Cibulka Presentation PDF
Cibulka Presentation PDF
Cibulka Presentation PDF
presented to:
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Background
Transmission lines in California (and elsewhere) are becoming increasingly constrained, while load continues to grow. Californias RPS goals will put added demands on the existing transmission system, and will almost certainly require new lines and corridors. Transmission lines are difficult to site and permit, and the process can take 810 years, far longer than it takes for renewable generation to be ready. Public opposition to lines tends to focus on their visual and environmental impacts.
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Schematic Showing Two Possible Attachment Locations For Conductor Ground Clearance/Sag Monitoring Sensors
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*Developed with support from the California Energy Commission PIER Program.
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Reconductoring of T/Ls
Replace existing conductors with ones of greater size and current-carrying capacity.
Pro: capacity increase ~2X or more in same ROW no tower mods needed least expensive hardware option (~$200K/mi for conductors) reduced line losses minimal additional visual impacts
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Con: some line hardware costs: new clamps, connectors, etc. relaying system upgrades &/or re-calibration transformer replacement (?)
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Bundling Conductors
Add another conductor to an existing conductor (1 or more per phase).
A B C A B C
Pro: capacity increase ~200% or more in same ROW may be able to use existing insulators and crossarms; if so, costs are similar to reconductoring increase in visual impacts is not great
Con: relay upgrade/re-calibration transformer replacement or addition possible insulator, tower & crossarm upgrades new hardware: clamps, connectors, spacers increase in EMFs, RFI, and corona
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Developed with support from the California Energy Commission PIER Program.
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Voltage Uprating
Convert the transmission line from the existing voltage level to a new, higher voltage level, e.g., from 115 kV to 230 kV. Pro: increases capacity by the ratio Vnew/Vold existing towers, conductors and insulators can sometimes be used as is decreased losses voltage levels up to 1100 kV in use today
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Con: may require new insulators and line hardware transformer replacement required additional visual impacts reactive compensation an important factor, increases costs
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C'
Phase-to-Phase Spacing (New)
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Phase-to-Phase Spacing (Original)
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High-pressure gas or oil filled pipe-type cable system [ ]. Pro: visual impacts are zero less susceptible to damage EMFs lower than O/H from storms lines lower risk of sparking fires generally more no hazard to wildlife, acceptable in urban and especially migratory birds congested areas
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Con: costs are typically 5X10X that for overhead lines construction is difficult, costly and has environmental impacts maintenance & corrosion issues thermal considerations limit operation
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outages generally more difficult and expensive to repair potential leakage of SF6 gas or oil expensive to upgrade lengths limited to ~40 miles due to capacitance effects splices are a maintenance and reliability issue
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Con: high costs of converter equipment need lots of substation space for converters need lots of reactive support in the form of filter capacitors more expensive than O/H AC for distances under ~400 miles (but the economics are getting better)
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Conversion of AC Line to DC
A 3-phase AC line can be converted to two HVDC lines with a metallic return, or three HVDC lines with earth return, without modifying the towers, insulators or conductors. Only the terminal equipment changes: AC/DC converters replace the transformers.
Pro: typically ~3X-5X increase in corridor capacity is feasible, over single-circuit AC no EMFs no change in visual impacts increased control of power flow no limit on line length
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Con: high costs of converter equipment increased footprint of substation additional reactive support required at the converters (substations)
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VSC-based HVDC
An HVDC technology using voltage-source converter (VSC) power electronics instead of line-commutated high-power thyristors.
Pro: all the benefits of conventional HVDC, but with lower costs and reactive requirements can use existing AC lines for conversions can use solid-dielectric, directburied or submarine cables, with lower environmental impacts 4-quadrant operation for enhanced control of power flow cables can easily be directburied under existing AC lines or in other ROWs (highway medians, railroads, etc.)
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Con: at present, voltage limited to 300 kV, power to ~500 MW per circuit fairly new technology with relatively positive, albeit limited, operating experience still relatively expensive, compared to conventional overhead AC
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Con: very expensive at present still a developing technology limited to runs of < 1 mile splices are very tricky for longer runs cryogenics improvements needed
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Tower Structures
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Blending In
Shiny vs. weathered conductors; lattice vs. pole; bare metal pole vs. painted.
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Anti-Camouflage Tower
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Questions?
Lloyd Cibulka California Institute for Energy & Environment Electric Grid Research 510-290-3875 [email protected]
SAIC
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