This is possible, but not too likely. If you
don't find a problem and suspect compression, notify
DS maintenance to measure compression.
If STE/ICE-R is not available, accelerate under full

power to a reasonable speed on a flat, level, paved
surface. You have to decide from your own
experience whether or not the engine is developing
full power. A number greater than 75 is passing for
test # 13.
POWER TEST (% POWER)

STE/ICE-R TEST 13
1. Start and idle engine.

2. Run STE/ICE-R test #10 to set idle and
governor speed as necessary.
3. Start STE/ICE-R test #13.
4. When CIP appears on the display, press
down sharply on the accelerator and hold it
to the floor until the VTM displays OFF.
5. Displayed value is % POWER.
Change 1 2-147
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-144
page 2-740, 746, 748
Page 2-251
Page 2-251
page 2-744, 745, 747
Page 2-261
Page 2-261
PAGE 2-144
2-148
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION COMPRESSION/MECHANICAL
page 2-261
WARNING
2-149
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-146
Page 2-146
2-150
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
TM 9-2320-280-10
WARNING
2-151
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-146
PAGE 2-137
Page 2-137
PAGE 2-95
Page 2-95
2-152
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
page 2-150
page 2-150
2-153/(2-154 Blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-25. ENGINE COOLING TESTS
These Engine Cooling tests may be run any time you think you have an engine cooling
problem or if you were sent here by another test chain. Just follow the path, answering the
questions. Additional information and notes are given on the facing page when necessary.
Please note that this paragraph is NOT for diagnoses of problems with the temperature
sending unit or the gauge.
Once you are sure that the cooling system is OK, run the instruments test in Paragraph 2-32
to find out if the gauge is OK.
Fold-out FO-4 contains a functional diagram of the engine cooling system. This page may
be left open for reference while testing.
The engine cooling system is a pressure type cooling system with thermostatic control of
coolant circulation. The cooling system dissipates heat generated from combustion and
maintains the engine operating temperature at its most efficient level. When the engine is
cold and the thermostat is closed, coolant is recirculated through the water pump and
engine. As the engine coolant reaches 190°F (87.7°C), the thermostat opens allowing
coolant to flow through the radiator before returning to the water pump and engine. Any air
or vapor in the cooling system will be forced to the surge tank under the liquid level and
leave through a vent tube. As the system cools, the extra coolant in the tank will be drawn
back to the radiator. Normally a 50-50 mixture of water and ethylene glycol base antifreeze
will be used. The fan is activated when coolant temperature reaches 215°F (102°C). A
separate oil cooler is mounted in front of the radiator. This cooler is divided into two parts.
The top half is for transmission oil. The bottom half is for engine oil. When the cooling
system pressure reaches approximately 15 psi (103 kPa), a valve in the surge tank cap
opens and lets excess pressure escape to the atmosphere.
ETHYLENE GLYCOL MIXTURE TABLE
ETHYLENE GLYCOL (-60°F, -51.1°C)

INHIBITED (MIL-A-46153)
LOWEST EXPECTED ARCTIC GRADE ANTIFREEZE
AMBIENT PINTS PER GALLON SPECIFIC (-90°F) (-67.7°C)
TEMPERATURE OF COOLANT GRAVITY MIL-A-11755
°F °C CAPACITY (68°F) (20°C)
+20 -6.7 1-1/2 1.022 Freezing point of -90°F (-67.7°C).

+10 -12.2 2 1.036 Issued ready for use and must not be
0 -17.7 2-3/4 1.047 mixed with any other liquid.
-10 -23.3 3-1/4 1.055
-20 -28.8 3-1/2 1.062
-30 -34.4 4 1.067
-40 -40.0 4-1/4 1.073
-50 -45.5 4-1/2
-55 -48.3 4-3/4
BELOW -60 BELOW -51.1 USE ARCTIC
GRADE ANTIFREEZE
(-90°F) (-67.7°C)
Change 1 2-155
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
ENGINE COOLING DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART

START

COOLANT MIXTURE TEST KIT
NONE IS THE COOLANT MIXTURE NSN 6630-00-169-1506.
CORRECT? COOLANT TESTER
(SEE CHART ON PAGE 2-155.) NSN 6630-00-105-1418.
COOLING COMPONENTS The cooling system will not operate

ENGINE FAN BELTS properly if the mixture is incorrect.
WATER PUMP AND
PULLEY
NO DRAIN &
REFILL COOLANT
YES

VISUAL INSPECTION.
COOLANT QUALITY OK IS THE COOLANT AT THE
CORRECT LEVEL?
COOLANT LEVEL Low coolant levels may cause

COOLING COMPONENTS overheating.
ENGINE FAN BELTS
WATER PUMP AND
NO FILL TO PROPER
PULLEY
LEVEL
YES

FEEL FOR COOLANT IN UPPER
COOLANT OK IS THE THERMOSTAT WORKING RADIATOR HOSE WHEN ENGINE IS
PROPERLY? HOT, OR REMOVE THERMOSTAT.
EXPOSE IT TO 190°F (88° C) AND
SEE IF IT OPENS.
REASON FOR QUESTION

POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
An improperly functioning thermostat
THERMOSTAT can cause operating temperatures
COOLING COMPONENTS that are either too hot or too cold.
ENGINE FAN BELTS
WATER PUMP AND REPLACE
NO
PULLEY THERMOSTAT
YES
GO TO 4,
Page 2-158
2-156 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION ENGINE COOLING
WARNING
para 3-60
WARNING
para 3-60
WARNING
para 3-75
2-157
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-156
Page 2-164
Page 2-160
2-158
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
WARNING
Do not remove surge tank filler
cap before releasing internal pressure
when engine temperature is above
190 °F (88°C). Steam or hot coolant
under pressure will cause injury.
Check seal and spring on pressure cap.
Replace pressure cap, refer to (para. 3-60).
Flush cooling system, refer to

(para. 3-60).
For surge tank and radiator support replacement
procedures, refer to (paras. 3-63 and 3-64).
For oil cooler and oil cooler hose replacement

procedures, refer to (paras. 3-7 and 3-8).
Notify DS maintenance to repair radiators.
ENGINE COOLING FAN DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION

An external line from the power steering gear brings hydraulic fluid to the clutch fan solenoid
through control valve (normally open) and then to the fan drive, keeping it disengaged. The
action of the valve is controlled by the time delay module and the fan temperature switch.
During normal operation, the fan timer switch is closed. This keeps the control valve in the
open position and the drive disengaged.
As the engine reaches a temperature of 215°F (102°C), the temperature switch opens and the control
valve closes. This engages the fan. If the fan is engaged and the accelerator is floored, the
transmission kickdown system disengages the fan drive for 20 seconds.
The easiest way to determine if the fan is engaged is to stand outside the driver's door and gently
work the accelerator. If the fan is engaged, you will feel a breeze from the engine area. If the fan is not
engaged, you won't feel the breeze.
If the vehicle's serial number is 68555 through 72541 or 100000 through 112867, and you see ADCO
stamped on top of the time delay module, replace the module with part NSN 5945-01-193-7175, refer to
(para. 4-31).
Change 1 2-159
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-158
Page 2-162
2-160
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para 3-76
para. 3-81
para. 3-83
para. 3-82
2-161
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-160
2-162
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
WARNING
2-163
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-158
Page 2-166
2-164
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para 3-78
para 3-82
para 3-78
2-165
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-164
Page 2-170
Page 2-174
Page 2-752
Page 2-168
2-166
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
ENGINE COOLING
WARNING
page 2-159
page 2-159
para 4-30
2-167
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-166
Page 2-752
Page 2-750
Page 2-184
2-168
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-169
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
ENGINE COOLING B DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART

FROM A4, Page 2-166

FAN DRIVE OK
FAN DOESN'T ENGAGE
DISCONNECT THE CONTROL
TRY IT.
VIA WIRE 458 VALVE ELECTRICAL
CONNECTOR AT THE TIME DELAY
MODULE. DOES THE FAN
ENGAGE?
With no power to the solenoid,
FAN WIRING the fan should engage.
TIME DELAY MODULE
FAN CONTROL VALVE
NO REPLACE CONTROL
VALVE
YES
FAN ENGAGES DISCONNECT THE 4-WIRE 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 91 (Page 2-752)

CONTROL VALVE OK CONNECTOR AT THE TIME DELAY 2. MULTIMETER
MODULE. IS THERE CONTINUITY
FROM 458B AT THE 4-WIRE
HARNESS TO 458B AT THE
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS FAN TEMPERATURE SWITCH? REASON FOR QUESTION
Wire 458B connects the switch
WIRING
and the timer.
NO REPAIR/REPLACE
WIRE 458B
YES
FAN ENGAGES WITH THE ROTARY SWITCH ON 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 89 (Page 2-750)
CONTROL VALVE OK "RUN," IS THERE BATTERY
VOLTAGE AT THE HARNESS SIDE 2. MULTIMETER
OF WIRE 583B IN THE 4-WAY
CONNECTOR OF THE TIME DELAY
MODULE?
WIRING Wire 583B connects battery
voltage to the delay module.
NO REPAIR/REPLACE
WIRE 583B
YES
GO TO B4,
Page 2-172
2-170 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-171
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-170
Page 2-752
Page 2-752
Page 2-750
2-172
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-173
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
C,
ENGINE COOLING FROM A5, DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART
Page 2-166
KNOWN INFO C1 TEST OPTIONS

DRIVE OK 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 89 (Page 2-750)
FAN ENGAGES BUT
REMOVE THE JUMPER BETWEEN
WON'T DISENGAGE WIRE 458A AND WIRE 458B. TURN 2. MULTIMETER
THE ROTARY SWITCH TO THE
"RUN" POSITION. DOES WIRE
458A HAVE BATTERY VOLTAGE?
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX Wire 458A connects battery voltage

TIME DELAY MODULE to the switch.
WIRING
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
NO GO TO D,
Page 2-182
YES
DRIVE OK IS THERE CONTINUITY FROM

FAN ENGAGES BUT WIRE 458B AT THE HARNESS SIDE
WON'T DISENGAGE OF THE TIME DELAY MODULE 2. MULTIMETER
4-WAY CONNECTOR TO WIRE 458B
AT THE FAN TEMPERATURE
SWITCH?
Wire 458B connects the switch
and the time delay module.
TIME DELAY MODULE
WIRING
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM REPAIR/REPLACE
NO
WIRES 458 &
458B
YES

DRIVE OK TURN THE ROTARY SWITCH TO
FAN ENGAGES BUT
WON'T DISENGAGE
RUN. IS THERE BATTERY 2. MULTIMETER
VOLTAGE AT THE HARNESS
SIDE OF WIRE 583B IN THE
4-WAY CONNECTOR OF THE REASON FOR QUESTION
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
TIME DELAY MODULE?
Wire 583B connects battery voltage to
the time delay module.
TIME DELAY MODULE
WIRING
NO REPAIR/REPLACE
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
WIRE 583B
YES
GO TO C3.1,
Page 2-176
2-174 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-175
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
ENGINE COOLING FROM DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART

C3, Page 2-174
KNOWN INFO C3.1 TEST OPTIONS

MULTIMETER
ENGINE COOLANT TURN THE ROTARY SWITCH TO
TEMPERATURE "RUN" POSITION. MEASURE THE
BELOW NORMAL
(215°F) (102°C)
VOLTAGE AT WIRE 583 ON THE
2-WAY HARNESS OF THE TIME
DELAY MODULE (DO NOT
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS DISCONNECT HARNESS). IS REASON FOR QUESTION
TIME DELAY MODULE

THERE BATTERY VOLTAGE? WIRE 583 SHOULD INDICATE
BATTERY VOLTAGE.
REPLACE
NO TIME DELAY
MODULE
YES
KNOWN INFO C3.2 TEST OPTIONS

MULTIMETER
ENGINE COOLANT MEASURE THE VOLTAGE AT
TEMPERATURE WIRE 93 ON THE 2-WIRE
BELOW NORMAL
HARNESS OF THE TIME DELAY
(215°F) (102°C)
MODULE (DO NOT DISCONNECT
HARNESS). IS THERE BATTERY
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS VOLTAGE? REASON FOR QUESTION
WIRE 93 SHOULD INDICATE 0
TIME DELAY MODULE
VOLTAGE.
REPLACE
NO TIME DELAY
MODULE
YES

MULTIMETER – WITH AN ANALOG
FAN DRIVE OK DISCONNECT THE 2-WIRE MULTIMETER, YOU MAY GET 65
FAN WON'T DISENGAGE COUPLING AT THE TIMER. TO 100 OHMS ONE WAY AND
MEASURE THE RESISTANCE UNDER 30 OHMS THE OTHER
WAY. THIS IS OK.
THROUGH THE CONTROL
VALVE ELECTRICAL
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS CONNECTOR. REASON FOR QUESTION
TIME DELAY MODULE

IS IT ABOUT 65 OHMS? The need to check out the windings
in the control valve to see if they're
WIRING
OK.
CONTROL VALVE
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
REPLACE
NO CONTROL
VALVE
YES
GO TO C5,
Page 2-178
2-176 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Replace time delay module, refer to

(para. 4-31).
Replace time delay module, refer to

(para. 4-31).
When checking coil resistance, use an analog

type multimeter. CONTINUITY (RESISTANCE)
MULTIMETER
For an accurate ohms reading, perform this
check when the system is at room temperature. 1. Set the voltmeter to an ohms scale of about 1000
Heat will increase resistance, resulting in a ohms.
higher ohms reading.
2. Connect the RED and BLACK leads to the
connections stated in the question.
3. Be sure to read the correct scale. Less than 5

ohms indicates continuity. For an open circuit, the
Replace the control valve, refer to (para. 8-26). meter should peg full scale (needle all the way to
the left).
Change 1 2-177
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-176
Page 2-752
Page 2-752
page 2-752
Page 2-180
2-178
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
I 0-4500 OHMS
STE/ICE-R TEST 91

Repair wire refe to (para. 4-85) or terminations indicated in the question. RED to the
notify DS maintenance. first, BLACK to the second.

STE/lCE displays “9.9.9.9.”
I CONTINUITY (RESISTANCE)
MULTIMETER
1. Set the voltmeter to an ohms scale of about 1000

ohms.
Replce the time delay rnodule,
refer to (para 4-31). 2. Connect the RED and BLACK leads to the

ohms indicates continuity. For an open circuit the
meter should peg full scale (needle all the way to
the Ieft).
Replace the time delay module,

2-179
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-178
Page 2-739
Page 2-459
Page 2-739
2-180
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Replace hoses, refer to (para 8-26).
STE/ICE-R TEST #50

0 TO 1000 PSIG PRESSURE
1. Connect transducer to valve after removing

connector, refer to (para 8-26). Do offset test.
2. Connect BLUE pressure transducer to A W4

cable. Make sure the system under testis not
pressurized.
3. Turn on system and read pressure.
Measure the pressure at the valve outlet. Remove the

fan drive hose and connector from the valve body and
screw transducer into the valve. Start the engine and
look for leaks.
Replace control valve and/or fan drive, refer to (para

8-26 or 3-78). Check to sea if hoses are blocked prior
to replacing parts, and perform back flush procedure
(para 8-26).
If pressure in the fan drive hose is not at least 90 psi,

(620.5 kPa) perform back flush procedure (para 8-26).
Recheck pressure. If pressure is not at least 90 psi,
replace control valve.
If pressure in the fan drive hose is at least 90 psi,

(620.5 kPa) check for blockage in hose between the
control valve and fan drive. If hose is not blocked,
replace fan drive (para. 3-78).
2-181
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-174
Page 2-752
2-182
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
ENGINE COOLING
0-4500 OHMS
STE/lCE-R TEST 91
WARNING
1. Connect RED dip and BLACK clip to the
DISCONNECT NEGATIVE terminations indicated in the question. RED to the
BATTERY CABLE BEFORE first, BLACK to the second.
DISCONNECTING AND
RECONNECTING PROTECTIVE 2. Start Teat 91,0-4500 ohms.
CONTROL BOX HARNESS.
3. Displayed reading is in ohms. Leas than 5
There is battery voltage at the PCB at all times. ohms is continuity. If the resistance is over 4500
Failure to disconnect battery cable will result in ohms, STE/ICE displays “9.9.9.9.”
damage to equipment or injury to personnel.
Replace PCB, refer to (para 4-5).
CONTINUITY (RESISTANCE)
MULTIMETER

ohms.

3. Be sure to read the correct scale. Leas than 5

the left).
2-183
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-168
Page 2-750
Page 2-399
Page 2-411
2-184
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Replace time delay module, refer to 0-45 DC VOLTS

(para 4-31). STE/lCE-R TEST 89
1. Connect RED clip to the indicated test point,

VOLTAGE
MULTIMETER

40 volts.

2-185(2-186 blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-26. ENGINE LUBRICATION TESTS I
These Engine Lubrication tests may be run any time there is an engine lubrication problem or if you
were sent here by another test chain. Just follow the path, answering the questions. Additional
information and notes are given on the facing page when necessary.
Fold-out page FO-5 shows the location of the major components of the Engine Lubrication system in
case you are not familiar with them. This page may be left open for reference while testing.
2-187
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
PAGE 2-22
Page 2-739
Page 2-734
Page 2-192
Page 2-190
2-188
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION ENGINE LUBRICATION
Incorrect oil level and type can

cause pressure problems, Ieaks,
excessive blowby, and other problems.
Inspect the oil cooler, oil cooler supply return

lines, CDR valve hoses, oil pan, and oil filter. Test
CDR valve, (para 3-9). See the location on parts
page to find the these parts.
ENGINE RPM
STE/lCE-R TEST 10
1. Start Test 10, Engine RPM.
2. Crank or start the angina. Displayed reading

is RPM. Cranking RPM should be approximately
200. Idle RPM should be 625-675.
Remove sending unit, refer to (para 4-25).
ENGINE RPM
INTERLEAVE WITH 0-1000 PSI PRESSURE
1. Connect BLUE Transducer in place of oil

pressure sending unit. Dial test 50 (0-1000 psi).
Perform offset test.
2. Dial teat 01, interleave with RPM. Dial test 50.
3. Start engine and observe display. VTM will

display RPM’s, than PSI.
2-189
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-188
2-190
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
NOTE
If the exhaust is not colorless it must
be either white, blue or black.
If exhaust color is:
WHITE . . . . . . . . . .Go to fuel system, Paragraph 2-22. Could be injector timing, DS level fault.
BLUE . . . . . . . . . . . .Blue smoke is a sign of oil entering the combustion chambers. It usually
enters past the piston rings or intake valve stem seals. This is an internal
engine problem that can't be handled at this level of maintenance. You may
want to run the Engine Mechanical Tests, Paragraph 2-18 before you notify
DS Maintenence.
BLACK. . . . . . . . . Intake/exhaust. Para. 2-23
2-191
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-188
Page 2-739
Page 2-734
Page 2-319.
2-192
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
OIL PRESSURE CHART
ENGINE RPM APPROXIMATE OIL PRESSURE

STOP 0 PSI
6.2L IDLE (650 + 25) 10-15 PSI
6.5L IDLE (725 + 25) 10-15 PSI
2000 40-50 PSI
Remove sending unit, refer to

(para 4-25).
ENGINE RPM
INTERLEAVE WITH 0-1000 PSI PRESSURE
1. Connect BLUE Transducer in place of oil

pressure sending unit. Dial test 50 (0-1000 Psi).
Perform offset test.
2. Dial test 01, interleave with RPM. Dial test 50.
3. Start engine and observe display. VTMwill

display RPM's, then PSI.
Change 1 2-193
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-27. ALTERNATOR TESTS
These Alternator tests can be run any time you think there may be a problem with the
alternator or battery charging or if you were sent here from another system chain.
These tests are NOT for the batteries. These tests are strictly for the alternator, its
operation, and its associated wiring. Tests for the batteries are in Battery Circuit,
Paragraph 2-29.
A simplified block diagram for the alternator system is given on page 2-195. A detailed
functional flow schematic is provided as foldout FO-6 to help you understand the system
as you perform the tests.
NOTE
Dual voltage 100, 200, and 400 amp alternators can be
installed in a single voltage system. See Table 2-2 for
hookup procedures.
After preliminary common tests, the model of alternator must be identified for specific
testing to determine if alternator or regulator is defective.
Table 2-2. Adaption of dual voltage alternator on a single voltage system
Dual Voltage Alternator Single Voltage System
100 Amp Ground wire afixed to regulator

base and 14 volt power stud
200 Amp Ground wire afixed to regulator

base and 14 volt power stud
400 Amp No ground wire afixed to

regulator or 14 volt power stud
2-194 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
60 AMP/100 AMP 200 AMP/400 AMP

ALTERNATOR ALTERNATOR
FLOW SCHEMATIC FLOW SCHEMATIC
ENGINE ENGINE
MECHANICAL MECHANICAL
POWER POWER
(DRIVE BELTS/ (DRIVE BELTS/
SERPENTINE BELT) SERPENTINE BELT)
ALTERNATOR ALTERNATOR
PROTECTIVE
CONTROL BOX/ BATTERIES
DISTRIBUTION
BOX
BATTERIES
Change 1 2-195
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
ALTERNATOR DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART

START

NOTHING VISUAL INSPECTION, USE
ARE ALTERNATOR DRIVEBELTS/
BELT TENSION GAUGE/
SERPENTINE BELT TIGHT AND IN CHECK TENSIONER
GOOD CONDITION (NO CRACKS, POSITION
FRAYS, OR GLAZE)?

If belts are loose, worn, or if belt
ALTERNATOR
tensioner has fully retracted, the
PROTECTIVE CONTROL
belts will not drive the alternator
BOX/DISTRIBUTION BOX
fast enough to recharge the
WIRING
batteries.
BELTS NO
TIGHTEN OR REPLACE.
IF YOU STILL
YES HAVE A PROBLEM,
CONTINUE TESTING

VISUAL INSPECTION
BELTS OK ARE ALL WIRE CONNECTIONS
TO ALTERNATOR CLEAN, TIGHT,
AND MAKING GOOD CONNECTION?

Loose or dirty connections can
WIRING prevent a good alternator
ALTERNATOR from charging the batteries.
NO CLEAN AND TIGHTEN.

IF YOU STILL
HAVE A PROBLEM,
YES CONTINUE TESTING
BELTS OK 1. STE/ICE-R TESTS 67 AND 89

WITH ROTARY SWITCH IN “RUN” (INTERLEAVE) (Pages 2-740, 750)
WIRING CONNECTIONS OK
POSITION (ENGINE NOT RUNNING),
DO YOU HAVE BATTERY VOLTAGE 2. MULTIMETER
AT ALTERNATOR OUTPUT
TERMINAL ?
The alternator must be
ALTERNATOR connected to batteries to
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX be able to recharge the
WIRING batteries.
NO GO TO A,
Page 2-202
YES
GO TO 4
Page 2-198
2-196 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION ALTERNATOR

NOTE
Cracks, glaze, and frays indicate worn belts, which should
be replaced (para. 3-81, all except M1123 and "A2"
vehicles) (para. 3-83, M1123 and "A2" vehicles). Use a
belt tension gauge to determine if the belts need to be
tightened, refer to (para 3-82, all except M1123 and "A2"
vehicles).
BAD CONNECTIONS ARE THE
MOST COMMON PROBLEM !
Sometimes just disconnecting, cleaning, and
reconnecting will solve a problem. BE THOROUGH!
The time you save may be your own.
Refer to the functional flow schematic and check the

following;
1. BATTERY - make sure all connections are clean

and tight, including the shunt and power stud.
2. STARTER - check the high current (heavy gauge

wire 6A) wire at the starter. Don't just check for
voltage; a loose connection will have voltage but can't
carry much current.
3. PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX
WARNING
Disconnect negative battery cable before
disconnecting and reconnecting PCB/distribution
box harness.
Unscrew BOTH connectors and look for bent or
broken pins, pins pushed out of their socket, or dirt
and corrosion in the connections.
INTERLEAVE TESTS 67 AND 89

BATTERY VOLTAGE AND DC VOLTAGE
USE CONTROL FUNCTION 06 TO INTERLEAVE

TESTS ON THE STE/ICE-R. DIAL 06, PRESS
THE TEST BUTTON. WHEN PROMPTED BY
THE VTM, DIAL IN TEST 67 AND PRESS THE
BUTTON. WHEN PROMPTED AGAIN, DIAL IN
TEST 89 AND PRESS THE BUTTON. VTM
WILL DISPLAY RESULT FOR TEST 67,
THEN 89 THEN 6789, AND THEN REPEAT.
SEE TM 9-4910-571-12&P
FOR MORE INFORMATION.
100 AMP DUAL VOLTAGE

200 AMP DUAL VOLTAGE NIEHOFF ALTERNATOR
NIEHOFF ALTERNATOR
Change 1 2-197
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

FROM 3,
Page 2-196

BATTERIES OK STE/ICE-R TEST 10 (Page 2-734)
BELTS OK START ENGINE. DOES ENGINE
ALTERNATOR IDLE AT CORRECT SPEED
CONNECTIONS OK (6.2L 625-675 RPM)?
(6.5L 700-750 RPM)?
OK
REASON FOR QUESTION

POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
If engine idles too low,
ALTERNATOR alternator is not driven fast
ALTERNATOR DRIVE enough to charge batteries.
WIRING
NO ADJUST IDLE RPM

SEE NOTE AT RIGHT
YES
BATTERIES OK 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 10 (interleave

LOCK THROTTLE AT 1200-1500 with control function 01 page
BELTS OK
ALTERNATOR
RPM. 2-734) thru 89, page 750
CONNECTIONS OK
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX IS VOLTAGE AT ALTERNATOR 2. MULTIMETER
OK OUTPUT TERMINAL 27-29 VOLTS ?
ALTERNATOR DRIVE OK REASON FOR QUESTION
Alternator voltage must be
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS slightly higher than battery
voltage to recharge batteries.
ALTERNATOR
WIRING GO TO B,
NO
Page 2-204
YES

BATTERIES OK 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 67 (Page 2-740)
BELTS OK
IS VOLTAGE AT BATTERY
ALTERNATOR TERMINALS 27-29 VOLTS ? 2. MULTIMETER
CONNECTIONS OK (SAME AS ALTERNATOR OUTPUT)
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX OK
ALTERNATOR DRIVE OK
ALTERNATOR
REASON FOR QUESTION
OUTPUT OK
If battery voltage is much
lower than alternator output,
wiring resistance is too high.
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
NO REPAIR/REPLACE
ALTERNATOR WIRING
YES SEE NOTE AT RIGHT
WIRING
GO TO 7,
Page 2-200
2-198 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
If the engine doesn't start on its own

power, you should check the battery
and starter circuits.
NOTES ON IDLE ADJUSTMENT
If idle can be adjusted to within limits, go to step 5.
If idle CANNOT be adjusted to within limits, you

may have a problem with the fuel system. You can
either continue here or run the fuel system tests
and return here.
ENGINE RPM
STE/ICE-R TEST 10
NOTE
A charged battery in good condition is a
prerequisite for testing an alternator/regulator 2. Crank or start the engine. Displayed reading is
system. If battery is suspect, substitute a known RPM. Cranking RPM should be at least 100.
good battery in the vehicle. Idle RPM should be 625 - 675.
Output for 60 amp alternator is wire 5A and stud.

All other alternators have a large stud on side of
housing as output terminal to connect wire 6.
0-45 DC VOLTS
STE/ICE-R TEST 89
NOTES
Check the wiring and the pins at sockets E & F at
PCB/distribution box engine connector.
Check the wiring and the pins at sockets D & G at BATTERY VOLTAGE
PCB/distribution box body connector. STE/ICE-R TEST 67
Check and clean starter solenoid and battery box 1. Start Test 67, battery voltage.
power stud.
2. Displayed reading is in volts. Batteries should be
Check and clean battery cables and clamps. 23-25.5 volts. Battery voltage will drop when
glowplugs turn on.
Look for loose, dirty, or broken connections and repair
as necessary. If terminal voltage is still low, harness
should be replaced. Notify DS maintenance.
Change 1 2-199
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

FROM 6,
Page 2-198

BATTERIES OK STE/ICE-R TEST 80 (Page 2-749)
WITH ENGINE RUNNING, MEASURE
BELTS OK
ALTERNATOR CURRENT FROM ALTERNATOR
CONNECTIONS OK WIRE OUTPUT TERMINAL.
PROTECTIVE CONTROL
OK
IS CURRENT GREATER THAN
30 AMPS? REASON FOR QUESTION
ALTERNATOR DRIVE OK
ALTERNATOR OUTPUT OK Alternator must supply enough
current to power vehicle loads.
REPLACE
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS ALTERNATOR
NO
ALTERNATOR RERUN
ALTERNATOR TESTS
YES
8
IF YOU STILL HAVE A PROBLEM,
RERUN THESE TESTS TO MAKE
SURE YOU DIDN'T MISS
ANYTHING. IF EVERYTHING
CHECKS OUT, RUN BATTERY
TESTS AND ELECTRICAL TESTS.
2-200 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
NOTE
Wire 5A is output path for 60 amp
alternator. All other alternators have large
stud on alternator case as output
connector for wire 6. Alternator current will
go up as you turn on vehicle accessories. BATTERY CURRENT
STE/ICE-R TEST 80
Turn on the lights, wipers, heater, etc. to
make sure alternator can supply enough
1. Start Test 80, battery current.
current to power the loads.
2. Displayed reading is in amps. The reading will
To replace 60 and 200 amp alternators,
be greater than 30 amps, depending on how many
(refer to chapter 4). To replace 100 amp
accessories you have on.
alternator, (refer to chapter 12).
To replace 100, 200, and 400 amp dual
voltage alternators, (refer to chapter 4).
Change 1 2-201
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
ALTERNATOR A DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART

FROM 3,
Page 2-196

1. STE/ICE-R TESTS 67, 68
BATTERY IS NOT CON- IS THE STARTER MOTOR VOLTAGE (Pages 2-740 -741)
NECTED TO ALTERNATOR
WHEN ROTARY SWITCH
THE SAME AS BATTERY VOLTAGE?
IS IN RUN POSITION 2. MULTIMETER
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX The cable connecting the batteries

WIRING to the alternator goes to the
starter first.
NO REPAIR/REPLACE
WIRE 6A
YES
BATTERY IS NOT CON- DISCONNECT THE BATTERY 1. STE/ICE-R TESTS 67, 89

NECTED TO ALTERNATOR NEGATIVE CABLE. DISCONNECT (Pages 2-740, -750)
WHEN ROTARY SWITCH ENGINE CONNECTOR AT
IS IN RUN POSITION, 2. MULTIMETER
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX. RECONNECT
BATTERIES CONNECTED
TO STARTER THE BATTERY NEGATIVE CABLE. IS
THERE BATTERY VOLTAGE AT
SOCKET E OF THE PCB/DISTRIBUTION
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX This checks the wire from the
BOX ENGINE CONNECTOR HARNESS ? starter to the PCB/distribution
WIRING
box engine connector.
NO REPAIR/REPLACE
WIRE 81A
YES

BATTERY IS NOT CON- REMOVE THE BATTERY NEGATIVE 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 91
NECTED TO ALTERNATOR (Page 2-752)
WHEN ROTARY SWITCH IS
CABLE. IS THERE CONTINUITY
IN RUN POSITION, (LESS THAN 20 OHMS 2. MULTIMETER
BATTERIES CONNECTED RESISTANCE) FROM SOCKET F OF
TO STARTER PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX ENGINE
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS CONNECTOR HARNESS TO WIRE REASON FOR QUESTION
5A END AT ALTERNATOR? If the box is connected to the
alternator, then the relay in the
WIRING
PCB/distribution box is no good.
SEE NOTE ON
NO
RIGHT HAND
YES PAGE
REPLACE
PCB/DISTRIBUTION
BOX
2-202 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
INTERLEAVE TEST 67 AND 68.


TESTS ON THE STE/ICE-R. DIAL 06, PRESS
THE TEST BUTTON. WHEN PROMPTED BY
THE VTM, DIAL IN TEST 67 AND PRESS THE
BUTTON. WHEN PROMPTED AGAIN, DIAL IN
WILL DISPLAY RESULT FOR TEST 67, THEN 68
THEN 6768, AND THEN REPEAT. SEE TM
9-4910-571-12&P FOR MORE INFORMATION.
WARNING
BEFORE DISCONNECTING AND INTERLEAVE TEST 67 AND 89.
RECONNECTING PROTECTIVE CONTROL
BOX/DISTRIBUTION BOX HARNESS.
There is battery voltage at the PCB/distribution TESTS ON THE STE/ICE-R. DIAL 06, PRESS
box at all times. Failure to disconnect battery THE TEST BUTTON. WHEN PROMPTED BY
cable will result in damage to equipment or THE VTM, DIAL IN TEST 67 AND PRESS THE
injury to personnel. BUTTON. WHEN PROMPTED AGAIN, DIAL IN
WILL DISPLAY RESULT FOR TEST 67, THEN 89
THEN 6789, AND THEN REPEAT. SEE TM
9-4910-571-12&P FOR MORE INFORMATION.
NOTE
When checking for voltage or continuity in a harness
connector (steps A2 and A3), check the wiring at the
connector carefully for broken wires. Check to see that
the connector pins are not bent, broken, or pushed out of
0-4500 OHMS
place. Check that the connections are clean and tight.
Use the STE/ICE-R in TK mode for this measurement.
STE/ICE-R TEST 91
DO NOT USE THE DCA. Leave the negative battery 1. Connect RED clip and BLACK clip to the
cable off for the measurement. If there is an open circuit, terminations indicated in the question. RED to the
the STE/ICE-R will measure close to 500 ohms. If you first, BLACK to the second.
don't have continuity or voltage, and the wires and
connections are all ok, then the harness must have a 2. Start Test 91, 0-4500 ohms.
broken wire. In this case you have to replace the wiring
harness. Replace harness, notify DS Maintenance. 3. Displayed reading is in ohms. Less than 5 ohms
Replace PCB, refer to (para. 4-5). STE/ICE displays “9.9.9.9”.
Change 1 2-203
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
ALTERNATOR B DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART

FROM 5, Page 2-198
B1 TEST OPTIONS
VISUAL
IDENTIFY MODEL ALTERNATOR. TESTING
IS DIFFERENT FOR EACH MODEL. IS THIS
A 60 AMP PRESTOLITE ALTERNATOR?
REASON FOR QUESTION
Connections and testing procedures
are not the same for different model
KNOWN INFO
SEE NOTE alternators.
NO
ALTERNATOR OUTPUT ON OPPOSITE
VOLTAGE IS NOT YES PAGE
CORRECT
B2 TEST OPTIONS
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS STOP ENGINE. DISCONNECT WIRE
568A FROM ALTERNATOR WIRE 568. 2. MULTIMETER
ALTERNATOR
WIRING
TURN THE ROTARY SWITCH TO "RUN".
MEASURE VOLTAGE AT THE WIRE
THAT IS NOT CONNECTED TO THE
ALTERNATOR. IS THERE BATTERY REASON FOR QUESTION
VOLTAGE? Wire 568a and 568 carry ignition
current to turn on regulator.
KNOWN INFO
ALTERNATOR OUTPUT NOTIFY DS

VOLTAGE IS NOT NO MAINTENANCE TO
CORRECT REPAIR WIRE 568A OR
YES REPLACE HARNESS
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS B3 TEST OPTIONS

ALTERNATOR 1. STE/STE-R TEST 89
CONNECT WIRE 568A AND 568. TURN (PAGE 2-750)
WIRING
ROTARY SWITCH TO “RUN’’. MEASURE
VOLTAGE AT ALTERNATOR END OF 2. MULTIMETER
WIRE 568. IS THERE BATTERY
VOLTAGE AT ALTERNATOR END OF
WIRE 568? REASON FOR QUESTION
KNOWN INFO Wire 568A and 568 carry ignition
current to turn on regulator.
ALTERNATOR OUTPUT
VOLTAGE IS NOT
CORRECT
NO REPLACE WIRE 568
YES
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
ALTERNATOR GO TO
B4, Page 2-206
2-204 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
NOTE
For 60 amp Prestolite alternator, continue B.
For 100 amp Prestolite alternator, go to C, page 2-208. 0-45 DC VOLTS
For 200 amp Prestolite alternator, go to D, page 2-212. STE/ICE-R TEST 89
For 200 amp single voltage Niehoff alternator, go to E,
page 2-218. 1. Connect RED clip to indicated test point,
For 100 amp single voltage Niehoff alternator, go to F, BLACK clip to negative or ground.
page 2-222.
For 100 amp dual voltage Niehoff alternator, go to F.1, 2. Start Test 89, DC volts.
page 2-224.2.
For 200 amp dual voltage Niehoff alternator, go to G, 3. Displayed reading is in volts.
page 2-224.6.
For 400 amp dual voltage Niehoff alternator, go to H,
page 2-224.10.
NOTE
Voltage on wire 568 signals regulator to turn on.
Without voltage, regulator can't operate. Wire 568A
is connected with wire 5A inside engine wire
harness. If there is no loose end on wire 568A, wire
harness repair is required. Notify DS Maintenance.
WIRE
2A
Change 1 2-205
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-204
pages 2-734 and 2-750
para 4-2
PAGE 2-198
2-206
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1. Turn engine off.

2. Remove protective cover from alternator wiring.
3. Remove the potting material.
4. Remove hex head plug to expose adjustment screw.
5. Start engine and lock throttle at 1200-1500 RPM by
using STE/ICE-R test 10.
6. Connect the Red test lead to wire 5A and the Black
lead to engine ground.
7. Monitor alternator output voltage with STE/ICE-R
test 89.
8. Use a cross tip screwdriver to adjust the alternator
output voltage 28.0 ± 0.5 Volts.
9. Unlock throttle, replace hex head plug, repot the area
with silicon caulk, and replace the protective cover.
ENGINE RPM
STE/ICE-R TEST 10
2. Crank or start the engine. Displayed reading is

RPM. Cranking RPM should be approximately 100.
Idle RPM should be 625-675.
0-45 DC VOLTS
STE/ICE-R TEST 89

NOTE
Regulator cannot be tested independently from WIRE
alternator on 60 amp alternator system. 2A
Change 1 2-207
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-204
page 2-750
page 2-750
Page 2-210
2-208
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
NOTE
For 60 amp Prestolite alternator, go to B, page 2-204.
For 100 amp Prestolite alternator, continue C.
For 200 amp Prestolite alternator, go to D, page 2-212.
page 2-218. 0-45 DC VOLTS
For 100 amp single voltage Niehoff alternator, go to F, STE/ICE-R TEST 89
page 2-222.
For 100 amp dual voltage Niehoff alternator, go to F.1, 1. Connect RED clip to the indicated test point,
page 2-224.2. BLACK clip to negative or ground.
For 200 amp dual voltage Niehoff alternator, go to G,
page 2-224.6. 2. Start Test 89, DC volts.
page 2-224.10. 3. Displayed reading is in volts.
NOTE
Voltage on wire 568 signals regulator to turn on.
Without voltage, regulator can't operate. Wire 568A is
connected with wire 5A inside engine wire harness. If
there is no loose end on wire 568A, wire harness repair
is required. Notify DS Maintenance.
WIRE
3B
Change 1 2-209
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

FROM C3,
C
Page 2-208
VOLTAGE OUTPUT WAS VOLTAGE READ IN STEP 5,

INCORRECT
ON PAGE 2-198, LESS THAN 35
WIRING OR IGNITION VOLTS?
OK

REPLACE If voltage exceeded 35 volts,
ALTERNATOR REGULATOR (Para regulator over-voltage protection
REGULATOR NO has failed.
12-21) or (Para 12-22)
YES
VOLTAGE OUTPUT 1. STE/ICE-R Tests 10 and 89

WITH REGULATOR REMOVED FROM (pages 2-734 and 2-750).
INCORRECT
ALTERNATOR, PERFORM FULL-FIELD
WIRING OR IGNITION
TEST. START ENGINE AND SET 2. MULTIMETER
OK SPEED TO 850 RPM. CONNECT A
JUMPER WIRE FROM PIN E ON
REASON FOR QUESTION
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS ALTERNATOR TO GROUND.
Determine if alternator or regulator
MOMENTARILY WIRE JUMPER FROM is defective.
ALTERNATOR
PIN D TO BATTERY VOLTAGE.
REGULATOR
MEASURE VOLTAGE AT ALTERNATOR
OUTPUT. DID VOLTAGE RISE TO AT
LEAST 75 VOLTS?
NO REPLACE ALTERNATOR
(Para 12-23 ) or (Para 12-24)
YES
REPLACE REGULATOR
(Para 12-21) or (Para 12-22)
2-210 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
CAUTION
Ensure all electrical loads are disconnected
or turned off. Higher voltage could damage
components in other devices.
1. Disconnect battery ground cable.

2. Loosen screws.
3. Remove clamp pins from slots.
4. Loosen connector nut.
5. Remove regulator from alternator.
Secure regulator out of the way.
6. Connect battery ground cable.
NOTE
Jumper wires must be able to handle 15 amp
current (14 gauge or larger diameter).
NOTE
Multimeter set to read over 75 vdc.
ENGINE RPM
STE/ICE-R TEST 10

RPM. Cranking RPM should be approximately
100. Set idle speed to 850 RPM.
0-45 DC VOLTS
STE/lCE-R TEST 89
1. Connect RED clip to indicated test point,
2-211
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-204
page 2-750
Page 2-214
2-212
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
NOTE
For 100 amp Prestolite alternator, go to C, page 2-208.
For 200 amp Prestolite alternator, continue D.
For 200 amp single voltage Niehoff alternator, go to E, page
2-218.
For 100 amp single voltage Niehoff alternator, go to F, page
2-222.
For 100 amp dual voltage Niehoff alternator, go to F.1,
page 2-224.2.
page 2-224.6.
page 2-224.10.
Replacement of Reverse Polarity Fuse
1. Remove nut, lockwasher, washer, fuse, insulator
and cable 6 from output stud.
2. Examine fuse for burns and breaks. Replace fuse
and insulator if damaged.
3. Install new fuse and insulator on output stud with
washer, lockwasher, and nut. Tighten nut 10-15
lb-in. (14-20 N•m).

2. Remove four screws, lockwashers, gasket, and
cover from regulator.
3. Remove potting material as necessary to gain
access to studs.
0-45 DC VOLTS
STE/ICE-R TEST 89

Change 1 2-213
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-212
pages 2-734 and 2-750
Page 2-216
Page 2-198
2-214
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
TEMPERATURE-ENVIRONMENT ADJUSTMENT
2. Remove four screws securing regulator to alternator.
3. Position regulator to allow access to the buss bar
link. The buss bar link and voltage setting terminals are
located under sealant. It maybe necessary to scrape
away some of the sealant to access the buss bar link
and terminals.
4. To adjust the voltage setting to 27.2 volts (for hot or
desert condition), loosen screw E0 and remove screws
E1 and E2. Rotate bus bar link to E2. Reinstall screws
E1 and E2 and tighten screw E0.
5. Apply RTV sealant to fully cover buss bar link and
voltage setting terminals.
6. Install regulator to alternator with four screws.
8. Check output voltage, it should read 27.2 volts.
NOTE
To reset alternator output voltage to 28 volts, the buss
bar link should be connected between E0 and E1. The
terminal connection E0 and E3 provides an output
voltage of 28.8 volts (for arctic conditions). When
operation in hot weather or arctic conditions cease, the
alternator output voltage should be reset to its normal
28.0 volt setting.
9. Mark the output voltage setting on the alternator and

annotate the information in the vehicle log book for
future reference.
NOTE
This procedure resets the alternator output approximately
0.8 volts on either side of 28 volts, but will not correct for
larger errors.
NOTE
If an overcharge condition exists, wiring to regulator is
satisfactory.
ENGINE RPM 0-45 DC VOLTS

STE/ICE-R TEST 10 STE/ICE-R TEST 89
1. Start test 10, Engine RPM. 1. Connect RED clip to the indicated test point,
RPM. Engine RPM should be 850. 2. Start Test 89, DC volts.
2-215
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-214
page 2-750
para 4-109.
para 4-114.
2-216
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
FULL FIELD TEST

NOTE
Tag leads before removal.
2. Remove five screws, lockwashers, and leads from
bottom of regulator.
3. Insulate leads from V,P, and Z terminals.
4. Connect 6 volt lantern battery NSN 6135-00-643-1310,
(or equivalent that can supply 1.0 amp current at 6 volts)
with (+) battery and lead connector to W lead and (-)
battery and lead connector to Y lead. Insulate all
connections.
5. Monitor voltage across alternator output studs. Meter
must be capable of reading 50 volts.
CAUTION
Ensure all vehicle and on board equipment are turned

off. Higher voltages could damage components.

7. Start vehicle and run engine to 900 rpm. Run only
long enough to obtain a stable output voltage reading.
8. Stop engine, remove 6 volt battery and leads.
NOTE
If installing alternator, reconnect regulator (para 4-114).
0-45 DC VOLTS
STE/lCE-R TEST 89
2-217
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
ALTERNATOR E DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART

FROM B1,
C
Page 2-204
E1 TEST OPTIONS
Visual
IS THIS A NIEHOFF 200 AMP SINGLE
VOLTAGE ALTERNATOR?
REASON FOR QUESTION

NO SEE NOTE ON
Must know model of alternator to
OPPOSITE PAGE
perform proper tests.
YES
E2 TEST OPTIONS
KNOWN INFO
START ENGINE AND ALLOW TO IDLE STE/ICE-R Test 10 and 89
VOLTAGE OUTPUT (Pages 2-734 and 2-750).
INCORRECT AT 1200-1500 RPM FOR 2-3 MINUTES.
RECHECK VOLTAGE OUTPUT.
IS ALTERNATOR OUTPUT LESS THAN REASON FOR QUESTION

POSSIBLE PROBLEMS 26 VOLTS? Determine if high or low output
voltage.
FUSIBLE LINK
WIRING
ALTERNATOR
REGULATOR IF OUTPUT VOLTAGE IS
NO
OVER 30.5 VOLTS,
REPLACE REGULATOR,
YES (Para 4-114) or (Para 4-115)
KNOWN INFO
E3 TEST
TESTOPTIONS
OPTIONS
VOLTAGE OUTPUT
Visual
INCORRECT STOP ENGINE. CHECK FOR
BURNED OR BROKEN REVERSE
POLARITY FUSIBLE LINK ON
ALTERNATOR OUTPUT STUD. IS REASON FOR QUESTION
FUSIBLE LINK OK?
Fusible link connects alternator
FUSIBLE LINK output stud to wire 6.
WIRING
ALTERNATOR NO REPLACE FUSIBLE LINK.
REGULATOR GO TO STEP 5,
YES Page 2-198
GO TO E4,
Page 2-220
2-218 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

NOTE
For 200 amp single voltage Niehoff alternator,
continue with E.
For 100 amp single voltage Niehoff alternator, go to F,
page 2-222.
For 100 amp dual voltage Niehoff alternator, go to F.1,
page 2-224.2.
page 2-224.6.
page 2-224.10.
NOTE
The regulator for this model alternator has
overvoltage protection. Any output voltage over
30.5 volts is an overvoltage.
ENGINE RPM
Output voltage of 26-30.5 is acceptable for this STE/ICE-R TEST 10
alternator.
1. Start test 10, Engine RPM.

RPM. Engine RPM should be 1200-1500.
0-45 DC VOLTS
STE/ICE-R TEST 89
FUSIBLE LINK REPLACEMENT

2. Remove boot from alternator output terminal.
3. Remove nut, lockwasher, washers, and fusible link from
terminal.
4. Inspect fusible link.
5. Replace fusible link if damaged or appears burned.
Change 1 2-219
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
ALTERNATOR FROM E3, DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART

C 2-218
Page
KNOWN INFO E4 TEST OPTIONS
VOLTAGE OUTPUT STE-ICE-R Test 89 (page 2-750).

TURN ROTARY SWITCH TO “RUN”
INCORRECT
POSITION. CHECK FOR BATTERY
FUSIBLE LINK OK
VOLTAGE AT RED (ENERGIZE)
TERMINAL ON REGULATOR. IS
BATTERY VOLTAGE PRESENT?
As wire 568A is stubbed off, the
ALTERNATOR voltage from wire 5A on red
REGULATOR terminal signals regulator to turn
WIRING on.
NOTIFY
DS MAINTENANCE
NO TO REPAIR OR REPLACE
WIRING HARNESS
YES

VOLTAGE OUTPUT STE-ICE-R Test 10 and 90
INCORRECT
DISCONNECT ALTERNATOR-TO-
(page 2-734 and 2-751).
REGULATOR HAS REGULATOR CABLE. START ENGINE
ENERGIZING VOLTAGE AND SET IDLE 1200-1500 RPM. USING
FUSIBLE LINK OK 15 AMP CAPACITY JUMPER WIRE,
MOMENTARILY CONNECT PIN “A” OF
ALTERNATOR CONNECTOR TO REASON FOR QUESTION
ENGINE GROUND. DOES CURRENT This connection applies full current
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS loading to field coil. Alternator
AND VOLTAGE RISE DURING current output should be near
ALTERNATOR CONNECTION TO 180-220 AMPS? maximum.
REGULATOR
REPLACE ALTERNATOR,
NO (Para 4-109). THEN GO TO
YES STEP 5, Page 2-198
REPLACE REGULATOR
(Para 4-114). THEN GO TO
STEP 5, Page 2-198
2-220 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-221
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
ALTERNATOR F DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART

FROM
C B1,
Page 2-204
F1 TEST OPTIONS
Visual
IS THIS A NIEHOFF 100 AMP
SINGLE VOLTAGE ALTERNATOR?
REASON FOR QUESTION

SEE NOTE ON
NO perform proper tests.
OPPOSITE PAGE
YES
KNOWN INFO F2 TEST OPTIONS
VOLTAGE OUTPUT 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 10 AND 89

START ENGINE AND ALLOW TO IDLE
INCORRECT (Pages 2-734 and 2-750).
AT 1200-1500 RPM.

REASON FOR QUESTION
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS IS ALTERNATOR OUTPUT LESS
THAN 26 VOLTS? Determine if high or low output
WIRING voltage.
ALTERNATOR
REGULATOR
NO IF OUTPUT VOLTAGE IS
OVER 30.5 VOLTS,
YES REPLACE REGULATOR
(Para 12-22)
F3 TEST
TESTOPTIONS
OPTIONS
KNOWN INFO
VOLTAGE OUTPUT
STOP ENGINE. DISCONNECT WIRE STE-ICE-R Test 89
INCORRECT 568A FROM ALTERNATOR WIRE 568. (page 2-750)
TURN ROTARY SWITCH TO "RUN".
MEASURE VOLTAGE AT THE WIRE
REASON FOR QUESTION
THAT IS NOT CONNECTED TO THE
ALTERNATOR. IS THERE BATTERY REASON FOR QUESTION
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS VOLTAGE? Wire 568A and wire 568 carry
ignition current to turn on
WIRING regulator.
ALTERNATOR
REGULATOR NO
NOTIFY DS TO REPAIR OR
YES
REPLACE WIRE HARNESS
GO TO F4,
Page 2-224
2-222 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
NOTE
For 200 amp single voltage Niehoff alternator, go to E, page 2-218.
For 100 amp single voltage Niehoff alternator, continue with F.
For 100 amp dual voltage Niehoff alternator, go to F.1, page 2-224.2.
For 200 amp dual voltage Niehoff alternator, go to G, page 2-224.6.
For 400 amp dual voltage Niehoff alternator, go to H, page 2-224.10.
NOTE
25-30.5 is acceptable for this

Output voltage of 26-30.5
alternator.
ENGINE RPM
STE/ICE-R TEST 10

0-45 DC VOLTS
STE/ICE-R TEST 89

NOTE
Voltage on wire 568 signals regulator to turn on. Without
voltage, regulator can't operate. Wire 568A is connected
with wire 5A inside engine wire harness. If there is no
loose end on wire 568A, wire harness repair is required.
Change 1 2-223
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-222
page 2-750
pages 2-734 and 2-751
para 12-24
Page 2-198.
para 12-22
Page 2-198
2-224
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1. Slide boot back from wire lug to expose red terminal.

2. Make contact at stud.
0-45 DC VOLTS
STE/ICE-R TEST 89
ENGINE RPM
STE/ICE-R TEST 10

RPM. Set engine to fast idle of 800-1000 RPM.
0-1500 AMPS DC
STE/ICE-R TEST 90
1. Connect probe.
Change 1 2-224.1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
F.1
FROM B1,
C
Page 2-204
F.1-1 TEST OPTIONS
Visual
IS THIS A NIEHOFF 100 AMP DUAL
VOLTAGE ALTERNATOR?
REASON FOR QUESTION

SEE NOTE ON
NO OPPOSITE PAGE
YES
F.1-2 TEST OPTIONS

KNOWN INFO
START ENGINE AND ALLOW TO IDLE STE/ICE-R TEST 10,
VOLTAGE OUTPUT (interleave with control
INCORRECT AT 1200-1500 RPM FOR 2-3 MINUTES. function 01 of page 2-734
then 89, page 2-750)

voltage.
WIRING
ALTERNATOR
NO OVER 30.5 VOLTS,
REPLACE REGULATOR
YES (Para 4-5.6)
F.1-3 TEST OPTIONS

KNOWN INFO
STE/ICE -R TEST 10 AND 90
VOLTAGE OUTPUT
DISCONNECT ALTERNATOR-
(pages 2-734 and 2-751)
INCORRECT TO-REGULATOR CABLE. START
REGULATOR HAS ENGINE AND SET IDLE 1200-1500 RPM.
ENERGIZING VOLTAGE USING 15-AMP CAPACITY JUMPER
WIRE, MOMENTARILY CONNECT TO
ENGINE GROUND. DOES CURRENT REASON FOR QUESTION
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS AND VOLTAGE RISE DURING This connection applies full
current loading to field coil.
ALTERNATOR CONNECTION?
Alternator current output should
REGULATOR be near maximum.
WIRING
NO REPLACE REGULATOR
(Para 4-5.6). THEN GO
YES TO 5, Page 2-198
REPLACE REGULATOR
(Para 4-5.6). THEN GO TO
5, Page 2-198
2-224.2 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

NOTE
page 2-218. ENGINE RPM
For 100 amp single voltage Niehoff alternator, go to F, STE/ICE-R TEST 10
page 2-222.
For 100 amp dual voltage Niehoff alternator, continue with 1. Start test 10, Engine RPM.
F.1.
For 200 amp dual voltage Niehoff alternator, go to G, page 2. Crank or start the engine. Displayed reading is
2-224.6. RPM. Engine RPM should be 1200-1500.
For 400 amp dual voltage Niehoff alternator, go to H, page
2-224.10.
NOTE 0-1,500 AMPS DC
The regulator for this model alternator has STE/ICE-R TEST 90
1. Connect probe.
Output voltage of 26-30.5 is acceptable for this
alternator.
NOTE
The regulator for this alternator has
overvoltage protection. Any output voltage
over 30.5 volts is an overvoltage.

alternator.
Change 1 2-224.3
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
ALTERNATOR FROM F.1-3, DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART

PageC
2-224.2
KNOWN INFO F.1-4 TEST OPTIONS
VOLTAGE OUTPUT MULTIMETER

IDLE ENGINE AT 1200-1500 RPM. DOES
INCORRECT
VOLTAGE ON 14 VOLT OUTPUT
REGULATOR HAS
ENERGIZING TERMINAL (YELLOW INSULATOR)
VOLTAGE MEASURE BETWEEN 13.4-14.6 VOLTS?

Determine if high or low output
ALTERNATOR voltage.
REGULATOR
WIRING
IF OUTPUT VOLTAGE IS
NO NOT CORRECT, REPLACE
REGULATOR (Para 4-5.6).
RECHECK VOLTAGE. IF
YES VOLTAGE IS STILL NOT
CORRECT, REPLACE
ALTERNATOR (Para 4-5.2)
KNOWN INFO F.1-5 TEST OPTIONS

VOLTAGE OUTPUT 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 10 AND 89
TURN ROTARY SWITCH TO RUN
INCORRECT (Page 2-750)
REGULATOR HAS
ENERGIZING VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE AT RED (ENERGIZE) 2. MULTIMETER
REASON FOR QUESTION
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS voltage from wire 5A on red terminal
signals regulator to turn on.
ALTERNATOR
REGULATOR
WIRING
NOTIFY DS MAINTENANCE
YES WIRING HARNESS
REPLACE REGULATOR
TO 5, Page 2-198
2-224.4 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

0-45 DC VOLTS
STE/ICE-R TEST 89
2. Start Test 89, DC Volts.
Change 1 2-224.5
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
G
FROM B1,
C
Page 2-204
G1 TEST OPTIONS
Visual
VOLTAGE ALTERNATOR?
REASON FOR QUESTION

SEE NOTE ON
NO
OPPOSITE PAGE
YES
G2 TEST OPTIONS
KNOWN INFO
STE/ICE-R TEST 10,
VOLTAGE OUTPUT
START ENGINE AND ALLOW TO IDLE
(interleave with control function
INCORRECT AT 1200-1500 RPM FOR 2-3 MINUTES. 01 of page 2-734 then 89,
page 2-750)

voltage.
WIRING
ALTERNATOR
REGULATOR
IF OUTPUT VOLTAGE
NO IS OVER 30.5 VOLTS,
REPLACE
YES REGULATOR
(Para 4-5.10)
G3 TEST OPTIONS
KNOWN INFO DISCONNECT ALTERNATOR- STE/ICE-R TEST 10 AND 90
(pages 2-734 and 2-751)
VOLTAGE OUTPUT TO-REGULATOR CABLE. START
INCORRECT ENGINE AND SET IDLE 1200-1500 RPM.
REGULATOR HAS USING 15-AMP CAPACITY JUMPER
ENERGIZING VOLTAGE WIRE, MOMENTARILY CONNECT PIN A
OF ALTERNATOR CONNECTOR TO REASON FOR QUESTION
ENGINE GROUND. DOES CURRENT This connection applies full
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS AND VOLTAGE RISE DURING current loading to field coil.
Alternator current output should
ALTERNATOR CONNECTION?
be near maximum.
REGULATOR
NO REPLACE ALTERNATOR
(Para 4-5.7). THEN GO TO
YES 5, Page 2-198
REPLACE REGULATOR
(Para 4-5.10). THEN GO TO 5,
Page 2-198
2-224.6 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
NOTE
For 100 amp single voltage Niehoff alternator, go to F, page 2-222.
For 200 amp dual voltage Niehoff alternator, continue with G.
NOTE

alternator.
NOTE
The regulator for this alternator has
overvoltage protection. Any output voltage
over 30.5 volts is an overvoltage. ENGINE RPM
STE/ICE-R TEST 10
alternator. 1. Start test 10, Engine RPM.

0-45 DC VOLTS
STE/ICE-R TEST 89

Change 1 2-224.7
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
ALTERNATOR FROM G23 DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART

PageC
2-224.2
KNOWN INFO G4 TEST OPTIONS
VOLTAGE OUTPUT MULTIMETER

IDLE ENGINE AT 1200-1500 RPM. DOES
INCORRECT
VOLTAGE ON 14 VOLT OUTPUT
REGULATOR HAS
ENERGIZING TERMINAL (YELLOW INSULATOR)
VOLTAGE MEASURE BETWEEN 13.4-14.6 VOLTS?

ALTERNATOR voltage.
REGULATOR
WIRING
IF OUTPUT VOLTAGE IS NOT
CORRECT, REPLACE REGULATOR
NO
(Para 4-5.10). RECHECK VOLTAGE.
IF VOLTAGE IS STILL NOT
YES CORRECT, REPLACE ALTERNATOR
(Para 4-5.7)

VOLTAGE OUTPUT 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 89
INCORRECT (Pages 2-750)
VOLTAGE AT RED (ENERGIZED) 2. MULTIMETER
REASON FOR QUESTION
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS voltage from wire 5A on red terminal
signals regulator to turn on.
ALTERNATOR
REGULATOR
NOTIFY DS MAINTENANCE
YES WIRING HARNESS
REPLACE REGULATOR
TO 5, Page 2-198
2-224.8 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

0-45 DC VOLTS
STE/ICE-R TEST 89

Change 1 2-224.9
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
ALTERNATOR H DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART

FROM
C B1,
Page 2-204
H1 TEST OPTIONS
VISUAL
VOLTAGE ALTERNATOR?
REASON FOR QUESTION

perform tests.
SEE NOTE
NO
OPPOSITE PAGE
YES
KNOWN INFO H2 TEST OPTIONS
VOLTAGE OUTPUT START ENGINE AND ALLOW TO IDLE STE/ICE-R TEST 10

INCORRECT (Interleave with control function
AT 1200-1500 RPM FOR 2-3 MINUTES.
01 of page 2-734 then 89, page
RECHECK VOLTAGE OUTPUT. IS 2-750)
ALTERNATOR OUTPUT LESS THAN 26
VOLTS?
REASON FOR QUESTION
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
voltage.
ALTERNATOR
NO OVER 30.5 VOLTS,
WIRING
YES REPLACE REGULATOR
(Para 4-5.11)
VOLTAGE OUTPUT IDLE ENGINE AT 1200-1500 RPM. MULTIMETER

INCORRECT DOES VOLTAGE ON 14 VOLT OUTPUT
REGULATOR HAS TERMINAL (YELLOW INSULATOR)
ENERGIZING VOLTAGE MEASURE BETWEEN 13.4-14.6
VOLTS?
REASON FOR QUESTION
voltage.
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
ALTERNATOR
REGULATOR IF OUTPUT VOLTAGE IS NOT
NO CORRECT, REPLACE REGULATOR
(Para 4-5.14) RECHECK VOLTAGE.
IF VOLTAGE IS STILL NOT
YES CORRECT, REPLACE ALTERNATOR
(Para 4-5.12)
GO TO H4,
Page 2-224.12
2-224.10 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
NOTE
For 100 amp single voltage Niehoff alternator, go to F, page 2-222.
For 200 amp dual voltage Niehoff alternator, continue with G.
NOTE

alternator.
ENGINE RPM
STE/ICE-R TEST 10

NOTE
The regulator for this alternator has 2. Crank or start the engine. Displayed reading is
overvoltage protection. Any output voltage RPM. Engine RPM should be 1200-1500.
over 30.5 volts is an overvoltage.
Output voltage of 26-30.5 is acceptable for this 0-45 DC VOLTS

alternator. STE/ICE-R TEST 89

Change 1 2-224.11
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

FROM H3, Page
C
2-224.10
VOLTAGE OUTPUT 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 89

INCORRECT (page 2-750)
VOLTAGE AT RED (ENERGIZE) 2. MULTIMETER
ALTERNATOR voltage from wire 5A on red
REGULATOR NOIFY DS terminal signals regulator to turn
WIRING NO MAINTENANCE TO on.
REPAIR OR REPLACE
YES WIRING HARNESS
VOLTAGE OUTPUT DISCONNECT ALTERNATOR- STE/ICE-R TEST 10 AND 90

INCORRECT (pages 2-734 and 2-751)
TO-REGULATOR CABLE. START
ENGINE AND SET IDLE 1200-1500
REGULATOR HAS RPM. USING 15-AMP CAPACITY
ENERGIZING VOLTAGE
JUMPER WIRE, MOMENTARILY
CONNECT TO PIN A OF ALTERNATOR REASON FOR QUESTION
CONNECTOR. DOES CURRENT AND This connection applies full current
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS loading to field coil. Alternator
VOLTAGE RISE DURING current output should be near
CONNECTION? maximum.
ALTERNATOR
REGULATOR
REPLACE REGULATOR
NO (Para 4-5.11). THEN GO TO
YES 5, Page 2-198
REPLACE REGULATOR
TO 5, Page 2-198
2-224.12 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

0-45 DC VOLTS
STE/ICE-R TEST 89
ENGINE RPM
STE/ICE-R TEST 10

RPM. Set engine to fast idle of 1200-1500 RPM.
0-1500 AMPS DC
STE/ICE-R TEST 90
1. Connect probe.
Change 1 2-225 /(2-226 blank)

TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-28. PROTECTIVE CONTROL BOX/DISTRIBUTION BOX TESTS
This protective control box /distribution box test can be run any time you think there may be a problem with the protective
control box or distribution box, or if you were sent here from another system chain.
NOTE
• To perform PCB/distribution box diagnostics, a PCB test module is needed.
• For fabrication of PCB/distribution box test module, refer to Appendix D, Figs. 96-113,
or requesitioned with NSN 6625-01-440-4522.
Change 1 2-227
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
PROTECTIVE CONTROL BOX/DISTRIBUTION BOX DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART
START
ENGAGE PARKING BRAKE.

ENSURE ALL VEHICLE GROUNDS
AFFECTING PROTECTIVE
CONTROL BOX/DISTRIBUTION
BOX ARE SECURE.
ENSURE ALL ENGINE AND

ELECTRICAL ACCESSORY
SWITCHES ARE IN THE
“OFF” POSITION.
PLACE TRANSMISSION AND

TRANSFER CASE SHIFT
LEVERS IN NEUTRAL DRIVE
POSITION.
GO TO 4,
Page 2-230
2-228 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION PROTECTIVE CONTROL BOX/DISTRIBUTION BOX
1. Remove instrument panel, refer to (para. 4-12).

2. Remove nut and lockwasher assembly and
engine harness ground lead 3C from body.
Remove nut and lockwasher assembly ,
capscrew, and harness ground leads 57A
and 79A from body. Discard nut and
lockwasher assemblies.
3. Inspect and clean wires and connection points.
4. Apply antiseize compound to harness ground
leads 57A and 79A and install on body with
capscrew and nut and lockwasher assembly.
Apply antiseize compound to engine harness
ground lead 3C and install on body with nut
and lockwasher assembly.
5. Cover leads 3C, 57A, and 79A with RTV.
6. Install instrument panel, refer to (para. 4-12).
Change 1 2-229
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
FROM 3,
Page 2-228
DISCONNECT BATTERY
GROUND CABLE.
DISCONNECT THE BODY AND ENGINE

WIRING HARNESS CANNON PLUGS
FROM PROTECTIVE CONTROL
BOX/DISTRIBUTION BOX.
NOTE: THE DISTRIBUTION BOX HAS
AN ADDITIONAL GLOWPLUG
HARNESS.
CONNECT DIAGNOSTIC TEST MODULE

HARNESS RECEPTACLE AND
CONNECTORS TO BODY AND ENGINE
WIRING HARNESS CANNON PLUGS.
GO TO 7,
Page 2-232
2-230 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
WARNING
disconnecting and reconnecting protective control
box/distribution box harness. Failure to do so may
result in injury to personnel or damage to equipment.
Change 1 2-231
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
FROM 6,
KNOWN INFO Page 2-230
NOTHING
7 TEST OPTIONS
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
BATTERIES BAD CONNECT BATTERY GROUND 1. TRY IT
LEAD 57B BAD GROUND
PARKING BRAKE SWITCH BAD
CABLE WITH IGNITION SWITCH 2. VISUAL
BODY HARNESS WIRES BAD IN THE “OFF” POSITION. ARE ANY
GLOWPLUG CONTROLLER LEDS “ON”? (REFER TO TABLE
BAD AT RIGHT)
ALTERNATOR BAD REASON FOR QUESTION
HARNESS WIRE 2A BAD If no LEDs are ON, that would
IGNITION SWITCH BAD indicate malfunctioning batteries.
HARNESS WIRE 29A BAD
HARNESS WIRE 29C BAD
PROTECTIVE CONTROL BOX/ NO GO TO 1,
DISTRIBUTION BOX BAD Page 2-252
YES

VISUAL
BATTERIES OK ARE LEDS 3 AND 4 “ON”?
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
LEAD 57B BAD GROUND
REASON FOR QUESTION
BODY HARNESS WIRES BAD
If these LEDs are not ON, that
ALTERNATOR BAD
would indicate protective control
HARNESS WIRE 2A BAD
box (PCB)/distribution box
IGNITION SWITCH BAD malfunctions.
HARNESS WIRE 29A BAD REPLACE
HARNESS WIRE 29C BAD NO PROTECTIVE
CONTROL
PROTECTIVE CONTROL BOX/
BOX/DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION BOX BAD YES BOX
BATTERIES OK VISUAL
IS LED 7 “ON”?
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
LEAD 57B BAD GROUND
REASON FOR QUESTION
If this LED is not ON, that would
ALTERNATOR BAD
indicate a bad connection to
HARNESS WIRE 2A BAD
ground.
IGNITION SWITCH BAD
HARNESS WIRE 29A BAD NO REPAIR/PROPERLY
HARNESS WIRE 29C BAD GROUND BODY
YES HARNESS WIRE 57B
DISTRIBUTION BOX BAD
GO TO 10,
Page 2-234
2-232 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
IGNITION DIAGNOSTIC CHECKS

SWITCH (GO TASKS)
POSITION (For vehicles with protective control box/distribution box)
NOTE
This analyzer requires all glow plugs OFF LED's 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, "ON''; Remaining LED's "OFF"
If all LED's are "OFF", battery power is not available.
be serviceable and the batteries fully If LED 3 or 4 is "OFF", replace the PCB/distribution box.
charged in order to operate properly. If LED 7 is "OFF", body harness wire 57B is not grounded.
Prior to performing diagnostic checks RUN - (PCB) LED's 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,11,13 "ON".
ensure these two items are checked. LED 13 "OFF" after a few seconds (glow plug warm up time).
If either of these two items are found (ENGINE LED 13 "OFF if engine is at operating temperature.
NOT LED 11 cycling "ON" and "OFF" (glow plug controller operatlon)
to be faulty, repair/replace prior to LED's 9, 10, 12 "OFF".
RUNNING-
beginning checks. Failure to do so will PCB) Release parking brake lever. LED 6 "OFF".
Engage parking brake lever. LED 6 "ON".
cause the analyzer to give false If all LED's are "OFF", no battery power is available.
readings, therefore causing the If LED 3 or 4 is "OFF", replace the PCB.
If LED 7 is "OFF", harness wire 57B is not grounded
needless replacement of serviceable If LED 2 is "OFF", and all glow plugs are serviceable, replace the PCB.
components. If LED 5 is "OFF", replace the PCB is LED 13 is "ON".
If LED's 5 and 13 are "OFF", the ignition switch is defective and/or harness
wires 29A and 29C are defective.
If LED 13 is "OFF" aud LED 5 is "ON" and the engine is not at operating
temperature from a previous run, replace the PCB. The PCB is operational
if the engine is at operating temperature from a previous run.
If LED 6 is "OFF" and the parking brake lever is engaged the parking brake
switch is defective or the wires in the body harness are defective
If LED 8 is "OFF", replace the PCB.
If LED 11 is "OFF", check the glow plug controller. If the glow plug
controller is functioning properly, replace the PCB.
RUN - LED's 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,13 "ON"; remaining LED's "OFF"
(Distribution Box) LED 13 "OFF" after a few seconds (glow plug warm up time).
(ENGINE NOT LED 13 "OFF" if engine is at operating temperature.

RUNNING- LED 6 "OFF if parking brake lever is released.
Distribution Box) LED 6 "ON" if parking brake lever is engaged
WARNING If LED 2, 3, 4, or 8 is "OFF", replace distribution box.
If LED 7 is "OFF", body harness wire 57B is not grounded
If LED 5 is "OFF", replace distribution box if LED 13 is "ON".
Disconnect negative battery cable before If LED's 5 and 13 are "OFF", the ignition switch and/or harness wires 29A
and 29C are defective.
disconnecting and reconnecting If LED 13 is "OFF" and LED 5 is "ON", and engine is not at operating
protective control box/distribution box temperature from a previous run, replace distribution box. Distribution
box is operation if engine is at operating temperature from a previous run.
harness. Failure to do so may result in If LED 6 is "OFF"and the parking brake lever is engaged the parking brake
injury to personnel or damage to switch and/or the wires in the body harness are defective.
equipment. START LED 10 momentarily "ON" and then remains "OFF" (starter motor
(ENGINE frequency lockout).
CRANKING- If LED 11 and 13 remain "ON" or engine does not crank; check battery
Replace protective control box, refer to PCB) voltage; charge is low.
If LED 10 does not momentarily come "ON" and then stays "OFF", replace
(para. 4-5). PCB.
Replace distribution box, refer to (para.
START LED 10 momentarily "ON".
4-5.1). (ENGINE If LED 13 is "ON or engine does not crank; check battery voltage; charge is
CRANKING- low.
If LED 10 does not momentarily come "ON" and then stays "OFF'', and
Distribution ignition
Box) switch is operating properly, replace distribution box.
RUN LED's 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,12 "ON"

(ENGINE LED 11 cycling "ON" and "OFF" (glow plug controller operation): "OFF"
RUNNING- time interval increases as engine warms up.
PCB) LED 11 "OFF" (when engine is at operating temperature).
LED 11 may remain "OFF" (when engine is at operating temperature from
prevlous run).
LED 13 "OFF"
Release parking brake lever. LED 6 "OFF".
If LED 2, 3, 4, 5, or 8 is "OFF" and all glow plugs are serviceable replace the
PCB.
Repair lead connectors, refer to (para. If LED 7 is "OFF", the body harness wire 57B is not grounded.
4-85). If LED 9 is "OFF" and LED 12 is "ON", replace the PCB.
If LED's 9 and 12 are "OFF", there is no alternator output (alternating
Repair lead, refer to (para. 4-85). current tap) available and/or the engine harness wire 2A is defective.
If LED 11 is "OFF" and the engine is not at operating temperature, check
the glow plug controller. If the glow plug controller is functioning properly,
replace the PCB.
RUN LED's 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12 "ON", remaining LED's "OFF"

(ENGINE LED 6 "OFF" if parking brake lever is released.
RUNNING- LED 6 "ON" if parking brake lever is released
If LED's 2, 3, 4, 5 or 8 is "OFF" replace distribution box.
Distribution If LED 7 is "OFF", body harness wire 57B is not grounded
Box) If LED 12 is "OFF", there is no alternator output (alternating current tap)
available and/or engine harness wire 2A is defective.
Change 1 2-233
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
FROM 9,
BATTERIES OK
LEAD 57B GROUND OK
10 TEST OPTIONS
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
1.TRY IT
PARKING BRAKE SWITCH BAD WITH THE IGNITION SWITCH IN
“RUN” (ENGINE NOT RUNNING) 2.VISUAL
GLOWPLUG CONTROLLER
BAD POSITION, ARE ANY LEDs “ON”?
ALTERNATOR BAD (REFER TO TABLE AT RIGHT)
HARNESS WIRE 2A BAD
IGNITION SWITCH BAD REASON FOR QUESTION
HARNESS WIRE 29A BAD If no LEDs are ON, that would
HARNESS WIRE 29C BAD indicate malfunctioning batteries.
NO GO TO 1,
Page 2-252
YES
KNOWN INFO
BATTERIES OK 11 TEST OPTIONS
LEAD 57B GROUND OK
VISUAL
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
IS LED 7 “ON”?
GLOWPLUG CONTROLLER
BAD
ALTERNATOR BAD REASON FOR QUESTION
HARNESS WIRE 2A BAD If these LEDs are not ON that
IGNITION SWITCH BAD would indicate a bad connection
HARNESS WIRE 29A BAD NO to ground.
REPAIR GROUND BODY
HARNESS WIRE 57B
DISTRIBUTION BOX BAD YES
BATTERIES OK VISUAL
LEAD 57B GROUND OK
ARE LEDs 2, 3, AND 4 “ON”?
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
GLOWPLUG CONTROLLER REASON FOR QUESTION
BAD If those LEDs are not ON, that
ALTERNATOR BAD would indicate a protective control
HARNESS WIRE 2A BAD box (PCB)/distribution box
IGNITION SWITCH BAD malfunction.
REPLACE
NO PROTECTIVE
CONTROL
YES BOX/DISTRIBUTION
BOX
GO TO 13,
Page 2-236
2-234 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

DIAGNOSTIC CHECKS
(GO TASKS)
(For Vehicles with protective control box/distribution box)
OFF LED's 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, "ON''; Remaining LED's "OFF"

NOTE If all LED's are "OFF", battery power is not available.
This analyzer requires all glow plugs If LED 3 or 4 is "OFF", replace the PCB/distribution box.
If LED 7 is "OFF", body harness wire 57B is not grounded.
be serviceable and the batteries fully
charged in order to operate properly. RUN - (PCB) LED's 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,11,13 "ON".
LED 13 "OFF" after a few seconds (glow plug warm up time).
Prior to performing diagnostic checks
ensure these two items are checked. (ENGINE LED 13 "OFF if engine is at operating temperature.
NOT LED 11 cycling "ON" and "OFF" (glow plug controller operatlon)
If either of these two items are found RUNNING- LED's 9, 10, 12 "OFF".
to be faulty, repair/replace prior to PCB) Release parking brake lever. LED 6 "OFF".
beginning checks. Failure to do so will If all LED's are "OFF", no battery power is available.
If LED 3 or 4 is "OFF", replace the PCB.
cause the analyzer to give false If LED 7 is "OFF", harness wire 57B is not grounded
readings, therefore causing the If LED 2 is "OFF", and all glow plugs are serviceable, replace the PCB.
If LED 5 is "OFF", replace the PCB is LED 13 is "ON".
needless replacement of serviceable If LED's 5 and 13 are "OFF", the ignition switch is defective and/or harness
components. wires 29A and 29C are defective.
If LED 13 is "OFF" aud LED 5 is "ON" and the engine is not at operating
temperature from a previous run, replace the PCB. The PCB is operational
if the engine is at operating temperature from a previous run.
If LED 6 is "OFF" and the parking brake lever is engaged the parking brake
switch is defective or the wires in the body harness are defective
If LED 8 is "OFF", replace the PCB.
If LED 11 is "OFF", check the glow plug controller. If the glow plug
controller is functioning properly, replace the PCB.
RUN - LED's 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,13 "ON"; remaining LED's "OFF"
(Distribution Box) LED 13 "OFF" after a few seconds (glow plug warm up time).
(ENGINE NOT LED 13 "OFF" if engine is at operating temperature.

RUNNING- LED 6 "OFF if parking brake lever is released.
LED 6 "ON" if parking brake lever is engaged
Distribution Box) If LED 2, 3, 4, or 8 is "OFF", replace distribution box.
If LED 5 is "OFF", replace distribution box if LED 13 is "ON".
If LED's 5 and 13 are "OFF", the ignition switch and/or harness wires 29A
and 29C are defective.
If LED 13 is "OFF" and LED 5 is "ON", and engine is not at operating
temperature from a previous run, replace distribution box. Distribution box
Repair lead connectors, refer to is operation if engine is at operating temperature from a previous run.
(para. 4-85). If LED 6 is "OFF"and the parking brake lever is engaged the parking brake
switch and/or the wires in the body harness are defective.
Repair lead, refer to (para. 4-85).
START LED 10 momentarily "ON" and then remains "OFF" (starter motor
(ENGINE frequency lockout).
CRANKING- If LED 11 and 13 remain "ON" or engine does not crank; check battery
PCB) voltage; charge is low.
If LED 10 does not momentarily come "ON" and then stays "OFF", replace
PCB.
START LED 10 momentarily "ON".

(ENGINE If LED 13 is "ON or engine does not crank; check battery voltage; charge is
low.
CRANKING- If LED 10 does not momentarily come "ON" and then stays "OFF'', and
Distribution ignition
Box) switch is operating properly, replace distribution box.
RUN LED's 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,12 "ON"

(ENGINE LED 11 cycling "ON" and "OFF" (glow plug controller operation): "OFF"
RUNNING- time interval increases as engine warms up.
LED 11 "OFF" (when engine is at operating temperature).
PCB) LED 11 may remain "OFF" (when engine is at operating temperature from
prevlous run).
LED 13 "OFF"
Release parking brake lever. LED 6 "OFF".
If LED 2, 3, 4, 5, or 8 is "OFF" and all glow plugs are serviceable replace the
PCB.
If LED 7 is "OFF", the body harness wire 57B is not grounded.
WARNING If LED 9 is "OFF" and LED 12 is "ON", replace the PCB.
If LED's 9 and 12 are "OFF", there is no alternator output (alternating
current tap) available and/or the engine harness wire 2A is defective.
Disconnect negative battery cable If LED 11 is "OFF" and the engine is not at operating temperature, check
before disconnecting and the glow plug controller. If the glow plug controller is functioning properly,
replace the PCB.
reconnecting protective control
box/distribution box harness. Failure RUN LED's 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12 "ON", remaining LED's "OFF"
(ENGINE LED 6 "OFF" if parking brake lever is released.
to do so may result in injury to RUNNING- LED 6 "ON" if parking brake lever is released
personnel or damage to equipment. Distribution If LED's 2, 3, 4, 5 or 8 is "OFF" replace distribution box.
Box) If LED 12 is "OFF", there is no alternator output (alternating current tap)
available and/or engine harness wire 2A is defective.
Replace protective control box, refer
to (para. 4-5).
Replace distribution box, refer to
(para. 4-5.1).
Change 1 2-235
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
FROM 12
BATTERIES OK
LEAD 57B GROUND OK
13 TEST OPTIONS
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
1.TRY IT
PARKING BRAKE SWITCH BAD DID LED 13 COME “ON” WITH PCB?
IF ENGINE IS AT OPERATING 2.VISUAL
GLOWPLUG CONTROLLER
BAD TEMPERATURE, LED 13 WILL NOT
ALTERNATOR BAD COME ON. WITH DISTRIBUTION
HARNESS WIRE 2A BAD BOX, LIGHT WILL COME ON WHEN
IGNITION SWITCH BAD REASON FOR QUESTION
ENGINE IS AT OPERATING
HARNESS WIRE 29C BAD TEMPERATURE. indicate either malfunctioning ignition
PROTECTIVE CONTROL BOX/ switch, damaged harness wires 29A
DISTRIBUTION BOX BAD GO TO A1, and 29C, or malfunctioning
NO
Page 2-248 protective control box
YES (PCB)/distribution box.
KNOWN INFO
LEAD 57B GROUND OK
VISUAL
IGNITION SWITCH OK IS LED 5 “ON”?
HARNESS WIRE 29A OK
HARNESS WIRE 29C OK
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
PARKINGBRAKE
PARKING BRAKESWITCH
SWITCH
BAD
BAD REASON FOR QUESTION
BODYHARNESS
BODY HARNESSWIRES
WIRESBAD
BAD
GLOW PLUG CONTROLLER
GLOWPLUG CONTROLLER indicate protective control box
BAD
BAD (PCB)/distribution box
ALTERNATOR BAD
ALTERNATOR BAD REPLACE malfunctions.
HARNESSWIRE
HARNESS WIRE2A
2ABAD
BAD PROTECTIVE
PROTECTIVECONTROL
CONTROLBOX/ NO CONTROL
PROTECTIVE
BOX BAD BOX/DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION BOX BAD YES
BOX

BATTERIES OK
VISUAL
LEAD 57B GROUND OK IS LED 6 “ON”?
IGNITION SWITCH OK
HARNESS WIRE 29A OK
HARNESS WIRE 29C OK
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
PARKING BRAKE SWITCH REASON FOR QUESTION
BAD If this LED is not ON, that would
BODY HARNESS WIRES BAD indicate a parking brake switch or
GLOWPLUG CONTROLLER brake warning light malfunction, or
BAD damage to body harness wires.
ALTERNATOR BAD NO REPLACE PARKING
HARNESS WIRE 2A BAD BRAKE SWITCH AND/
OR REPAIR WIRES IN
YES BODY HARNESS
GO TO 16,
Page 2-238
2-236 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
WARNING

disconnecting and reconnecting protective
control box/distribution box harness. Failure to
do so may result in injury to personnel or
Replace protective control box, refer to

(para. 4-5).
Repair lead connectors, refer to (para. 4-85).
Repair leads, refer to (para. 4-85).
Change 1 2-237
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
FROM 15,
BATTERIES OK
LEAD 57B GROUND OK
IGNITION SWITCH OK 16 TEST OPTIONS
HARNESS WIRE 29A OK
HARNESS WIRE 29C OK 1.TRY IT
IS LED 8 “ON”?
PARKING BRAKE SWITCH OK
BODY HARNESS WIRES OK
FOR DISTRIBUTION BOX, IF YES, 2.VISUAL
GO TO 18.
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
GLOWPLUG CONTROLLER
BAD REASON FOR QUESTION
ALTERNATOR BAD If this LED is not ON, that would
HARNESS WIRE 2A BAD indicate a protective control
PROTECTIVE CONTROL BOX/ box/distribution box malfunction.
REPLACE
PROTECTIVE
NO
CONTROL
BOX
KNOWN INFO
LEAD 57B GROUND OK
IGNITION SWITCH OK IS LED 11 “ON”?
HARNESS WIRE 29A OK VISUAL
DURING GLOW PLUG CYCLING,
HARNESS WIRE 29C OK
PARKING BRAKE SWITCH OK LED 11 MAY FLICKER.
BODY HARNESS WIRES OK NOTE: LED 11 IS NOT USED WITH
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS THE DISTRIBUTION BOX
REASON FOR QUESTION
GLOWPLUG CONTROLLER
BAD If this LED is not ON, that would
ALTERNATOR BAD NO GO TO D1,
Page 2-314 indicate a glowplugs controller
HARNESS WIRE 2A BAD malfunction.
YES
18 TEST OPTIONS
KNOWN INFO
WITH THE IGNITION SWITCH IN 1.TRY IT
BATTERIES OK
LEAD 57B GROUND OK
THE “START” (ENGINE CRANKING)
POSITION, DO LEDs 11 AND 13 GO 2.VISUAL
IGNITION SWITCH OK
HARNESS WIRE 29A OK “OUT”, AND DOES ENGINE CRANK?
HARNESS WIRE 29C OK
NOTE: LED 11 DOES NOT
PARKING BRAKE SWITCH OK REASON FOR QUESTION
BODY HARNESS WIRES OK FUNCTION WITH DISTRIBUTION
GLOWPLUG CONTROLLER OK BOX. If these LEDs do not go ON,
that would indicate malfunctioning
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS batteries.
ALTERNATOR BAD NO CHECK BATTERY
HARNESS WIRE 2A BAD VOLTAGE AND
PROTECTIVE CONTROL BOX/ CHARGE IF NEEDED
YES
GO TO 19,
Page 2-240
2-238 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
WARNING

control box or distribution box harness. Failure
to do so may result in injury to personnel or

(para. 4-5).
Replace glowplug controller. refer to (para. 4-29).
Service/repair batteries. refer to (para. 4-79).
Change 1 2-239
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
FROM 18,
Page 2-238

BATTERIES OK VISUAL
LEAD 57B GROUND OK DOES LED 10 MOMENTARILY
IGNITION SWITCH OK COME “ON” THEN STAY “OFF”?
HARNESS WIRE 29A OK
HARNESS WIRE 29C OK
REASON FOR QUESTION
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
If this LED is not momentarily ON,
ALTERNATOR BAD that would indicate a protective
HARNESS WIRE 2A BAD control box (PCB)/distribution box
PROTECTIVE CONTROL BOX/ malfunction.
REPLACE
NO PROTECTIVE
YES CONTROL
BOX/DISTRIBUTION
BOX
BATTERIES OK 1.TRY IT
LEAD 57B GROUND OK WITH THE IGNITION SWITCH IN
IGNITION SWITCH OK THE “RUN” (ENGINE RUNNING) 2.VISUAL
HARNESS WIRE 29A OK POSITION, ARE LEDs 2,3,4,5,
HARNESS WIRE 29C OK
AND 8 “ON”?
REASON FOR QUESTION
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
If these LEDs are not ON, that
ALTERNATOR BAD would indicate a protective control
HARNESS WIRE 2A BAD box (PCB)/distribution box
DISTRIBUTION BOX BAD REPLACE
NO PROTECTIVE
YES CONTROL
BOX/DISTRIBUTION
BOX

BATTERIES OK VISUAL
IS LED 7 “ON”?
IGNITION SWITCH OK
HARNESS WIRE 29A OK
HARNESS WIRE 29C OK
REASON FOR QUESTION
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS If this LED is not ON,
ALTERNATOR BAD that would indicate a bad
LEAD 57B GROUND BAD connection to ground.
HARNESS WIRE 2A BAD
PROTECTIVE CONTROL BOX/ NO REPAIR GROUND
YES BODY HARNESS
WIRE 57B
GO TO 22,
Page 2-242
2-240 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
WARNING


(para. 4-5).
WARNING


(para. 4-5).
Change 1 2-241
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
FROM 21,
Page 2-240
KNOWN INFO
LEAD 57B GROUND OK
IGNITION SWITCH OK VISUAL
IS LED 9 “OFF” AND 12 “ON”?
HARNESS WIRE 29A OK
HARNESS WIRE 29C OK
PARKING BRAKE SWITCH OK NOTE: LED 9 DOES NOT FUNCTION
BODY HARNESS WIRES OK WITH DISTRIBUTION BOX.
GLOWPLUG CONTROLLER
OK
REASON FOR QUESTION
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS If this LED condition does not exist,
ALTERNATOR BAD that would indicate a protective
HARNESS WIRE 2A BAD control box (PCB)/distribution box
NO REPLACE PROTECTIVE
CONTROL
BOX
KNOWN INFO
LEAD 57B GROUND OK VISUAL
IGNITION SWITCH OK ARE LEDs 9 AND 12 “ON”?
HARNESS WIRE 29A OK NOTE: LED 9 DOES NOT
HARNESS WIRE 29C OK
FUNCTION WITH DISTRIBUTION
BODY HARNESS WIRES OK BOX. IF LED 12 IS ON, GO TO 27,
GLOWPLUG CONTROLLER PAGE 2-244.
OK REASON FOR QUESTION
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS CHECK If these LEDs are OFF, that would
NO ALTERNATOR OUTPUT indicate a malfunctioning
ALTERNATOR BAD
AND/OR REPAIR ENGINE alternator or damaged harness
HARNESS WIRE 2A BAD
HARNESS WIRE wire 2A.
PROTECTIVE CONTROL BOX/ YES
2A

BATTERIES OK
VISUAL
LEAD 57B GROUND OK WHILE ENGINE IS NOT AT
IGNITION SWITCH OK OPERATING TEMPERATURE,
HARNESS WIRE 29A OK
HARNESS WIRE 29C OK
IS LED 11 “ON”?
PARKING BRAKE SWITCH OK NOTE: LED 11 DOES NOT
BODY HARNESS WIRES OK FUNCTION WITH DISTRIBUTION
ALTERNATOR OK REASON FOR QUESTION
BOX.
HARNESS WIRE 2A OK If this LED is not ON,
that would indicate a glowplug
controller malfunction.
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS GO TO D1,
GLOWPLUG CONTROLLER BAD Page 2-314 AND BEGIN
NO TEST CHAIN AGAIN IF
DISTRIBUTION BOX BAD GLOWPLUG
YES
CONTROLLER IS
REPLACED
GO TO 25,
Page 2-244
2-242 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
WARNING


(para. 4-5).

Repair glowplug controller, refer to (para. 4-29).
Change 1 2-243
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

FROM 24,
Page 2-242
KNOWN INFO
BATTERIES OK
LEAD 57B GROUND OK
IGNITION SWITCH OK 25 TEST OPTIONS
HARNESS WIRE 29A OK VISUAL
HARNESS WIRE 29C OK IS LED 11 CYCLING “ON” AND
PARKING BRAKE SWITCH OK “OFF”?
BODY HARNESS WIRES OK NOTE:
GLOWPLUG CONTROLLER
OK
LED 11 DOES NOT FUNCTION
ALTERNATOR OK WITH DISTRIBUTION BOX.
HARNESS WIRE 2A OK REASON FOR QUESTION
If LED is not cycling ON and OFF,
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
that would indicate a protective
PROTECTIVE CONTROL control box (PCB) malfunction.
BOX BAD
REPLACE
NO PROTECTIVE
YES CONTROL BOX
KNOWN INFO
BATTERIES OK
LEAD 57B GROUND OK 26 TEST OPTIONS
IGNITION SWITCH OK
VISUAL
HARNESS WIRE 29A OK AT ENGINE OPERATING
HARNESS WIRE 29C OK
TEMPERATURE, DOES LED 11 STOP
BODY HARNESS WIRES OK CYCLING “ON” AND “OFF”?
ALTERNATOR OK NOTE: LED 11 DOES NOT FUNCTION
HARNESS WIRE 2A OK WITH DISTRIBUTION BOX.
PROTECTIVE CONTROL BOX REASON FOR QUESTION
OK If LED does not stop cycling ON
GO TO D1, and OFF, that would indicate a
Page 2-314 AND BEGIN glowplugs controller malfunction.
NO TEST CHAIN AGAIN IF
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
GLOW PLUG CONTROLLER
GLOWPLUG CONTROLLER YES IS REPLACED
BAD
27
NO PROTECTIVE CONTROL BOX
OR DISTRIBUTION BOX FAULT
FOUND.
GO TO 28,
Page 2-246
2-244 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
WARNING

control box/distribution box harness. Failure to
do so may result in injury to personnel or

(para. 4-5).
Change 1 2-245
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
FROM 27,
Page 2-244
28
DISCONNECT BATTERY
GROUND CABLE.
29
DISCONNECT BODY AND ENGINE
WIRING HARNESS CANNON
PLUGS FROM DIAGNOSTIC TEST
MODULE.
DISCONNECT CONNECTORS
30
CONNECT BODY AND ENGINE
WIRING HARNESS CANNON
PLUGS TO PROTECTIVE
CONTROL BOX/DISTRIBUTION
BOX.
CONNECT BATTERY GROUND

CABLE.
2-246 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
WARNING

Change 1 2-247
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

A
FROM 13,
Page 2-236
31
IF LED 5 IS "ON," REPLACE
PROTECTIVE CONTROL
BOX/DISTRIBUTION BOX, OR
REPAIR/REPLACE IGNITION
SWITCH AND/OR HARNESS
WIRES 29A AND 29C.
2-248 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Replace protective control box, refer to (para. 4-5).

Repair/replace rotary switch, refer to (para. 4-7).
Repair/replace leads 29A and 29C, refer to (para. 4-85).
Change 1 2-249/(2-250 blank)

TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-29. BATTERY CIRCUIT TEST 1

These Battery Circuit tests maybe run any time you think you have a battery problem of if you were sent here by another test
chain. Just follow the path, answering the questions. Additional information and notes are given on the facing page when
necessary.
The fold-out page shows the location of the major components of the Battery Circuit in case you are not familiar with them.
Fold-out page FO-7 may be left open for reference while testing.
2-251
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
BATTERY CIRCUIT DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART
(Page 2-740)
Page 2-256
2-252 Page 2-254

TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION BATTERY CIRCUIT
2-253
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

Page 2-252
(Page 2-746, 748)
Page 2-258
(Page 2-742)
(Page 2-750)
2-254
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
BATTERY INTERNAL RESISTANCE

STE/ICE-R TEST 73
1. Disconnect wire 54A at injection pump to
prevent stating.
2. Disconnect glowplug controller and fan

solenoid.
These tests check the strength of the batteries during
engine cranking. lf you don't have STE/lCE-R, skip
3. Start Test 73, battery internal resistance.
this step, but remember that you haven’t tested the
batteries under load.
4. Waif for the GO massage. Crank the engine.
5. Result is displayed in milliohms. Battery

resistance should be 25 milliohms max.
BATTERY RESISTANCE CHANGE

STE/lCE-R TEST 75

prevent starting.

STARTER NEG. CABLE VOLTAGE DROP solenoid.
STE/ICE-R TEST 69
3. Start Test 75, battery resistance change.
1. Start Test 69, starter negative cable voltage
drop. 4. Wait for the GO message. Crank the engine.
2. Displayed reading is in volts. The cable voltage 5. Result is displayed in milliohms/second.

drop should be less than 0.25 volts maximum. Battery resistance change should be
50 milliohms/second max.
0-45 DC VOLTS
STE/lCE-R TEST 69
1. Connect RED dip to the indicated test point,
2-255
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

Page 2-252
(Page 2-750)
(Page 2-750)
2-256
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
0-45 DC VOLTS
STE/lCE-R TEST 89
Measure from the positive poet to the
negative poet of each battery.
BLACK cIip to negative or ground.
For battery replacement instructions,
refer to (para. 4-79). 2. Start Test 89, DC volts.
NOTE
Check these cables:

WIRE 68, connecting the batteries
together. Test point is the postive
terminal of one of the batteries.
WIRE 49A, connecting the batteries

to the power stud. Test point is the
power stud.
Wire connecting the battery to the

shunt. Test point is the shunt.
Wire connecting shunt to ground

stud. Test point is the shunt.
For repair or replacement of cables,

refer to (para. 4-73).
If you use STE/lCE-R test 67 in Step

3 on page 2-252, you may have a
faulty DCA. Try running the tests
using STE/lCE-R test 89 with the
W2 cable.
Sea paragraph 4-79. (Also check each

battery's specific gravity in accordance
with TM 9-6140-200-14.)
Replace battery refer to (para. 4-79).
2-257
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

Page 2-254
(Page 2-746, 748).
(Page 2-750)
(Page 2-750, 747, 742, 741)
P. 2-254
2-258
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
BATTERY INTERNAL RESISTANCE

STE/ICE-R TEST 73

prevent starting.

solenoid (to keep waveform clean).
Replace batteries, refer to (para 4-79).
3. Start Test 73, battery internal resistance.
4. Wait for the GO message. Crank the

engine.
5. Result is displayed in milliohms. Battery

resistance should be 25 milliohms max.
NOTE BATTERY RESISTANCE CHANGE

Check these cables STE/ICE-R TEST 75
WIRE 68, correcting the batteries
together. Test point is the positive 1. Disconnect wire 54A at injection pump to
terminal of one of the batteries. prevent starting.
WIRE 49A, connecting the battery to
the power stud. Test point is the 2. Disconnect glowplug controller and fan
power stud. solenoid (to keep waveform dean).
Wire connecting the battery to the
shunt. Test point is the negative 3. Start Test 75, battery resistance change.
terminal of the battery.
Wire connecting shunt to ground stud. 4. Wait for the GO message. Crank the engine.
Test point is the shunt.
5. Result is displayed in milliohms/second.
Replace batteries, refer to (para 4-79). Battery resistance change should be
50 milliohms/second max.
0-45 DC VOLTS
NOTE STE/lCE-R TEST 89
Tests 77 and 79 are TK tests that do the
same thing that DCA tests 73 and 75 do. 1. Connect RED clip to the indicated test point,
See TM 9-4910-571-12&P for instructions BLACK dip to negative or ground.
on how to run these tests.
2-259/(2-260 Blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-30. STARTER CIRCUIT TESTS
STARTER CIRCUIT WITHOUT STARTER LOCKOUT
VEHICLE
BATTERIES

DISTRIBUTION BOX
ROTARY
SWITCH
STARTER NEUTRAL
SOLENOID SAFETY
SWITCH
STARTER
ENGINE
MECHANICAL
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The Starter Circuit consists of the batteries, starter solenoid, starter motor, rotary switch,
neutral safety switch, protective control box/distribution box, and related electrical wiring. The
relationship of these parts is shown in the block diagram above, and a simplified functional flow
schematic is provided on the foldout FO-8.
The starter solenoid and starter motor are enclosed in housings to protect them from dirt, icing
conditions, and other road hazards.
When the rotary switch is turned to “START,” the starter solenoid is energized. The solenoid
contacts close, sending battery power to the starter motor. The battery power causes the
starter motor pinion gear to engage the engine flywheel ring gear and the engine cranks. When
the engine starts, the rotary switch should be released, allowing it to return to the “RUN”
position. This deenergizes the starter solenoid which, in turn, disengages the starter motor
from the engine.
Solenoid current flows from the rotary switch through the neutral safety switch and protective
control box/distribution box to the solenoid.
Change 1 2-261
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
STARTER CIRCUIT DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART

START

VISUAL INSPECTION
ENGINE WON'T CRANK CHECK ALL CABLES AND
OR CRANKS SLOWLY
CONNECTIONS (BATTERY,
STARTER, SOLENOID, ROTARY
SWITCH, PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX).
REPAIR, CLEAN, OR REPLACE AS
REQUIRED.
WIRING Bad connections are a very
BATTERIES common problem.
STARTER
SOLENOID REPAIR OR
ROTORY SWITCH NO REPLACE CABLES,
ENGINE LOCKED CONNECTORS
YES

1. STE/ICE-R TEST 67
CABLES & CONNECTORS CHECK BATTERY VOLTAGE WHILE (Page 2-740)
APPEAR OK
TRYING TO CRANK THE ENGINE. IS
THE BATTERY VOLTAGE AT LEAST 2. MULTIMETER
18 VOLTS? 3. VOLTS GAUGE

If the engine cranks you know the
WIRING
engine is not locked and the rotary
BATTERIES
switch is OK.
STARTER/SOLENOID
ROTARY SWITCH
ENGINE LOCK NO GO TO BATTERY
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX CIRCUIT, Page 2-252
YES
GO TO 3,
Page 2-264
2-262 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION STARTER CIRCUIT
BAD CONNECTIONS ARE THE MOST COMMON

PROBLEM !
Sometimes, just disconnecting, cleaning and
reconnecting will solve a problem. BE THOROUGH!
The time you save may be your own.
Refer to the functional flow schematic and check the
following:
1. BATTERY - make sure all connections are clean

and tight, including the shunt and power stud.
2. STARTER - check the high current (heavy gauge

wire 6A) wire at the starter. Don't just check for
voltage; a loose connection will have voltage but
can't carry much current.
WARNING
Disconnect negative battery cable before dis-
connecting and reconnecting protective control
box/distribution box harness. BATTERY VOLTAGE
STE/ICE TEST
STE/ICE-R TEST 67
67
There is battery voltage at the PCB/distribution box
at all times. Failure to disconnect battery cable will
1. Start Test 67, battery voltage.
result in damage to equipment or injury to
personnel. 2 2. Displayed reading is in volts. Batteries should
3. PROTECTIVE CONTROL BOX/ be 23-25.5 volts. Batteries voltage will drop when
DISTRIBUTION BOX - Unscrew BOTH connectors glowplugs turn on.
and look for bent or broken pins, pins pushed out of
their socket, or dirt and corrosion in the connections.
4. ROTARY SWITCH - Check the wires at the switch.

Don't just look. Feel the connections to make sure
they're snug. Many problems can be solved by
seeing with your fingers, not just your eyes.
BATTERY VOLTAGE
A cold engine should crank at least 100 RPM. MULTIMETER
A warm engine should crank at least 180 RPM.
40 volts.
YELLOW GREEN 2. Connect the RED lead to positive and the

RED RED
- +
VOLTS
VOLTS
GAUGE
Change 1 2-263
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
FROM 2,
Page 2-262

1. LISTEN
CABLES & CONNECTORS DOES THE ENGINE CRANK AT
APPEAR OK
LEAST 200 RPM? 2. STE/ICE-R TEST 10
(Page 2-734)

If the engine cranks you know the
BATTERIES engine is not locked and the
STARTER/SOLENOID rotary switch is OK.
ROTARY SWITCH
ENGINE LOCK GO TO A,
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX NO Page 2-268;
H Page 2-296
YES
ROTARY SWITCH OK LISTEN

DOES THE STARTER CRANK THE
ENGINE NOT LOCKED
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX ENGINE WITHOUT ANY GRINDING,
OK SQUEAKING, OR UNUSUAL
NOISE?

This is a check for mechanical
STARTER problems such as improperly
STARTER SHIMS shimmed starter, damaged
FLY WHEEL flywheel, or burnt starter.
BATTERIES
NO GO TO B,
Page 2-272
YES
GO TO 5,
Page 2-266
2-264 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
STARTER CIRCUIT
ENGINE RPM
STE/ICE-R TEST 10
2. Crank or start the engine. Displayed

reading is RPM. Cranking RPM should be
approximately 200. Idle RPM should be
625-675 (6.2L and 6.5L).
2-265
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

FROM 4,
Page 2-264
CRANKS OK LISTEN
DOES THE STARTER STOP
CRANKING WHEN THE ROTARY
SWITCH IS RETURNED TO THE
“RUN” OR “STOP” POSITIONS?
The starter solenoid could be
ROTARY SWITCH stuck or, more likely there may
STARTER be a short to the solenoid.
NO GO TO C,
Page 2-276
YES

ROTARY SWITCH OK
IS THE AVERAGE STARTER (Page 2-744)
ENGINE NOT LOCKED
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX CURRENT BETWEEN 200 & 300
2. MULTIMETER
OK AMPS?

This will tell if the starter is
BATTERIES OK and if the batteries have
STARTER/SOLENOID enough power to crank the
engine.
NO GO TO D,
Page 2-282
YES
ROTARY SWITCH OK 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 67 (Page 2-740)

ENGINE NOT LOCKED
IS THE BATTERY VOLTAGE
STARTER OK AT LEAST 18.5 VOLTS WHILE 2. MULTIMETER
CRANKING?

A good cranking voltage, combined
BATTERIES with a good starter current shows
that the batteries are OK.
NO GO TO
BATTERY TESTS,
YES Page 2-252
NO FAULTS
FOUND
2-266 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
STARTER AVERAGE CURRENT

STE/lCE-R TEST 71
1. Start Test 71, starter average current.
2. Displayed reading is in amps. The starter

should draw at least 200 amps with a peak of
over 400 amps.
BATTERY CURRENT
MULTIMETER
1. Set the voltmeter to a DC volts scale of about 1
volt.
2. Connect the BLACK lead to the battery side of

the current shunt and the RED lead to the other
end of the current shunt.
3. Current shunt voltage is proportional to battery

current, 100 millivolts. 1000 amps. To get
current, multiply millivolts x 10.
BATTERY VOLTAGE
STE/lCE-R TEST 67
2. Displayed reading is in volts. Batteries should

be 23-25.5 volts. Batteries voltage will drop when
glowplugs turn on.
BATTERY VOLTAGE
MULTIMETER
1. Set the voltmeter to a DC volts scale of at
least 40 volts.

3. Be sure to reed the correct scale.
2-267
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
STARTER CIRCUIT A DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART

FROM 3,
Page 2-264

ENGINE DOESN'T LISTEN
CRANK AT 200 RPM
DOES THE ENGINE CRANK AT
ALL?
BATTERIES If the engine cranks, then the

STARTER rotary switch, neutral safety
NEUTRAL SAFETY switch and PCB/distribution box
SWITCH are all working.
GO TO E,
CABLES/WIRING NO
Page 2-284
ENGINE MECHANICAL
ROTARY SWITCH YES
ENGINE CRANKS SLOW IS THE BATTERY VOLTAGE 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 67

(Page 2-740)
23-25 VOLTS?
2. MULTIMETER

If batteries are weak they
BATTERIES can't provide enough current
STARTER to crank the engine properly.
ENGINE MECHANICAL
CABLES/CONNECTIONS REPLACE BATTERIES
NO OR CHECK EACH
BATTERY
YES

BATTERY VOLTS OK
STARTER OK
IS THE BATTERY VOLTAGE AT 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 67 (Page 2-740)
LEAST 18.5 VOLTS DURING 2. MULTIMETER
CRANKING?

Batteries must be able to
WEAK BATTERIES maintain voltage or the engine
ENGINE MECHANICAL won't crank.
CABLES/CONNECTORS
STARTER REPLACE
NO
BATTERIES
YES
GO TO A4,
Page 2-270
2-268 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
BATTERY VOLTAGE
STE/ICE-R TEST 67

glowplugs turn on.
VOLTAGE
MULTIMETER
1. Set the voltmeter to a DC vollts scale of at least
40 volts.

(para 4-79).
VOLTS GAUGE
(para 4-79).
2-269
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

Page 2-268
(Page 2-744)
Page 2-282
(Page 2-742, 750)
PARAGRAPH 2-24 (Page 2-143).
(Page 2-143).
2-270
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
STARTER AVERAGE CURRENT STARTER NEG. CABLE VOLTAGE DROP

STE/lCE-R TEST 71 STE/ICE-R TEST 69
1. Start Test 71, starter average current. 1. Start Test 69, starter negative cable voltage
drop.
2. Displayed reading is in amps. The starter
should draw at least 200 amps with a peak of 2. Displayed reading is in volts. The cable
over 400 amps. voltage drop should be less than 0.25 volts
max.
0-45 DC VOLTS
Check these cables; STE/lCE-R TEST 89
Starter negative cable - STE/ICE-R test 69 1. connect RED clip to the indicated test point,
Wire 68, connecting the batteries together.
Test point is the positive battery post. 2. Start Test 89, DC Volts.
Wire 49A, connecting battery to power stud. 3. Displayed reading is in volts.

Test point is the power stud.
Wire connecting battery to shunt (50A).

Test point is the positive battery post.
BATTERY CURRENT
Power stud to starter motor (6A). Test MULTIMETER
point is the power stud.
1. Set the voltmeter to a DC volts scale of about
Replace or repair cables, refer to (para 4-73). 1 volt.
2. Connect the BLACK lead to the battery side of

the current shunt and the RED lead to the other
end of the current shunt.
3. Current shunt voltage is proportional to

battery current, 100 millivolts = 1000 amps. To
get current, multiply millivolts x 10.
VOLTAGE
MULTIMETER
least 40 volts.

2-271
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
STARTER CIRCUIT B DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART

FROM 4,
Page 2-264

BATTERIES OK
REMOVE STARTER AND INSPECT VISUAL
OK FOR DEFECTS. IS IT OK?

NEUTRAL SAFETY (FOLLOW THE “YES” PATH IF
SWITCH THERE ARE NO VISIBLE
ROTARY SWITCH
DEFECTS.)
If defects are visible, starter
STARTER
is faulty.
FLYWHEEL
WIRING
NO REPLACE
STARTER
YES
BATTERIES OK INSPECT FLYWHEEL FOR VISUAL

STARTER NOT VISIBLY
DEFECTIVE
MISSING OR DEFECTIVE TEETH.
(FOLLOW THE “YES” PATH IF
THERE ARE NO VISIBLE
DEFECTS)
Bad or missing teeth on flywheel
STARTER
can cause engine to crank
FLYWHEEL
improperly or not at all.
WIRING
NOTIFY
NO DS LEVEL
MAINTENANCE
YES

BATTERIES OK N/A
PUT STARTER BACK ON ENGINE.
FLYWHEEL OK
STARTER NOT VISIBLY BE VERY CAREFUL TO SHIM THE
DEFECTIVE STARTER PROPERLY.

The starter may have been
STARTER improperly installed with the
wrong shims and/or bolts.
GO TO B4,
Page 2-274
2-272 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Remove Starter motor.

Check the pinion and gear for missing
or broken teeth, unusual wear, bent
pieces, etc.
Check the pinion by fuming it on the
screw shaft.
Check the armature by prying the pinion
with a screwdriver. The armature
should turn freely.
Replace starter, refer to (para 4-8).
Disconnect the fuel solenoid, wire 54A, to

prevent accidental starting. Rotate the engine
with a breaker bar and socket on the crankshaft
pulley to inspect the engine flywheel for missing
or defective teeth.
2-273
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

Page 2-272
Page 2-264.
2-274
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-275
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
C
STARTER CIRCUIT FROM 5,
Page 2-266
KNOWN INFO C1
ENGINE WON'T STOP DISCONNECT NEGATIVE BATTERY
CRANKING
CABLE TO STOP CRANKING.
REASON FOR QUESTION

POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
No matter what's wrong, the
ROTARY SWITCH starter can't crank without battery
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX power.
WIRING
STARTER

ENGINE WON'T STOP DISCONNECT WIRES AT ROTARY (Page 2-752)
CRANKING SWITCH. WITH SWITCH IN “OFF”
POSITION, DO YOU GET: 2. MULTIMETER
OPEN CIRCUIT FROM B TO S?
OPEN CIRCUIT FROM B TO R?
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS OPEN CIRCUIT FROM R TO S? REASON FOR QUESTION
A good switch exhibits these
ROTARY SWITCH open circuits in the “OFF”
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX position.
WIRING
STARTER REPLACE
NO
SWITCH
YES

ENGINE WON'T STOP WITH ROTARY SWITCH IN “RUN” (Page 2-752)
CRANKING
POSITION, DO YOU GET:
OPEN CIRCUIT FROM B TO S? 2. MULTIMETER
OPEN CIRCUIT FROM R TO S?
SHORT CIRCUIT FROM B TO R?
A good switch has these opens
ROTARY SWITCH and shorts.
WIRING
STARTER NO REPLACE
SWITCH
YES
GO TO C4,
Page 2-278
2-276 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Don’t forget that your vehicle batteries

are disconnected, so you can’t run the
STE/lCE-R from the DCA, you have to
use the power cable and connect
directly to the batteries.
When the resistance is too high for

STE/lCE-R to measure, as in the case
of an open circuit, STE/lCE-R displays
“9.9.9.9.”
Replace rotary switch, refer to (pare 4-7).
Don’t forget that your vehicle batteries

are disconnected, so you can't run the
STE/lCE-R from the DCA, you have to
directly to the batteries.

STE/lCE-R to measure, es in the case
of an open circuit, STE/ICE-R displays
“9.9.9.9.”
Replace rotary switch, refer to (para 4-7).
2-277
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

FROM C3,
Page 2-276
KNOWN INFO
C4 TEST OPTIONS
ROTARY SWITCH OK RECONNECT ROTARY SWITCH. (Page 2-752)
TURN SWITCH TO “STOP.” CHECK
FOR OPEN CIRCUIT IN THE PCB 2. MULTIMETER
BODY CONNECTOR HARNESS
BETWEEN THE FOLLOWING
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS SOCKETS; G-A, G-B, A-B, F-A, REASON FOR QUESTION
AND F-B. Continuity between any of
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX these pins indicates a short
WIRING ARE THEY ALL OPEN CIRCUITS ?
between the wires in body
STARTER harness
REPAIR
NO APPROPRIATE WIRE
OR REPLACE
YES HARNESS

ROTARY SWITCH OK RECONNECT BODY CONNECTOR. (Page 2-752)
BODY HARNESS OK DISCONNECT ENGINE
CONNECTOR. DISCONNECT WIRE 2. MULTIMETER
74A AT STARTER. IS THERE AN
OPEN CIRCUIT FROM SOCKET E
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS TO SOCKET I ENGINE REASON FOR QUESTION
CONNECTOR HARNESS? Continuity between these pins
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX indicates a short in the engine
WIRING harness.
STARTER
REPAIR WIRES
NO OR
REPLACE
YES
HARNESS
ROTARY SWITCH OK 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 91

IS THERE AN OPEN CIRCUIT (Page 2-752)
BODY HARNESS OK
FROM SOCKET E OF
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX 2. MULTIMETER
ENGINE CONNECTOR
HARNESS TO ENGINE
GROUND?
Continuity indicates shorted
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX connector in the starter
WIRING solenoid.
STARTER
NO REPLACE
STARTER
YES
GO TO C7,
Page 2-280
2-278 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Don't forget that your vehicle batteries

are disconnected, so you can't run the
STE/ICE-R from the DCA, you have to A G
directly to the batteries. F

STE/ICE-R to measure, as in the case
of an open circuit, STE/ICE-R displays H
“9.9.9.9.” B E
Repair wiring or replace harness,

refer to (para. 4-85).
C D
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX BODY CONNECTOR
0-4500 OHMS
STE/ICE-R TEST 91

Check the wires at the connectors for indicated test points in the question. RED to the
shorts. If there are no visible shorts, first, BLACK to the second.
you have to replace the harness.
Repair wiring or replace harness,
refer to (para. 4-85). 3. Displayed reading is in ohms. Less than 5 ohms
STE/ICE displays “9.9.9.9.”
MULTIMETER
1. Set the voltmeter to an ohms scale of about

1000 ohms.


Replace starter, refer to (para. 4-8). meter should peg full scale (needle all the way to
the left).
Change 1 2-279
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

FROM C6,
Page 2-278
ENGINE HARNESS OK 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 67

RECONNECT WIRE 74A TO (Page 2-740)
STARTER. IS BATTERY VOLTAGE
LESS THAN 20 VOLTS ? 2. MULTIMETER

Low battery voltage may,
under the proper conditions,
BATTERY
cause the starter solenoid to
remain energized.
REPLACE
NO PCB/DISTRIBUTION
BOX
YES
KNOWN INFO C8
ENGINE HARNESS OK DISCONNECT BATTERY
NEGATIVE CABLE. RECONNECT
ENGINE CONNECTOR. REPLACE
BATTERY NEGATIVE CABLE.
REPLACE BATTERIES. TRY
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS CRANKING ENGINE. IF IT WON'T
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX STOP CRANKING, REPLACE
BATTERY PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX. RE-RUN
STARTER CIRCUIT TEST CHAIN
(STEP 1, Page 2-262).
2-280 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
BATTERY VOLTAGE
MULTIMETER

least 40 volts.
Replace distribution box (para. 4-5.1).
BATTERY VOLTAGE
STE/ICE-R TEST 67

glowplugs turn on.
Replace batteries, refer to (para. 4-79).
Change 1 2-281
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-266 OR A4, Page 2-270
Page 2-740
Page 2-746, 748
Page 2-742, 750
2-282
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
BATTERY VOLTAGE
MULTIMETER

least 40 volts.

BATTERY RESISTANCE CHANGE

BATTERY VOLTAGE STE/ICE-R TEST 75
STE/ICE-R TEST 67
1. Start Test 67, battery voltage. prevent starting.
2. Displayed reading is in volts. Batteries 2. Disconnect glowplug controller and fan

should be 23-25.5 volts. Batteries voltage will solenoid (to keep waveform clean).
drop when glowplugs turn on.
3. Start Test 75, battery resistance change.
4. Wait for the GO message. Crank the engine.
5. Result is displayed in milliiohms/second.

Replace batteries, refer to (para 4-79). Battery resistence change should be 50
milliohms/second max.
BATTERY INTERNAL Resistance

STE/ICE-R TEST 73 0-45 DC VOLTS
STE/lCE-R TEST 89
prevent starting. 1. Connect RED clip to the indicated test point,
solenoid (to keep waveform clean). 2. Start Test 89, DC volts.
3. Start Test 73, battery internal resistance. 3. Displayed reading is in volts.
4. Wait for the GO massage. Crank the engine.
5. Result is displayed in milliohms. Battery VOLTAGE

resistance should be 25 milliohms max. MULTIMETER
l. Set the voltrneter to a DC volta scale of at

Replace cables or starter, refer to (para 4-77 or 4-8). least 40 volts.

STARTER NEG. CABLE VOLTAGE DROP BLACK lead to negative.
STE/ICE-R TEST 69
1. Start Test 69, starter negative cable voltage
drop.
I
I
2. Displayed reading is in volts. The cable
voltage drop should be less than 0.25 volts max.
2-283
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
STARTER CIRCUIT E DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART

FROM A1,
Page 2-268
ENGINE WON'T CRANK 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 67

IS BATTERY VOLTAGE AT (Page 2-740)
LEAST 20 VOLTS?
2. MULTIMETER

BATTERY Low battery voltage can
STARTER prevent cranking.
ROTARY SWITCH
REPLACE
NEUTRAL SAFETY NO
BATTERIES
SWITCH
WIRING/CABLES YES
LOCKED ENGINE
BATTERY SHOULD AT 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 68

LEAST CRANK ENGINE
DO YOU HAVE BATTERY (Page 2-741)
SLOWLY. VOLTAGE AT STARTER MOTOR
(WIRE 6A)? 2. MULTIMETER

Must have voltage available
STARTER
at starter to crank.
ROTARY SWITCH
NEUTRAL SAFETY GO TO F,
SWITCH NO
Page 2-288
WIRING/CABLES
YES
LOCKED ENGINE
VOLTAGE AVAILABLE AT 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 70

STARTER WITH ROTARY SWITCH IN “START” (Page 2-743)
POSITION, DO YOU HAVE
BATTERY VOLTAGE AT SOLENOID 2. MULTIMETER
SWITCH TERMINAL (74A)?
BATTERY Must have voltage at switch

STARTER terminal to energize solenoid.
ROTARY SWITCH GO TO G,
NO
NEUTRAL SAFETY Page 2-290
SWITCH
WIRING/CABLES YES
LOCKED ENGINE
GO TO E4,
Page 2-286
2-284 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
BATTERY VOLTAGE
STE/lCE-R TEST 67

be 23-25.5 volts. Batteries voltage will drop
when glowplugs turn on.
I BATTERY VOLTAGE
MULTIMETER
1. Set the voltmeter to a DC volts scale at

least 40 volts.

STARTER MOTOR VOLTAGE

STE/lCE-R TEST 68
1. Start Test 68, starter motor voltage.
2. Displayed reading is in volts. Starter motor

voltage should be the same as battery voltage,
23-25.5 volts. During cranking the starter
motor voltage should beat least 18 volts.
STARTER SOLENOID VOLTAGE

STE/ICE-R TEST 70
1. Start Test 70, starter solenoid voltage.
2. Displayed reading is in volts. Starter solenoid

voltage should be the same as battery voltage,
23-25.5 volts. During cranking the starter
solenoid voltage should be at least 18 volts.
2-285
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-284
2-286
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Replace starter, refer to (para 4-8)
2-287
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-284
Page 2-750
Page 2-251
2-288
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Replace cable, refer to (para 4-77).
Put the red lead on the power stud,

and the black on the terminal of the
starter in order to measure the
voltage along wire 6A.
2-289
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
STARTER CIRCUIT G DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART

FROM E3,
Page 2-284
NO SOLENOID 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 89

DISCONNECT WIRE 14A AT THE (Page 2-750)
CONTROL VOLTAGE
NEUTRAL SAFETY SWITCH.
TURN ROTARY SWITCH TO 2. MULTIMETER
START. IS THERE BATTERY
VOLTAGE AT WIRE 14A (THE
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS NEUTRAL SAFETY SWITCH END)? REASON FOR QUESTION
Current flows to neutral
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX safety switch before reaching
WIRING solenoid.
ROTARY SWITCH
NEUTRAL SAFETY
NO GO TO I,
SWITCH
Page 2-298
YES

VOLTAGE AVAILABLE DISCONNECT WIRE 14B AT (Page 2-752)
ROTARY SWITCH OK
NEUTRAL SAFETY SWITCH.
IS THERE CONTINUITY ACROSS 2. MULTIMETER
NEUTRAL SAFETY SWITCH?
(WIRE 14 TO WIRE 14)
If there is no continuity, then
NEUTRAL SAFETY current will not flow through
SWITCH switch.
WIRING REPLACE
NO NEUTRAL SAFETY
SWITCH
YES
NEUTRAL SAFETY 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 91

DISCONNECT BODY CONNECTOR (Page 2-752)
SWITCH OK
BOX/DISTRIBUTION BOX. IS THERE 2. MULTIMETER
CONTINUITY FROM WIRE 14B AT
NEUTRAL SAFETY SWITCH TO
BODY CONNECTOR HARNESS
An open wire here could have
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX SOCKET “A”? prevented current flow
WIRING between PCB/distribution box and
REPAIR 14B neutral switch.
NO OR REPLACE
YES HARNESS
GO TO G4,
Page 2-292
2-290 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
VOLTAGE
MULTIMETER

40 volts.
The connections for the neutral safety
switch can be reached by removing the
engine cover. The connections are near
the gear shift lever.
MULTIMETER

1000 ohms.


ohms indicates continuity. For an open circuit,
the meter should peg full scale (needle all the
way to the left).
Replace rotary switch, refer to (para. 4-7).
0-4500 OHMS
STE/ICE-R TEST 91

terminations indicated in the question. RED to
the first, BLACK to the second.

WARNING
Disconnect negative battery cable before 3. Displayed reading is in ohms. Less than 5
disconnecting and reconnecting protective ohms is continuity. If the resistance is over 4500
ohms, STE/ICE displays “9.9.9.9.”
control box/distribution box harness.

Repair wiring or replace switch, refer to
(para. 4-7).
A G
F
0-45 DC VOLTS
STE/ICE-R TEST 89 H
B E
1. Connect RED clip to the indicated test
point, BLACK clip to negative or ground.

C D
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX BODY CONNECTOR
Change 1 2-291
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
STARTER CIRCUIT FROM G3,

Page 2-290
NEUTRAL SAFETY DISCONNECT WIRE 29A FROM (Page 2-752)
SWITCH OK
ROTARY SWITCH. IS THERE
CONTINUITY FROM WIRE 29A AT 2. MULTIMETER
ROTARY SWITCH TO SOCKET “B”
OF PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS BODY CONNECTOR HARNESS ? REASON FOR QUESTION
If this wire doesn't carry battery
ROTARY SWITCH voltage to the PCB/distribution box,
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX the PCB/distribution box will not
WIRING send battery voltage to the starter
REPAIR
WIRE 29A OR 29C solenoid.
NO
OR REPLACE
HARNESS
YES
NEUTRAL SAFETY RECONNECT PCB/DISTRIBUTION (Page 2-750)
SWITCH OK BOX BODY CONNECTOR
HARNESS. 2. MULTIMETER
DO YOU HAVE BATTERY VOLTAGE
AT THE “R” TERMINAL OF THE
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS ROTARY SWITCH WITH THE REASON FOR QUESTION
SWITCH IN “RUN” AND IN “START”? If there isn't battery voltage at
ROTARY SWITCH the RUN terminal in both the
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX RUN and START positions, the
WIRING vehicle won't start.
NO REPLACE
ROTARY SWITCH
YES
GO TO G6,
Page 2-294
2-292 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
WARNING
control box/distribution box harness.
There is battery voltage at the

PCB/distribution box at all times. Failure to
disconnect battery cable will result in damage
to equipment or injury to personnel.
Check the wires and connections at both ends for
broken wires or any kind of bad connection. 11A
Repair whatever you can. If the wires and
connections seem OK, you have to replace the B
harness.
Repair wiring or replace harness, refer to (para. 4-85). 29A 14A
R S
REAR OF ROTARY SWITCH
Replace rotary switch, refer to (para. 4-7).
0-4500 OHMS
STE/ICE-R TEST 91

0-45 DC VOLTS
STE/ICE-R TEST 89 the first, BLACK to the second.
3. Displayed reading is in ohms. Less than 5
ohms is continuity. If the resistance is over 4500
ohms, STE/ICE displays “9.9.9.9.”
VOLTAGE MULTIMETER
MULTIMETER
1. Set the voltmeter to a DC volts scale of at least 1000 ohms.
40 volts.
2. Connect the RED lead to positive and the connections stated in the question.
3. Be sure to read the correct scale. ohms indicates continuity. For an open circuit,
way to the left).
Change 1 2-293
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

FROM G5,
Page 2-292
POWER AVAILABLE 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 91

DISCONNECT BATTERY NEGATIVE (Page 2-752)
TO PCB/DISTRIBUTION
BOX CABLE. RECONNECT NEUTRAL
SAFETY SWITCH. DISCONNECT 2. MULTIMETER
ENGINE CONNECTOR FROM
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX. IS
REASON FOR QUESTION
THERE CONTINUITY FROM
If there is continuity there,
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX ENGINE CONNECTOR HARNESS you know all the wiring is good
WIRING SOCKET “I” TO THE STARTER and the problem is in the
SOLENOID WIRE 74A? PCB/distribution box.
REPAIR 74A
NO OR REPLACE
HARNESS
YES
KNOWN INFO
WIRING OK G7
REPLACE PCB/DISTRIBUTION
BOX. IF YOU STILL
HAVE A PROBLEM, RE-RUN THE
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS TEST CHAIN (Page 2-261).
2-294 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
0-4500 OHMS
STE/ICE-R TEST 91
WARNING
terminals indicated in the question.
control box/distribution box harness. 2. Start Test 91, 0-4500 ohms.
There is battery voltage at the
PCB/distribution box at all times. Failure to
ohms is continuity. If the resistance is over
disconnect battery cable will result in damage
4500 ohms, STE/ICE-R displays “9.9.9.9.”
to equipment or injury to personnel.

MULTIMETER

1000 ohms.

3. Be sure to read the correct scale. Less than

5 ohms indicates continuity. For an open circuit,
way to the left).
Change 1 2-295
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-264
PAGE 2-261
2-296
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Disconnect wire 54A to

prevent accidental starting.
Failure to do so may result
in serious injury or death.
2-297
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
STARTER CIRCUIT I
FROM G1,
Page 2-290
KNOWN INFO I1 TEST OPTIONS
NO VOLTAGE AVAILABLE DISCONNECT WIRE 11A AT 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 89

AT NEUTRAL SAFETY (Page 2-750)
SWITCH. ROTARY SWITCH. IS THERE
BATTERY VOLTAGE AT 2. MULTIMETER
WIRE 11A ?
Power must be available to
ROTARY SWITCH
rotary switch.
WIRING
NO GO TO J,
Page 2-300
YES
KNOWN INFO I2 TEST OPTIONS
BATTERY VOLTAGE DISCONNECT WIRE 14A AT (Page 2-752)
AVAILABLE TO ROTARY ROTARY SWITCH . WITH THE
SWITCH.
ROTARY SWITCH TURNED TO 2. MULTIMETER
START, IS THERE CONTINUITY
BETWEEN THE “B” STUD AND THE
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS “S” STUD ? REASON FOR QUESTION
Continuity here indicates
ROTARY SWITCH rotary switch is OK.
WIRING REPLACE
ROTARY SWITCH.
NO RECONNECT 14A AT
NEUTRAL SAFETY
SWITCH
YES
KNOWN INFO I3
ROTARY SWITCH OK REPAIR WIRE 14A OR REPLACE
HARNESS.
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
WIRING
2-298 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
I VOLTAGE
MULTIMETER

least 40 volts.

MULTIMETER I

1000 ohms.


5 ohms indicates continuity. For an open
circuit, the meter should peg full scale (needle
all the way to the left).
Replace rotary switch, refer to

(para 4-7).
I 0-45 DC VOLTS
STE/ICE-R TEST 89 I
0-4500 OHMS
STE/lCE-R TEST 91

Repair wiring or replace harness, the first, BLACK to the second.

ohms is continuity. If the resistance is over
4500 ohms, STE/lCE displays “9.9.9.9.”

2-299
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
STARTER CIRCUIT J DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART

FROM I1,
Page 2-298
KNOWN INFO J1 TEST OPTIONS
NO VOLTAGE AT ROTARY DISCONNECT BATTERY 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 91

SWITCH NEGATIVE CABLE. DISCONNECT (Page 2-752)
BODY CONNECTOR FROM
2. MULTIMETER
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX. IS
THERE CONTINUITY FROM
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS SOCKET G OF BODY REASON FOR QUESTION
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX CONNECTOR HARNESS TO WIRE If this wire is open, no power can
WIRING 11A AT ROTARY SWITCH ? get to the rotary switch.
NO REPAIR WIRE 11A

OR REPLACE
YES HARNESS
KNOWN INFO J2 TEST OPTIONS
NO VOLTAGE AT ROTARY
RECONNECT WIRE 11A AT ROTARY 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 89
SWITCH. DISCONNECT ENGINE (Page 2-750)
SWITCH
WIRING TO ROTARY CONNECTOR OF 2. MULTIMETER
SWITCH OK PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX.
RECONNECT BATTERY NEGATIVE
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
CABLE. IS THERE BATTERY REASON FOR QUESTION
VOLTAGE AT SOCKET E OF This wire provides power from the
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX CONNECTOR HARNESS? batteries directly to the
WIRING PCB/distribution box. If there is
power here, then this wire is OK
REPAIR WIRE 81A and the PCB/distribution box must
NO
OR REPLACE be bad.
HARNESS
YES
KNOWN INFO J3
WIRING OK REPLACE PROTECTIVE CONTROL
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
2-300 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
WARNING
VOLTAGE
Disconnect negative battery cable before MULTIMETER
disconnecting and reconnecting PCB/
distribution box harness. 1. Set the voltmeter to a DC volts scale of at
There is battery voltage at the PCB/distribution least 40 volts.
cable will result in damage to equipment or 2. Connect the RED lead to positive and the
injury to personnel. BLACK lead to negative.
Replace harness or repair wiring, refer to
(para. 4-85).
MULTIMETER
WARNING
Disconnect negative battery cable before 1000 ohms.
disconnecting and reconnecting
PCB/distribution box harness. 2. Connect the RED and BLACK leads to the
Replace harness or repair wiring, refer to all the way to the left).
(para. 4-85).
0-45 DC VOLTS
11A
STE/ICE-R TEST 89
B 1. Connect RED clip to the indicated test point,
29A 14A
R S
0-4500 OHMS
STE/ICE-R TEST 91

indicated terminals in the question. RED to the
WARNING first, BLACK to the second.
disconnecting and reconnecting
PCB/distribution box harness.
There is battery voltage at the PCB/distribution ohms is continuity. If the resistance is over 4500
box at all times. Failure to disconnect battery ohms, STE/ICE displays '9.9.9.9.'
Replace distribution box, refer to

(para. 4-5.1)
Change 1 2-301/(2-302 blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-31. GLOWPLUGS CIRCUIT TESTS (PROTECTIVE CONTROL BOX)

These tests of the Glowplugs Circuit can be run anytime you think there may be a
problem with the glowplugs, or if you were sent here from another test.
If you were sent from another test, be sure to mark where you came from so you will be
able to return.
If you are running this test because the engine is hard to start when cold, remember that
there is also a cold start advance circuit (part of the fuel system) which is not checked
here.
For any starting problem, we recommend running the “STARTABILITY” test chain just
to be sure you don't miss anything.
At the bottom of this page is a simplified block diagram which shows how the different
parts of the glowplug circuit depend on each other and on other engine circuits.
Refer to fold-out page FO-9 and leave it open for reference while preforming these tests.
The fold-out diagram is arranged to allow you to follow the diagnostic logic and
understand what you are testing, when and why.
BATTERY
GLOWPLUG
CONTROLLER GLOWPLUGS
ALTERNATOR A.C.
LEAD
PROTECTIVE
ALTERNATOR CONTROL
BOX
INSTRUMENT POWER WAIT-TO-START

LAMP
GROUND
GLOWPLUGS CIRCUIT SIMPLIFIED BLOCK DIAGRAM

FOR PROTECTIVE CONTROL BOX
Change 1 2-303
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-251
Page 2-749
Page 2-308
Page 2-306
2-304
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION GLOWPLUGS

NOTE
If the engine cranks ok (or starts), then the batteries are The WAIT-TO-START lamp is NOT diagnosed in
good enough for testing the glowplugs. If the engine starts, this section. If the lamp does not work property,
shut it off. the glowplug circuit may be affecting its operation.
Run these tests to check out the glowplug circuit.
You can use STE/lCE Test 10 to measure cranking speed. If the lamp still does not work properly, go to the
The engine should crank at least 100 RPM in cold weather INSTRUMENTS section for a full diagnosis of the
and at least 180 RPM in warm weather. lamp’s problem.
WARNING
Disconnect negative battery cable before disconnecting
and reconnecting protective control box harness.
There is battery voltage at the PCS at all times. Failure to

disconnect battery cable will result in damage to equipment
or injury to personnel.
Sometimes, just disconnecting, cleaning and reconnecting

will solve a problem. BE THOROUGH ! The time you BATTERY CURRENT
save may be your own. Refer to the functional flow MULTIMETER
schematic and check the following
1. BATTERY - make sure all connections are dean and 1. Set the voltmeter to a DC volts scale of about
tight, including the shuntand power stud. 1 volt.
2. PROTECTIVE CONTROL BOX - unscrew BOTH
connectors and look for bent or broken pins, pins pushed 2. Connect the BLACK lead to the battery side of
out of their socket, or dirt and corrosion in the the current shunt and the RED lead to the other
connections. end of the current shunt.
3. GLOWPLUG CONTROLLER - pop the controller
connector off (squeeze the sides) and check the pins in 3. Currant shunt voltage is proportional to battery
both the controller and the connector. Look for bent, current, 100 millivolts = 1000 amps. To get
broken or pushed out pins, dirt or corrosion. Check for current, multiply millivolts x 10.
broken wires at the connector. Take note that pin 2 of the
glowplugs controller connector has no pin in it.
4. GLOWPLUGS - Check that all the glowplug wires are BATTERY CURRENT
snug. Don’t just look with your eyes. Many problems are STE/ICE-R TEST 80
solved by Iooking with your fingers to be sure a
connection is snug. 1. Start Test 80, battery currant.

The glowplugs first come ON when the engine temperature be greater then 30 amps, depending on how
is below 120 °F (49°C) and the rotary switch is turned to many accessories you have on.
“RUN”. They stay ON for up to 9 seconds and then go OFF.
They will stay OFF for about 7-15 seconds then come ON
again for about 1 second.
NOTE
To check for glowplug current draw, start STE/lCE-R Test 80, battery current. Turn off all accessories (lights, heater, wipers
etc). STE/lCE-R should immediately measure at least 74 amps. Take note, however, that if all your glowplugs are working,
the current draw should be close to or more than 100 amps, especially if it’s cold. If it’s near freezing and the glowplugs only
draw 75-80 amps, you probably have a few bad glowplugs.
2-305
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-304
Page 2-749
Page 2-310
2-306
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
The glowplugs first come ON when the engine

temperature is below 120 °F (49 °C) and the rotary switch
is turned to RUN. They stay ON for up to 9 seconds and
then go OFF. They will stay OFF for about 7-15 seconds
then come ON again for about 1 second, than go OFF
again. If you don’t start the engine, the glowplugs should
keep cycling like this, due to the glowplug cycle timer in
the glowplugs controller. It you start the engine, they will
cycle until the engine is warm, due to the afterglow cycle
timer in the glowplug controller. When the engine gets up
to 120 °F (49 °C), the glowplugs should stop cycling
completely.
ENGINE NOT RUNNING
If the glowplugs are cycling property, you should hear a click

from the protective control box (PCB) when the glowplugs
turn on and when they turn off. This is the glowplug cycle
timer, a thermal circuit breaker. A good way to check for
cycling is STE/lCE-R test 80, battery current. When the
glowplugs turn on, STE/lCE-R will measure 74-125 amps.
When the glowplugs turn off, the STE/lCE-R will measure
3-8 amps.
ENGINE RUNNING.
ROTARY SWITCH IN RUN
If the glowplugs are cycling properly, you can hear a click
from the protective control box (PCB) when the glowplugs
turn on and when they turn off (you may have to duck your
head under the dash). This is the afterglow cycle timer, a
thermal circuit breaker. A good way to check for cycling is
STE/ICE-R test 80, battery current. When the glowplugs
turn on, STE/lCE-R will measure 74-125 amps. When the
glowplugs turn off, STE/lCE-R will measure 3-8 amps. As
the engine gets warmer, the glowplugs turn on leas
frequently and for baa time.
NOTE
If you don’t have a STE/lCE-R or a multimeter for measuring
current, you can watch the vehicle volts gauge for indication
of glowplug operation. The glowplugs drew so much current
that the volts gage should jump about half-an-inch to the left
when the glowplugs come on. Before starting the engine, you
should hear the glowplug power relay click open and closed
as the glowplugs cycle. (You can hear the relay after the
engine has started by leaning your head under the dash near
the protective control box.) This method won’t tell you if all
the glowplugs are working property, but it at least shows that
the glowplugs are trying to work and that the glowplug power
relay is working.
2-307
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-304
Page 2-749
Page 2-312
Page 2-749
Page 2-310
Page 2-752
2-308
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Dead glowplugs draw virtually no current, but

other parts of the vehicle are drawing some
current, up to 8 amps. If any glowplugs are
drawing any current, then the protective
control box is probably OK.
For a good description of how glowplugs cycle

and how to check for proper cycling, refer to
1. Disconnect ALL the glowplugs.
page 2-307.
2. Disconnect the negative battery cable. Disconnect the PCB

WARNING connector harness from the PCB. Reconnect the negative
Disconnect negative battery cable before battery cable. Measure the resistance between pin Din the
disconnecting and reconnecting protective engine connector harness of the protective control box and
control box harness. ground. There should NOT be continuity (resistance reading
off-the-scale). If there is continuity, repair or replace the
harness.
There is battery voltage at the PCB at all times.
Failure to disconnect battery cable will result in
3. Repeat the following for each glowplug
a. Reconnect the wiring harness to the glowplug while you
repeat the resistance measurement described in step 2.
If most or all of the glowplugs are bad, you may
When you reconnect the wire to the glowplug, the
also have a problem with the protective control
resistance should drop to between 1 and 2 ohms
box or the glowplug controller which caused
(glowplugs are typically 1.6 ohms).
them to go bed (usually they burn out from
being on too long or not turning off at all). After
b. If step a passed;
replacing the bad glowplugs, rerun the
disconnect the glowplug again, making sure the resistance
glowplugs test chain paying special attention to
goes off-scale again. Repeat step a for the next glowplug.
the glowplugs cycling, especially that they turn
OFF when they should.
c. If step a failed;
Replace glowplugs, wires, or harness, refer to then either the glowplug or its wire is no good. Take the
(para 3-38). wire off the glowplug again and measure the resistance
from the glowplug to the engine block. If the resistance is
1-2 ohms, then the cable is no good, otherwise replace
the glowplug and check the cable for continuity, just to be
sure.
4. Reconnect the PCB and all wires.
2-309
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-306 or A2, Page 2-308
Page 2-749
Page 2-316
Page 2-750
2-310
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
NOTE
Ensure that alternator "AC" tap is functioning
correctly by measuring DC volts at wire 2A.
Reading should be between 9-16 Vdc. If this
votage is not present, glowplug system will never
stop cycling.
Refer to the functional flow schematic. If the glow-

plug controller is shorted (continuity from pin 6 to
pin 3), the glowplug power relay will always be
energized and the glowplugs will always be
drawing current.
BATTERY CURRENT
STE/ICE-R TEST 80
2. Displayed reading is in amps. The reading

will be greater than 30 amps, depending on
how many accessories you have on.
BATTERY CURRENT
MULTIMETER
Since the glowplugs draw current
without the glowplug controller
connected, there must be a short in 1. Set the voltmeter to a DC volts scale of about 1
the harness or a stuck relay in the volt.
protective control box (PCB). If 4
5
there were a short in the harness 2. Connect the BLACK lead to the battery side of
directly to the glowplugs, the 3 the current shunt and the RED lead to the other
glowplugs would have burned out end of the current shunt.
6
long ago and you wouldn't be here.
The only other short in the harness 2 3. Current shunt voltage is proportional to battery
that would make the glowplugs turn 1 current, 100 millivolts = 1000 amps. To get current,
on without the glowplug controller multiply millivolts x 10.
installed would show up as battery Glowplug Controller
voltage at pin 6 of the controller's Harness Schematic
connector.
0-45 DC VOLTS
STE/ICE-R TEST 89
Check the end of the harness at the protective control BLACK clip to negative or ground.
box, glowplugs, etc. for shorts. Repair whatever you
can. If you don't see anything wrong, the short must 2. Start Test 89, DC volts.
be in the main body of the harness, which means that
you have to replace the harness. 3. Displayed reading is in volts.
VOLTAGE
MULTIMETER
WARNING
Disconnect negative battery cable before discon- 40 volts.
necting and reconnecting protective control box.
There is battery voltage at the PCB at all times. Failure
to disconnect battery cable will result in damage to 3. Be sure to read the correct scale.
equipment or injury to personnel.
For repair or replacement of wiring, refer to (para. 4-85).
Change 1 2-311
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-308
Page 2-750
Page 2-750
Page 2-752
Page 2-314
2-312
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Replace harness. Notify DS Maintenance.
Replace glowplugs, refer to (para 3-38).
WARNING
control box harness.

Replace PCB, refer to
(para 4-5).
2-313
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-312 Page 2-238

Page 2-242 Page 2-244
Page 2-752
Page 2-752
Page 2-110
2-314
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
WARNING
control box harness.

NOTE
You will not be able to check the solid-state controller
using the pin-to-pin resistance check. The solid-state
controller is identified by a green finish and a larger
case.
Replace glowplug controller, refer to (para 4-29).
2-315
TM 9-2320-260-20-1
GLOWPLUGS CIRCUIT DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART

Page 2-310
KNOWN INFO
GLOWPLUG CURRENT OK
PCB OK
(Page 2-752)
GLOWPLUGS NOT
CYCLING
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
WIRING
GLOWPLUG
CONTROLLER
KNOWN INFO
GLOWPLUG CURRENT OK
(Page 2-752)
PCB OK
GLOWPLUGS NOT
CYCLING
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
WIRING
GLOWPLUG
CONTROLLER
2-316
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION GLOWPLUGS CIRCUIT
WARNING 0-4500 OHMS

STE/ICE-R TEST 91
disconnecting and reconnecting protective 1. Connect RED clip and BLACK clip to the
control box harness. indicated test points in the question. RED to the
2. Start Test 91,0-4500 ohms.
Failure to disconnect battery cable will result m
Repair wiring or replace harness, refer to is continuity. If the resistance is over 4500 ohms,
(pare 4-34). STE/lCE displays "9.9.9.9."
Multimeter
Repair wiring or replace harness, refer to
(para 4-85).
ohms.
Replace glowplug controller, refer to
(para 4-29).

the left).
2-317/(2-318 Blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-31.1. GLOWPLUGS CIRCUIT TESTS (DISTRIBUTION BOX)

These tests of the Glowplugs Circuit can be run anytime you think there may be a
problem with the glowplugs, or if you were sent here from another test.
If you were sent from another test, be sure to mark where you came from so you will be
able to return.
If you are running this test because the engine is hard to start when cold, remember that
there is also a cold start advance circuit (part of the fuel system) which is not checked
here.
For any starting problem, we recommend running the “STARTABILITY” test chain just
to be sure you don't miss anything.
At the bottom of this page is a simplified block diagram which shows how the different
parts of the glowplug circuit depend on each other and on other engine circuits.
GLOWPLUGS
BATTERY
ALTERNATOR DISTRIBUTION BOX
ALTERNATOR A.C.
LEAD
INSTRUMENT POWER WAIT-TO-START

LAMP
GROUND
GLOWPLUGS CIRCUIT SIMPLIFIED BLOCK DIAGRAM

FOR DISTRIBUTION BOX
Change 1 2-318.1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
GLOWPLUGS DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART

START
BATTERY TESTS
NOTHING TO RUN THE GLOWPLUG CIRCUIT (Page 2-251)
TESTS, THE BATTERIES MUST BE
IN A GOOD STATE OF CHARGE.
IF YOU AREN'T SURE, RUN THE
BATTERY CIRCUIT TESTS. IF
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS YOU ARE HERE BECAUSE THE REASON FOR QUESTION
GLOWPLUGS
“WAIT-TO-START” LAMP DOESN'T The glowplugs and their control
circuits require battery power
DISTRIBUTION BOX WORK PROPERLY, SEE THE NOTE
to work.
CABLES ON THE RIGHT-HAND PAGE.

VISUAL INSPECTION
BATTERIES OK CHECK ALL THE GLOWPLUG
CIRCUIT CONNECTIONS (GLOW-
PLUGS, GLOWPLUG HARNESS
CONNECTIONS). ARE ALL THE
CONNECTIONS CLEAN AND
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS TIGHT? REASON FOR QUESTION
Loose or dirty connections
GLOWPLUGS can hinder current flow or
DISTRIBUTION BOX cause mixups in the control
CABLES signals.
REPAIR
NO AS
NECESSARY
YES
BATTERIES OK 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 80

MEASURE THE RESISTANCE (Page 2-749)
CABLES/CONNECTIONS
SEEM OK FROM PINS A THROUGH H OF
GLOWPLUG HARNESS AND 2. MULTIMETER
GROUND. IS THE READING 2 TO 3
OHMS?
If the resistance is OK, then the
GLOWPLUGS glowplugs and harness are OK.
DISTRIBUTION BOX
CABLES
NO GO TO A,
Page 2-318.6
YES
GO TO 4,
Page 2-318.4
2-318.2 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
NOTE
If the engine cranks ok (or starts), then the batteries are The “WAIT-TO-START” lamp is NOT diagnosed in
good enough for testing the glowplugs. If the engine starts, this section. If the lamp does not work properly,
shut it off. the glowplug circuit may be affecting its operation.
Run these tests to check out the glowplug circuit.
You can use STE/ICE Test 10 to measure cranking speed. If the lamp still does not work properly, go to the
The engine should crank at least 100 RPM in cold weather INSTRUMENTS section for a full diagnosis of the
and at least 180 RPM in warm weather. lamp's problem.
WARNING
Disconnect negative battery cable before disconnecting
and reconnecting distribution box harness.
There is battery voltage at the distribution box at all times.

Failure to disconnect battery cable will result in damage to
BATTERY CURRENT
MULTIMETER
1. Set the voltmeter to a DC volts scale of about
PROBLEM !
1 volt.
Sometimes, just disconnecting, cleaning and reconnecting
will solve a problem. BE THOROUGH ! The time you 2. Connect the BLACK lead to the battery side of
save may be your own. Refer to the functional flow the current shunt and the RED lead to the other
schematic and check the following; end of the current shunt.
1. BATTERY - make sure all connections are clean and
tight, including the shunt and power stud. 3. Current shunt voltage is proportional to battery
2. DISTRIBUTION BOX - unscrew the three connectors current, 100 millivolts = 1000 amps. To get
and look for bent or broken pins, pins pushed out of their current, multiply millivolts x 10.
socket, or dirt and corrosion in the connections.
3. GLOWPLUGS - Check that all the glowplug wires are
snug. Don't just look with your eyes. Many problems are BATTERY CURRENT
solved by looking with your fingers to be sure a STE/ICE-R TEST 80
connection is snug.

be greater than 30 amps, depending on how
many accessories you have on.
NORMAL GLOWPLUG OPERATION
The glowplugs are heated quickly for 5 to 20 seconds. This cycle is
active while the "Wait-to-Start" light is on. The length of "on" time is
dependent on battery voltage, the weaker the batteries the longer
the "on" time. This cycle will only repeat if the run start switch has
been off for more than 2 1/2 minutes. After the initial 5 to 20 seconds
preglow, the system goes to afterglow. Afterglow provides lower
voltage to the glowplugs to keep them at operating temperature for
approximately 60 seconds.
NOTE
To check for glowplug current draw, start STE/ICE-R Test 80, battery current. Turn off all accessories (lights, heater,
wipers etc). STE/ICE-R should immediately measure at least 74 amps. Take note, however, that if all your glowplugs are
working, the current draw should be close to or more than 100 amps, especially if it's cold. If it's near freezing and the
glowplugs only draw 75-80 amps, you probably have a few bad glowplugs.
Change 1 2-318.3
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
GLOWPLUGS FROM 3,
Page 2-318.2
BATTERIES OK 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 80

GLOWPLUGS OK
DO THE GLOWPLUGS CYCLE (Page 2-749)
DISTRIBUTION BOX OK PROPERLY? (SEE THE NORMAL
GLOWPLUG OPERATION 2. MULTIMETER
DESCRIPTION ON THE RIGHT
HAND PAGE.)
If the glowplugs cycle, the glowplug
CABLES controller is working. Since current
GLOWPLUG draw is OK, the only thing left to
CONTROL CIRCUIT check is the cycling.
NO GO TO B,
Page 2-318.8
YES
NO GLOWPLUGS FAULT FOUND.
2-318.4 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
NORMAL GLOWPLUG OPERATION EXPECTED GLOWPLUG CURRENT

The glowplugs first come ON when the engine
temperature is below 120 °F (49 °C) and the rotary switch ROTARY SWITCH IN RUN POSITION;
is turned to RUN. They stay ON for up to 9 seconds and
then go OFF. They will stay OFF for about 7-15 seconds GLOWPLUGS ON : 74 - 125 AMPS 74 is only for
then come ON again for about 1 second, then go OFF weak batteries. You should get at least 100 amps
again. If you don't start the engine, the glowplugs should when glowplugs are working properly.
keep cycling like this, due to the glowplug cycle timer in
the glowplugs controller. If you start the engine, they will GLOWPLUGS OFF : AT or NEAR ZERO With the
cycle until the engine is warm, due to the afterglow cycle rotary switch in the RUN position, other parts of
timer in the glowplug controller. When the engine gets up the vehicle are drawing current. You might
to 120 °F (49 °C), the glowplugs should stop cycling measure up to 8 amps.
completely.
ENGINE NOT RUNNING,

ROTARY SWITCH IN RUN.
BATTERY CURRENT
If the glowplugs are cycling properly, you should hear a click STE/ICE-R TEST 80
from the distribution box when the glowplugs turn on and
when they turn off. This is the glowplug cycle timer, a 1. Start Test 80, battery current.
thermal circuit breaker. A good way to check for cycling is
STE/ICE-R test 80, battery current. When the glowplugs 2. Displayed reading is in amps. The reading will
turn on, STE/ICE-R will measure 74-125 amps. When the be greater then 30 amps, depending on how
glowplugs turn off, the STE/ICE-R will measure 3-8 amps. many accessories you have on.
ENGINE RUNNING,
ROTARY SWITCH IN RUN BATTERY CURRENT
MULTIMETER
If the glowplugs are cycling properly, you can hear a click
from the distribution box when the glowplugs turn on and 1. Set the voltmeter to a DC volts scale of about 1
when they turn off (you may have to duck your head under volt.
the dash). This is the afterglow cycle timer, a thermal
circuit breaker. A good way to check for cycling is 2. Connect the BLACK lead to the battery side of
STE/ICE-R test 80, battery current. When the glowplugs the current shunt and the RED lead to the other
turn on, STE/ICE-R will measure 74-125 amps. When the end of the current shunt.
glowplugs turn off, STE/ICE-R will measure 3-8 amps. As
the engine gets warmer, the glowplugs turn on less 3. Current shunt voltage is proportional to battery
frequently and for less time. current, 100 millivolts = 1000 amps. To get
current, multiply millivolts x 10.
NOTE
If you don't have a STE/ICE-R or a multimeter for measuring
current, you can watch the vehicle volts gauge for indication
of glowplug operation. The glowplugs draw so much current
that the volts gage should jump about half-an-inch to the left
when the glowplugs come on. Before starting the engine, you
should hear the glowplug power relay click open and closed
as the glowplugs cycle. (You can hear the relay after the
engine has started by leaning your head under the dash near
the distribution box.) This method won't tell you if all the
glowplugs are working properly, but it at least shows that the
glowplugs are trying to work and that the glowplug power
relay is working.
Change 1 2-318.5
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
A
GLOWPLUGS DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART
FROM 3,
Page 2-318.2

GLOWPLUGS DO NOT TURN THE ROTARY SWITCH TO (Page 2-749)
DRAW ENOUGH
CURRENT
“RUN”. DO THE GLOWPLUGS
DRAW AT LEAST 15 AMPS? 2. MULTIMETER

A working glowplug draws 12-15
GLOWPLUGS amps. If at least one glowplug is
GLOWPLUG working, the distribution box is OK.
CONTROLLER
CABLES
NO GO TO C,
Page 2-318.10
YES
GLOWPLUGS DRAW SOME 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 80

BUT NOT ENOUGH
DO THE GLOWPLUGS CYCLE (Page 2-749)
CURRENT PROPERLY?
DISTRIBUTION BOX OK 2. MULTIMETER

If the glowplugs cycle properly,
GLOWPLUGS the glowplug controller is OK.
GLOWPLUG
CONTROLLER
CABLES GO TO B,
NO
Page 2-318.8
YES

GLOWPLUGS DRAW SOME SEE THE PROCEDURE ON THE
BUT NOT ENOUGH CHECK THE GLOWPLUGS AND RIGHT HAND PAGE AND USE:
CURRENT WIRES USING THE PROCEDURE 1. STE/ICE-R TEST #91
DISTRIBUTION BOX OK (Page 2-752)
ON THE RIGHT-HAND PAGE.
GLOWPLUG
CONTROLLER OK REPAIR OR REPLACE PARTS AS 2. MULTIMETER
REQUIRED. RERUN THE MAIN
REASON FOR QUESTION
TEST CHAIN.
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS Since the glowplugs draw some
current and cycle properly, the
GLOWPLUGS only reason they wouldn't draw
CABLES enough current is that the glow-
plugs themselves are bad or the
wires are no good.
2-318.6 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
BATTERY CURRENT
STE/ICE-R TEST 80
2. Displayed reading is in amps. The reading will be

greater then 30 amps, depending on how many
accessories you have on.
Dead glowplugs draw virtually no current, but
other parts of the vehicle are drawing some
current, up to 8 amps. If any glowplugs are
drawing any current, then the distribution box
and glowplug circuit is probably OK. BATTERY CURRENT
MULTIMETER
1. Set the voltmeter to a DC volts scale of about 1 volt.
2. Connect the BLACK lead to the battery side of the

current shunt and the RED lead to the other end of the
current shunt.
3. Current shunt voltage is proportional to battery

current, 100 millivolts = 1000 amps. To get current,
multiply millivolts x 10.
CHECKING GLOWPLUGS & THEIR WIRES

For a good description of how glowplugs cycle
1. Disconnect ALL the glowplugs.
and how to check for proper cycling, refer to
page 2-307.
2. Disconnect the negative battery cable. Disconnect the

distribution box connector harness from the distribution box.
WARNING
Reconnect the negative battery cable. Measure the
Disconnect negative battery cable before resistance between pin D in the engine connector harness
disconnecting and reconnecting distribution of the distribution box and ground. There should NOT be
box harness. continuity (resistance reading off-the-scale). If there is
continuity, repair or replace the harness.
There is battery voltage at the distribution box at
3. Repeat the following for each glowplug:
all times. Failure to disconnect battery cable will
result in damage to equipment or injury to a. Reconnect the wiring harness to the glowplug while you
personnel. repeat the resistance measurement described in step 2.
When you reconnect the wire to the glowplug, the
If most or all of the glowplugs are bad, you may
resistance should drop to between 1 and 2 ohms
also have a problem with the distribution box or
(glowplugs are typically 1.6 ohms).
the glowplug controller which caused them to
go bad (usually they burn out from being on too
b. If step a passed;
long or not turning off at all). After replacing
disconnect the glowplug again, making sure the resistance
the bad glowplugs, rerun the glowplugs test
goes off-scale again. Repeat step a for the next glowplug.
chain paying special attention to the glowplugs
cycling, especially that they turn OFF when
c. If step a failed;
they should.
then either the glowplug or its wire is no good. Take the
Replace glowplugs, wires, or harness, refer to wire off the glowplug again and measure the resistance
(para. 3-38). from the glowplug to the engine block. If the resistance is
1 - 2 ohms, then the cable is no good, otherwise replace
the glowplug and check the cable for continuity, just to be
sure.
4. Reconnect the distribution box and all wires.
Change 1 2-318.7
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
B
FROM 4,
GLOWPLUGS Page 2-318.4 or
A2, Page 2-318.6

GLOWPLUG CURRENT OK TURN ROTARY SWITCH TO (Page 2-749)
NOT CYCLING PROPERLY
“STOP”. DISCONNECT
DISTRIBUTION BOX. TURN 2. MULTIMETER
ROTARY SWITCH TO “RUN”. DO

GLOW PLUGS STILL DRAW
CURRENT?
If the distribution box is shorted,
DISTRIBUTION BOX
the glowplug power relay in the
distribution box will always be
closed.
GO TO E,
NO
Page 2-318.14
YES
GLOWPLUG CURRENT OK 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 89

GLOWPLUGS NOT
MEASURE VOLTAGE AT SOCKET (Page 2-750)
CYCLING 6 OF GLOWPLUG CONTROLLER
GLOWPLUGS DRAW CONNECTOR HARNESS. IS 2. MULTIMETER
CURRENT WITH THERE BATTERY VOLTAGE AT
DISTRIBUTION BOX
DISCONNECTED.
THIS SOCKET?
REASON FOR QUESTION
If there is a short in the
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
harness, this wire will have
WIRING SHORT battery voltage.
DISTRIBUTION BOX
(GLOWPLUG POWER
RELAY) REPLACE
NO DISTRIBUTION BOX
YES
B3
SHORT IN ENGINE CONNECTOR

HARNESS. REPAIR OR REPLACE
HARNESS.
2-318.8 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
NOTE
Ensure that alternator "AC" tap is functioning
correctly by measuring DC volts at wire 2A.
Reading should be between 9-16 Vdc. If this
voltage is not present, glowplug system will never
stop cycling.
Refer to the functional flow schematic. If the

distribution box is shorted (continuity from pin 6 to
pin 3), the glowplug power relay will always be
energized and the glowplugs will always be
drawing current.
BATTERY CURRENT
STE/ICE-R TEST 80
2. Displayed reading is in amps. The reading

will be greater then 30 amps, depending on
how many accessories you have on.
BATTERY CURRENT
MULTIMETER
Since the glowplugs draw current
without the distribution box
connected, there must be a short in 1. Set the voltmeter to a DC volts scale of about 1
the harness or a stuck relay in the volt.
distribution box. If there were a 4
5
short in the harness directly to the 2. Connect the BLACK lead to the battery side of
glowplugs, the glowplugs would 3 the current shunt and the RED lead to the other
have burned out long ago and you end of the current shunt.
6
wouldn't be here. The only other
short in the harness that would 2 3. Current shunt voltage is proportional to battery
make the glowplugs turn on without 1 current, 100 millivolts = 1000 amps. To get current,
the distribution box installed would multiply millivolts x 10.
show up as battery voltage at pin 6 Glowplug Controller
of the controller's connector. Harness Schematic
0-45 DC VOLTS
STE/ICE-R TEST 89
Check the end of the harness at the distribution box, BLACK clip to negative or ground.
glowplugs, etc. for shorts. Repair whatever you can. If
you don't see anything wrong, the short must be in the 2. Start Test 89, DC volts.
main body of the harness, which means that you have
to replace the harness. 3. Displayed reading is in volts.
VOLTAGE
MULTIMETER
WARNING
Disconnect negative battery cable before discon- 40 volts.
necting and reconnecting distribution box harness.
There is battery voltage at the distribution box at all
times. Failure to disconnect battery cable will result in 3. Be sure to read the correct scale.
For repair or replacement of wiring, refer to (para. 4-85).
Change 1 2-318.9
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
GLOWPLUGS C DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART

FROM A1,
Page 2-318.6
GLOWPLUGS DON'T TURN ROTARY SWITCH TO “STOP”. 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 89

DRAW ANY CURRENT (Page 2-750)
IS THERE LESS THAN 0.5 VOLTS
AT GLOWPLUG WIRES? 2. MULTIMETER

There should not be voltage at
GLOWPLUG
glowplugs with switch off.
CONTROLLER
WIRING (OPEN CIRCUIT)
BAD GLOWPLUGS
NO SHORT IN
DISTRIBUTION BOX
HARNESS
YES
NO SHORTS TURN THE ROTARY SWITCH TO
GLOWPLUGS DRAW (Page 2-750)
“RUN”. IS THERE LESS THAN
ZERO AMPS
0.5 VOLTS AT THE GLOWPLUG 2. MULTIMETER
WIRES?

To see if power is getting
GLOWPLUG
to glowplugs.
CONTROLLER
BAD GLOWPLUGS
DISTRIBUTION BOX
NO REPLACE
GLOWPLUGS
YES

NO SHORTS TURN ROTARY SWITCH TO “STOP”. 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 91
GLOWPLUGS DRAW (Page 2-752)
NO CURRENT MAKE SURE GLOWPLUG
NO VOLTAGE AT CONTROLLER IS CONNECTED. IS 2. MULTIMETER
GLOWPLUGS THERE CONTINUITY FROM
SOCKET 'A' TO SOCKET 'B' OF
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS DISTRIBUTION BOX ENGINE REASON FOR QUESTION
Continuity indicates the harness
OPEN IN CONNECTOR HARNESS ? and controller are ok.
DISTRIBUTION BOX Non-continuiity indicates an open
OPEN IN WIRING in the harness or distribution box.
NO GO TO D,
Page 2-318.12
YES
REPLACE
DISTRIBUTION
BOX
2-318.10 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Replace harness. Notify DS Maintenance.

0-45 DC VOLTS
STE/ICE-R TEST 89

VOLTAGE
MULTIMETER

40 volts.

Replace glowplugs, refer to (para. 3-38).
0-4500 OHMS
STE/ICE-R TEST 91

indicated test points in the question. RED to the
WARNING 2. Start Test 91, 0-4500 ohms.
Disconnect negative battery cable before 3. Displayed reading is in ohms. Less than 5 ohms
disconnecting and reconnecting is continuity. If the resistance is over 4500 ohms,
distribution box harness. STE/ICE displays “9.9.9.9.”
There is battery voltage at the distribution box

at all times. Failure to disconnect battery cable
will result in damage to equipment or injury to
MULTIMETER
personnel.
B 1. Set the voltmeter to an ohms scale of about

C A 1000 ohms.
Replace distribution box,
refer to (para. 4-5.1). F E D
I H G
Engine Connector all the way to the left).
with pins 'A' & 'B'
highlighted.
Change 1 2-318.11
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
D
GLOWPLUGS FROM C3,
Page 2-318.10
KNOWN INFO
D1 TEST OPTIONS
OPEN CIRCUIT IN GLOW-
PLUG CONTROLLER OR 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 91
IS THERE CONTINUITY BETWEEN (Page 2-752)
WIRING
DISTRIBUTION BOX ENGINE
CONNECTOR HARNESS SOCKET “B” 2. MULTIMETER
AND GLOWPLUG CONTROLLER
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS HARNESS CONNECTOR SOCKET “3”? REASON FOR QUESTION
This checks the return wire from
WIRING the glowplug controller to the
GLOWPLUG distribution box.
CONTROLLER
NO REPAIR/REPLACE
WIRE 459B
YES
KNOWN INFO D2 TEST OPTIONS

OPEN CIRCUIT IN GLOW- IS THERE CONTINUITY BETWEEN
(Page 2-752)
PLUG CONTROLLER DISTRIBUTION BOX ENGINE
OR WIRING CONNECTOR HARNESS SOCKET “A” 2. MULTIMETER
AND GLOWPLUG CONTROLLER
HARNESS CONNECTOR SOCKET “6” ?
This checks the main power wire
WIRING from the distribution box to the
GLOWPLUG glowplug controller.
CONTROLLER
NO REPLACE
WIRE 583A AND/OR
569C
YES
D3
REPLACE GLOWPLUG CONTROLLER.
DOES THE ENGINE START EASILY
WHEN COLD?
REASON FOR TESTS

You verified that the wiring is OK
so the controller must be bad.
GO TO C,
NO
Page 2-110
YES
NO FAULTS
2-318.12 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
C B A
WARNING F E D
disconnecting and reconnecting distribution box I H G
harness.
There is battery voltage at the distribution box at all

times. Failure to disconnect battery cable will result Engine Connector Harness
in damage to equipment or injury to personnel. with sockets “A” & “B”
highlighted.
0-4500 OHMS
STE/ICE-R TEST 91

indicated test points in the question. RED to the
4
3 5 2. Start Test 91, 0-4500 ohms.

2 6 STE/ICE displays '9.9.9.9.'
1
Glowplug Controller Harness
with sockets 3 & 6 highlighted CONTINUITY (RESISTANCE)
MULTIMETER

1000 ohms.

4 3. Be sure to read the correct scale. Less than

5 3 circuit, the meter should peg full scale (needle
6 2
1
Glowplug Controller
Change 1 2-318.13
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
GLOWPLUGS CIRCUIT E DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART

From B1,
Page 2-318.8
KNOWN INFO
E1 TEST OPTIONS
GLOWPLUG CURRENT OK
DISTRIBUTION BOX OK 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 91
DISCONNECT BATTERY NEGATIVE (Page 2-752)
GLOWPLUGS NOT
CYCLING CABLE. DISCONNECT DISTRIBUTION
BOX ENGINE CONNECTOR. IS THERE 2. MULTIMETER
CONTINUITY FROM ENGINE
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS CONNECTOR HARNESS SOCKET 'C' REASON FOR QUESTION
WIRING
TO GLOWPLUG CONTROLLER Wire 570A controls
HARNESS SOCKET 4? glowplug cycling.
GLOWPLUG
CONTROLLER
NO REPAIR WIRE 570A OR

REPLACE HARNESS
YES
GLOWPLUG CURRENT OK RECONNECT DISTRIBUTION BOX 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 91

DISTRIBUTION BOX OK (Page 2-752)
GLOWPLUGS NOT
ENGINE CONNECTOR. IS THERE
CYCLING CONTINUITY FROM GLOWPLUG 2. MULTIMETER
CONTROLLER HARNESS SOCKET 5
TO ENGINE GROUND?
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS REASON FOR TESTS
The controller can't work
WIRING
properly without a proper
GLOWPLUG
ground.
CONTROLLER
NO REPAIR WIRE 93A OR

REPLACE HARNESS
YES
REPLACE
CONTROLLER
2-318.14 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION GLOWPLUGS CIRCUIT
WARNING 0-4500 OHMS

STE/ICE-R TEST 91
disconnecting and reconnecting 1. Connect RED clip and BLACK clip to the
distribution box harness. indicated test points in the question. RED to the
There is battery voltage at the distribution box at
all times. Failure to disconnect battery cable will
result in damage to equipment or injury to
personnel.
Repair wiring or replace harness, refer to STE/ICE displays “9.9.9.9.”
(para. 4-84).
MULTIMETER
Repair wiring or replace harness, refer to
(para. 4-85).
ohms.
Replace glowplug controller, refer to
(para. 4-29).

the left).
Change 1 2-318.15/(2-318.16 blank)

TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-32. INSTRUMENT TESTS
These Instrument Tests can be run any time you think there is a problem with the instruments or
if you were sent here from another test.
If you get an unusual gauge reading it is a good idea to check out the system that the gauge
monitors to be sure that it is a gauge problem and not a real problem in the engine or electrical
system.
Refer to fold-out page FO-10 and leave fold-out open for reference during testing. Diagrams of
the individual gauge circuits will be found on the page that deals with that circuit.
2-319
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
INSTRUMENTS CIRCUIT DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART
Page 2-328
Page 2-330
Page 2-332
Page 2-322
2-320
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION INSTRUMENTS CIRCUIT
None of the following instruments and

accessories should work when the rotary
switch is in the STOP position:
Volts gauge
Wait-to-start lamp
Temperature gauge
oil pressure gauge
Fuel gauge
Windshield wiper/washer
Brake warning lamp
If any of the instruments and accessories

work when the rotary switch is in the RUN
position, then power is available and the
circuit breaker is OK.
NOTE
The wait-to-start lamp is not an accurate
indication of glowplug operation. Make sure
the glowplugs are operating property
BEFORE you check out the light. Go to the
Glowplug Tests, page 2-303. Return here if
the light still doesn't operate property.
The wait-t-start lamp should come on when

the engine is below 120°F (49° C) and the
rotary switch is first turned to the RUN
position.
2-321
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

Page 2-320
KNOWN INFO
WAIT-TO-START
LAMP OK
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
INSTRUMENTS
WIRING
SENDING UNITS
KNOWN INFO
BRAKE LAMP OK
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
INSTRUMENTS
WIRING
SENDING UNITS
Page 2-346
KNOWN INFO
VOLT GAUGE OK
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
INSTRUMENTS
WIRING
SENDING UNITS
Page 2-348
Page 2-324
2-322
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
The brake warning lamp should come on

when the engine is cranking, when the
parking brake is set, or When there is a
failure in the brake system. If brake warning
lamp stays on, go to 1, page 2-342. If the
warning lamp does not come on, go to D,
page 2-338.
BRAKE WARNING LAMP
The volt gauge may be checked by running

STE/ICE-R Test 67 with the engine running.
The position in the center of the green area
of the volt gauge marked GEN is approx-
imately 26 volts.
The volt gauge is a gatvanometer type

gauge. It is conceivable that the coil in the
gauge may have a broken wire that only
opens when the gauge is heated up. If you
are having an intermittent gauge problem,
leave the vehicle running for awhile and
watch the gauge.
If the charging system is ok, but the gauge

is reading full scale one way or the other, VOLT
then you may have this type of problem.
GAUGE
Rotary switch has to be in the RUN position

for the windshield wiper or washer to operate.
2-323
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

Page 2-322
KNOWN INFO
WINDSHIELD WIPERS
OK
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
FUEL GAUGE
OIL PRESSURE GAUGE
TEMPERATURE GAUGE
WIRING
SENDING UNITS Page 2-352
KNOWN INFO
FUEL GAUGE OK
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
FUEL GAUGE
OIL PRESSURE GAUGE
TEMPERATURE GAUGE
WIRING
SENDING UNITS Page 2-356
KNOWN INFO
OIL PRESSURE
GAUGE OK
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
TEMPERATURE GAUGE
WIRING
SENDING UNITS
Page 2-360
Page 2-326
2-324
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
NOTE
2-325
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-324
Page 2-374
Page 2-376
2-326
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-327
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-320
Page 2-750
Page 2-364
Page 2-750
Page 2-752
2-328
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para 4-85
NOTE
page 2-320
2-329
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-320
Page 2-750
Page 2-750
Page 2-750
2-330
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para 4-85
para 4-9
para 4-85
NOTE
page 2-320
2-331
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
INSTRUMENTS CIRCUIT C DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART

FROM 3,
Page 2-320
POWER AVAILABLE TO DISCONNECT WIRE 27F AT THE 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 89

GAUGES (Page 2-750)
WAIT-TO-START LAMP
WAIT-TO-START LAMP. WITH THE
DOESN'T COME ON ROTARY SWITCH IN THE “RUN” 2. MULTIMETER
POSITION, DO YOU HAVE
BATTERY VOLTAGE AT WIRE 27F?
WAIT-TO-START LAMP You know power is available at
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX the wire junction. Now you need
GLOWPLUG to know if it is reaching the
CONTROLLER gauge.
REPAIR 27F or
WIRING NO REPLACE
NOTE: NO GLOWPLUG HARNESS
CONTROLLER WITH YES
DISTRIBUTION BOX
C2 TEST OPTIONS
KNOWN INFO
DISCONNECT PCB/DISTRIBUTION 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 91

POWER AVAILABLE TO
(Page 2-752)
LAMP BOX ENGINE CONNECTOR, BODY
CONNECTOR & WIRE 571A AT THE 2. MULTIMETER
WAIT-TO-START LAMP. DO YOU
HAVE CONTINUITY BETWEEN WIRE REASON FOR QUESTION
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS 571A & SOCKET E ON THE BODY The ground circuit for the lamp
CONNECTOR HARNESS? goes through this wire and the
WAIT-TO-START LAMP
PCB/distribution box.
GLOWPLUG
CONTROLLER REPAIR 571A or
NO
WIRING REPLACE
YES HARNESS
C3 TEST OPTIONS
KNOWN INFO
CONNECT RED LEAD OF 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 91
LAMP HAS GROUND (Page 2-752)
STE/ICE-R OR MULTIMETER TO
LEAD WIRE 27 OF THE WAIT-TO- 2. MULTIMETER
START LAMP AND CONNECT THE (RESISTANCE)
BLACK LEAD TO WIRE 571 LEAD
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS OF THE LAMP. DOES THE LAMP REASON FOR QUESTION
GLOW DIMLY? You need to make sure the lamp
WAIT-TO-START LAMP can light.
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX REPLACE
GLOWPLUG NO
WAIT-TO -START
CONTROLLER LAMP
YES
WIRING
DISTRIBUTION
PCB, GO TO C4,
BOX, GO TO C7,
Page 2-334
Page 2-336
2-332 Change 1
BATTERY VOLTAGE
MULTIMETER TM 9-2320-280-20-1
0-45 DC VOLTS
STE/ICE-R TEST 89
WARNING
Disconnect negative battery cable before disconnecting BLACK clip to negative or ground.
and reconnecting protective control box/distribution box
harness. 2. Start Test 89, DC volts.

There is battery voltage at the PCB/distribution box at all times.
Failure to disconnect battery cable will result in damage to
54A 458A
583B 569A/583A GLOWPLUG

6 CONTROLLER 3
1. Set the voltmeter to a DC volts scale of at least 40 569C

volts. 459B
2. Connect the RED lead to positive and the BLACK lead

A B ENGINE CONNECTOR
to negative.
3. Be sure to read the correct scale. PROTECTIVE CONTROL

BODY E 27P 27D

0-4500 OHMS CONNECTOR
STE/ICE-R TEST 91
27F 27L
571A
1. Connect RED clip and BLACK clip to the terminations
indicated in the question. RED to the first, BLACK to the 27K
second.

571 27
3. Displayed reading is in ohms. Less than 5 ohms is
continuity. If the resistance is over 4500 ohms, STE/ICE
displays “9.9.9.9.”
WAIT-TO-START LAMP
It is important to connect the leads as indicated because you CONTINUITY (RESISTANCE)

are checking continuity across a diode. The lamp will glow MULTIMETER
dimly because you are supplying a small amount of power
thru STE/ICE-R. You may have to shade the lamp with your 1. Set the voltmeter to an ohms scale of about
hand to see if it glows. 1000 ohms.
NOTE 2. Connect the RED and BLACK leads to the

A multimeter may not supply enough power to light the lamp. connections stated in the question.
In this case look for a much greater resistance when
measuring with the leads connected in one direction than 3. Be sure to read the correct scale. Less than 5
when they are connected in reverse. ohms indicates continuity. For an open circuit,
Replace harness or lamp, refer to (para. 4-17).
way to the left).
Change 1 2-333
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
INSTRUMENTS CIRCUIT FROM C3,

Page 2-332
LAMP OK NOTE: FOR DISTRIBUTION BOX 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 91

SKIP STEPS C4, C5, AND C6. (Page 2-752)
DISCONNECT GLOWPLUG 2. MULTIMETER
CONTROLLER. DO YOU HAVE
CONTINUITY BETWEEN SOCKET
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS “6” IN THE CONTROLLER REASON FOR QUESTION
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX HARNESS & SOCKET A IN THE This wire provides power to the
GLOWPLUG ENGINE CONNECTOR HARNESS? controller.
CONTROLLER
WIRING
REPAIR 569A, 569C
NO or REPLACE
YES HARNESS
LAMP OK DO YOU HAVE CONTINUITY 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 91

(Page 2-752)
BETWEEN SOCKET “3” IN THE
CONTROLLER HARNESS & 2. MULTIMETER
SOCKET “B” IN THE ENGINE
CONNECTOR HARNESS?
This wire returns power for
the lamp.
GLOWPLUG
CONTROLLER
WIRING REPAIR 459B or
NO REPLACE
HARNESS
YES
WIRING TO & FROM RECONNECT GLOWPLUG 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 91

CONTROLLER OK (Page 2-752)
CONTROLLER. DO YOU HAVE
CONTINUITY BETWEEN SOCKET 2. MULTIMETER
“A” & SOCKET “B” IN THE ENGINE
CONNECTOR HARNESS?
If you don’t have continuity
here then you know that the
GLOWPLUG
controller is bad.
CONTROLLER
REPLACE
NO GLOWPLUG
CONTROLLER
YES
GO TO C7,
Page 2-336
2-334 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
54A 458A
WARNING 583B 569A/583 GLOWPLUG

6 CONTROLLER 3
disconnecting and reconnecting protective 569C
control box/distribution box harness. 459B
There is battery voltage at the PCB/distribution box

A B ENGINE CONNECTOR
at all times. Failure to disconnect battery cable will
result in damage to equipment or injury to personnel.
PROTECTIVE CONTROL
0-4500 OHMS 27P 27D
STE/ICE-R TEST 91 BODY CONNECTOR E
1. Connect RED clip and BLACK clip to the 27L

first, BLACK to the second. 571A 27K
27F

571 27
MULTIMETER
1. Set the voltmeter to an ohms scale of about WAIT-TO-START

1000 ohms. LAMP


Engine temperature 4
must be below 3
120°F (49°C) in 5
2
order to make this
test, otherwise 6
normal operation of 1 GLOWPLUGS
the glowplug GLOWPLUG CONTROLLER
controller will cause CONTROLLER HARNESS
the circuit to be
open.
C B A
GLOWPLUGS
Replace harness
CONTROLLER HARNESS
and glowplug F E D
controller, refer to
I H G
(para. 4-29).
PCB ENGINE CONNECTOR
Change 1 2-335
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

FROM C6,
Page 2-334
GLOWPLUG RECONNECT ALL WIRING (RECON- CONNECT THE WIRES

CONTROLLER OK
NECT ENGINE CONNECTOR LAST)
AND RECHECK WAIT-TO-START
LAMP OPERATION. WITH THE
ROTARY SWITCH IN THE “RUN”
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS POSITION, DOES THE REASON FOR QUESTION
WAIT-TO-START LAMP COME ON ? You may have fixed a loose
or dirty connection without
knowing it.
REPLACE
NO PCB/DISTRIBUTION
YES BOX
NO FAULTS
2-336 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
WARNING
Disconnect negative battery cable
before disconnecting and reconnecting
protective control box/distribution box
harness.

Engine temperature must be below 120°F
(49° C) or the lamp may not come on.
Change 1 2-337
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-322
Page 2-750
Page 2-752
Page 2-752
Page 2-340
2-338
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
PROTECTIVE CONTROL
PROTECTIVE
BOX/CONTROL 0-45 DC VOLTS
BOX STE/ICE-R TEST 89
DISTRIBUTION BOX
BODY CONNECTOR C
67A
PARK 67E
67B 67C BRAKE 2. Start Test 89, DC volts.
SWITCH
PRESSURE 79A 3. Displayed reading is in volts.

SWITCH
BATTERY VOLTAGE
27P 27D MULTIMETER
67D
27F
least 40 volts.
27K 2. Connect the RED lead to positive and the

27L BLACK lead to negative.
67 27
0-4500 OHMS
STE/ICE-R TEST 91

BRAKE WARNING
LAMP first, BLACK to the second.

It is important to connect the leads as indicated because you

are checking continuity across a diode. The lamp will glow CONTINUITY (RESISTANCE)
dimly because you are supplying a small amount of power thru MULTIMETER
STE/ICE-R. You may have to shade the lamp with your hand
to see if it glows. 1. Set the voltmeter to an ohms scale of about
1000 ohms.
NOTE
A multimeter may not supply enough power to light the lamp. 2. Connect the RED and BLACK leads to the
In this case look for a much greater resistance when measuring connections stated in the question.
with the leads connected in one direction than when they are
connected in reverse. 3. Be sure to read the correct scale. Less than
Replace harness/or repair wiring, refer to (para. 4-85). circuit, the meter should peg full scale (needle
Replace brake warning lamp, refer to (para. 4-17).
Change 1 2-339
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-338
Page 2-752
Page 2-752
2-340
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
PROTECTIVE CONTROL
BOX/DISTRIBUTION BOX 0-4500 OHMS
STE/ICE-R TEST 91
BODY CONNECTOR C
67A terminations indicated in the question. RED to the
PARK 67E
67B 67C BRAKE
SWITCH
PRESSURE 79A
SWITCH
STE/ICE displays '9.9.9.9.'
27P 27D MULTIMETER
67D 1. Set the voltmeter to an ohms scale of about 1000

ohms.
27F
27K
27L
the left).
67 27
BRAKE WARNING
LAMP
Reconnect all wiring. Connect

the glowplug controller last.
Replace parking brake switch. Refer

to (para. 4-19).
Replace harness/or repair wiring.

Change 1 2-341
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

START

BRAKE WARNING NONE
BLEED BRAKE SYSTEM. DOES THE
LIGHT WON'T GO OFF
LIGHT STAY “ON”?

WIRING If the lamp stays on, it could be
PARKING BRAKE SWITCH that the hydraulic brake system
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX has a fault and might require
BRAKE WARNING bleeding.
PRESSURE SWITCH NO
END OF TEST
YES
BRAKE WARNING 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 89

DISCONNECT WIRE 67A AND 67B (Page 2-750)
LIGHT WON'T GO OFF
FROM BRAKE WARNING PRESSURE
SWITCH, WIRE 67C FROM PARKING 2. MULTIMETER
BRAKE SWITCH. DISCONNECT THE
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX BODY
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS HARNESS CONNECTOR. CONNECT REASON FOR QUESTION
If the lamp stays on with the
WIRING A JUMPER WIRE BETWEEN WIRES
PCB/distribution box, valve
PARKING BRAKE SWITCH 67A AND 67B. DOES THE LIGHT GO switch and park brake switch
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX “OUT”? disconnected, the problem is in
BRAKE WARNING the wiring.
PRESSURE SWITCH
REPAIR OR
NO REPLACE WIRING
YES HARNESS
KNOWN INFO 3 TEST

TEST OPTIONS
OPTIONS
WIRING OK CONNECT PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX
(Page 2-752)
BODY HARNESS. DOES THE LIGHT
STAY “OFF”? 2. MULTIMETER
(RESISTANCE)

When the protective control
BRAKE WARNING box/distribution box is
PRESSURE SWITCH REPLACE connected, the light should
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX NO PCB/DISTRIBUTION not come on. If it does, the
PARKING BRAKE SWITCH BOX PCB/distribution box is faulty.
YES
GO TO 4,
Page 2-344
2-342 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
PROTECTIVE CONTROL 0-45 OHMS

BOX/DISTRIBUTION BOX STE/ICE-R TEST 89

BODY CONNECTOR C BLACK clip to negative or ground.
67A
PARK 67E
67C BRAKE 3. Displayed reading is in volts.
67B
SWITCH
PRESSURE 79A
SWITCH
BATTERY VOLTAGE
MULTIMETER
40 volts.
27P 27D
67D 2. Connect the RED lead to positive and the

BLACK lead to the negative.
27F
27K
27L
0-4500 OHMS
STE/ICE-R TEST 91
67 27 first, BLACK to the second.

BRAKE WARNING STE/ICE displays '9.9.9.9.'
LAMP
Bleed brake system. Refer to (para. 7-10).

Replace parking brake switch. Refer MULTIMETER
to (para. 4-19).
Replace harness/or repair wiring. ohms.
Replace PCB. Refer to (para. 4-5). connections stated in the question.
Replace distribution box (para. 4-5.1). 3. Be sure to read the correct scale. Less than 5
the left).
Change 1 2-343
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
INSTRUMENTS CIRCUIT FROM 3,

Page 2-342
WIRING OK CONNECT PARKING BRAKE VISUAL

OK SWITCH. MAKE SURE THE
BRAKE WARNING VALVE PARKING BRAKE IS DISENGAGED.
SWITCH OK DOES THE LIGHT STAY OFF?
PARKING BRAKE SWITCH The light will only come on

when the parking brake switch
is connected. If the parking
REPLACE brake switch has a problem.
NO PARKING BRAKE
SWITCH
YES
PCB/DISTRIBUTION BOX OK
REMOVE JUMPER WIRE. CONNECT 1. STE/ICE-R TEST 91
WIRING OK
BRAKE WARNING PRESSURE (PAGE 2-752)
SWITCH. DOES LIGHT STAY OFF?
2. MULTIMETER

BRAKE WARNING If the light comes on when
PRESSURE SWITCH brake warning pressure switch
PARKING BRAKE SWITCH is connected, the brake
warning pressure switch is the
REPLACE
NO problem.
PROPORTIONING
VALVE
YES
END OF TEST
2-344 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para 4-19
para 7-18
2-345
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-322
Page 2-750
Page 2-752
2-346
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para 4-85
para 4-85
page 2-196
para 4-13
2-347
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-322
page 2-750
Page 2-370
page 2-752
Page 2-372
Page 2-350
2-348
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para 10-71
2-349
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
page 2-348
2-350
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para 10-72
para 10-72
para 10-72
para 10-72
2-351
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-324
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-752
PAGE 2-752
Page 2-366
Page 2-354
2-352
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para 4-85
para 4-85
2-353
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-352
2-354
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para 4-13
para 4-13
2-355
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-324
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-752
PAGE 2-752
Page 2-358
2-356
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para 4-85
para 4-85
para 4-85
2-357
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-356
2-358
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para 4-13
para 4-13
para 4-25
2-359
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-324
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-752
PAGE 2-752
Page 2-362
2-360
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para 4-85
para 4-85
para 4-85
2-361
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-360
2-362
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para 4-13
para 4-13
para 4-24
2-363
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-328
Page 2-750
Page 2-752
2-364
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
INSTRUMENTS CIRCUIT
para 4-85
para 4-7
2-365
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-352
Page 2-752
Page 2-752
Page 2-752
Page 2-368
2-366
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-367
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-366
Page 2-752
2-368
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para 4-28 and 4-85
2-369
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-348
Page 2-750
Page 2-752
2-370
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
TM 9-2320-280-24P
para 4-85
para 4-85
2-371
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-348
Page 2-752
Page 2-752
2-372
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para 4-85
para 4-85
2-373
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-326
2-374
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
You can provide enough vacuum to

operate the gauge by sucking on the line.
Replace vacuum line, refer to (para 3-19).
Replace gauge, refer to (para 3-17).
2-375
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

Page 2-326
(Page 2-750)
Page 2-380
(Page 2-750)
Page 2-382
(Page 2-750)
Page 2-384
2-376 GO TO P4, Page 2-378

TM 9-2320-280-20-1
The easiest way to reach the circuit breaker is

to remove the gauge panel screws and pull the
panel out far enough to work with the wiring.
The heater motor is located directly in front of the

passenger seat under the dashboard, connected to
the heating ducts.
2-377
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

Page 2-316
(PAGE 2-752)
Page 2-386
PAGE 2-319.
2-378
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
0-4500 OHMS
STE/ICE-R TEST 91 I

3. Displayed reading is in ohms. Lees then

5 ohms is continuity. It the resistance is over
4500 ohms, STE/ICE displays “9.9.9.9.”
MULTIMETER

1000 ohms.


2-379
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Page 2-376
(Page 2-750)
PAGE 2-376.
2-380
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
I 0-45 DC VOLTS
STE/lCE-R TEST 89
1. Connect RED clip to the indicated test

point, BLACK clip to negative or ground.

Replace harness/or repair wiring, refer to (para 4-85).
I BATTERY VOLTAGE
MULTIMETER
1.Set the voltmeter to a DC volts scale of at least

40 volts.

2-381
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
INSTRUMENTS CIRCUIT
Page 2-376
Page 2-752
Page 2-376
PAGE 2-376.
2-382
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Replace harness or repair wiring, refer to (para 4-85).
2-383
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

Page 2-376
(Page 2-752)
Page 2-378
PAGE 2-378.
2-384
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Repair wire or replace harness, refer to (para 4-85).
2-385
tm 9-2320-280-20-1
INSTRUMENTS CIRCUIT
Page 2-378
(Page 2-752)
Page 2-378
PAGE 2-378.
2-386
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Replace harness or repair wiring, refer to

(para 4-85).
Replace the PCB, refer to (para 4-5).
2-387/(2-388 Blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-33. LIGHT TESTS
The Lights paragraph has almost no flow chart to guide you through a problem. This is because
there aren’t very many problems that can occur. The most common problems are burned-out
bulbs and loose or corroded connections. Aside from bulbs and wiring, the only components
are the PCB and the lights switch. If either of these is found to be faulty, you just replace the
bad unit. On the following pages you will find diagrams of the major portions of the Lights
Circuit. These are designed to help you isolate a problem without wasting too much time.
2-389
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
LIGHTS DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART
Page 2-750
Page 2-750
(para 4-5).
P2-750
P2-752
2-390
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-391
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
CAUTION
2-392
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
BACKUP LAMPS AND

REAR SIDE MARKERS
CAUTION
2-393
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
LIGHTS
CAUTION
2-394
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
LIGHTS
CAUTION
2-395
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
LIGHTS TURN SIGNAL SWITCH
CAUTION
2-396
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
TURN SIGNAL SWITCH LIGHTS
1. WITH THE SWITCH IN THE ’LEFT” POSITION, YOU SHOULD HAVE CONTINUITY FROM PIN “H” TO PINS “B” AND
“C”, PIN “D” TO “E”, AND PIN “F” TO “G”.
2. WITH THE SWITCH IN THE “RIGHT” POSITION, YOU SHOULD HAVE CONTINUITY FROM PIN “H” TO PINS “A” AND
“E”, PIN “C” TO “D”, AND PIN “F TO “G”.
LEFT TURN
NOTE
● IF VEHICLE IS EQUIPPED WITH BRAKE LIGHT OVERRIDE
DIRECTIONAL SIGNAL CONTROL ASSEMBLY (P/N12339312-1),
REFER TO STEP 3.
● IF VEHICLE IS EQUIPPED WITH DIRECTIONAL SIGNAL
CONTROL ASSEMBLY (P/N 12339312), REFER TO STEP 4.
3. WITH SWITCH IN HAZARD POSITION, YOU SHOULD HAVE CONTINUITY FROM PIN H TO PINS “A”, “B”, “C”, “D”,
AND “E” AND PIN “F” TO “G”.
4. WITH SWITCH IN HAZARD POSITION, YOU SHOULD HAVE CONTINUITY FROM PIN H TO PINS “A”, “B”, “C”. AND
“E” AND PIN “F” TO “G”.
HAZARD
2-397/(2-398 Blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-34. TRANSMISSION SYSTEM TESTS (3L80)
These Transmission System tests may be run any time you think you have a transmission
problem or if you were sent hereby another test chain. Just follow the path, answering the
questions. Additional information and notes are given on the facing page when necessary.
(4L80-E) Transmission system tests, refer to (para. 2-35).
2-399
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Page 2-404
Page 2-406
2-400 Page 2-402

TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

(3L80)
Procedure for checking transmission fluid

1. Start engine.
2. Hold down brake pedal and move trans-
mission shift lever through all ranges
including reverse. Leave the lever in each
range for 2 seconds.
3. Engage parking brake and place shift lever
in neutral. Check fluid level on dipstick.
4. Proper level is between FULL and ADD
marks on dipstick.
NOTE
Check fluid for a burnt smell, grit, discoloration,
air bubbles, or a milky appearance.
• Burnt smell, discoloration, or grit indicates

worn or damaged internal components.
Notify DS maintenance.
• Bubbles indicate an overfilled system or air
leaks in the system. Drain the fluid and refill
to proper level. Refer to (para 5-2).
• Milky appearance is due to water in the
system. Change the fluid and filter.
• Check fill tube for indications of fluid being
blown out. If fluid is being blown out, check
vent line for obstructions, and refill
transmission to proper level. Refer to
(para 5-2).
• Transmission fluid coming out of dipstick filler
tube indicates a restriction in the ventilation
system. Check for clogged, melted, or crushed
lines and/or fittings between transmission and
atmosphere vent on air cleaner canister.
Replace where needed. Refer to (para 5-16).
Road Test Procedure

1.Position transmission shift lever in “D” (drive) and accelerate vehicle from 0 mph. A 1-2 and 2-3 shift should occur at all
throttle openings. Allow vehicle to coast down to about 0 mph and 3-2 and 2-1 shifts should occur.
2.Position transmission shift lever in “2” (low two) and accelerate vehicle from 0 mph. A 1-2 shift should occur at all throttle
openings. No 2-3 shift can be obtained in this range. A 1-2 shift in 2 is somewhat firmer than in “D”. This is normal.
3.Position shift lever in “1” and accelerate the vehicle from 0 mph. No upshifts should occur in this range.
4.Position shift lever in “D” and with the vehicle speed at approximately 35 mph, close throttle and move lever to “2”.
Transmission should downshift to 2nd gear. An increase in engine rpm and engine braking effect should be noticed.
5.Position shift lever “2” and with the vehicle speed at approximately 25 mph, close thethrottle and move lever to “1”.
Transmission should downshift to 1st gear. An increase in engine RPM and engine braking effect should be noticed.
6. Position shift lever in “R” and check for reverse operation.
7. Hard shifting may be indicative of an underfilled or clogged system.
The kickdown system is used to shift the

transmission to a lower gear under heavy
acceleration. The system also disengages the
engine cooling fan so as to allow maximum engine
power to be used for moving the vehicle.
Change 1 2-401
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-400
2-402
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

(3L80)
Replace transmission
modulator, refer to (para. 5-14).
STE/ICE-R TEST #50

0 TO 1000 PSIG PRESSURE
INTERLEAVED WITH RPM
1. Connect blue pressure transducer

(1000 PSI) to system under test, and other
end to a W4 cable. Make sure the system
under test is not pressurized.
2. Dial 01 into VTM, and then 50 when
prompted.
3. Perform offset test.
4. Start engine and VTM will display
pressure interleaved with RPM.
Transmission oil pressure test

1. Remove plug from pressure port on left side of transmission.
2. Connect transducer to port using appropriate fittings.
3. Perform offset test.
4. Start engine and check for leaks at connections.
5. Bring engine to operating temperature.
6. Place shift lever in N and bring engine to 1000 RPM (STE/ICE-R test 10). Pressure should be 55-70 psi
(379-483 kPa). If not notify DS Maintenance.
7. Apply service brakes and place shifter in D. Operate engine at 1000 RPM. Pressure should be 60-90 psi
(414-621 kPa). If not, notify DS Maintenance.
8. Apply brakes and place lever in 2. With engine at 1000 RPM, pressure should be 135-160 psi (931- 1103
kPa). If not, notify DS Maintenance.
9. Apply brakes and place lever in 1. With engine at 1000 RPM, pressure should be 135-160 psi (931-1103
10. Apply brakes and place lever in R. With engine at 1000 RPM, pressure should be 95-150 psi (655-1034
11. Apply brakes and place lever in D. With engine idling, pressure should be 60-85 psi (414-586 kPa).
If not, notify DS Maintenance.
NOTE
NEXT TEST MUST BE PERFORMED DURING A ROAD TEST OR WITH VEHICLE RAISED
AND TIRES OFF THE GROUND. RECORD PRESSURE WITH THROTTLE CLOSED.
12. Place lever in D and take foot off brake. With engine at 2000 RPM, close throttle and read pressure between
1200 and 2000 RPM. Pressure should be 65-70 psi (448-485 kPa). If not, notify DS Maintenance.
13. Shut off engine, remove transducer and reinstall plug.
Change 1 2-403
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-400
2-404
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

(3L80)
lf the drivetrain system checks out OK, the

problem is either the transmission itself, the
shifter or the modulator. The DRIVETRAIN
tests are located in (para. 2-38) of this manual.
Make sure that the detents in the shifter

correspond to the shift posittions shown on
the plate. Have an assistant move the shifter
and look to see that the linkage is moving at
the transmission.
Linkage repair and adjustment procedures
are shown in (para. 5-12).
Look for a modulator problem if fhe vehicle

was not shifting, or wee not shifting as well
as it should be.
NOTE
Run the BRAKES and DRIVETRAIN tests in
this manual. If you don’t find any faults, notify
DS maintenance.
2-405
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-400
Page 2-155
Page 2-752
Page 2-752
Page 2-408
2-406
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-407
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-406
Page 2-752
Page 2-752
Page 2-750
Page 2-195
2-408
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

(3L80)
Repair or raplace of wiring, refer to (para 4-85).
There should be continuity when the injector

pump is wide open, and an open circuit when it
isn’t. Check out both positions.
Adjust or replace kickdown switch, refer to

(para 4-43).
NOTE
Recheck everything in the circuit. If you don’t find
anything wrong, notify DS maintenance. The
problem is probably in the transmission itself.
2-409/(2-410 Blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-35. TRANSMISSION SYSTEM TESTS (4L80-E)
The 4L80-E Transmission system is equipped with a computer called the Transmission
Control Module (TCM) (located left rear seat compartment; for M996A2 and M997A2
vehicles, located in the left exterior stowage compartment) which interprets, analyzes and
records electronic signals form sensors and switches located on the engine, brake pedal, and
transmission. The recorded codes stored in the TCM are known as TROUBLE CODES which
are retrieved using the Diagnostic Switch Cable on the J2 connector of the TCM. The TCM
can protect the transmission from damage by locking it in Second Gear, with maximum fluid
pressure, until the problem has been corrected. The following procedures will detail
diagnostic testing, troubleshooting and corrective action for any existing faults. These
Transmission System tests may be run any time you think there is a transmission problem or
if you were sent here by another test chain. This paragraph has a different kind of flow chart
to guide you through testing because of the may problems that can occur. The most common
problems are loose or corroded wiring connections. To troubleshoot the transmission, you
will need a diagnostic switch cable, digital multimeter and a throttle position (TP) sensor test
cable.
CAUTION
Do not disconnect battery without recording
Trouble Codes. Failure to do so will result in
loss of diagnostic test codes.
The diagnostic test codes (DTC) are transmitted from the TCM to transmission lamp located
next to the shift lever. When Diagnostic Switch Cable is connected to the J2 connector, the
system is placed in the diagnostic mode, which causes the transmission lamp to flash. The
transmission lamp will flash once, pause, flash twice (meaning code 12) pause, flash once,
pause, flash twice (code 12 again), and do this one more time for a total of three times, which
means the system is operational.
NOTE
Diagnostic test code 63 will be set at all times.
For example if the TCM is sending the trouble code 74, the lamp will flash 12 three times,
flash 63 three times, which is set all the time and is to be disregarded, flash code 7 and 4,7
and 4, 7 and 4 for code 74, and then 12, 12, 12, which ends the diagnostic check. These
codes will repeat again, if not taken out of diagnostic mode.
The TCM J1 connector will be used to diagnose and troubleshoot wiring, sensor connectors,
pins, solenoids, and brake switch, to insure all external problems are checked and corrected
prior to TCM and transmission faults.
On the following pages you will find diagrams and charts of the major portions of the
transmission circuits. These are designed to help you isolate a problem and correct it.
2-411
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-416
Page 2-418
2-412 Page 2-414

TM 9-2320-280-20-1

(4L80-E)
Procedure for checking transmission fluid
1. Start engine
2. Hold down brake pedal and move transmission shift lever through all ranges including
raverse. Leave the lever in each range for 2 seconds.
3. Engage parking brake and place shift lever in neutral. Check fluid level on dipstick.
4. Proper level is between FULL and ADD marks on dipstick.
NOTE
Check fluid for a burnt small, grit, discoloration, air bubbles, or a milky appearance.
Burnt smell, discoloration, or grit indicates worn or damaged internal components.

Notify DS maintenance
Bubbles indicate an overfilled system or air leaks in the system. Drain the fluid and refill
to proper level. Refer to (para 5-2).
Milky appearance is due to water in the system. Change the fluid and filter.
Check fill tube for indications of fluid being blown out. If fluid is being blown out, cheek
vent line for obstructions, and refill transmission to proper level. Refer to (para. 5-2).
1. Position shift lever in (overdrive) and accelerate vehicle from 0 mph. A 1-2, 2-3 and 3-4 shift should occur at all
throttle openings. Allow vehicle to coast down to about 0 mph and 4-3, 3-2 and 2-1 shifts should occur.
2. Position transmission shift lever in "D" (drive) and accelerate vehicle from 0 mph. A 1-2 and 2-3 shift should occur at all
throttle openings. Allow vehicle to coast down to about 0 mph and 3-2 and 2-1 shifts should occur.
3. Position transmission shift lever in "2" (low two) and accelerate vehicle from 0 mph. A 1-2 shift should occur at all throttle
openings. No 2-3 shift can be obtained in this range. A 1-2 shift in 2 is somewhat firmer than in “D”. This is normal.
4. Position shift lever in "1" and accelerate the vehicle from 0 mph. No upshifts should occur in this range.
5. Position shift lever in and with the vehicle speed at approximately 45 mph, close throttle and move lever to "3".
Transmission should downshift to 3rd gear. An increase in engine rpm and engine braking effect should be noticed.
6. Position shift lever in "D" and with the vehicle speed at approximately 35 mph, close throttle and move lever to "2".
Transmission should downshift to 2nd gear. An increase in engine rpm and engine braking effect should be noticed.
7. Position shift lever "2" and with the vehicle speed at approximately 25 mph, close the throttle and move lever to "1".
Transmission should downshift to 1st gear. An increase in engine RPM and engine braking effect should be noticed.
8. Position shift lever in "R" and check for reverse operation.
9. Hard shifting may be indicative of an underfilled or dogged system.
The fan cut off switch and TP sensor are used to

shift the transmission to a lower gear under heavy
acceleration. The system also disengages the
engine cooling fan so as to allow maximum engine
power to be used for moving the vehicle.
2-413
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-412
Page 2-418
2-414
TM 8-2320-280-20-1

(4L80-E)
Repair or replace fen cut-off switch,

2-415
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-412
2-416
TM 8-2320-280-20-1

(4L80-E)
If the drivetrain system checks out OK, the

problem is either the transmission itself, the
shifter or the modulator. The DRIVETRAIN
tests are located in Paragraph 2-33 of this
manual.
Make sure that the detents in the shifter

correspond to the shift positions shown on
the plate. Have an assistant move the shifter
and look to see that the linkage is moving at
the transmission.
Linkage repair and adjustment procedures
are shown in Paragraph 5-13.
Look for a fan cut-off switch problem if the

vehicle was not shifting, or was not shifting
as well as it should be.
NOTE
Run the BRAKES and DRIVETRAIN tests in
this manual. If you don’t find any faults, notify
DS maintenance.
2-417
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-412
Para. 4-39
Page 2-420
2-418
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
PARA 4-29
PARA. 4-85
PARA 4-42
PARA 4-42
2-419
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-418
PAGES 2-428 THROUGH 2-443
PAGE 2-421
PARA. 4-42.
2-420
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

(4L80-E)
The following chart will help you find the code you need. The J1 cable diagnostics checks (page 2-428) must
be performed. Always correct the lower code number first. If code 51 shows up, replace TCM (para. 4-42),
operate vehicle, and recheck for trouble codes.
TROUBLE CODE CIRCUIT PAGE NO.

21 Throttle Position High 2-422
22 Throttle Position Low 2-422
24 Transmission Output Speed Sensor (TOSS) 2-422
28 Transmission Range Pressure Switch 2-422
37 Torque Converter Clutch (TCC) Brake Switch Stuck “ON” 2-422
38 TCC Brake Switch Stuck “OFF” 2-422
39 TCC Stuck “OFF” 2-423
51 Transmission Control Module (TCM) Bad 2-423
52 System Voltage High Long 2-423
53 System Voltage High 2-423
58 Transmission Temperature High 2-423
59 Transmission Temperature Low 2-423
68 Transmission Component Slipping 2-424
69 Torque Converter Clutch (TCC) Stuck “ON” 2-424
71 Engine Speed Sensor Circuit Low 2-424
73 Pressure Control Solenoid (PCS) Current 2-424
74 Transmission Input Speed Sensor (TISS) Circuit 2-425
75 System Voltage Low 2-425
79 Transmission Fluid Overtemp 2-425
81 2-3 Shift Solenoid Circuit Fault 2-425
82 1-2 Shift Solenoid Circuit Fault 2-426
83 TCC Solenoid (PWM) Circuit Fault 2-426
85 Undefined Ratio 2-426
86 Low Ratio 2-427
87 High Ratio 2-427
2-421
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM REFERENCE INFORMATION

(4L80-E)
DTC 21/22 DTC 28

Throttle Position (TP) Sensor Circuit High/ Transmission Range (TR) Pressure
Throttle Position Sensor Circuit Low Switch Assembly (PSA) Fault
Circuit Description: Circuit Description:
The TP sensor contains a resistor strip with one end The Transmission Range (TR) switch assembly consists
connected to a 5-volt supply and the other to ground. of five normally open pressure switches mounted on
The signal is connected to a movable contact within the valve body. The TCM supplies battery voltage to
the TP sensor. As the accelerator pedal is applied, and each range signal. BY grounding one or more of these
the throttle shaft rotates, the voltage signal will circuits through various combinations of the pressure
increase from approximately 0.5 to 4.5 volts. switches, the TCM assembly detects what transmis-
sion range has been selected by the vehicle operator.
DTC 21 Will Set When: When the transmission electrical connector is discon-
● Engine is operating. nected, the ground potential for the three range signals
● TP sensor signal voltage is greater than 4.9 voits.
to the TCM will be removed and D2 gear will be indicated
c Conditions are met for one second. DTC 28 Will Set When:
DTC 22 Will Set When: ● Range signals “A” and “C” are both zero volts.
● Engine is operating. ● Condition is met for 2 seconds.

. TP sensor signal voltage is less than 0.2 volt.
● Conditions are met for one second.
DTC 37/38
Torque Converter Clutch (TCC) Brake
DTC 24 Switch Stuck “ON”/
Output Speed Sensor Signal TCC Brake Switch Stuck “OFF”
Circuit Decription: Circuit Description:
The Output Speed sensor is a magnetic induction type The normally closed brake switch supplies a B+
sensor. Gear teeth pressed onto the output shaft signal volt when the TCC brake switch is closed
induce an alternating voltage into the sensor. (brake pedal not applied).
DTC 24 Will Set When: DTC 37 Will Set When:

● Not in P/N.
CKT 810B is open.
● CKT voltage is constant.
- Then vehicle speed is between 5 mph (8 kph)
and 20 mph (32 kph) for greater than 6
● Engine speed is greater than 3000 rpm.
seconds.
. Output speed is less than 200 rpm. - Then vehicle speed is greater than 20 mph (32
● TP is between 10% and 100%. kph) for greater than 6 seconds.
● All conditions are met for 3 seconds. - For a complete total of seven times.
DTC 38 Will Set When:
TCC brake switch feed CKT 810B has constant
voltage.
- Vehicle speed is greater than 20 mph (32 kph)
for greater than 6 seconds.
. Then vehicle speed is between 5 mph (8 kph)
and 20 mph (32 kph) for greater than 6
seconds.
- For a complete total of seven times.
2-422
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

(4L80-E)
DTC 39 DTC 52/53

TCC Stuck “OFF” System Voltage High Long/
Circuit Description: System Voltage High
The TCM commands the TCC PWM solenoid “ON” by Circuit Description:
modulating TCC signal fluid acting on the converter Ignition voltage is supplied to the control module to
clutch shift valve. Then TCC fluid applies the torque indicate the status of the ignition switch. Battery
converter clutch. voltage is supplied to the control module to, in part,
maintain memory of learned functions and parameters.
● TCC is commanded “ON.” DTC 52 Will Set When:
● TCC slip speed greater than 65 RPM. ● The ignition is “ON” and the system voltage
● Trans range in D3 or D4.

is greater than 16 volts.
● Condition is met for 109 minutes.
● 2nd or 3rd gear.
● All conditions are met for two seconds. DTC 53 Will Set When:
● The ignition is “ON” and the system voltage
DTC 51 is greater than 19.5 volts.
Faulty or Incorrect
● Condition is met for 2 minutes.
Circuit description:
The transmission Control Module (TCM) , an DTC 58
on board computer, receives and processes Transmission Fluid Temperature (TFT)
input signals from sensors on the vehicle and Sensor Circuit Low
delivers output signals to the solenoids located (High Temperature Indicated)
on the control valve assembly. These solenoids
control the transmission operating pressures, Circuit Description:
upshift and downshift patterns and torque The TFT sensor is a thermistor that controls the signal
converter clutch (TCC) operation. voltage to the TCM, The TCM supplies a
5-volt reference signal to the sensor on TWC pin “L.”
DTC 51 Will Set When: When the transmission fluid is cold, the sensor
● There is an uncorrectable computational error,
resistance is high and the TCM will sense high signal
or an input is in error intermittently. voltage.
As the transmission fluid temperature warms to
normal transmission operating temperature 212°F
(100°C), the sensor resistance becomes less and the
voltage decreases to approximately 1.5 to 2.0 volts. With
DTC 79 also set, check the transmission cooling system.
● Signal voltage indicates TFT greater than
304°F (151°C).
● Condition is met for 1 second.
2-423
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

(4L80-E)
DTC 59 DTC 69
Transmission Fluid Temperature (TFT) Torque Converter Clutch (TCC) Stuck “ON”
Sensor Circuit High
(Low Temperature Indicated) Circuit Description:
Circuit Description: The TCM commands the TCC PWM solenoid “ON”
The TFT sensor is a thermistor that controls the by modulating TCC signal fluid acting on the
signal voltage to the TCM. The TCM supplies a converter clutch shift vaIve. Then TCC fluid applies
5-volt reference signal to the sensor on TWC Pin “L.” the torque converter clutch.
When the transmission fluid is cold, the sensor
resistance is high and the TCM will sense high signal DTC 69 Will Set When:
voltage. ● TCC slip speed RPM indicates between -5 and
+10 RPM.
normal transmission operating temperature 212°F . TCC solenoid is commanded “OFF.”
(100°C), the sensor resistance becomes less and the ● TP sensor signal is greater than 25%.
voltage decreases to approximately 1.5 to 2.0 volts.

DTC 71
DTC 59 Will Set When: Engine Speed, Sensor Circuit Low
. Signal voltage indicates TFT less than
-34°F (-37°C). Circuit Description:
● Condition is met for 1 second.
The camshaft position sensor (CPS) detects the
DTC 68 rotational speed of the camshaft. As the camshaft
Transmission Component Slipping rotates, an AC signal is generated in the circuit.
Circuit Description: This signal provides the input to determine engine
speed for use in various calculations including TCC
The TCM monitors the difference in engine slip speed and overdrive ratio.
Speed and input Speed.
DTC 68 Will Set When: ● Engine speed less than 50 rpm
● TCC slip speed greater than 200 RPM. ● Transmission range indicates, R, D4, D3, or D1.
● Fourth gear is indicated. ● Conditions are met for 2 seconds.
● TCC is locked.
● Not in park/neutral.
● All conditions are met for 2 seconds.
● Trans range switch indicates D3 or D4.

● Commanded gear indicates 2nd or 3rd gear.
2-424
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
(4L80-E)
DTC 73 DTC 75
Pressure Control Solenoid (PCS) Circuit System Voltage Low
Current Error (Force Motor Circuit)
Circuit Description:
Ignition voltage is supplied to the control module to
The pressure control solenoid is a TCM-controlled indicate the status of the ignition switch. Battery
device used to regulate transmission line pressure. The voltage is supplied to the control module to, in part,
TCM compares TP voltage, engine rpm and other maintain memory of learned functions and parameters.
inputs to determine the appropriate line pressure of a
given load. The TCM will regulate the pressure by DTC 75 Will Set When:
applying a varying amperage to the pressure control ● The ignition is “ON.”
solenoid. The applied amperage can vary from 0.1 to ● Ignition feed voltage to the control module is
1.1 amp. The TCM then monitors the amperage at the less than the graduated scale of:
return line. . -40°F (-40°C) = 7.3 volts.
DTC 73 Will Set When: - 194°F (-90°C) = 10.3 volts.
. The return amperage varies greater than - 302°F (-150°C) = 11.7 volts.
0.16 amps from the commanded amperage. ● Engine speed greater than 1000 rpm.
. All conditions are met for 1 second. ● All conditions are met for 4 seconds.
DTC 74
Transmission Input Speed DTC 79
Sensor (TISS) Circuit Transmission Fluid Overtemp
The TISS sensor consists of a permanent magnet The Transmission Fluid Temperature (TFT) sensor
is a thermistor that controls the signal voltage to
surrounded by a coil of wire. As the forward clutch
housing rotates, an AC voltage is induced in the the TCM. The TCM supplies a 5-volt reference
signal to the sensor on CKT 923A. When the
circuit. The signal voltage and frequency vary
directly with the forward clutch rotational speed. transmission fluid is cold, the sensor resistance is
high and the TCM will sense high signal voltage.
DTC 74 Will Set When”
s Trans range not in park or neutral. normal transmission operating temperature 212°F
. Engine speed greater than 300 rpm. (100°C), the sensor resistance becomes less and the
● Trans output speed greater than 200 rpm.
voltage decreases to approximately 1.5 to 2.0 volts.
● Trans input speed less than 50 rpm. DTC 79 Will Set When:
. All conditions are met for 2 seconds. ● Trans fluid temp greater than 295°F (146°C).
● All conditions are met for 30 minutes.
2-425
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

(4L80-E)
DTC 81 DTC 83
2-3 Shift Solenoid Circuit Fault TCC Solenoid (PWM) Circuit Fault
Ignition voltage is supplied directly to the 2-3 shift The control module supplies a ground through an
solenoid. The TCM controls the solenoid by providing internal Quad-Driver Module (QDM) allowing
the ground path through CKT 315A to TCM. current to flow through the solenoid coil according
to the duty cycle (percentage of “ON” and “OFF”
DTC 81 Will Set When: time). This current flow through the solenoid coil
● The TCM commands the solenoid “ON” and creates a magnetic field that magnetizes the
voltage remains high. solenoid core. The magnetized core attracts the
c The TCM commands the solenoid “OFF” and check-ball to seat against spring pressure. This
voltage remains low. blocks the exhaust for the TCC signal fluid and
allows 2-3 drive fluid to feed the TCC signal circuit.
. All conditions are met for 2 seconds. The TCC signal fluid pressure acts on the TCC
DTC 82 regulator valve to regulate line pressure and to
1-2 Shift Solenoid Fault apply fluid pressure to the TCC shift valve. When
the TCC shift valve is in the “apply” position,
Circuit Description: regulated apply fluid pressure is directed through
the TCC valve to apply the torque converter clutch.
Ignition voltage is supplied directly to the 1-2 shift
solenoid. The TCM controls the solenoid by providing DTC 83 Will Set When:
● The TCM commands the solenoid “ON” and
the ground path through CKT 237A to TCM.
voltage remains high.
DTC 82 Will Set When: ● The TCM commands the solenoid “OFF” and
● The TCM commands the solenoid “ON” and voltage remains low.
voltage remains high. ● AU conditions are met for 2 seconds.
● The TCM commands the solenoid “OFF” and
voltage remains low.

2-426
TM 9-2320-280-20-1

(4L80-E)
DTC 85 DTC 87
Undefined Ratio Error High Ratio Error
The control module calculates ratio based on the The control module calculates ratio based on the
transmission input speed and output speed sensor transmission input speed and output speed sensor
reading. The control module compares the known readings. The control module compares the known
transmission ratio to the calculated ratio for the transmission ratio to the calculated ratio for the
particular gear range selected. particular gear range selected.
DTC 85 Will Set When: DTC 87 Will Set When:
● TP is greater than 25%. ● TP greater than 25%.
. Not in park neutral, or 4th gear. ● Not in park, reverse, or neutral.
. Engine speed is greater than 300 rpm. . Engine speed greater than 300 rpm.
● Vehicle speed is greater than 7 mph (11 kph). . Vehicle speed greater than 7 mph (11 kph).
● Transmission temperature is greater than
68°F (20°C).
DTC 86
Low Ratio Error
The control module calculates ratio based on the
transmission input speed and output speed sensor
readings. The control module compares the known
transmission ratio to the calculated ratio for the
particular gear range selected.
● Not in park, reverse, or neutral.
● Engine speed greater than 300 rpm.
● TP greater than 25%.
● Vehicle speed is greater than 7 mph (11 kph).
● Trans gear ratio is less than 1.06 in first or
second gear.
2-427
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART

(4L80-E)
NOTE
• The following diagnostics will help isolate and
repair problem circuits, wires, pins, connectors,
sensors, circuit breakers, and solenoids.
• For repair of all wiring, refer to para. 4-85.
• Check connector pins before inserting probes.
J1 CABLE DIAGNOSTICS CHART
J1 Voltage Measurements With Ignition ON, Engine OFF,

and Glow Plug Controller Disconnected. Refer to para 4-29.
CKT NOM. CKT # PIN TO PIN EXP READ
IGN PWR 291D j a or b 12VDC No

Go to pg 2-430
Battery Pos 537D Z a or b 12VDC No Go to pg 2-431
Trans Lp 657A U* a or b LED Lights No Go to pg 2-432
Brake Sw 810B W a or b 12V (Brake OFF) No Go to pg 2-433
Brake Sw 810B W a or b O (Brake ON) No

Go to pg 2-433
* Jumper wire from U to a or b.
Reconnect Glow Plug Controller; refer to para 4-29.

J1 Voltage Measurement With Ignition ON, Engine ON,
and Transmission in PARK.
Engine RPM 349A h c or p 0.3 Volts

min @ idle Go to pg 2-434
Press SW A 765A A a or b Open wire No Go to pg 2-442
Press SW B 763A B a or b 0 to 1 ohms No Go to pg 2-442
Press SW C 764A C a or b Open wire No Go to pg 2-442
2-428 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

(4L80-E)
NOTE
Check connector pins before inserting probes.
J1 CABLE DIAGNOSTICS CHART (Cont’d)
J1 Resistance Measurements With Ignition OFF
Battery Neg 599A a Shunt O ohms No Go to pg 2-431
Battery Neg 599B b Shunt O ohms No Go to pg 2-431
TPS 355A s c or p ~ 1 to 2 Kohms No

Go to pg 2-435
TPS 350A d c or p 4 to 6 Kohms No

Go to pg 2-435
495A No
TISS m n 1 to 2 Kohms Go to pg 2-436
496A
497A No
TOSS S R 1 to 2 Kohms Go to pg 2-437
498A
TCC SOL 924A X j ~ 8 to 12 ohms No

Go to pg 2-438
SHIFT SOL A 237A E j ~18 to 24 ohms No

Go to pg 2-439
SHIFT SOL B 375A D j ~18 to 24 ohms No Go to pg 2-440
FORCE MTR 264A g k 3.5 to 5.2 ohms No Go to pg 2-441

265A
Trans Temp 923A e c or p 40 ohm to 5 Kohm No

Sensor (High Temp → Low Resist.) Go to pg 2-443
Upon completion of J1 cable diagnostics, operate the vehicle and recheck for codes to insure codes have
cleared. If codes have not cleared, refer to DS Maintenance.
Change 1 2-429
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-40 para. 4-85 para 4-85 para. 4-41
2-430
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-40
para. 4-85
2-431
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-38
page 2-428.
page 2-429.
para. 4-42
2-432
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-61
para. 4-85
para. 4-61
para. 4-85
page 2-428.
2-433
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-33
para. 4-33 para. 4-85
2-434
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-45
2-435
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
NOTE
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-46
para. 4-85
para. 4-46
2-436
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

(4L80-E)
TRANSMISSION OUTPUT SPEED

SENSOR (TOSS) CIRCUIT
NOT E
If reading from J1 diagnostics chart is greater than 2, perform high
resistance - less than 1 perform low resistance.
HIGH RESISTANCE
497A Check transmission output speed sensor
498A connector and pins for continuity. NO
Repair pin(s) or connector,

YES
(para. 4-85)
Disconnect and check continuity of wire 495A

Repair wire 497A,
on J1 pin S to transmission output speed NO and/or wire 498A,
connector pin A, and check continuity of wire
(para. 4-85).
498A on J1 pin R to transmission output
speed connector pin B.
YES
Check continuity of transmission output

speed sensor and pins A and B (TOSS) Replace TOSS,
NO (para. 4-46).
1 Kohm to 2 Kohms Ω.
END
LOW RESISTANCE
Disconnect TOSS and check continuity between Repair wire 497A/498A,

YES (para. 4-85).
pins M and N at J1.
NO
Replace TOSS, END

(para. 4-46).
Change 1 2-437
TM 8-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
2-438
TM 8-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
2-439
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
2-440
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
2-441
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
2-442
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
2-443/(2-444 blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-36. BRAKE SYSTEM TESTS
These Brake System tests may be run any time you think you have a braking problem or if you
were sent here by another test chain. Just follow the path, answering the questions. Additional
NOTE
• The brake lights and the parking brake warning lamp are not
diagnosed here. If you are having trouble with these parts,
and you are sure the brakes are OK, go to Instruments, Page
2-319, for the warning lamp, or Lights, Page 2-389, for the
brake lights.
• When parking brake handle is pulled, the parking brake is

applied to the left and right rear service brake rotors.
Change 1 2-445
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-448
Page 2-450
2-446
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-447
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-446
2-448
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION BRAKES
PARKING BRAKE ADJUSTMENT:
A. Chock wheels and release parking brake

handle.
B. Turn adjusting knob at the tip of the brake
handle clockwise as tight as possible by
hand.
C. Apply parking brake handle.
D. If parking brake cannot be applied, turn
adjusting knob counterclockwise until
parking brake can be applied.
E. Test parking brake.
WARNING
Make sure the area is clear of personnel and
obstacles prior to performing this test. Failure
to do so may result in serious injury.
(1) Remove chocks.
(2) Depress service brake pedal and start
engine.
(3) Place transmission shift lever in drive and
transfer case shift lever in high.
(4) Apply parking brake and slowly let up on
service brake pedal. Vehicle should
remain stationary.
Replace or repair parts, refer to (para. 7-3)
for old configuration.
Replace or repair parts, refer to (para 7-20)

for new configuration.
Repair or replace linkage, refer to (paras. 7-5, 7-23, and 7-24).
Change 1 2-449
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-446
Page 2-452
2-450
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para 7-10
para 7-13
para 7-13
para 7-10
2-451
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-450
Page 2-454
2-452
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Replace brake pad, refer to (para 7-11).
NOTE
The minimum brake pad thickness is 1/8 of an
inch (3.2mm).
Replace service brake rotor, refer to (para 7-1 9).
NOTE
The only way the rotors can be sticking is if the
calipers are not releasing fully.
Remove calipers. clean and lubricate guide pins

with grease.
Replace and clean brake caliper, refer to

(para 7-12).
2-453
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-452
Page 2-456
Page 2-459
2-454
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
6"REFERENCE INFORMATION BRAKES
Test for faulty proportioning valve:
Drive the vehicle and have an assistant

observe during the performance of this test.
With vehicle at curb weight, decelerate

vehicle from 46 to 40mph (72 to 69 kph)
on dry concrete mad and apply sufficient
pressure to lockup front brakes. If rear
brakes lock up before front brakes, then
the proportioning valve should be replaced.
Replace proportioning valve, refer to

(para 7-18).
Method for checking hydrobooster:
Depress brake pedal several times to

exhaust accumulator pedal. Depress
brake pedal and start engine. Brake
pedal should fall, then push back
against operators foot.
Replace hydro-booster, refer to (para 7-14).
Replace service brake pedal, refer to (para 7-16).
The steering tests will check for suspension

problems that will affect braking.
2-455
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-454
PARAGRAPH 2-37
2-456
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Bleed power steering system, refer

to (para 8-29).
Check belts using the belt tension

gauge, refer to (pars 3-82) (All
except “A2” vehicles).
A defective power steering pump,

gear, hoses, or control valve could
affect hydro-booster operation.
2-457/(2-458 blank)
TM 8-2320-280-20-1
2-37. STEERING SYSTEM TESTS
These Steering System tests may be run any time you have a steering problem or if you were
sent here by another test chain. Just follow the path, answering the questions. Additional
The fold-out page shows the location of the major components of the steering in case you are not
familiar with them. These parts are shown in a schematic manner. Illustrations of the actual
components are given wherever applicable on the reference pages of the diagnostics.
Fold-out page FO-14 may be left open for reference while testing. The functional flow diagram
shows the mechanical and hydraulic parts of the system and how they interact. Even if the
hydraulic system fails, you will still be able to steer the vehicle, although it will require more effort.
2-459
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-445.
Page 2-464
Page 2-466
Page 2-462
2-460
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION STEERING SYSTEM
Make sure that the area where you conduct these teats is free of natural
and man-made obstructions. Failure to do so may result in serious injury.
Visualty inspect steering components:

1. Check all four tires and rims for wear, inflation, damage, or warping.
a. Adjust tire pressure (TM 9-2320-280-10).
b. Replace my unserviceable rims (para 8-4).
2. check steering linkage for damage.
a. Replace any damaged steering Iinkage components (para 3-12).
b. Lubricate steering linkage (TM 9-2320-280-10).
3. Check power steeing fluid for contamination and level
(TM 9-2320-280-10).
a. Drain and replace any fluid that appears black and smells burned.
b. Bleed air from system where fluid appears milky white (para 8-29).
4. Check pump drivebelts for fraying, cracks, damage, or misadjustrnent.
a. Replace unserviceable power steering drivebelts (para 3-80).
b. Adjust loose power steering drivebelts (para 3-82).
While travelling at a moderate speed (20mph) (32 kmph), apply the
brakes while applying minimal pressure to the steering wheel. If pull to
one side or the other occurs, make a note of the speed at which it
occurs and on what side of the vehicle it occurs. Repeat this
procedure for different speeds and braking forces. If the vehicle seems
to steer straight while braking, then there probably isn’t a problem with
the brakes (at least not one that affects the steering). If the braking
action feels strange in anyway, then the brake diagnostics should be
run to assure vehicle safety. TM test will usually reveal problems with
frozen brake calipers.
If the wheels are out of alignment or if the tires are worn unevenly, vehicle
may wander.
Symptoms of bad steering characteristics include hard steering, excesssive

play in steering, a momentary increase in steering effort when turning wheel
quickly, end jerking of the steering wheel when turning.
2-461
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-460
Page 2-472
2-462
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
L
I Drive the vehicle until the fires warm up. If the
condition goes away it was probably caused
by a burst lube pack or a flat spot on a tire.
Both of these conditions are OK since the
vehicle will operate normally after the fires
I
warm up.
2-463
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-460
Page 2-472
2-464
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Uneven tire wear can be caused by improper inflation,

suspension misalignment or damage, hard service, or
wheel imbalance. For wheel and tire replacement and
maintenance procedures, refer to (para 8-3).
For instructions on adjusting front wheel toe-in, refer to

(para 8-10).
For instructions on adjusting rear wheel toe-out, refer to

(para 8-11). Part C will test out the suspension parts to
see if they are OK.
2-465
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-460
Page 2-468
2-466
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Check belts using the belt tension gauge, refer to

(para 3-82) (All except “A2” Vehicles).
Do not overfill hydraulic fluid.
See TM 9-2320-280-10 for fluid replacement pro-

cedure. For bleeding procedure, refer to (para 8-29).
Low fluid level could indicate a problem elsewhere in

the system, either leaking hydraulic Iines or a leaking
or demaged power steering pump. lf adding fluid
seems to cure the problem, you should probably run
the reat of the tests to make sure there aren’t any
other problem.
A Ioose pump, pulley, or bracket could cause excess

noise, slipping belts, or other malfunctions. For appro-
priate repair or replacement procedures, refer to
(para 8-24).
2-467
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-466
Page 2-470
2-468
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Check hydraulic hoses, power steering pump, power steering cooler, hydraulic control valve, hydro-boost unit, steering gear,
fan shroud, and fan clutch. See hose replacement procedures (refer to para 8-25). Check power steering cooler for bent fins
or any other airflow restrictions. Straighten fins or replace power steering cooler (para. 8-28) if damaged beyond repair.
NOTE
• If you have a power steering analyzer, you can use it here to test the power steering pump
and gear and the rest of the hydraulic system. If you use a power steering analyzer, you
don't have to follow the test chain further.
• Refer to the Diagnostic Connector Assembly (DCA) Functional Flow Diagram (FO-16) for
DCA to Transducer Kit (TK) cross reference when using the STE/ICE-R.
Power steering analyzer procedure
1. Disconnect high pressure hose from hydro-boost leading to power steering pump. Connect analyzer to hydro-boost
and pressure hose. Open valve on analyzer.
1.1. Remove oil cooler and hydraulic control valve from hydraulic circuit by running a 54 in. (137 cm) piece of power steering
pump return line from gear return tube straight to pump return tube. Plug the disconnected hoses to prevent air from
getting in.
2. Disconnect harness connector at hydraulic control valve (para. 8-26). Check fluid level in power steering pump and add
fluid as necessary.
3. Connect STE/ICE-R for purpose of recording engine rpm in step 8.
4. Start engine and allow it to idle for 3-5 minutes or until system is hot. Check for leaks.
5. Record pump pressure and flow rate. Pressure should be 220-250 psi (1,516-1,724 kPa) and a minimum of 3.0 -
3.25 gpm (11.35 - 12.3 Lpm) flow. If pressure is too high and/or flow is too low, check for restrictions in pressure lines by
passing air through them. Remove pressure relief cartridge (para. 8-30), clean the screen and bore of relief valve with
compressed air and drycleaning solvent. Check pressure and flow again. If readings are not within specifications,
replace power steering pump (para. 8-24).
6. Partially close valve on analyzer to increase pressure to 700 psi (4,826 kPa) and record flow. Subtract flow rate from
measurement in step 5.If flow varies by more than 1 gpm (3.8 Lpm), replace power steering pump (para. 8-24).
CAUTION
Do not leave valve fully closed for more than 5 seconds or pump damage will result.
7. Close and partially open valve on analyzer three times. Record highest pressure reading each time. All three readings
must be 1,300 psi (8,964 kPa) or above. If not, replace power steering pump (para. 8-24).
8. Open valve on analyzer and increase engine speed to 1,500 rpm. Record flow and compare to measurement in step 6.
If flow varies by more than 1 gpm (3.8 Lpm), remove pressure relief cartridge (para. 8-30), clean bore and screen with
compressed air and drycleaning solvent. Repeat step. If flow still varies by more then 1 gpm (3.8 Lpm) from
measurement in step 6, replace power steering pump (para. 8-24).
9. Turn steering wheel fully to the left and right and record flow at each stop. Flow should drop to 1 gpm (3.8 Lpm) or
less. If not, replace steering gear (para. 8-21).
10.Push brake pedal to floor and hold. Flow should drop to 0.5-1.5 gpm (1.9-5.7 Lpm) or less. If not, replace
hydro-boost (para. 7-14).
11.Turn steering wheel slightly to left or right and release quickly while watching pressure gauge. Pressure gauge
should snap back quickly. If pressure gauge returns slowly, replace steering gear (para. 8-21).
12.Push brake pedal down and release quickly while watching pressure gauge. Pressure gauge should snap back quickly. If
not, replace hydro-boost
: (para. 7-14).
13.When testing is done, connect harness connector to hydraulic control valve. Remove power steering analyzer,
connect steering lines, and bleed power steering system (para. 8-29).
NOTE
You must be certain that the engine cooling system is working ok, or this test won't tell you
anything. If the engine is cold, and everything is working ok, the fan should be disengaged.
You can tell by gently revving the engine in neutral with the hood open. If the fan is engaged
you will feel a breeze outside the driver's door. If it's disengaged, you won't feel it. If you
aren't sure if it's working ok, run the tests in Paragraph 2-25.
Change 1 2-469
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-468
2-470
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Method for checking hydro-booster. Depress brake pedal several times to

exhaust accumulator. Depress brake pedal and start engine. Brake pedal
should fall, then push back against operator's foot.
PARA 2-19
NOTE
To diagnose the second and third cases to one item, it is necessary
to have a power steering analyzer. Additionally, for all cases, check
the hoses for the particular part to make sure they are OK.
2-471
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-462
Page 2-464
Page 2-474
2-472
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Check for looseness in idler arm and pitman

arm, refer to (para. 8-18 and 8-14). For
replacing center link refer to (para. 8-15). For
replacing tie rods refer to (para. 8-17).
For adjusting the drivebelt tension, refer to (para. 3-82,

all except M1123 and "A2" vehicles), and replacing
the pulley, refer to (para 8-24).
CAUTION
M1123 and "A2"
Do not loosen slotted nut to install cotter pin. Loosening the nut
may result in damage to the equipment.
CONFIGURATION
To check for proper operation of ball joints:

(i) Chock rear wheels front and back.
(ii) Raise front wheels about two inches off the ground and
support on a jack stand.
(a)Lower ball joints.
(iii) Mark a line across the head of the top bolt holding the steering
arm cover. Make sure the mark is parallel to the lower control
arm.
(iv) Put a prybar between the cover control arm and geared hub.
(v) Set a 6-inch ruler upright between the lower control arm and the
marked screw.
(vi) Push down the prybar to try to move the hub.
(vii) Measure movement in the hub assembly. If movement is more
than 1/8 inch (3 mm), replace lower ball joint (refer to para. 6-27).
(b) Upper ball joints.
(viii) Grasp top of tire and attempt to move it in and out.
(ix) Measure any movement at top outer edge of tire. Replace upper ball
joints if tire movement is 3/8 inch (10 mm) or more (refer to para. 6-26).
Change 1 2-473
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-472
Page 2-476
2-474
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
For upper and Iower control arm and bushing

replacement instructions, refer to (para 6-28
and 6-29).
To test the shocks and springs, drive the vehicle

over a variety of terrain. If the vehicle continues
to bounce after hitting a bump, the shocks may
be worn. If the vehicle bottoms out on the
suspension, the shocks may be worn. If the
vehicle sags when loaded, the springs maybe
worn. If the shock absorber bodies are not warm
after driving the vehicle, the shocks are no good.
For coil spring and shock absorber replacement
instructions, refer to (para 6-30 and 6-31).
For instructions on replacing the radius rod, refer

to (para 6-25).
2-475
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-474
2-476
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
NOTE
Inspect intermediate shaft U-joints for wear, binding,
or missing/damaged grease fittings. Replace or
lubricate as necessary. Refer to (para. 8-22) for
replacement and TM 9-2320-280-10, Appendix G, for
lubrication instructions.
Replace the steering column and intermediate shaft,

refer to (paras 8-19 and 8-20).
Replace the stabilizer bar, refer to (para 6-23).
If you still have a problem, rerun the test chain

to make sure you didn't miss anything. If you
didn't go down the “A” chain, you may want to
run those tests in order to check out the
hydraulic parts of the steering system.
Change 1 2-477/(2-478 blank)

TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-38. DRIVETRAIN TESTS
These Drivetrain tests maybe run anytime you think you have a drivetrain problem or if you were
sent here by another test chain. Just follow the path, answering the questions. Additional
The fold-out page shows the location of the major components of the drivetrain system in case you
are not familiar with them.
Fold-out page FO-15 may be left open for reference while testing. Also, due to the design of the
functional flow diagram, it is not necessary to have a location of parts diagram, so it has been
omitted.
NOTE
Problems with the transmission and drivetrain cooling system are
dealt with in Paragraph 2-34 or 2-35.
2-479
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
DRIVETRAIN DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART

START

NOTHING VISUAL - SEE NOTE AT RIGHT.
IS THE TRANSMISSION
FLUID OK?

Transmission fluid passes through
TRANSFER CASE
the transfer oil cooler located inside
DIFFERENTIALS
the transfer case.
HALF AND PROPELLER
SHAFTS
SEE NOTE
CV & U-JOINTS NO
GEARED HUBS
AT RIGHT
YES
FLUID OK TRY ALL TRANSFER CASE

ROAD TEST THE VEHICLE.
OPTIONS AND NOTE
DOES IT PASS? UNUSUAL BEHAVIOR.

A road test is the best way
TRANSFER CASE to test the drivetrain.
DIFFERENTIALS
HALF AND PROPELLER
SHAFTS
NO GO TO A,
CV & U-JOINTS
Page 2-486
GEARED HUBS
YES
SHIFTER OK VISUAL INSPECTION.

FLUID OK DOES THE SPEEDOMETER
VEHICLE PASSES WORK?
ROAD TEST

The speedometer is driven by
TRANSFER CASE the rear output shaft of the
DIFFERENTIALS transfer case.
HALF AND PROPELLER
SHAFTS
NO GO TO C,
CV & U-JOINTS
Page 2-494
GEARED HUBS
YES
GO TO 4,
Page 2-482
2-480 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION DRIVETRAIN
1. Start engine
2. Hold down brake pedal and move transmission
shift lever through ail ranges including reverse.
3. Engage parking brake and place shift lever in
neutral. Check fluid level on dipstick.
4. Proper level is between FULL and ADD marks
on dipstick
NOTE
Check fluid for a burnt smell, grit, discoloration, air
bubbles, or a milky appearance.
o Burnt smell, discolration, or grit indicates worn

or damaged internal components. Notify DS
maintenance.
o Bubbles indicate of an overfilled system or air

leaks in the syetem. Drain the fluid and refill to
proper level, refer to (para 5-2).
o Milky appearance is due to watar in the system.

Replace fluid, and replace fifter.
If the speedometer works, but the vehicle doesn't

move, the transmission is OK and the problem is in
the final drive. Most likely the fault is in the splined
output shafts of the transfer case. Listen for unusual
noise.
2-481
TM 8-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-480
Page 2-484
2-482
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Check for torn boots on the CV joints,

stripped splines, smooth joint operation,
and proper mounting torques.
Replace halfshafts and CV joints, refer

to (para 6-9).
TM 9-2320-280-10.
Check for smooth operation of U-joints,

stripped splines, bent yokes, or other
problems. Also check to see if the shaft
itself is bent. Replace propeller shafts or
U-joints, refer to (para 6-2 through 6-7).
Lube in accordance with TM 9-2320-280-10.
Make sure the geared hubs turn freely.

Check mounting hardware for proper
installation
Lube in accordance with TM 9-2320-280-10.
Replace geared hubs, refer to (para 6-11).
2-483
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-482
2-484
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Check for loose mounting

and broken parts.
Check fluid in accordance

with TM 9-2320-280-10.
Notify DS maintenance for

other faults.
2-485
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-480
Page 2-490
PAGE 2-399 or 2-411
Page 2-399 or 2-411
Page 2-488
2-486
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Lube in accordance with table 2-1.
Adjust and repair linkage, refer to (para 5-8 or 5-11).

Make sure the detents in the shifter correspond with
the positions on the name plate.
If difficulty occurs when shifting transfer range

with engine running, perform Engine Idle Speed
Adjustment prior to troubleshooting drivetrain.
If engine was turned OFF in order to shift transfer to

desired range, notify DS maintenance.
For the vehicle not to move, there must be a

major problem in the drivetrain.
If you've already run the transmission tests,

and you still can't find the problem, continue
down this test chain.
2-487
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-486
2-488
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Lube in accordance with

TM 9-2320-280-10.
Check for smooth operation

of U-Joints, stripped splines,
bent yokes, or other problems.
Also check to see if the shaft
itself is bent.
Repair and replace propeller

shafts and U-joints, refer to
(para 6-4 thru 6-7).
Check for torn boots on the

CV joints, stripped splines,
smooth joint operation, and
proper mounting torques.
For halfshaft maintenance

procedures, refer to (para 6-9).

TM 9-2320-280-10.
Make sure the geared hubs turn

freely. Check mounting hardware
for proper installation.
TM 9-2320-280-10.
NOTE
If you havan’t found any faults,
check the differential fluid in
accordance with TM 9-2320-280-10.
Otherwise notify DS maintenance.
2-489
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-486
Page 2-492
2-490
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
If the vehicle doesn’t work,

then both shafts would have
to be broken.
Check for smooth operation

of U-joints, stripped splines,
bent yokes, or other problems.
Also check to see if the shaft

itself is bent.
Replace propeller shafts, refer

to (para 6-2 thru 6-6).

TM 9-2320-280-10.
If the vehicle doesn’t move,

all four shafts maybe broken.
Check for tom boots on
the CV joints, stripped splines,
smooth joint operation,
and proper mounting torques.
For halfshaft maintenance pro-

cddures, refer to (para 6-9).

TM 9-2320-280-10.
2-491
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-490
PARA. 2-34 or 2-35
2-492
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Make sure the geared hubs turn freely.

For geared hub replacement procedure,
refer to (para 6-11). Check mounting
hardware for proper installation.
TM 9-2320-280-10.
Check for loose mounting and broken

parts. Notify DS maintenance.
Check fluid level in accordance with

TM 9-2320-280-10.
Notify DS maintenance for other faults.
2-493
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-480
2-494
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
A no answer means the speedometer did move.
NOTE
If you answer NO, check the driven gear in the
transfer case. if it’s OK, the problem is the drive
gear. Notify DS maintenance.
Replace the driven gear, refer to (para 5-24).
Replace the cable, refer to (para 4-15).
Replace speedometer, refer to (para 4-14).
2-495/(2-496 Blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-39. AMBULANCE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM TESTS
This section provides information to diagnose and correct malfunctions of the ambulance electrical system.
Each malfunction symptom given for an individual component or system is followed by step(s) that you
should take to determine the cause and corrective action necessary to remedy the problem.
Before taking any action to correct a possible malfunction, the following rules should be followed:
(1) Question the operator to obtain any information that might help you determine the cause of the problem.
(2) Never overlook the chance that the problem could be of simple origin because it could be corrected with
minor adjustment.
(3) Use all senses to observe and locate trouble spots.
(4) Use test instruments or gauges to help you determine and isolate problem.
(5) Always isolate the system where the malfunction occurs and then locate the defective component.
(6) Use standard automotive theories and principles when troubleshooting the vehicles covered in this
manual.
(7) Functional Schematics for ambulance electrical systems are located on pages 2-685 thru 2-691.
2-497
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Fig. 11.
Page 2-750
Page 2-252
Page 2-750
Page 2-500
2-498
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-499
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-498
(Refer to Fig. 11.)
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-502
2-500
TM 8-2320-280-20-1
(para. 4-118).
(para. 4-120).
2-501
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-500
(Refer to Fig. 11.)
PAGE 2-752
PAGE 2-752
PAGE 2-752
Page 2-504
2-502
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(para. 4-85).
(para. 4-85).
(para. 4-92).
2-503
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-502
(Refer to Fig. 11.)
PAGE 2-752
PAGE 2-752
Page 2-506
2-504
TM 8-2320-280-20-1
(para. 4-93).
2-505
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
AMBULANCE
(All Dome Lamps)
With Ambulance
Compartment Front Door, Page 2-504
Rear Door, and Rear Step
Closed (Refer to Fig. 11.)
PAGE 2-752
PAGE 2-752
PAGE 2-196
PAGE 2-752
Page 2-508
2-506
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(para. 4-93).
(para. 4-85).
(para. 4-85).
(para. 4-85).
(para. 4-85).
2-507
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-506
PAGE 2-752
PAGE 2-752
Page 2-510
2-508
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(para. 4-94).
(para. 4-85).
2-509
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
AMBULANCE
(All Dome Lamps)
With Ambulance

PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-512
2-510
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-511
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
AMBULANCE
(All Dome Lamps)
With Ambulance
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-514
2-512
TM 8-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-87
para. 4-85
2-513
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-512
Fig. 11.
PAGE 2-752
PAGE 2-752
PAGE 2-752
Page 2-516
2-514
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-118
2-515
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-514
Fig. 11.
PAGE 2-752
PAGE 2-752
PAGE 2-752
Page 2-518
2-516
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
2-517
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-516
Fig. 11.
PAGE 2-752
2-518
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-87
2-519
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Fig. 11.
PAGE 2-498
PAGE 2-500
PAGE 2-522.
Page 2-522
2-520
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-59
2-521
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-520
Fig. 11.
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-524
2-522
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para.4-59
para. 4-120
2-523
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-522
Fig. 11.
PAGES 2-510 THROUGH 2-514.
PAGE 2-512,
PAGE 2-752
PAGE 2-752
Page 2-526
2-524
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-525
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-524
Fig. 11.
PAGE 2-752
2-526
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-527
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Fig. 11.
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-530
2-528
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(para. 4-87).
(para. 4-85).
(para. 4-85).
2-529
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-528
(Refer to Fig. 11.)
Page 2-532
2-530
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-531
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-530
(Refer to Fig. 11.)
PAGE 2-752
PAGE 2-752
2-532
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(para. 4-85).
(para. 4-87).
(para 4-85).
(para. 4-85).
2-533
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Fig. 11.
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-536
2-534
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(para. 4-87).
(para. 4-85).
(para. 4-85).
2-535
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-534
Fig. 11.
Page 2-538
2-536
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-537
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-536
Fig. 11.
PAGE 2-752
PAGE 2-752
2-538
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(para. 4-85).
(para. 4-87)
(para. 4-85).
(para. 4-85).
2-539
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Fig. 11.
PAGE 2-750
2-540
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(para. 4-85).
(para. 4-85).
(para. 4-87).
2-541
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Fig. 11.
Page 2-546
Page 2-544
2-542
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-543
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-542
Fig. 11.
PAGE 2-750
2-544
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(para. 4-88).
(para. 4-85).
(para. 4-85).
2-545
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-542
Fig. 11.
PAGES 2-520 THROUGH 2-526,

PAGE 2-542.
2-546
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-547
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Fig. 11.
Page 2-546,
2-548
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-549
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Fig. 12.
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-552
PAGE 2-752
2-550
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(para. 4-104).
2-551
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-550
(Refer to Fig. 12).
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-252
2-552
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-553
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(Refer to Fig. 13.)
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-252
PAGE 2-752
Page 2-556
2-554
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(para. 4-85).
(para. 4-85).
2-555
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-554
Fig. 13.)
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-752
2-556
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(para. 4-85).
(para. 4-85).
(para. 4-85).
(para. 4-85).
(para. 4-90).
2-557
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(Refer to Fig. 13.)
PAGE 2-554,
PAGE 2-752
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-560
2-558
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(para. 4-85).
(para. 4-85).
(para. 4-85).
(para. 4-85).
2-559
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Fig. 13.) Page 2-558
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-752
2-560
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(para. 4-85).
(para. 4-85).
(para. 4-85).
(para. 4-90).
2-561
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(Refer to Fig. 14.)
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-564
Page 2-578
2-562
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-563
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-562
(Refer to Fig.
Fig. 14.)
14.)
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-252
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
2-564 Page 2-566

TM 9-2320-230-20-1
(para. 4-85).
(para. 4-85).
2-565
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-564
Fig. 14.
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-568
2-566
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(pagea. 4-85).
(para. 4-85).
2-567
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-566
Fig. 14.
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-570
2-568
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-127
2-569
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-568
Fig. 14.
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-572
2-570
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-571
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-570
Fig. 14.
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-574
2-572
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-573
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-572
Fig. 14.
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
2-574 Page 2-576

TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-575
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-574
Fig. 14.
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-578
2-576
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-122
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
2-577
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-562
Page 2-576
Fig. 14.
PAGE 2-752
2-578
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
2-579
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Fig. 14.
Page 2-582
2-580
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-581
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-580
Fig. 14.
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-584
PAGE 2-752
Page 2-592
2-582
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 11-198
2-583
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-582
Fig. 14.
PAGE 2-564,
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-586
2-584
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
2-585
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-584
Fig. 14.
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-588
2-586
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
2-587
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-586
Fig. 14.
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-590
2-588
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-127
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
2-589
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-588
Fig. 14.
Page 2-582
2-590
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION AMBULANCE
2-591
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-582
fIG. 14.
PAGE 2-752
Page 2-594
2-592
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
2-593
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-592
Fig. 14.
PAGE 2-752
PAGE 2-752
PAGE 2-752
Page 2-596
2-594
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
2-595
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Fig. 14. Page 2-594
2-596
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Replace evaporator fans, refer to (para.11-198).
2-597
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Fig. 14.
Page 2-600
2-598
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-599
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Fig. 14. Page 2-598
PAGES 2-562 TO 2-578
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-752
Page 2-602
2-600
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
2-601
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-600
Fig. 14.
PAGE 2-752
PAGE 2-752
2-602
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 11-201
2-603
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Fig. 14.
PAGE 2-752
PAGE 2-750
2-604
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
refer to 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 11-201
2-605
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Fig. 15.
Page 2-608
2-606
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 11-214
para. 11-211
2-607
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Fig. 15. Page 2-606
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-252
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-610
2-608
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
2-609
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-608
Fig. 15.
PAGE 2-750.
PAGE 2-750.
Page 2-612
2-610
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-120
2-611
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Fig. 15. Page 2-610
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-752
Page 2-614
2-612
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-127
2-613
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-612
Fig. 15.
Page 2-616
2-614
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-615
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Fig.15. Page 2-614
PAGE 2-752
PAGE 2-752
2-616
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 11-212
2-617
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Figs.14-16
Page 2-620
2-618
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
AMBULANCE
2-619
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-618
Figs. 14-16
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-252
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-622
2-620
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
2-621
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Figs.14-16
Page 2-620
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-624
PAGE 2-752
2-622
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 11-194
2-623
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Figs. 14-16 Page 2-622
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-626
2-624
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
2-625
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-624
Figs. 14-16
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-628
2-626
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-627
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-626
Figs. 14-16
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-630
2-628
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-126 or 4-127
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
2-629
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-628
Figs. 14-16
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-632
2-630
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-126 or 4-127
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
2-631
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-630
Figs. 14-16
PAGE 2-750
2-632
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 11-194
2-633
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Figs. 15, 16.
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-752
2-634
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-126 or 4-127
2-635
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Figs. 14-16.
Page 2-638
2-636
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 11-193
2-637
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-636
Figs. 14-16.
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-640
2-638
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 11-192
para. 4-85
para. 4-127
2-639
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-638
Figs. 14-16.
PAGE 2-750
2-640
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 11-190 or 11-209
2-641
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Figs. 14-16.
Page 2-648
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
Page 644
2-642
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-127
2-643
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-642
Figs. 14-16.
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-646
2-644
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
2-645
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-644
Figs. 14-16.
PAGE 2-750
2-646
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 11-194
para. 11-190 or 11-209
2-647
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Figs. 14-16.
Page 2-642
Page 2-650
2-648
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-649
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Figs. 14-16.
Page 2-648
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-252
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-652
2-650
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
2-651
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Figs. 14-16.
Page 2-650
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-654
2-652
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
2-653
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Figs. 14-16.
Page 2-652
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-656
2-654
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
2-655
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-654
Figs. 14-16.
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-752
Page 2-658
2-656
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-126 or 4-127
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
2-657
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Figs. 14-16.
Page 2-656
Page 2-642
2-658
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Replace heater assembly,

refer to (paras.11-190 or 11-209).
2-659
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Fig. 17.
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-662
PAGE 2-752
Page 2-668
2-660
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-661
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Fig. 17.
Page 2-660
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-252
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-664
2-662
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
2-663
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Fig. 17.
Page 3-662
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-666
2-664
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
2-665
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Fig. 17.
Page 2-664
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-660
2-666
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
2-667
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Fig. 17.
Page 2-660
PAGE 2-752
PAGE 2-752
PAGE 2-752
Page 2-670
2-668
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
para. 4-85
2-669
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Fig. 17.
Page 2-668
PAGE 2-752
2-670
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
PARA. 4-85
2-671
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Fig. 17.
Page 2-660
Page 2-674
2-672
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-673
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Fig. 17.
Page 2-672
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-676
2-674
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
AMBULANCE
2-675
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Fig. 17.)
Page 2-674
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-678
2-676
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-677
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Fig. 17. Page 2-676
PAGE 2-752
PAGE 2-752
PAGE 2-752
Page 2-680
2-678
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(para. 4-85).
(para. 4-85).
2-679
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(Refer to Fig. 17.) Page 2-678
PAGE 2-752
PAGE 2-752
2-680
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(para. 4-85).
(para. 4-85).
(para. 11-164).
2-681
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Fig. 17.
PAGE 2-750
PAGE 2-752
2-682
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(para. 4-85).
(para. 4-85).
(para. 4-85).
(para. 11-164).
2-683/(2-684 Blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Electrical Troubleshooting
MALFUNCTION
TEST OR INSPECTION
Figure 11. Lighting System
2-685
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
MALFUNCTION
TEST OR INSPECTION
Figure 12. Aspirator System
2-686
TM 9-2320-208-20-1
MALFUNCTION
TEST OR INSPECTION
Figure 13. DC Voltage System
2-687
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
MALFUNCTION
TEST OR INSPECTION
Figure 14. Air-Conditioning Control System
2-688
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
MALFUNCTION
TEST OR INSPECTION
Figure 15. M996 and M996A1 Heater/Ventilation Control Box and Blower Fan
2-689
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
MALFUNCTION
TEST OR INSPECTION
Figure 16. Heater Control System
2-690
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Figure 17. NBC Control System
2-691/(2-692 Blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-40. AMBULANCE MECHANICAL SYSTEM TESTS
These ambulance system mechanical tests may be run anytime you think you have an
ambulance mechanical problem or if you were sent here by another test chain. Just follow
the path, answering the questions. Additional information and notes are given on the facing
page when necessary.
2-693
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
PAGE 2-696
2-694
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(para. 11-142).
(para. 11-139).
(para. 11-142).
2-695
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
PAGE 2-694
2-696
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(TM 9-2320-280-10).
2-697
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-698
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(TM 9-2320-280-10).
(para. 11-137).
(para. 11-135).
2-699
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-700
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(para. 11-128).
(para. 11-128).
(para. 11-131).
2-701
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-702
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
To ensure the proper alignment of

attendant seat tracks and rails, remove
and reinstall attendant seat making sure
that tracks fully engage. Refer to
(para. 11-157).
Replace latch, refer to (para. 11-157).
Replace spring, refer to (para. 11-157).
2-703
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-704
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(para. 11-155).
(para. 11-156).
2-705
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
PAGE 2-708
2-706
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(para. 11-194).
(para. 11-193).
(para. 11-192).
2-707
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
PAGE 2-706
2-708
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(para. 11-189 or 11-207).
(para. 11-199).
(para. 11-185).
para. 2-39
page 2-636
2-709
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
3-710
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(TM 9-2320-280-10)
(para. 11-202).
(para. 11-199)
11-199).
2-711
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-712
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(para. 11-163).
(para. 11-166).
(para. 11-168).
2-713/(2-714 Blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-41. WINCH SYSTEM TESTS

These winch system tests may be run anytime you think you have a winch problem or if you
were sent here by another test chain, Just follow the path and answer the questions. Additional
2-715
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
PAGE 2-750
Page 2-718
2-716
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(para. 10-107 or 10-108).
2-717
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
PAGE 2-716
PAGE 2-752
2-718
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(paras. 10-107, 10-108, or 10-109).
2-719
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-720
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION ARMAMENT/TOW CARRIERS
(para. 11-56).
(TM 9-2320-280-10).
2-721/(2-722 Blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-42. DCA TROUBLESHOOTING
These DCA tests can be run anytime you think there is a problem with the vehicle’s DCA or its
on board transducers. Do not use this paragraph to test the STE/lCE-R and its cables and
transducers. Refer to TM 9-4910-571-12&P to test the STE/ICE-R. This paragraph will also
supply instructions on how to use the STE/lCE-R in the TK mode to substitute for tests run
through the DCA.
The HMMWV is equipped with three transducers - the pulse tachometer, the fuel pressure
transducer, and the current shunt. A power test (12, 13) or RPM test (10) uses the pulse
tachometer. The fuel pressure test (24) uses the pressure transducer. All of the starting circuit
tests and battery tests done through the DCA use the shunt. Check to see that the wires are
connected to the transducer for the test you’re trying to run. There is a four wire connector for
the fuel pressure transducer, a two wire connector for the pulse tachometer, and there are four
wires connected to the shunt in addition to the battery cables.
The fold-out page FO-16 gives a cross reference between DCA tests and TK tests. Use this
cross reference to find out how to substitute TK tests for DCA tests if you have a bad DCA. The
Location of Parts page has a schematic of the HMMWV DCA.
2-723
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-728
Page 2-730
Page 2-726
2-724
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
REFERENCE INFORMATION DCA TROUBLESHOOTING
Repair wiring or replace transducer, refer to (para 4-26).
2-725
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-724
2-726
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(para 4-26).
2-727
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Page 2-724
2-728
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-729
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
DCA TROUBLESHOOTING DIAGNOSTIC FLOWCHART

Page 2-724
2-730
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(para 4-13).
2-731/(2-732 Blank)
2-43. STE/ICE-R TEST PROCEDURES
This paragraph will be helpful when using the STE/lCE-R to answer diagnostic questions. Use this
paragraph as a reference if you need additional information about a specific test. This paragraph
contains information such as possible errors, test procedure, control codes, and additional notes as
necessary. The following chart will help you find the test you need. The STE/lCE setup and internal
checks (test no. G01, Page 2-763) must be perfomed prior to performing tests. A complete description
and operation of the STE/lCE-R is found on Page 2-753. See TM 9-4910-571-12&P for additional
information.
TEST NAME TEST # PAGE #

ENGINE RPM (AVERAGE) 10 2-734
POWER TEST (RPM/SEC) 12 2-735
POWER TEST (PERCENT) 13 2-736
COMPRESSION UNBALANCE TEST 14 2-737
FUEL SUPPLY PRESSURE (PSI) 24 2-733
PRESSURE (PSI) 0 TO 1000 50 2-739
BATTERY VOLTAGE 67 2-740
STARTER MOTOR VOLTAGE 68 2-741
STARTER NEGATIVE CABLE VOLTAGE DROP 69 2-742
STARTER SOLENOID VOLTS 70 2-743
STARTER CURRENT AVERAGE 71 2-744
CURRENT FIRST PEAK 72 2-745
BATTERY INTERNAL RESISTANCE 73 2-746
STARTER CIRCUIT RESISTANCE 74 2-747
BATTERY RESISTANCE CHANGE 75 2-748
BATTERY CURRENT 80 2-749
DC VOLTAGE 0 TO 45 VOLTS 39 2-750
DC CURRENT 0 TO 1500 AMPS 90 2-751
RESISTANCE AND CONTINUITY 0 TO 4500 OHMS 91 2-752
2-733
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
ENGINE RPM (Average) TEST #10
Description: Pre-Test Procedures
This procedure measures engine Run Confidence Test.

speed in the range 50 to 5000 RPM. At
speeds below 50 RPM the VTM will
display 0. At speeds above 5000 RPM
the display may give a false reading.
Test requires DCA hookup only.
Typical Applications: Possible Error Messages
Check Engine Speed E014 Incorrect # of cylinders entered
Test Procedure:
1. Set TEST SELECT switches to 10

2. Press and release TEST button
3. Start engine
4. Observe displayed value (RPM).
2-734
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
POWER TEST (RPM/SEC) TEST #12
Description: Pre-Test Procedures:

This procedure measures an engine’s Run Confidence Test. Warm up
power producing potential in units of engine to operating temperature.
RFM/SEC. Test requires DCA hookup
only.
Typical Applications: Possible Error Messages:
Check engine power in units of E009 Engine not running at start

RPM/SEC. of test.
E011 Throttle control operated
incorrectly.
E012 Ignition adapter/pulse
tachometer missing.
E014 Incorrect number of
cylinder entries.
E033 Error in entry of power test
constants
Test Procedure:
1. Start and idle engine NOTES

2. Set TEST SELECT switches to 10 Engine idle speed must rechecked
3. Press and release TEST button before performing power test. Idle
4. Observe displayed value (RPM) to adjust idle spead must be within the range
Speed if necessary. 625-675 RPM (6.2L and 6.5L)
5. Press down sharply on accelerator end range to run test.
observe displayed value (RPM) to adjust Engine governor no bad speed
governor speed if necessary. must be checked before performing
6. Set TEST SELECT switches to 12. power test. Governor no-load
7. Press and release TEST button. speed must be within the 3900-
8. Wait for prompting message CIP to appear. 4100 RPM (6.2L) end 3600-3600
9. When CIP appears on display, press down RPM (6.5L) range to run test.
sharply on engine accelerator end hold it to
the floor. When VTM displays a number,
release accelerator.
10. Observe displayed value (RFM/SEC).
2-735
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
POWER TEST (PERCENT) TEST #13
Description: Pm-lest Procedures:

This procedure measures the percen- Run Confidence Test. Warm up
tage of engine’s power producing engine to operating temperature.
potential as compared to a good engine.
Check engine power E009 Engine not running at start

of test.
E011 Throttle control operated
incorrectly.
E012 Ignition adapter/pulse
tachometer missing.
E024 Test not valid for VID
entered
Test Procedure: NOTES:
1. Start and idle engine Engine idle speed must be checked

2. Set TEST SELECT switches to 10 before performing power test. Idle
3. Press and release TEST button speed must be within the 625-675
4. Observe displayed value (RPM) to adjust idle RPM (6.2L and 6.5L) range to run
speed if necessary. test. Engine governor no load
5. Press down sharply on on engine accelerator speed must be checked before
and observe displayed value (RPM) to adjust performing power test. Governor no
governor speed if necessary. load speed must be within the
6. Set TEST SELECT switches to 13. 3600-3800 RPM (6.2L) and
7. Press and release TEST button. 3900-4100 RPM (6.5L) range to
8. Wait for prompting message CIP to appear. run test.
9. When CIP appears on display, press down
sharply on engine accelerator and hold it to
the floor. When VTM displays OFF, release
accelerator.
10. A number will be displayed after the engine
has returned to idle speed. This number is the
test result in units of percent of nominal rated
power.
2-736
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
COMPRESSION UNBALANCE TEST #14 (6.2L ONLY)
This procedure compares the compression Run Confidence Test. Warmup

between the highest and lowest cylinders and engine to operating temperature.
displays the unbalance in percent. Test requires Run first-peak series teats 72,73,74,
DCA hookup only. 75.

Check compression unbalance of engine with E006 VTM doesn’t detect battery
VTM powered from battery of vehicle being Voltage.
tested. E013 VTM cannot use date
received.
E027 Error in entry of compression
Unbalance constants.
E032 Vehicle’s cranking speed is
varying too much for a
compression unbalance
measurement.
Test Procedure:
1. Set up engine to prevent Starting by disconnec- NOTE

ting wire 54A. Stop Engine. Shut off fuel before
cranking. Crank engine without fuel for 5 seconds If E013 appears, test data cannot be
to dear fuel from cylinders. analyzed because of weak batteries,
2. Set TEST SELECT switches to 14. or interrupted cranking during test.
3. Press and release TEST button. Correct problem and repeat from
4. Wait until GO appears on display before Step 2.
proceeding.
5. When GO appears, crank engine. Display will
change to while engine is turning.
6. When OFF or E013 appears, stop cranking.
7. If OFF appears, wait for message to appear.
(A) The number displayed will be the percent
unbalance between the highest and lowest cylin-
ders. A number above 25 is a failure.
(B) If GO appears, repeat from step 2.
(C) A FAIL message usually means compression
is too far unbalanced to measure with STE/ICE.
2-737
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
FUEL SUPPLY PRESSURE (psi) TEST # 24
Description: Pre-Test Procedure-.
This procedure measures the return pressure, Run Confidence Test. Wait for
in order to detect line blockage, leaks or insuf- 1 minute after turning engine
ficient restrictor back pressure. Test requires off to run this test.
DCA hookup only.
Typical Applications: Control Functions:

Fuel Supply Pressure 01,02,03,04,06
Test Procedure: Possible Error Messages:

1. Turn off vehicle. E005 offset not performed.
2. Set TEST SELECT switch to 24.
3. Press and hold TEST button until
CAL appears on display.
4. Release TEST button and wait for
offset value to appear on display. If
offset is within -15 to 15 proceed. If
not, go to DCA Troubleshooting
Procedure
5. Press and release TEST button.
6. Start engine
7. Observe displayed value.
2-738
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
PRESSURE (psi) 0 TO 1000 TEST #50

This procedure measures pressure, in the Run Confidence Test.
0 to 1000 PSIG range. Teat requires the
use of the TK adapters and transducers.

Oil Pressure 01,02,03,04,06
Test Procedure: Possible Error Messages

1. Attach connector P1 of cable W4 to J2 TK or E005 Offset not perfomed.
J3 TK. E002 Transducer not connected
2. Install blue striped pressure transducer where
pressure is to be measured. Attach connector
P2 of cable W4 to transducer.
3. Set TEST SELECT switch to 50. Press and
hold TEST button until CAL appears on
display.
4. Release TEST button and wait for offset value
to appear on display. If offset is within -150 to
150 proceed. If not, go to DCA
Troubteshooting Procedure.
5. Energize system
7. Observe displayed value.
2-739
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
BATTERY VOLTAGE TEST #67

This procedure measures battery Run Confidence Test.
voltage in the 9 to 32 range volts. The
voltage is measured directly at the
power source of the VTM, and maybe
done with the vehicle operating or shut
down. Test requires DCA hookup only.
Check Battery Voltage 01,02,03,04,06
1. Set TEST SELECT switch to 67. none

3. If .9.9.9.9 is displayed, voltage is
not within the test range.
4. Observe displayed value (volts).
2-740
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
STARTER MOTOR VOLTAGE TEST #68
Description: Pm-Test Procedures:
This procedure measures the voltage Run Confidence Test.

present at the starter motor positive
terminal, in the 0-32 volts range.
Check Starter Motor Voltage 01,02,03,04,06
1. Disconnect Fuel Solenoid wire 54A to prevent none

starting.
4. Crank the engine and observe the displayed
Votage.
2-741
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
STARTER NEGATIVE CABLE VOLTAGE DROP TEST #69
This procedure measures the voltage drop Run Confidence Test.

on the starter path. A high voltage (>2V)
indicates excessive ground path resistance.

Check Starter Negative Cable Voltage Drop. 01,02,03,04,06

1. Disconnect Fuel Solenoid wire 54A to prevent None
starting.
voltage.
2-742
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
STARTER SOLENOID VOLTS TEST #70
This procedure measures the voltage present Run Confidence Test.

at the starter solenoids positive terminal. Test
requires DCA hookup only.
Check Starter Solenoid Volts. 01,02,03,04,08

1. Discoonned Fuel Solenoid wire 54A toprevent None
starting.
voltage.
2-743
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
STARTER CURRENT AVERAGE TEST #71
Description: Pre-Test Procedureas

This procedure measures the average starter Run Confidence Test.
current in the 0 - 1000 amps range. Test requires
DCA hookup only.
Check Starter Current. 01,02,03,04,08

1. Disconnect fuel solenoid wire 54A to prevent E005 Offset not performed.
startimg.
3. Press and hold TEST button until CAL
appears on display.
4. Release TEST button and wait for offset
value to appear on display. If offset is within
-150 to 150, proceed. If not, go to DCA
.Troubleshooting Procedure.
6. Crank engine.
7. Observe the displayed starter current.
2-744
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
CURRENT FlRST PEAK TEST #72
This procedure measures the overall condition Run Confidence Test. Warm up engine to
of the complete starting system. Test requires operating temperature. Turn off ail electrical
DCA hookup only. accessories.
Check conditon of starting system on C1 engines E002 Transducer not connected.

with VTM trdngpowered from battery of vehicle E005 Offset not performed.
tested. E008 VTM does not detect battery voltage.
E013 VTM cannot use data received.
E020 No first peak information was detected by
the VTM.
E021 VTM cannot calculate result because
current is over current probe’s range.
Test Procedure:
1. DiscABonnect fuel solenoid wire 54A to prevent NOTES:
starting. If .9.9.9.9 is displayed, current first peak was
2. Make sure all vehicle accessories are off.
too high and cannot be measured with VTM.
3. Set TEST SELECT switches to 72.
4. Press and hold TEST button until CAL appears
If E013 is displayed, then check battery
on display.
connections and correct as necessary. Repeat
Step 6. If E013 persists after 3 tests, VTM
to appear on display. If offset is within the range
cannot perform test.
-150 to 150, proceed. If not, go to DCA
Troubteshooting Procedure.
7. When GO appears on display, crank engine for
2 seconds or until one of the following appears
on the display OFF
.9.9.9.9
A number
An error measage
8. Observe displayed value (amps).
2-745
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
BATTERY INTERNAL RESISTANCE TEST #73
This procedure measures the internal battery Run Confidence Test. Turn off all electrical
resistance. Internal battery resistance is a accessories.
measure of the state of the batteries. Test
requires DCA hookup only.

Evaluate batteries on Cl engines with VTM E002 Transducer not connected
being powered from battery of vehicle tested. E005 Offset not performed
E008 VTM does not detect battery voltage
E020 No first peak information was
detected by the VTM.
Test Procedure:
1. Disconnect fuel solenoid wire 54A from the NOTES:
injector pump to prevent starting.
2. Make sure all vehicle accessories are off. If .9.9.9.9 is displayed, battery internal
3. Set TEST SELECT switches to 73. resistance was too high and cannot be
4. Press and hold TEST button until CAL measured with VTM.
appears on display.
5. Release TEST button and waif for offset value If E013 is displayed, then check battery
to appear on display. If offset is within the connections and correct as necessary.
-150 to 150 range, proceed. If not, go to DCA Repeat Step 6. If E013 persists after 3
Troubleshooting Procedure tests, VTM cannot perform test.
7. When GO appears on display, crank engine
for 2 seconds or until one of the following
appears on the display OFF
.9.9.9.9
A number
An error message
8. Observe displayed value (milliohms). The limit
is 25 milliohms per battery pair.
9. Test #75 is Battery Resistance Change. You
can run that test after this one if you want to.
2-746
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
STARTER CIRCUIT RESISTANCE TEST #74
This procedure measures starter circuit Run Confidence Test Warm up engine to
resistance. Test requires DCA hookup only. operating temperature. Turn off all electrical
accessories.

Check resistance of complete starting system E002 Transducer not connected.
in Cl engines with VTM powered from batteries E005 Offset not performed.
of Vehicle being tested. E003 VTM does not detect battery voltage.
E020 No first peak information was detected
by the VTM.
Test Procedure:
1. Disconnect fuel Solenoid wire 54A to prevent NOTES

starting. If .9.9.9.9 is displayed, the starter circuit
2. Make sure all vehicle accessories are off. resistance value was too high and cannot
3. Set TEST SELECT switches to 74. be measured with VTM.
on display. If E013 is displayed, then check battery
5. Release TEST button and waft for offset value connections and correct as necessary.
to appear on display. lf offset is within the Repeat Step 6. If E013 persistes after 3
range -150 to 150, proceed. If not, go to DCA tests, VTM cannot perform test.
Troubleshooting Procedure.
7. When GO appears on display, crank engine for
2 seconds or until one of the following appears
on the display OFF
.9.9.9.9
A number
An error message
8. Observe displayed value(milliohms).
2-747
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
BATTERY RESISTANCE CHANGE TEST #75
This procedure measures the change of battery Run Confidence Test. Warm up engine to
resistance. Test requires DCA hookup only. operating temperature. Turn off all electrical
accessories.
Evaluate batteries in Cl engines with VTM E002 Transducer not connected.

powered from batteries of vehicle being tested. E005 Offset not performed.
E006 VTM does not detect battery voltage.
E020 No first peak information was detected
by the VTM.
Test Procedure:
1. Disconnect fuel solenoid wire 54A to prevent NOTES

starting. If .9.9.9.9 is displayed, the battery resis-
2. Make sure all vehicle accessories are off. tance change value is beyond the range of
3. Set TEST SELECT switches to 75. the VTM and cannot be measured with the
4. Press and hold TEST button until CAL appears VTM.
on display.
5. Release TEST button and wait for offset value If E013 is displayed, then check battery
to appear on display. If offset is within the -150 connections and correct as necessary.
to 150 range, proceed. If not, go to DCA Repeat Step 6. If E013 persistes after 3
Troubleshooting Procedure. tests, VTM cannot perform test.
7. When GO appears on display, engage starter
for 2 seconds or until one of the following
appears on the display OFF
.9.9.9.9
A number
An error message
8. Observe displayed value (milliohms/second).
The limit is 50 milliohms per battery pair.
A lower number is better than a higher one.
2-748
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
BATTERY CURRENT TEST #80
This procedure measures current to or from Run Confidence Test.

the battery. Test requires DCA hookup only.
Typical Applications: Control Functions
Evaluate batteries in Cl engines. 01,02,03,04
Teat Procedure: Possible Error Messages:
1. set TEST SELECT switch to 80. E005 Offset not Performed.

2. Press and hold TEST button until CAL
appears on display.
3. Release TEST button and wait for offset
value to appear on display. If offset is within
-150 to 150, proceed. lf not, go to DCA
5. Observe displayed value (amps).
2-749
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
DC VOLTAGE O TO 45 VOLTS TEST #89

This procedure measures voltage in the range of Run Confidence Test.
-45 to 45 volts. The VTM is used as a DC voltmeter
with the decimal point in the correct position. This
test must be done with the component being tested
turned on. Test requires the use of the TK adapters
and transducers

● Fuel Solenoid 01,02,03,04,06
● Starter Solenoid
● Alternator Output
● Any DC Voltage measurement

1. Connect test probe cable W2. Attach P1 to J4. E005 Offset not performed.
2. Connect the desired test leads to P2.
4. Short leads together. Press and hold TEST
button until CAL appears on display.
5. Release TEST button and wait for offset value to
appear on display.
6. If offset is within -6.8 to 6.8 proceed. If not, go to
DCA Troubleshooting Procedure.
7. Press and release TEST button. Observe
displayed value.
2-750
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
DC CURRENT 0 TO 1500 AMPS TEST #90
This procedure measures DC currant in the range of Run Confidence Test.

0 to 1500 amps. The VTM is used as an ammeter
with the decimal point in the right positiion. This test
may be done with the vehicle/equipment operating.
Test requires the use of the TK adapters and
transducers.
01,02,03,04,06

1. Connect test probe cable W4. E002 Offset not performed.
2. Attach P1 to J2 or J3. Connect the Current E005 Transducer not connected.
Probe to P2.
4. Clamp probe to da-energized wire.
on display.
to appear on display. If offset is within 225 to
-225 proceed. If not, go to DCA
7. Energize circuit. Press and release TEST
button.
8. Observe displayed value. A negative reading
indicates the probe is backwards. Reverse and
repeat from step 4.
2-751
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
RESISTANCE AND CONTINUITY O TO 4500 OHMS TEST #91

This procedure measures resistance in the range Run Confidence Test.
of 0 to 4500 ohms. The VTM is used as an ohm-
meter, and test results are always displayed with
the decimal point in the right position. Additionally,
any voltage present in the device being tested will
adversely affect test results. Make sure the circuit
or component being tested is shut off. Test re-
quires the use of the TK adapters and transducers.

● Continuity checks 01,02,03,04,06
● Resistance measurements
● Switch and relay functions

1. Connect test probe cable W2. Attach P1 to J4. E005 Offset not Performed.
2. Connect the desired test leads to P2. E022 External voltage
3. Set TEST SELECT switch to 91. detected while
4. Short leads together. Press and hold TEST measuring resistance.
button until CAL appears on display.
5. Release TEST button and wait for offset value to
appear on display.
6. If offset is within -225 to 225 proceed. If no go
to DCA Troubleshooting Procedure
7. Press and release TEST button. Observe
displayed value.
2-752
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
a. STE/ICE-R Description and Operation. The following describes the operation of the Simplified Teat
Equipment/Internal Combustion Engines (STE/ICE-R) system and contains detailed operating procedures. It
is used to test the serviceability of HMMWV vehicles and to perform primary fault detection and isolation.
After the technician has identified a faulty part or subsystem, he is referred to a paragraph number for
replacement or repair procedures for individual parts.
b. Description and Operation. STE/ICE-R is a testing system that performs tests and measurement on
internal combustion engines. STE/ICE-R measures standard voltage, current, resistance, pressure, temperature,
and speed. Special tests, such as compression balance tests end starter system evaluations, are performed by
STE/ICE-R. Standard equipment functions including vacuum pressure gauge, compression gauge, low-
current tester, and multimeter are features of the STE/ICE-R set. STE/ICE-R is portable and operates on
either 12- or 24-volt vehicle batteries or equivalent power source. The STE/ICE-R system consists of a vehicle
test meter (VTM), a transducer kit (TK), four electrical cables, a transit case, and technical publications.
c. Vehicle Test Meter.
1. General. The VTM provides a method for the technician to test vehicle electrical and mechanical
components. Readings are either pass/fail indications or digital displays in units familiar to the technician
(psi, rpm, volts, ohms, amps, etc.). The diagnostic connector assembly (DCA) is permanently mounted in the
vehicle and provides accessibility to the most frequently needed test points. The use of the VTM through the
DCA is referred to as DCA mode. The VTM interfaces with the vehicle directly with a transducer from the
transducer kit (TK). The use of the VTM through the TK is referred to as TK mode. The DCA and the TK can
be used at the same time This may be necessary when the diagnostic connector assembly has a missing
transducer. If a transducer is missing, a no sensor indication (E002) is displayed when a measurement is
made. If this happens, the TK mode can be used to make the measurement. The use of the VTM through the
DCA and TK is referred to as the combined mode. Additional teats can be done that involve manually probing
and/or connecting transduce to appropriate test points. Operating power for the VTM is drawn from the
vehicle batteries or some equivalent battery source. Power is routed to the VTM through the DCA connected
to the battery. The STE/ICE-R general purpose testing capabilities that maybe applied to the vehicle are:
0-1000 psi pressure, 0-45 volts dc and 0-40k ohms resistance. The following control functions can be
performed in conjunction with the special tests: interleave (displays rpm with next test), display maximum
value, and display minimum value, and display peak-to-peak value.
2. Controls and Indicators. The controls and readout display on the VTM are illustrated. The
following paragraphs describe how the controls are used and how the display functions.
(a) Power Switch (PUSH ON/PULL OFF). The power switch controls DC power to the VTM. The
VTM can operate from a 12-volt or 24-volt battery system. When the power switch is pushed in (PUSH ON),
the VTM power is on. To shut the VTM off, pull out the power switch (PULL OFF). The power switch
contains a 4-amp circuit breaker. The power switch will pop out automatically if something is wrong which
causes the VTM to use more power than it should. If the switch pops out, check your hookup carefully and try
again before returning the VTM to direct support maintenance.
(b) TEST SELECT Switches. The TEST SELECT switches are used to select the actual test to be
performed. There are ten positions on each switch numbered 0 through 9. The number dialed into these
switches is read by the VTM when you press the test button. Changing the TEST SELECT switch positions
has no effect until the TEST button is pushed.
(c) TEST Button. Depressing and releasing the TEST button causes the test measurement to begin.
Observe the measured value on the readout display. The reading will be in unite normally used for the
particular vehicle measurement. These units are listed on the flip cards. The TEST button must be pressed
and immediately released. Depressing and holding the TEST button down initiates an offset test. Offset tests
are described in TM 9-4910-571-12&P.
(d) Readout Display. The readout display will show different types of readouts during testing up to a
maximum of 4-characters (for example .8.8.8.8). The types of readouts are described in detail in paragraph 3
below and are summarized as follows:
(1) Statue Readout. This type of readout keeps the technician informed of what is happening, such as
power applied, failed test, etc.
2-753
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(2) Numerical Readout. This type of readout is the measured value in units of the measurement being
made. If you are measuring 0-45 volts dc, the number 24 on the display indicates 24 volts.
(3) Error Readout. This type of readout indicates that the wrong test number was selected, the
transducer is not connected, or the VTM is faulty.
(e) Flip Cards. The flip cards list the 2-digit test number system for selecting the various tests. The
cards also summarize the test and operating instructions contained herein.
(f) Power/DCA Connector J1. Connector J1 connects the VTM to either a vehicle diagnostic connector
using the DCA cable, or to the vehicle batteries using the power cable. Operating power and signals from
the installed transducers are supplied to the VTM through the DCA cable.
2-754
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(g) Transducer Cable Connectors J2, J3. Connector J2 or J3 connects the VTM to any transducer in
the transducer kit. Operating power is supplied to the transducer and signals from the transducers are
supplied to the VTM through the cable. Connectors J2 and J3 are identical and can be interchanged with
each other or used in combination.
(h) Test Probe Cable Connector J4. Connector J4 connects test leads to the VTM when doing
manual voltage resistance tests.
SIMPLIFIED TEST EQUIPMENT INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE (STE/ICE) SYSTEM
2-755
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
3. Readouts. The following paragraphs describe the different types of readouts that can occur during
testing.
(a) Status Readout. A status readout keeps the technician informed of what is happening. For
example, .8.8.8.8 is displayed each time the power switch is pushed on. It means that power is applied, and
that all elements of the display are operative, it changes to --- 1.5 seconds later, indicating that the VTM is
ready to be used for testing. The status readout displays are described in table 2-1.
(b) Prompting Message. A prompting message is a technician action message. It is a signal for you to
do something such as crank the engine. For example, UEH tells you to enter the vehicle type identification
number into the VTM. After the technical action is performed, the test will automatically continue.
Prompting messages are listed in table 2-2.
(c) Numerical Readout. A numerical readout is the measured value in units of the measurement
being made. For example, if you are measuring 0-45 volts dc, 12.7 is volts dc. If you are measuring 0-25 psig
pressure, 12.7 is psig. The units for each test are listed on the flip card. The numbers displayed in the VTM
are always positive unless there is a minus shown to make them negative.
2-756
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
(d) Error Readout. E0001 is a typical error readout. There are 15 different readouts. All error readouts
start with E. An error readout is a warning that you forgot to connect the transducer, selected a wrong test
number, failed to start the engine, etc. All of the error messages mean you must correct the problem before
continuing testing. Error readouts are listed in table 2-3. If the error message does not go away after
corrective action, refer to TM 9-4910-571-12&P.
(e) Confidence Error Readouts. C004 is a typical error readout resulting from the detection of a
faulty VTM during confidence test. For detailed information concerning confidence error readouts refer to
TM 9-4910-571-12&P.
Table 2-1. Status Readouts.

VTM Readout Interpretation
.8.8.8.8 A readout of .8.8.8.8 appears for 1 to 2 seconds each time the power is applied to the VTM.
It means that there is power to the VTM, and that all elements of the readout display are
operative.
----
A readout of ---- indicates the following
(1) After power turn on it signifes that the VTM is ready for testing.
(2) During a compression unbalance test it signifies testing is in progress.
.9.9.9.9 A readout of ..9.9.9.9 indicates that the VTM is reading a test value beyond the range of
its measurement, capability. Either (1) the wrong test number is selected for the
parameter being measured, or (2) there is a fault in the vehicle.
PASS A PASS or FAIL readout is the result of a test that checks the condition of a component
FAIL being measured. A PASS/FAIL readout means just that — the component either passes
the test or fails the test.
2-757
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Table 2-2. Prompting Messages

UEH Signal to ECT switches. Vehicle ID numbers are found under TEST DATA on the flip
card, on the vehicle test cards.
Go Signal to technician to crank engine in compression balance or first peak tests.
OFF Signal to technician to stop cranking in compression balance test or to release the
accelerator in the CI ower test.
CAL Signal to the technician to release the TEST button during an offset test.
66 Numbers are used for prompting messages in several tests. In confidence test, a readout
of 66 signals the technician to dial in 99. In test no. 12, the first numerical readout signals
the technician to shut off fuel.
Table 2-3. Error Readouts

E000 Occurs if you request the VTM for information it does not have. For example, if you
request the vehicle ID and it has not been entered.
E001 Occurs in either the DCA or TK mode of operation. It indicates that a non-existent test
number has been dialed into the TEST SELECT switches.
E002 Indicates that the required transducer is not connected.
E003 Indicates that a test number has been dialed which does not apply to the vehicle under
test. It can only occur in the DCA mode.
E004 Indicates that a vehicle identification number or number of cylinders information has not
been entered.
E005 Indicates that the transducer offset test was not performed.
E007 Indicates a conflict between the vehicle identification number (VID) dialed in the the
number of cylinders dialed in. It may occur in response to either VID entry or number-of-
cylinders entry.
E008 Indicates the VTM is not receiving the required voltage signal for the test selected. This
error code is related only to starter and compression balance tests.
E009 Indicates that the engine was not running at the start of the test.
E010 Indicates that a wrong vehicle identification number was dialed into the VTM.
E01l Indicates that throttle control was operated incorrectly during power test taking too much
time to either accelerate or decelerate.
E013 Indicates bad data were taken for the test in progress. Repeat the test one (1) time.
E014 Indicates that a wrong number of cylinders was dialed into the VTM.
E018 Indicates that an engine RPM or AC frequency test was terminated automatically to
protect the VTM. Termination is only after several minutes of no-signal operation. Most
likely the VTM was left on the vehicle and the engine stalled.
2-758
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
d. Cable Assemblies.
1. General. The cable assemblies are shown below and are referred to by the cable number and by a
name which describes how the cable is used. If necessary, the two transducer cables (W4) can be joined with
the adapter supplied in the transducer kit to make one long cable.
CABLE ASSEMBLIES
2. Installation. When cables are connected, large key on the cable connector mates with a keyway on
the transducer connector or the VTM connector for proper installation, If you experience any difficulty
during testing and suspect that a cable is bad, refer to TM 9-4910-571-12&P for checking cable continuity.
e. Transducer Kit.
Table 2-4. Transducer Kit Components
2-759
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
1. General. The transducer kit contains a pulse tachometer transducer, a pressure and a vacuum
transducer and the necessary adapters (bushing, plugs, tees, etc.). Also included in the kit is a current probe
for measuring current and a test probe cable for measuring voltage and resistance.
Not all fittings have part number markings. The legend will help to identify the items.
Before installing any transducer kit item on the vehicle, be sure to clean the mounting surfaces. This is
particularly important if you are going to open fuel lines or tap into manifolds. Dirt particles entering the
engine can cause damage to both the engine and the transducer kit item.
The transducers should kept clean, free of dirt and grease, and handled with reasonable care.
2. Pressure Transducer. The pressure transducers have a small breather hole on the side of the
housing which should be kept unplugged. Do not use high pressure.
3. Pulse Tachometer. Make sure that the slotted hole in the engine tachometer drive shaft is clear
and not hard packed before installing the pulse tachometer.
4. Threaded Adapters. Observe threaded fittings carefully to avoid engaging straight threads with
pipe threads. Each measurement device (transducer) in the transducer kit has its own identification
resistor. The VTM uses this identification resistor to check that the correct transducer is connected for the
measurement being made. If the correct transducer is not connected, error code E002 will be displayed.
TRANSDUCER KIT
2-760
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-44. VEHICLE TESTING
a. General. To troubleshoot a vehicle problem, the technician can use the STE/ICE-R (vehicle test meter
and transducers) and the vehicle test card.
b. Data Entry Tests. For information regarding Data Entry, Cylinder Entry, Vehicle ID Entry, and Data
Display Tests, refer to TM 9-4910-571-12&P.
c. Offset Tests. The STE/ICE-R VTM performs a test by setting the TEST Select switches to the test
number and pressing the TEST button. For some tests, an offset test is required before the test itself can be
performed. This is done by selecting the number of the desired test and holding the TEST button down for
several seconds.
The offset test nulls out characteristic differences in the VTM, test leads, and transducers. It zeros the
meter. Once the offset is performed, the VTM automatically corrects for the offset before displaying
measured values. The displayed offset value should be checked against limits on the vehicle test card. If the
displayed value is outside these limits, either the transducer or the test cable is faulty and must be replaced.
This is another form of self-test. The offset is performed when each transducer is connected. All tests
requiring offset are identified by a star (*) on the flip cards and by OFFSET LIMITS on the vehicle test
cards. The offset test is performed with the test probe cable or transducer connected to the VTM. Care
should be taken to see that no stimulus is applied to the transducer. Test probe cable leads should be
shorted together. To perform an offset test, dial the test number into the TEST SELECT switches. Press and
hold the TEST button until the prompting message CAL appears on the display. A few seconds after release
of the TEST button, a number will appear. This is the measured offset value associated with the test probe
cable or transducer and cable.
d. Control Tests. These tests are used to change (or control) the way a vehicle test is displayed or the
way it is run. There are five control tests:
01 Interleave (displays RPM with next test).
02 Display minimum value for next test.
03 Display maximum value for next test.
04 Display peak-to-peak value for next test.
06 Interleave.
Control tests 01, 02, 03, 04, and 06 specify the action to be taken by the next test only.
A subsequent test will reset the control.
1. Interleave (Test 01). This test alternately measures engine speed and a second parameter such as
fuel pressure or alternator voltage. To initiate interleave, dial 01 into the TEST SELECT switches and press
and release the TEST button. The prompting message CON will signal the technician to dial into the second
test number and again press and release the TEST button.
2. Minimum Value (Test 02). This test displays the minimum value measured during a test. To
initiate a minimum value display, dial 02 into the TEST SELECT switches and press and release the TEST
button. The prompting message PASS will signal the technician to dial in the desired test number and again
press and release the TEST button. The minimum value is displayed and updated whenever a lower
minimum value is measured. Entering 02 and the test number again will reset the process and a new
minimum value will be displayed.
Change 1 2-761
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
3. Maximum Value (Test 03). This test displays the maximum value measured during a test. To
initiate a maximum value display, dial 03 into the TEST SELECT switches and press and release the TEST
button. The prompting message PASS will signal the technician to dial in the desired test number and again
press and release the TEST button. The maximum value is displayed and updated whenever a higher
maximum value is measured. Entering 03 and the test number again will reset the process and a new
maximum value will be displayed.
4. Peak-to-Peak Value (Test 04). This test displays the peak-to-peak value of 0-45 volts DC (89),
0-1500 amps DC (90), and battery volts (67). To start a peak-to-peak measurement, dial 04 into the TEST
SELECT switches and press the TEST button. The prompting message PASS will signal the operator to dial
in one of the three numbers (89, 90, 67) and again press the TEST button.
CONNECTOR KEY LOCATION
2-762
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Table 2-1. STE/ICE-R GO-Chain Tests.
2-763
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
Table 2-1. STE/ICE-R GO-Chain Tests. (Cont’d)
TM 9-4910-
571-12&P
TM 9-4910-571-12&P
para. 4-79
(TM 9-6140-200-14).
2-764
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
2-765
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
TM 9-4910-571-12&P
2-766
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
INDEX VOLUME 1
Para Page Para Page
A E (Cont'd)
Air-conditioning, system operation, Location and contents of warning,
ambulance (M997, M997A1, and caution, and data plates . . . . . . 1-13 1-18
M997A2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-32 1-54 Location and description of
Air intake/exhaust tests . . . . . . . . 2-23 2-137 major exterior components . . . . 1-11 1-14
Alternator tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-27 2-194 Location and description of major
Ambulance (M997, M997A1, and interior components. . . . . . . . . 1-12 1-16
M997A2) air-conditioning system Tabulated data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15 1-31
operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-32 1-54 Equipment improvement report
Ambulance electrical system test . . 2-39 2-497 and maintenance digest
Ambulance patient compartment (EIR MD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6 1-2
fuel burning heater system Equipment improvement
operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-31 1-53 recommendations (EIR), reporting . 1-5 1-1
Army equipment, destruction of, Exterior components, location
to prevent enemy use . . . . . . . . . 1-3 1-1 and description of . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11 1-14
Ambulance mechanical system
F
tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-40 2-693
Features, characteristics, and
B capabilities, equipment . . . . . . . . 1-10 1-2
Battery circuit tests . . . . . . . . . . . 2-29 2-251 Fuel system operation . . . . . . . . . . 1-19 1-37
Battery system operation . . . . . . . 1-24 1-43 Fuel system tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-22 2-95
Brake, parking, system operation. . 1-26 1-45
G
Brake, service/parking, system General information, introduction:
operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-27 1-46
Break-in procedure . . . . . . . . . . 1-9 1-2
Brake, service system operation . . . 1-28 1-47
Destruction of Army equipment
Brake system tests . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-36 2-445 to prevent enemy use . . . . . . . . 1-3 1-1
Break-in procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9 1-2 Equipment improvement report
C and maintenance digest
Characteristics, capabilities, and (EIR MD). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6 1-2
features, equipment . . . . . . . . . . 1-10 1-2 Mandatory replacement parts . . 1-8 1-2
Common tools and equipment . . . . 2-1 2-1 Maintenance forms, records,
Compression/mechanical tests . . . . 2-24 2-143 and reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 1-1
Cooling system operation. . . . . . . . 1-20 1-38 Metric system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7 1-2
Cooling system tests . . . . . . . . . . . 2-19 2-57 Preparation for storage and
shipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4 1-1
D Reporting equipment improvement
Data, tabulated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15 1-31 recommendations (EIR) . . . . . . . 1-5 1-1
DCA troubleshooting. . . . . . . . . . . 2-42 2-723 Scope of manual . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 1-1
Destruction of Army equipment to Generating system operation
prevent enemy use . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3 1-1 (60/100 amp. alternator) . . . . . . . 1-22 1-41
Differences between models . . . . . . 1-14 1-30 Generating system operation
Drivetrain operation . . . . . . . . . . . 1-18 1-36 (200 amp. alternator) . . . . . . . . . 1-23 1-42
Drivetrain tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-38 2-479 Generating system operation
(100 amp. dual voltage alternator) . . 1-23.1 1-42.1
E
Electrical circuit description . . . . . 2-16 2-39 Generating system operation
Electrical tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-21 2-71
Generating system operation
Engine cooling tests . . . . . . . . . . . 2-25 2-155
Engine lubrication tests . . . . . . . . 2-26 2-187
Glossary of abbreviations and
Engine running tests . . . . . . . . . . 2-18 2-47 commonly used terms . . . . . . . . . 2-15 2-38
Equipment description and data: Glowplugs circuit tests
Differences between models . . . . 1-14 1-30 (protective control box) . . . . . . . . 2-31 2-303
Equipment characteristics, Glowplugs circuit tests
capabilities, and features . . . . . 1-10 1-2 (distribution box) . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-31.1 2-318.1
Change 1 INDEX 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
INDEX (Cont'd)
Para Page Para Page
H P (Cont'd)
Heater, fuel burning, ambulance Principles of operation reference
patient compartment, system index:
operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-31 1-53 Ambulance air-conditioning,
How to use this manual. . . . . . . . . v system operation
How to use this troubleshooting (M997, M997A1, and M997A2) . 1-32 1-54
guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14 2-32 Ambulance patient compartment
fuel burning heater system
I operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-31 1-53
Index, troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . 2-13 2-31 Battery system operation. . . . . . 1-24 1-43
Index, references, principles of Cooling system operation. . . . . . 1-20 1-38
operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-17 1-35
Drivetrain operation . . . . . . . . . 1-18 1-36
Instrument tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-32 2-319
Fuel system operation . . . . . . . . 1-19 1-37
Interior components, location
Generating system operation
and description of . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12 1-16
(60/100 amp. alternator) . . . . . 1-22 1-41
L Generating system operation
Light tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-33 2-389 (200 ampere alternator) . . . . . . 1-23 1-42
Location and contents of warning, Parking brake system operation . 1-26 1-45
caution, and data plates . . . . . . . 1-13 1-18 Service brake system operation . 1-28 1-47
Location and description of major Service/parking brake system
exterior components . . . . . . . . . . 1-11 1-14 operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-27 1-46
Location and description of major Starting system operation . . . . . 1-21 1-40
interior components . . . . . . . . . . 1-12 1-16 Steering control system
Lubrication system tests . . . . . . . . 2-20 2-65 operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-29 1-49
Suspension system operation . . . 1-30 1-51
M
Maintenance forms, records, and Windshield wiper/washer
reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 1-1 system operation. . . . . . . . . . . 1-25 1-44
Mandatory replacement parts . . . . 1-8 1-2 Protective control box/
distribution box tests . . . . . . . . . 2-28 2-227
Metric system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7 1-2
Models, difference between . . . . . . 1-14 1-30 R
Records, and reports,
P maintenance forms . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 1-1
Parking brake system operation. . . 1-26 1-45
Repair parts, special tools, test,
Parts, mandatory replacement . . . . 1-8 1-2 measurement, and diagnostic
Plates, warning, caution, and equipment (TMDE), and support
data, location and contents of . . . . 1-13 1-18 equipment:
Preventive maintenance checks Common tools and equipment . . 2-1 2-1
and services: Repair parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3 2-1
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7 2-2 Special tools, TMDE, and
General service and inspection support equipment . . . . . . . . . 2-2 2-1
procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10 2-3
Intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8 2-2 S
Reporting repairs . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9 2-3 Scope of manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 1-1
Specific PMCS procedures . . . . . 2-11 2-4 Service and troubleshooting
Principles of operation: instructions:
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-16 1-35 Common tools and equipment . . 2-1 2-1
Repair parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3 2-1
Special tools, TMDE, and
support equipment . . . . . . . . . 2-2 2-1
Service brake system operation . . . 1-28 1-47
Service/parking brake system
operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-27 1-46
INDEX 2 Change 1
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
INDEX (Cont'd)
Para Page Para Page
S (Cont’d) T (Cont’d)
Service upon receipt: Fuel system tests . . . . . . . . . . . 2-22 2-95
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4 2-1 Glossary of abbreviations. . . . . . 2-15 2-38
General inspection and Glowplugs circuit tests
servicing instructions . . . . . . . 2-5 2-1 (protective control box). . . . . . . 2-31 2-303
Specific inspection and Glowplugs circuit tests
servicing instructions . . . . . . . 2-6 2-2 (distribution box). . . . . . . . . . . 2-31.1 2-318.1
Shipment, preparation for storage How to use troubleshooting
and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4 1-1 guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14 2-32
Special tools, TMDE, and support Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13 2-31
equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 2-1 Instrument tests. . . . . . . . . . . . 2-32 2-319
Startability tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17 2-41 Light tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-33 2-389
Starter circuit tests. . . . . . . . . . . . 2-30 2-261 Lubrication system tests . . . . . . 2-20 2-65
Starting system operation . . . . . . . 1-21 1-40 Protective control box/
STE/ICE-R test procedures . . . . . . 2-43 2-733 distribution box tests. . . . . . . . 2-28 2-227
Steering control system operation . . 1-29 1-49 Startability tests. . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17 2-41
Steering system tests . . . . . . . . . . 2-37 2-459 Starter circuit tests . . . . . . . . . . 2-30 2-261
Storage and shipment, STE/ICE-R test procedures . . . . 2-43 2-733
preparation for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4 1-1 Steering system tests . . . . . . . . 2-37 2-459
Stowage racks and tiedown straps . 1-33 1-55 Transmission system tests
Suspension system operation . . . . . 1-30 1-51 (3L80) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-34 2-399
Transmission system tests
T (4L80E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-35 2-411
Tables: Vehicle testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-44 2-761
Differences between models Winch system tests . . . . . . . . . . 2-41 2-715
(table 1-1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-14 1-30
Preventive maintenance checks
and services (table 2-1) . . . . . . 2-5 U
Tabulated data (table 1-2) . . . . . 1-15 1-31 Umbilical power cable, 200 ampere . 1-34 1-58
(3L80) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-34 2-399
V
Vehicle testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-44 2-761
(4L80-E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-35 2-411
Troubleshooting, electrical/ W
mechanical: Winch system tests . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-41 2-715
Air intake/exhaust tests . . . . . . 2-23 2-137 Windshield wiper/washer system
Alternator tests . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-27 2-195 operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-25 1-44
Ambulance electrical system
tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-39 2-497
Ambulance mechanical tests . . . . 2-40 2-693
Battery circuit tests . . . . . . . . . 2-29 2-251
Brake system tests . . . . . . . . . . 2-36 2-445
Compression/mechanical tests . . 2-24 2-143
Cooling system tests . . . . . . . . . 2-19 2-57
DCA troubleshooting. . . . . . . . . 2-42 2-723
Drivetrain tests . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-38 2-479
Electrical circuit description. . . . 2-16 2-39
Electrical tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-21 2-71
Engine cooling tests . . . . . . . . . 2-25 2-155
Engine lubrication tests. . . . . . . 2-26 2-187
Engine running tests. . . . . . . . . 2-18 2-47
Change 1 INDEX 3/(INDEX 4 blank)

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:
DENNIS J. REIMER
General, United States Army
Chief of Staff
Official:
X. L
YVONNE M. HARRISON
P
Administrative Assistant to the
Secretary of the Amy
01709
By Order of the Secretary of the Air Force:

RONALD R. FOGLEMAN
Chief of Staff
Official:
HENRY VICCELLIO, JR.

Commander, Air Force Materiel Command
By Order of the Marine Corps:
D. R. BLOOMER
Colonel, USMC
Director, Program Support
Marine Corps Systems Command
DISTRIUBTION:
To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-38-E, block 0900, requirements for
TM 9-2320-280-20-1.
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
FO-1 Fuel System Functional Flow

and Locations of Parts Diagrams
FP-1/(FP-2 Blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
FO-2 Intake Air/Exhaust Functional Flow

and Locations of Parts Diagrams
FP-3/(FP-4 Blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
FO-3 Compression/Mechanical Function Flow

and Location of Parts Diagrams
FP-5/(FP-6 Blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
FO-4 Cooling Functional Flow

and LOcation of Parts Diagrams
FP-7/(FP-8 Blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
FO-5 Engine Lubrication Functional Flow

FP-9/(FP-10 Blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
FO-6 Alternator Functional Flow

FP-11/(FP-12 Blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
FO-7 Battery Functional Flow

FP-13/(FP-14 Blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
FO-8 Starter Circuit Functional Flow

FP-15/(FP-16 Blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
FO-9 Glowplugs Functional Flow

FP-17/(FP-18 Blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
FO-10 Instruments Functional Flow

FP-19/(FP-20 Blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
FO-11 Lights Functional Flow

FP-21/(FP-22 Blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
FO-12 Transmission Functional Flow

FP-23/(FP-24 Blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
FO-13 Brakes Functional Flow

FP-25/(FP-26 Blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
FO-14 Steering Functional Flow

FP-27/(FP-28 Blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
FO-15 Drive Train Functional Flow

FP-29/(FP-30 Blank)
TM 9-2320-280-20-1
FO-16 DCA Functional Flow

FP-31/(FP-32 Blank)
PIN: 068172-000

TM-9-2320-280-20-1 HMMWV Unit Maintnance Vol 1

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ARMY TM 9-2320-280-20-1

AIR FORCE TO 36A12-1A-2092-1-1

TRUCK, UTILITY: ARMAMENT CARRIER, ARMORED, 1-1/4 TON, 4X4, M1025

TRUCK, UTILITY: ARMAMENT CARRIER, W/SUPPLEMENTAL ARMOR, 1-1/4 TON, 4X4,

TRUCK, UTILITY: S250 SHELTER CARRIER, 4X4, W/WINCH, M1042 (2320-01-146-7187);

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY,

EXHAUST GASES CAN KILL

WARNING SUMMARY (Cont’d)

WARNING SUMMARY (Cont’d)

TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES IN THIS PUBLICATION IS 3,011. CONSISTING OF THE FOLLOWING:

*Zero in this column indicates original page.

LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES (Contd)

*Zero in this column indicates original page.

LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES (Contd)

LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES (Contd)

*Zero in this column indicates original page.

LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES (Contd)

Page No. . . . . . . . .*Change No.

*Zero in this column indicates original page.

Change 1 E/(F blank)

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

2-1 through 2-34 2-1 through 2-34

By Order of the Secretary of the Air Force:

By Order of the Marine Corps:

HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL ...................................v

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

CHAPTER 2 SERVICE AND TROUBLESHOOTING INSTRUCTIONS .............. 2-1

CHAPTER 3 ENGINE SYSTEMS MAINTENANCE ............................ 3-1

CHAPTER 4 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM MAINTENANCE ......................... 4-1

CHAPTER 5 TRANSMISSION AND TRANSFER CASE MAINTENANCE ............ 5-1

CHAPTER 6 PROPELLER SHAFTS, AXLES, AND SUSPENSION MAINTENANCE .... 6-1

CHAPTER 7 BRAKE SYSTEM MAINTENANCE ............................. 7-1

CHAPTER 8 WHEELS AND STEERING MAINTENANCE ....................... 8-1

CHAPTER 9 FRAME MAINTENANCE ..................................... 9-1

CHAPTER 10 BODY AND ACCESSORIES MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1

CHAPTER 11 SPECIAL PURPOSE BODIES MAINTENANCE ..................... 11-1

CHAPTER 12 SPECIAL PURPOSE KITS MAINTENANCE ....................... 12-1

CHAPTER 13 PREPARATION FOR STORAGE OR SHIPMENT .................... 13-1

APPENDIX A REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL

ABOUT YOUR MANUAL

USING YOUR MANUAL AN EXAMPLE

a. TASK: The operator of an M998 series

1. Look at the cover of this manual. You’ll

2. Look at the right edge of the manual. On

5. Chapter 2 is divided into four sections:

6. Turn to section IV, "ELECTRICAL/

7. One of the first pages of this section is the

8. Look down the list of symptoms until you find

9. Turn to the test indicated.

10. On page 2-188, steps relating to

11. In accordance with Test 1, you checked

1. Turn to the “TABLE OF CONTENTS” and

2. Turn to chapter 3, section I on page 3-1. Here

Section I. GENERAL INFORMAT I O N

1 - 2 . MAINTENANCE FORMS, RECORDS, AND REPOR

1 - 3 . DESTRUCTION OF ARMY EQUIPMENT TO PREVENT ENEMY USE

1 - 4 . PREPARATION FOR STORAGE AND SHIPMENT

1 - 5 . R E P O RTING EQUIPMENT IMPROVEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS (EIR)