Australian Government

Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences

Energy update 2011

Andrew Schultz and Rebecca Petchey
June 2011

 Commonwealth of Australia 2011 This work is copyright. The Copyright Act 1968 permits fair dealing for study, research, news reporting, criticism or review. Selected passages, tables or diagrams may be reproduced for such purposes provided acknowledgment of the source is included. Major extracts or the entire document may not be reproduced by any process without the written permission of the Executive Director, Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES). The Australian Government acting through ABARES has exercised due care and skill in the preparation and compilation of the information and data set out in this publication. Notwithstanding, ABARES, its employees and advisers disclaim all liability, including liability for negligence, for any loss, damage, injury, expense or cost incurred by any person as a result of accessing, using or relying upon any of the information or data set out in this publication to the maximum extent permitted by law.

Schultz, A and Petchey, R 2011, Energy update 2011, Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences, Canberra, June.

Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences Postal address GPO Box 1563 Canberra ACT 2601 Australia Switchboard +61 2 6272 2010 Facsimile +61 2 6272 2001 Email [email protected] Web abares.gov.au ABARES project 43124

Acknowledgments
The authors thank Clara Cuevas-Cubria, Kate Penney, Dianne Stefanac, Richard Brownlee, Kate Martin, Clare Stark and Trish Gleeson for their assistance throughout this project. Funding for this update was provided by the Energy and Environment Division of the Australian Government Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism.

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Energy update 2011

Australian energy production, consumption and trade, 197374 to 200910
This update of the Australian Energy Statistics (AES) represents a major step forward in the development of energy statistics in Australia. For the first time, the AES draws on National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting (NGER) data as the primary source of energy consumption data, providing better industry-level coverage of energy use in Australia. Partly reflecting stronger economic growth in 200910 compared with the previous year, Australias total primary energy supply, the equivalent of total energy consumption, increased by 1.1 per cent in 200910 to 5945 petajoules. Total final energy consumption in Australia grew by 1.4 per cent during the year to 3703 petajoules. The main drivers of higher final energy consumption during 200910 were the manufacturing and transport sectors. Final energy use in the residential sector grew moderately, while energy consumption in the commercial and mining sectors was largely unchanged. In energy content terms, renewable energy (excluding biomass) recorded the strongest consumption growth in 200910 at 17.1 per cent, followed by gas consumption, which grew by 4.5 per cent. In contrast, coal consumption declined by 1.9 per cent. Australias energy production, in energy content terms, declined by 3 per cent in 200910 to 17 282 petajoules, driven largely by a fall in uranium oxide production. Total electricity generation declined by 1.2 per cent to 241 566 gigawatt hours in 200910, as a fall in generation from combustible fuels (including coal, oil products and bioenergy) more than offset an increase in generation from renewable sources (including wind, hydro and solar). In energy content terms, Australias energy exports declined by 0.7 per cent to 13 710 petajoules in 200910, as a fall in uranium oxide exports more than offset strong growth in coal and liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports.

Methodology and coverage

This years Energy update reflects the addition of 200910 estimates, and historical revisions, to ABARES Australian Energy Statistics (AES), which can be found at www.abares.gov.au/ publications_remote_content/publication_series/australian_energy_statistics. Several major changes were made for this release of the AES. Firstly, National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting (NGER) data, sourced from the Australian Government Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency, have been adopted as the main energy consumption data source for the AES. Previously, the construction of

Energy update 2011 ABARES

ABARES historical energy statistics was based on the voluntary Fuel and Electricity Survey (FES), conducted in the second half of each year. With the introduction of NGER, survey year 200809 became the final year that the FES was conducted. For survey year 200910, NGER data have been used as the primary source of energy consumption data. Revisions were made to 200809 AES statistics to incorporate NGER data where appropriate. Secondly, total final energy consumption (TFEC) estimates have been presented in this publication for the first time. The two most recent years (200809 and 200910) of TFEC estimates have been prepared for this update; however, backward extensions to this time series will be developed on an ongoing basis. The move to replace the FES with NGER data is expected to result in a more accurate representation of energy consumption in Australia through the AES. Mandatory NGER reporting for entities consuming over a defined threshold of energy is likely to improve the estimates of energy use for many industries that the FES was unable to adequately survey. However, as with the FES, aggregate NGER data represent only a subset of total Australian energy use, as the majority of Australian businesses are small or medium consumers of energy. In undertaking the AES, NGER data were supplemented with information from other Australian Government agencies, state-based agencies and industry associations. As in the past, in sectors with low or no NGER coverage (commercial and services, agriculture and residential), energy consumption was estimated using the energy balance process and other estimation techniques. Thirdly, the 2006 Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC) standards to categorise industry have been incorporated into the AES for the first time. These replace the 1993 ANZSIC classifications that had been used previously, and improve the AES as a resource comparable with other Australian Government industry-specific information. Finally, in this Energy update, new information has been presented on electricity generation in Australia. While previously only aggregate electricity generation, by state, had been reported, the AES now additionally presents a series of national electricity generation by the type of fuel used. More information on these changes can be found in appendix A. The ABARES energy database provides detailed energy consumption and production statistics, by state and by fuel, at an industry-specific level. The most detailed sub-sectoral coverage is provided in the energy-intensive manufacturing sectors and for Australia as a whole. In some cases, particularly at the state level, specific industry detail is not able to be released for confidentiality reasons. The overview tables include industry-specific detail, but at an adequate level of aggregation that allows publication. The general methodology used in the AES is the process of balancing energy consumption with production and trade, where much of the production and trade data is sourced independently. The check for internal consistency is an important component of the AES and ensures that the estimates of energy consumption at an aggregate level are as accurate as possible.

Energy update 2011 ABARES

Energy consumption by fuel

Australias total primary energy supply is estimated to have increased by 1.1 per cent to 5945 petajoules in 200910. Total primary energy supply can be seen as a proxy for the total amount of energy consumed in the Australian economy. In 200910, black and brown coal remained the dominant fuel sources in the Australian energy mix at around 37 per cent. The share of gas rose by 1 percentage point to 23 per cent, while the share of coal fell by 1 percentage point to 38 per cent, mainly reflecting some substitution between these fuels within the electricity generation sector in 200910. Oil consumption increased by 2.5 per cent, associated with higher use in the transport sector, the non-ferrous metals industry within the manufacturing sector, and the mining sector. The share of renewable energy consumed remained steady at 5 per cent of the total energy mix in 200910 (table 1, gure 1).

Box 1

Defining energy consumption

In this update, three different definitions of energy consumption are usedtotal primary energy supply (TPES), total final energy consumption (TFEC) and total net energy consumption. TPES is a measure of the total energy supplied within the economy. It is equal to indigenous production plus imports minus exports, plus stock changes and statistical discrepancies. TPES includes the supply of both primary and secondary fuels. TFEC is the energy used by the final or end-use sectors, and can be seen as a subset of total energy supplied. TFEC includes all energy consumed, except for the consumption of energy that is used to convert or transform primary energy into different forms of energy. For example, refinery feedstock that is used to produce petroleum products and fuels consumed in the generation of electricity are both excluded from TFEC. Total net energy consumption is equal to the consumption of all fuels minus the derived fuels produced within the economy. For this update, this term is most useful when describing total energy consumed at an industry or regional level.

1 Total primary energy supply, by fuel

6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
petajoules

1973 74

1976 77
renewables

1979 80

1982 83

1985 86
oil

1988 89
coal

1991 92

1994 95

1997 98

2000 01

2003 04

2006 07

2009 10

natural gas

Energy update 2011 ABARES

Total primary energy supply, by fuel

growth 200910 200910 5-year average annual growth

0.5 2.3 5.6 1.1 1.8

share
37.5 34.6 23.1 4.8 100.0

PJ % % % Coal 2 229 Oil 2 058 Gas 1 372 Renewables 286 Total 5 945
PJ = petajoules.

1.9 2.5 4.5 0.3 1.1

In energy content terms, renewable energy (excluding biomass) recorded consumption growth in 200910 of 17.1 per cent. Of the renewable energy sources, solar energy and wind energy grew strongly, each by around 26 per cent, although from a relatively low base (table 2). Hydroelectricity increased by 13.3 per cent, reflecting Total primary energy supply, by renewable higher rainfall in south-eastern Australia than in 200809. However, energy source a decline of 7.1 per cent in biomass growth consumption offset these increases, 200910 200910 causing total renewable energy PJ % consumption to remain largely Biogas/biofuels 21 14.0 unchanged at 286 petajoules in Hydro 45 13.3 200910. This decline in biomass Wind 17 26.0 consumption resulted from a fall Solar 11 26.2 in the use of bagasse for electricity Biomass 192 7.1 generation by sugar manufacturers Total 286 0.3 in Queensland and New South PJ = petajoules. Wales.

Energy consumption by sector

Australias total final energy consumption is estimated to have increased by 1.4 per cent to 3703 petajoules in 200910 (table 3). The manufacturing sector contributed most to this growth, where consumption grew by 2.9 per cent to 1036 petajoules. Within this sector, following a sharp downturn in steelmaking in 200809 that reflected weak global demand, production in the energy-intensive iron and steel industry grew by 25 per cent in 200910. Final energy consumption also grew in the chemicals industry (up 8 per cent to 228 petajoules) and the wood, paper and printing industry (up 5 per cent to 77 petajoules). In the transport sector, total final energy consumption increased in 200910 by 0.9 per cent to 1416 petajoules, largely reflecting an increase in the fuels used in the air transport sector. Total final energy consumption also increased in the residential sector by 1.2 per cent to 440 petajoules.

Energy update 2011 ABARES

Australias total final energy consumption, by sector

growth share 200809 200910 200910 200910

PJ PJ % % Mining 341 340 0.4 9.2 Manufacturing and construction 1 007 1 036 2.9 28.0 Transport 1 404 1 416 0.9 38.2 Commercial 310 309 0.2 8.3 Residential 435 440 1.2 11.9 Other 157 162 3.2 4.4 Total
PJ = petajoules.

3 653

3 703

1.4

100.0

Since the early 1990s, growth in energy consumption has generally remained below the rate of economic growth. This indicates a longer-term decline in the ratio of energy use to activity in the Australian economy (energy intensity), which can be attributed to two main factors: improvements in energy efficiency associated with technological advancement; and a shift in industry structure toward less energy-intensive sectors such as commercial and services. In 200910, energy intensity as defined as the ratio of total primary energy supply to gross domestic product (GDP) declined by around 1.1 per cent (gure 2).

2 Intensity of Australian energy consumption

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8
index

1991 92
GDP

1993 94

1995 96

1997 98

1999 2000

2001 02

2003 04

2005 06

2007 08

2009 10

energy consumption

energy intensity

Energy consumption by region

Energy consumption across Australias states and territories largely reflects the industry structure of each jurisdiction. Shifts in the composition of Australian industry from energyintensive manufacturing to less energy-intensive services over several decades, combined with the energy requirements associated with the more recent mining boom, have led to changing trends in regional energy consumption growth. 5

Energy update 2011 ABARES

Total net energy consumption in 200910 increased by 3.4 per cent in New South Wales. This increase largely reflected greater energy use in the iron and steel industry, the petroleum refining sector, the aviation industry, and the non-ferrous metal sector.

Australias total net energy consumption, by region

growth share 200809 200910 200910

PJ % % New South Wales 1 648 3.4 27.7 Victoria 1 406 0.6 23.6 Queensland 1 301 1.1 21.9 South Australia 348 0.0 5.9 Western Australia 1 026 3.1 17.3 Tasmania 110 0.3 1.8 Northern Territory 107 3.6 1.8 Total
PJ = petajoules.

Total net energy consumption increased in Western Australia and the Northern Territory by 3.1 per cent and 3.6 per cent, respectively. The main driver of these increases was higher consumption of natural gas in LNG processing. Total net energy consumption in Queensland fell by around 1 per cent to 1301 petajoules as energy consumption fell in the petroleum refining and electricity supply industries (table 4).

5 945

1.1

100.0

Production and trade

In 200910, Australia produced 17 282 petajoules of primary energy, three times more than was consumed domestically. Energy production fell by 3.0 per cent in 200910, mainly as a result of a 30.6 per cent fall in uranium oxide production. This fall largely resulted from the suspension of BHP Billitons

3 Australian energy production

20 000 15 000 10 000

5000
petajoules

1973 74
renewables

1977 78

1981 82

1985 86

1989 90

1993 94

1997 98
natural gas

2001 02

2005 06

2009 10
black coal

brown coal

crude oil and natrual gas liquids

uranium

Energy update 2011 ABARES

Olympic Dam operation following the closure of the main haulage shaft in late 2009 resulting in lower production over three quarters. The energy associated with the combined production of Australian crude oil, condensate and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) also fell by 4.2 per cent during 200910. The decline in energy produced partly reflects lower output from the Woollybutt and Stybarrow oilfields associated with scheduled maintenance and extensive flooding in the Cooper Basin. Partly offsetting these falls was increased energy production from coal (up 8.6 per cent to 10 571 petajoules) and gas (up 8.2 per cent to 2005 petajoules). The increase in energy from coal largely came from increased coal production as a result of the completion of several coal mines, including New Hope Coals New Acland and Whitehavens Rocglen. The growth in energy from gas was supported by the start-up of the Blacktip and Henry fields and increased output of coal seam gas in south-east Queensland (gure 3, table 5).

Australian energy production, by fuel

growth 200910 200910 5-year average annual growth share

PJ % % % Black coal 9 827 8.4 3.7 56.9 Brown coal 744 11.2 2.5 4.3 Renewables 286 0.3 1.0 1.7 Crude oil and natural gas liquids 1 057 4.2 1.4 6.1 Gas 2 005 8.2 4.7 11.6 Uranium 3 363 30.6 8.2 19.5 Total
PJ = petajoules.

17 282

3.0

0.3

100.0

In 200910, total electricity generated in Australia declined by 1.2 per cent to 241 566 gigawatt hours (870 petajoules). The main drivers of this decline were falls in generation from combustible fuels, including coal (down 2.9 per cent), oil products (down 11.6 per cent) and bioenergy (down 9.1 per cent). An unusually warm period during the September quarter of 200910 temporarily reduced demand for electricity, resulting in lower electricity output for the year as a whole. While comprising a small share of overall electricity generation, increasing generation from renewable sources such as wind, hydro and solar energy partially offset the decline in generation from combustible fuels. Estimated electricity generation from wind and solar energy increased significantly in 200910, by 26.0 per cent and 78.2 per cent, respectively (gure 4, table 6). The strong growth from solar energy was largely a result of government policies encouraging increased uptake of solar photovoltaics in the residential sector.

Energy update 2011 ABARES

4 Australian electricity production, by fuel

300 000 250 000 200 000 150 000 100 000 50 000
GWh

1991 92
other

1994 95
oil products

1997 98
renewables

2000 01
natural gas

2003 04
brown coal

2006 07
black coal

2009 10

Australian electricity production, by fuel

growth 200910 200910 5-year average annual growth share

GWh % % % Fossil fuels Black coal 124 478 3.7 0.9 51.5 Brown coal 55 968 0.9 1.8 23.2 Gas 36 223 1.0 2.3 15.0 Oil 2 691 11.6 6.8 1.1 Other 2 496 4.2 na 1.0

Renewable energy Bioenergy 2 113 9.1 2.4 0.9 Wind 4 798 26.0 40.2 2.0 Hydro 12 522 13.3 4.3 5.2 Solar PV 278 78.2 25.2 0.1
Total
GWh = gigawatt hours.

241 566

1.2

0.2

100.0

In energy content terms, Australias energy exports declined by 0.7 per cent to 13 710 petajoules in 200910, largely reflecting lower exports of uranium oxide associated with lower production as a result of the outage at Olympic Dam. Largely offsetting this, LNG and coal exports grew strongly, by 15.9 per cent and 12.4 per cent, respectively. In energy content terms, coal exports accounted for 61 per cent of Australias energy exports in 200910 (8327 petajoules), while uranium accounted for around one-quarter (3551 petajoules). Higher exports of coal and LNG were supported by increased demand from Asia, particularly China and India, where economic growth was relatively strong during the year (gure 5, table 7).

Energy update 2011 ABARES

5 Australian energy exports

15 000 12 000 9000 6000 3000
petajoules

1973 74
LNG

1977 78
oil

1981 82
uranium

1985 86

1989 90

1993 94

1997 98

2001 02

2005 06

2009 10

black coal

Australian energy exports, by fuel

growth 200910
Coal Oil a LNG Uranium Total

200910

5-year average annual growth

share

PJ

% % 4.8 60.7 1.3 6.3 11.0 7.1 7.7 25.9 1.3 100.0

8 327 12.4 860 6.5 972 15.9 3 551 25.3 13 710 0.7

a includes crude oil, natural gas liquids and petroleum products. PJ = petajoules.

Australia is a net importer of liquid hydrocarbons, including crude oil, and most petroleum products. In 200910, Australia exported around 860 petajoules of liquid fuels (excluding LNG but including international bunkers) and imported around 1800 petajoules. Net imports rose by 7.9 per cent in 200910 as the increase in imports of liquid fuels more than offset the increase in exports.

Changes to the Australian Energy Statistics methodology and structure

appendix

The 2011 edition of the Energy update reflects several changes made to the methodology and structure used in the Australian Energy Statistics (AES) database. The changes were made to incorporate three main developments: 1. new primary source data 2. new energy statistics definitions 3. new industry classifications. This appendix provides an explanation of these changes and the effect of the changes on the AES.

1. New primary source data

Historically, the construction of ABARES historical statistics was based on the voluntary Fuel and Electricity Survey (FES), conducted in the second half of the year. With the establishment of a mandatory system of National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting (NGER), the FES ceased, with the final collection covering the 200809 reporting year. From the 200910 reporting year onwards, the NGER will be used as the primary source of data underlying the AES. Under the National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Act 2007, businesses that consume and/or produce above a minimum level of energy are subject to mandatory reporting requirements. These thresholds, summarised in table A1, are designed to include all large energy consuming entities in the Australian economy to cover most of Australias energy consumption and production. Small and medium businesses with energy consumption or production less than these thresholds will therefore be excluded from the NGER. Nevertheless, it is well understood that a relatively small proportion of the total number of Australian businesses account for the great proportion of Australias total energy use and that these large, energy-intensive businesses will be captured by the NGER data. The shift to the NGER as the primary energy data source has raised concerns about AES data continuity and the need to ensure that current levels of coverage and quality are maintained (and potentially improved). The mandatory nature of the NGER, compared with the voluntary FES, has resulted in good quality data being obtained from large and medium sized energy users and producers.

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Energy update 2011 ABARES

A1

NGER reporting thresholds

energy
500 terajoules consumption/production 350 terajoules consumption/production 200 terajoules consumption/production 100 terajoules consumption/production

year emissions Controlling corporations a

200809 125 000 tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent 200910 87 500 tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent 201011 on 50 000 tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent

Facilities b
All years 25 000 tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent

a If a business breaks the controlling corporation threshold, it must report its energy consumption, production and/or emissions data for each facility under its control. b If a business does not break the controlling corporation threshold, but one of the facilities under its control breaks the facility threshold, that business is required to report for that facility only. Source: Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency

When constructing the AES, in some sectorsfor example, mining and non-ferrous metals where NGER coverage is almost complete, it was possible to use the NGER as the predominate source of information for the AES. For most industry sectors, while coverage is greatly improved from that obtained using the FES, substantial estimation continues to be required to determine state-based and national industry energy consumption aggregates. In other sectors, including agriculture, commercial and services, and residential, it was necessary to continue to rely mainly on other estimation techniques, including regression analysis.

2. New energy statistics definitions

The 2011 edition of the AES incorporates several new definitions, which have been introduced to better align the AES with the framework used by the International Energy Agency (IEA). The energy statistics definitions that are now used in the AES are detailed below.

Definitions now used in the AES

Primary fuels: The forms of energy obtained directly from nature, involving only the extraction or collection of the energy source. They include non-renewable fuels such as coal, ethane and methane, crude oil and condensate, naturally occurring liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and uranium; and renewable fuels such as wood, bagasse, landfill gas, hydroelectricity, wind energy and solar energy. Secondary fuels: The forms of energy that result from transforming primary fuels. They include electricity, petroleum products, LPG produced in refineries and liquid biofuels produced through the transformation of agricultural or waste feedstocks.

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Energy update 2011 ABARES

Total primary energy supply (TPES): A measure of the total energy supplied within the economy. It is equal to indigenous production plus imports minus exports, plus stock changes and statistical discrepancies. TPES includes both primary and secondary fuels (gure A1).

A1 Total primary energy supply

TPES

Production

Imports

Exports

Stock changes and statistical discrepancies

Total net energy consumption: A measure of the total energy used within the economy. At an aggregate level, total net energy consumption is equivalent to total primary energy supply. It is equal to consumption of all fuels minus the derived fuels produced within the economy, which is equivalent to the total consumption of primary fuels in both the conversion and end-use sectors plus net imports of transformed fuels. This term is most useful when describing total energy use at an industry or regional level, as TPES is not applicable in these circumstances. It includes fuel inputs in conversion activitiesnotably the consumption of fuels used to produce petroleum products and electricityand own use and losses in the conversion sector. It also includes the consumption of transformed fuels, such as refined petroleum products, that are not produced domestically. It does not include secondary fuels that are produced domestically, such as coke, coal by-products and petroleum products, as the energy embodied in these fuels is already accounted for in the primary fuels that they are produced from (gure A2).

A2 Total net energy consumption

Total net energy consumption

Fuel used for conversion and distribution

TFEC

TPES

Total final energy consumption (TFEC): The total energy consumed in the final or end-use sectors. It is equal to TPES less energy consumed or lost in conversion, transmission and distribution.

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Energy update 2011 ABARES

Changes made to incorporate new definitions in the AES

In the past, statistics for energy use at the end-use stage, or final energy consumption, have included some conversion activities in the sector in which they occur. For example, electricity generated in the mining sector has historically been included in the mining sector, resulting in some overestimation of final energy consumption. In the energy balances, this was referred to as gross final energy disposal to reflect the inclusion of some conversion activities. As explained above, the AES has changed its definition for the use of energy at the end-use stage to be in line with the IEA definition for TFEC. The IEA framework requires that conversion activities that occur within industry sectors be moved to the conversion sector in the energy statistics. In the new energy balances, all conversion activities have been transferred to the conversion sector, so it is possible to present TFEC instead of the previous gross final energy disposal. Conversion activities that have been transferred to the conversion sector include electricity generation (previously included in the sector in which it occurred), LNG manufacturing (previously included in the mining end-use sector) and some chemicals manufacturing (for example, petroleum refining, which occurs in the chemicals sector).

3. Updated industry classifications

The Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC) codes provide the industry sectors and subsectors used for both the AES and NGER datasets. Historically, in order to better represent energy flows throughout the economy, the AES has used a modified form of the ANZSIC classifications introduced in 1993.This modified classification structure contained additional classes in some industries and assumed aggregated energy use in others where appropriate. This years AES incorporates the ANZSIC codes introduced in 2006 in line with the NGER dataset. Where the 1993 ANZSIC codes did not directly correspond with the 2006 codes, either the AES or NGER industry structure was adjusted by aggregating industries or existing data was transferred between codes to maintain comparability between datasets. Most changes reflected by the 2006 ANZSIC codes take place within the aggregated commercial and services sector, which do not materially affect the AES. As in the past, a modified ANZSIC classification structure has been used, to best reflect the nature of energy flows and maintain consistency with international energy statistics conventions. A comparison between the 1993 and 2006 ANZSIC codes can be found at www.abs.gov.au/ AUSSTATS/[email protected]/DetailsPage/1292.02006%20(Revision%201.0)?OpenDocument.

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ReseArcH fUNDING ABARES relies on nancial support from external organ isations to complete its research program. As at the date of this publication, the following organisations had provided nancial support for Bureau research in 200910 and 201011. We gratefully acknowledge this assistance.

AusAID Australia Indonesia Governance Research Partnership (ANU) Australian Competition & Consumer Commission Australian Fisheries Management Authority Australian Government Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research Australian Government Department of Climate Change and Energy Eciency Australian Government Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism Australian Government Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population & Communities Australian Government Department of the Treasury Australian National University Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity CSIRO Dairy Australia Department of Primary Industries, parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania Ensis (joint venture between the CSIRO (Aust) and Scion (NZ)) Environment ACT Environmental Hydrology Associates Fisheries Research & Development Corporation

Food Standards Australia New Zealand Forest & Wood Products Australia Goulburn-Murray Water Grains Research & Development Corporation Grape & Wine Research & Development Corporation Horticulture Australia Limited Industry & Investment NSW Inovact Consulting Pty Ltd Korea Rural Economics Institute Meat & Livestock Australia MurrayDarling Basin Authority National Water Commission New Zealand Institute of Veterinary, Animal & Biomedical Sciences Peel Harvey Catchment Council Plant Health Australia Queensland Competition Authority Queensland Department of Employment, Economic Development & Innovation Rural Industries Research & Development Corporation Sinclair Knight Mertz South Australian Research & Development Institute Southern Cross University University of Melbourne

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