2020 Energy Consumption in The UK ECUK

Energy Consumption in the UK (ECUK) 1970 to 2019
22 October 2020 National Statistics
• Total energy consumption in the UK decreased by 1.4 million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe)
(or 1.0 per cent) between 2018 and 2019 to 142.0 mtoe.
• All sectors saw a fall in consumption with almost half of the total decrease (45 per cent) being
accounted for by the industrial sector with a further quarter by the domestic sector.
• With the exception of bioenergy and waste, all fuels saw a decrease particularly petroleum
which fell by 0.9 mtoe (1.4 per cent).
• Bioenergy consumption increased by 0.5 mtoe (7.6 per cent) with three quarters of the
increase being liquid biofuels consumed in transport offsetting to some extent the fall in
petroleum in that sector. Overall, transport consumption fell by just 0.4 per cent.
• The energy ratio fell by 2.6 per cent (Table I1), meaning that increased efficiencies reduced
the amount of energy needed to underpin each unit of Gross Domestic Product (GDP, £1
million).
• Figure 1 below shows the long-term trends in consumption by sector and fuel; by sector, the
most notable element is the growth in transport consumption and fall in industrial. By fuel,
coal has fallen considerably since 1970 (by 96 per cent) with gas consumption more than
tripling (though has since fallen by a quarter since consumption peaked in 2001).
Figure 1: Change in energy consumption by sector and fuel 1970 to 2019

By sector. By fuel.
Responsible statistician: Liz Waters Email: [email protected]

Media enquiries: 0207 215 1000 Public enquiries: 0207 215 5000 Next publication: 29 July 2021
What you need to know about these statistics:
Energy Consumption in the UK (ECUK) is an annual publication that covers final energy
consumption. It is of interest to a wide range of users including academics, energy industry
experts, government policy users, and members of the public. These statistics provide
additional insights and analysis of final energy consumption to complement the Digest of
UK Energy Statistics (DUKES), which focuses on detailed energy balances. 1
An interactive tool is published alongside this document which enables users to create and
download charts and data tables on consumption according to interests and level of detail
required. The tool will be updated for 2019 data on 29th October. Additionally, the Excel
data tables also contain methodology notes and supporting information along with
additional charts enabling users to see all relevant information in one place.
Consumption data are mostly sourced from DUKES and are of good quality. However,
some of the modelled tables are based on research undertaken only periodically and have
not been updated for some time. This is particularly relevant for end uses in the industrial
sector but in the interest of providing a comprehensive picture of detailed consumption
patterns, proportions obtained from historical modelling have been applied to updated
consumption totals from DUKES. The proportions applied have now been included in the
Excel tables marked as reference tables.
Secondly, although this publication covers the UK some of the modelling uses variables
that do not have UK-wide coverage. For example, the English Housing Survey underpins
some of the analysis in ECUK, but this survey is only for England. Where geographic
coverage of variables used for modelling is not complete it has been assumed that
characteristics apply to the whole of the UK.
The publication has been split into five themes: Energy Consumption; Energy Intensity;
End Use; Primary Energy Equivalents; and Electrical Products.
Data are provided for the period 1970 to 2019 where possible though for some tables,
updates are not yet available for 2019 and other series start more recently (e.g. industrial
sub sector splits are only available from 1998).
The data are provisional and subject to revision. This year energy consumption data
have been revised back to 2016 and the revisions are outlined in section IX of Chapter 1
in DUKES . Table C1 is based on DUKES Table 1.1.5 and revised values have been
annotated with an “r” in that table. Tables 1.1 to 1.3 show which values have been
revised at a more disaggregated level.
For data sourced from other government departments which are all classified as National
Statistics, the reader should refer to the respective publications’ revisions policy.
1https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/digest-of-uk-energy-statistics-dukes
Responsible statistician: Liz Waters Email: [email protected]
Media enquiries: 0207 215 1000 Public enquiries: 0207 215 5000 Next publication: 29 July 2021
Energy Consumption in the UK 2020
Contents
Introduction _______________________________________________________________ 4
Energy Consumption ________________________________________________________ 5
Domestic________________________________________________________________ 6
Transport _______________________________________________________________ 8
Road Transport Consumption ______________________________________________ 9
Industry ________________________________________________________________ 11
Services _______________________________________________________________ 12
Energy Intensity ___________________________________________________________ 14
Transport ______________________________________________________________ 14
Domestic_______________________________________________________________ 15
Industry ________________________________________________________________ 16
Services _______________________________________________________________ 16
Output and Intensity Factors________________________________________________ 17
Primary Energy Consumption ________________________________________________ 19
All sectors 2018 to 2019 ___________________________________________________ 19
All sectors 2000 to 2019 ___________________________________________________ 20
Energy End Uses __________________________________________________________ 22
Electrical Products _________________________________________________________ 24
Introduction ___________________________________________________________ 24
Wet Appliances ________________________________________________________ 25
Televisions ___________________________________________________________ 27
Consumer Electronics ___________________________________________________ 28
Cold Appliances _______________________________________________________ 29
Technical information _______________________________________________________ 30
Definitions _______________________________________________________________ 30
Further information _________________________________________________________ 31
Related statistics ________________________________________________________ 31
Uses of these statistics ____________________________________________________ 31
User engagement ________________________________________________________ 32
National Statistics designation ______________________________________________ 32
Pre-release access to statistics _____________________________________________ 32
Contact ________________________________________________________________ 32
3
Introduction
Energy Consumption in the UK (ECUK) is a publication that complements the Digest of UK
Energy Statistics (DUKES), also published by the Department for Business, Energy and the
Industrial Strategy. Whilst DUKES provides detailed information on balances, including the
supply side of energy to the UK, ECUK includes supplementary analysis of consumption data to
provide additional insights into the use of energy by sector in the UK.
Data are presented under five key themes:
Energy Consumption
Taking headline consumption data from the Digest of UK Energy Statistics (DUKES), this
section examines energy use by fuel and sector (e.g. use of electricity, biofuels and
petroleum products in transport).
Energy Intensity
This section examines the relationship between energy used and output over time, for
example the amount of fuel used in transport compared to the number of passenger numbers
and miles travelled. Lower ratios can indicate improved energy efficiencies (among other
effects) to achieve the same output using less energy.
End Use
To further explore the use of energy in the UK, this section models consumption reported in
DUKES by estimating the proportions of end uses for each fuel. An example would be the
amount of gas used in the domestic sector for space heating, water heating and cooking.
Primary Energy Equivalents

The above sections on consumption, end use and intensity examine final consumption of
energy, which does not include use by the energy industry and losses. Primary demand
includes these elements of demand and is therefore higher than final consumption. This
section apportions energy on a primary demand basis to each sector. This is helpful to
understand the total energy requirements to not only supply energy for final consumption,
but also to generate the energy supplied to each sector.
Electrical Products
Using modelled data, this section shows how much electricity was used by electrical
appliances. Only certain electrical products have been modelled, meaning that total use here
does not match electricity demand elsewhere in ECUK or in DUKES. These tables are shown
in Gigawatt Hours (GWh) only because they are not comparable to these other statistics.
For comparison purposes across fuel types energy is quoted in thousand tonnes of oil equivalent
(ktoe), unless stated; the electrical products tables are however, presented in Giga Watt hours
(GWh) as these tables are not comparable with others in the publication. This is standard
practice when considering electricity in isolation.
4
Energy Consumption
Between 2018 and 2019, consumption (excluding non-energy use) decreased by 1.4
mtoe (1.0 per cent) to 142.0 mtoe, see consumption tables accompanying this
publication, Table C1.
Figure 2 below shows changes in consumption by sector highlighting which fuels are driving the
changes; it can be a useful way of tracking changing fuel preferences. For example, it shows
that a large proportion of the fall in petroleum consumption is in the transport sector, much of
which has been offset by an increase in liquid biofuels leaving a small decrease overall (0.4 per
cent) in transport.
If a sector shows a fall in consumption for all fuel types, rather than highlighting possible fuel
switching, it could reflect an overall reduction in activity or improving efficiencies, although
impacts of the latter are more likely to be seen over a longer time frame (see section on energy
intensity). The industrial sector showed such a decrease across fuel types with petroleum falling
the most in both absolute and percentage terms (by 0.3 mtoe, or 11.2 per cent) and with
electricity falling by 0.2 mtoe (2.4 per cent). Gas consumption fell slightly (by 0.1 mtoe or 1.2
per cent) and solid fuels also fell but to a lesser extent. Bioenergy and waste, however,
increased slightly by 1.7 per cent and now represents 6.6 per cent of industrial consumption
though this is lower than its share in 2018 (6.3 per cent).
Figure 2: Change in consumption by sector and fuel, 2018 to 2019
5
Domestic
Table C1 shows that consumption in the domestic sector decreased by 0.3 mtoe (0.8 per
cent).
All fuels in this sector fell except for bioenergy which increased by 3.3 per cent.
The domestic sector is the most responsive to temperature changes as a larger proportion of
consumption is used for space heating. Between 2018 and 2019, the average temperature fell
very slightly (from 10.6 degrees Celsius to 10.5 degrees Celsius) having a limited impact on
consumption, which actually fell very slightly. Figure 3 shows the trend over a longer time frame
and includes years with much larger year on year temperature changes, the effect of which can
be more clearly seen in consumption behaviours.
Figure 3: Domestic consumption, temperature-corrected consumption and average

annual temperatures
Average annual temperatures do not take account of the fact that a cooler summer will not
necessarily impact on heating demand, comparing quarterly temperatures and consumption
would be expected to show the dependency more clearly. Taking this a step further and
considering heating degree days whereby on certain days, a small temperature difference could
trigger a household switching on the heating and to what extent, a clearer pattern might emerge.
In this case, changes in consumption would be in line with heating degree changes instead of
opposing as in the case of average temperatures. Figure 4 below shows the difference in
quarterly data for 2018 to 2019 compared with the difference in heating degree days.
6
Figure 4: Change in quarterly domestic demand and heating degree days, between 2018
and 2019
Ave heating
ktoe
degree days
2,000 2
1,000 1
0 0
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
-1,000 -1
-2,000 -2
Gas consumption Average quarterly heating degree days
Source; Quarterly gas consumption Energy Trends Table 4.1 Heating Degree Days Energy Trends Table 7.1
Quarter one (January to March, the key heating season) shows the largest impact on annual
data which could explain why overall heating demand for the year due to this milder heating
season was lower overall.
Biomass consumption (mostly wood combusted in stoves and open fires) increased 3.3 per cent
(or 79 ktoe) reflecting the increasing contribution of renewables in the fuel mix. Its share is still
relatively small (5.9 per cent) compared to gas consumption which accounts for 65 per cent of
total domestic consumption, though this is less than its peak at 69 per cent in 2004. This
compares to just 24 per cent in 1970 (before North Sea Gas came on line) and when solid fuels
(coal, and other manufactured fuels) accounted for 49 per cent of domestic consumption (in the
consumption tables.
Additional BEIS Statistics on Consumption in the Domestic Sector.

National Energy Efficiency Data Framework (NEED)
Published 25th June 2020;
Mean and median consumption of domestic energy by property characteristics.
Estimates of the impact on average consumption of energy efficiency measures.
Household Energy Efficiency Statistics
Published 17th September 2020 (headline release) and 19th March 2020 (detailed annual
statistics);
Statistics relating to the Energy Company Obligation (ECO) and Green Deal.
The detailed report presents annual updates (last updated 19th March 2020) on in-
depth ECO statistics and insulation levels.
Fuel Poverty Statistics
Published 25th June 2020 covering the year 2018
Sub-national consumption statistics (published 19th December 2019).
Sub-national electricity consumption data
Sub-national gas consumption data
7
Transport
Transport consumption decreased slightly in 2019 (Table C1), falling by 0.2 mtoe (0.4 per
cent).
Although overall transport consumption remained broadly stable, Figure 5 shows the increase in
the use of liquid biofuels (mostly biodiesel2), which partly offset a 1.1 per cent decrease in
petroleum use in transport. There was a modest 0.1 mtoe (0.9 per cent) increase in petroleum
use for air travel.
Figure 5: Change in consumption in transport by travel mode and fuel, 2018 to 2019
Road transport remains the dominant consumer in transport at 72 per cent (compared with 76
per cent in 1970). Figure 6 shows the increasing consumption in road and air transport; rail with
water remaining comparatively small.
Figure 6: Trends in transport consumption from 1970 by mode
2 See DUKES chapter 6, paragraphs 6.43 to 6.48;

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/736153/Ch6.pd
f
8
Although electricity in rail consumption has been a key component of rail travel since 1970, it
has only recently seen increasing use in road transport; DUKES has been reporting this since
2004 with just 2 ktoe being consumed during that year. In 2019, this had increased to 32 ktoe;
although increasing rapidly, electricity remains a small proportion (less than 0.1 per cent) of road
transport consumption 3.
Table C7 in the data tables models transport consumption by consuming sector; although overall
transport has increased since 1990, each sector’s share has remained relatively stable from
1990 to 2018 (the latest year for which data are available). Industry’s share has fallen from 24
per cent in 1990 to 22 per cent in 2018 while domestic’s share has increased from 64 per cent
to 65 per cent over the timeframe. The service sector’s share increased by from 12 per cent in
1990 to 13 per cent in 2018.
Figure 7: Trends in transport consumption from 1990 by consuming sector
Road Transport Consumption

Figure 8 highlights diesel’s increasing share (for all vehicles), notably from the early 1990s
onwards until 2017 when diesel 4 narrowly overtook petrol demand. Although diesel demand
remained marginally higher in again in 2018, consumption fell, by 1.7 per cent due to increasing
volumes of bio-diesel supplied.
3 See paragraph 5.18 of Chapter 5 of DUKES;

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/736152/Ch5.pd
f
4 See Energy Trends article for a detailed analysis;
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/812622/Road_f
uel_consumption_and_the_UK_motor_vehicle_fleet.pdf
9
Figure 8: Petrol and Diesel (DERV) consumption for cars 1970 to 2018
Cars represent the largest consumers in road transport consumption. Other road transport
vehicles’ consumption is shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9: Consumption by other types of vehicles 1970 to 2018
Growth in LGV consumption levelled off in 2018 and remains just below consumption for HGVs,
although the stock of LGVs is increasing still with HGVs remaining stable.
More current data on liquid biofuel consumption in transport are available in Quarterly Energy
Trends Renewables section which can be found at:
https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/energy-trends-section-6-renewables
Table ET 6.2 shows that in 2019, total liquid biofuels increased by 24 per cent to 1.7 mtoe with
much of the growth in biodiesel consumption. Further information can be found in the ‘Highlights’
sheet in Table ET 6.2.
10
Additional BEIS Statistics on Consumption in the Transport Sector.
Road transport energy consumption at regional and local authority level
Published 25th June 2020
Industry
Industrial consumption decreased between 2018 and 2019 (Table C1) by 0.6 mtoe (2.8
per cent).
The most notable trend highlighted in Figure 10 below is the decrease in unclassified petroleum
consumption representing a continuation of improving data coverage which has enabled
consumption to be allocated to other sectors. (Table C2).
Figure 10: Change in Industrial consumption sub-sectors from 2018 to 2019 by fuel
Most subsectors saw a decrease in overall consumption with the largest fall in ‘Other
Industries’ (by 86 ktoe). Chemicals and mineral products also fell (by 70 ktoe and 64 ktoe
respectively). Overall consumption in bioenergy and waste increased slightly (by 25 ktoe)
though it fell in the food and drinks sector partially due to the volatility associated with a small
number of sites, and also ongoing improvements in estimating final consumption (2015 was
the first year sub sector splits for bioenergy and waste were included).
11
Services
Table C4 shows that consumption in the services sector decreased by 0.2 mtoe (0.9 per
cent) between 2018 and 2019.
Figure 11 shows that both the public administration and commercial sectors saw a decrease in
total consumption between 2018 and 2019, seen in gas consumption for the former and
electricity consumption for the latter.
Figure 11: Change in Services Consumption, 2018 to 2019
Consumption in the commercial and public administration sectors is responsive to temperature

fluctuations as a relatively high proportion of their energy use is for space heating. At 47 per
cent, its share of space heating is not as high as the domestic sector (76 per cent), but it is
considerably higher than the industrial sector at just 10 per cent 5.
More information is provided in the end use section which provides an additional split for sub-
sectors within the commercial and public administration sectors.
Sub-national consumption statistics (last updated published 19th December 2019.
Sub-national electricity consumption data
Sub-national gas consumption data
5 Table U1 in the End Use data tables
12
Consumption; Accompanying Tables
C1 Final Energy Consumption by Sector and Fuel 1970-2019 table and charts
C2 Industrial Consumption by Sub-sector 1998 to 2019 table and charts
C3 Industrial Consumption by two digit SIC 2016 to 2019 table only
C4 Services Consumption by Sub-sector 1970 to 2019 table and charts
C5 Temperature Corrected Consumption by Sector 2002-2019 table and charts
C6 Temperature Corrected Consumption by Fuel 2002-2019 table and charts
C7 Transport Consumption allocated to consuming Sector table and chart
C8 Road Transport Consumption by vehicle type table and charts
C9 Domestic average gas and electricity consumption table only
Reference Table 1 Industrial Consumption at 4 digit SIC 2007 (not updated)

Reference Table 2 Proportions to estimate Industrial Consumption to 2 digit SIC
13
Energy Intensity
What is Energy Intensity?
Energy Intensity is the amount of energy per unit of output. It includes (but is not limited
to) energy efficiency changes. An example in the transport sector would be that if a train
carries more passengers but uses the same amount of fuel to travel the same distance,
then the energy intensity would fall (the output has increased in terms of number of
passengers who travelled, but the fuel used has remained the same).
Units of output vary depending on the sector and sub-sector and relate to such economic
activity as number of passengers and distance travelled for the transport sector, whilst
changes in the ONS’ Index of Production data are used to estimate trends in the output for
the industrial sector.
The ‘Methodology and Quality’ sheet in the data tables include a comprehensive list of
output factors used for each sub-sector.
Table I6 in the data tables allocates changes in energy consumption by sub-sector to

changes in both output and energy intensity.
The energy ratio fell by 2.6 per cent in 2019 compared to 2018, meaning that the energy
used to obtain the same output decreased in 2019 (see Table I1 in the Intensity Tables
accompanying this publication).
Transport
Energy intensity for passenger transport has fallen for the key modes of transport; road, rail and
air with the largest decrease in rail passenger transport (see Figure 12) which has fallen by more
than a third (36 per cent). The timeframe considered is from 2004 to 2018; 2004 has been
selected as the start of the series in this instance as there was a step change in consumption by
rail transport when energy consumption for providing building services was reallocated from
transport to the commercial sector. Although transport consumption is available up to 2019,
some of the transport factors are currently only available up to 2018.
Energy intensity in air transport fell by more than a quarter (28 per cent) and by 8.7 per cent in
road passenger transport.
14
Figure 12: Change in energy intensity for passenger transport, 2004 to 2018 (2019 for rail
transport)
Domestic
Within the domestic sector energy intensity decreased both on a per household basis (down by
23 per cent) and disposable income (more than one-third at 37 per cent) basis since 2000.
Consumption per household is highly correlated with consumption per person so follows the
same trends. The improvements to energy intensity in this sector are likely related to higher
energy efficiency of homes resulting from improvements to insulation measures, boiler, and
other appliance efficiencies 6.
Figure 13: Indexed change in energy intensity per household and on disposable income
basis, 2000 to 2019
6For further information on the impact of energy efficiency measures see:

https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/national-energy-efficiency-data-framework-need-report-summary-of-
analysis-2019
15
Industry
The industrial sector has shown decreases in the energy used to produce a unit of output since
2000 by a third. The improvements were driven particularly by improvements to intensity in the
vehicle manufacturing, chemicals, and iron & steel sectors.
Figure 14: Indexed change in industrial consumption, output and intensity, 2000 to 2019
150
Indexed consumption per unit
of output
100
50
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Consumption Output Consumption per unit of Output
Services
Again, in the Services sector improvements to energy intensity can be seen. Between 2000
and 2019 the energy used to achieve the same output in the services sector (excluding
agriculture) declined by more than one-third (38 per cent), reflecting improved efficiencies in
this sector. The energy intensity of agriculture increased by (11 per cent) between 2000 and
2019 reflecting a larger increase in consumption relative to output for this sector.
Figure 15: Indexed change in services consumption, output and intensity, 2000 to 2019
16
Output and Intensity Factors

Table I6 in the data tables shows a comparison of the effects on consumption due to output and
intensity changes between 2000 and 2019 (2018 for transport). The output effect is the change
in consumption which would have occurred had all other factors remained constant, specifically
intensity changes. The remaining difference is then the intensity effect.
In Figure 16, all sectors saw a fall in energy consumption over the timeframe and an
improvement in energy intensity. Industry was the only sector where most of the total change in
consumption was down to intensity effects with negligible change in output effects.
Figure 16: Output and Intensity Effects by sector 2018
However, when considering the impacts at the industrial sub-sector level, there was some
variation (see Figure 17); some showed an increase in output with improvements in energy
intensity more than offsetting any potential increase in consumption due to the increase in output.
This is notable in the chemicals sector which saw the largest relative impact of intensity
improvements. The vehicle sector saw the largest increase in the output factor (in absolute
terms) and, although this was more than offset by intensity effects, this was to a lesser extent
than in the chemicals sector (relative to actual consumption).
17
Figure 17: Output and Intensity Effects for Industrial Sub-sectors 2019
mtoe Industry (sub-sectors)

Mechanical,
electrical
Iron & steel, and Textiles, Paper,
non-ferrous instrument Food, drink leather, printing, Other
metals Chemicals engineering Vehicles & tobacco clothing publishing industries Construction
2
0
-2
-4
-6
Change in consumption 2000 to 2019 Output effect Intensity effect
For all sectors of the impacts of changes in output and intensity between 2000 and 2019; the
change in consumption due to the output effect is what would have been the expected change
in consumption had outputs remained constant, and the intensity effect is difference between
total change in consumption and the output effect.
Energy Intensity; Accompanying Tables
I1 The Energy Ratio 1970-2019 table and chart

I2 Transport Energy Intensities 1970-2018 table and charts
I3 Domestic Energy Intensities 1970-2019 table and charts
I4 Industrial Sub-sector Energy Intensities 1990-2019 table and charts
I5 Services Energy Intensities 1970 to 2019 table and charts
I6 All Sectors Impact of Output and Intensity Changes 2000-2019 table and charts
I7 Domestic Sector; Specific Energy Consumption 1990-2014 (not updated)
18
Primary Energy Consumption

What is Primary Energy Consumption?
Primary Energy Consumption is the amount of fuel used prior to any loss of energy through
conversion or transformation. The primary energy equivalent includes the losses incurred
during the transformation process.
If a particular sector consumes only one fuel type for direct combustion say for heat and no
other fuel, then primary energy will equal final energy consumption where it is assumed
there are no conversion losses. However, if that sector also consumes electricity from the
grid, then the primary energy will reflect the fuel input used for thermal electricity generation
(gas, biomass, coal, and petroleum); only primary electricity generation is included (hydro,
solar, nuclear, and wind). Consequently, primary consumption is larger than final
consumption. The example below shows how final electricity consumption in the domestic
sector maps to primary equivalents for 2019.
Primary consumption data are calculated by taking the final consumption fuel mix and
apportioning to the fuel input required to produce the final unit of consumption. Most of the
conversion losses are in generating electricity from combustible fuels so those sectors with
a high proportion of electricity consumption have a relatively large absolute primary
equivalent value.
Similarly, large consumers of petroleum products, such as the transport sector, primary
energy is the crude oil input some of which is used in the refining and manufacturing
process before it is available for final consumption.
All sectors 2018 to 2019

In the primary equivalent tables, primary consumption fell by 2.9 mtoe (1.5 per cent) Although
final electricity consumption was stable between 2018 and 2019, the fuel mix going into
generation shifted further away from combustible fossil fuels to primary renewables (which have
no conversion losses). Figure 18 below shows how the 2.9 mtoe change in consumption is down
19
to changes in fuel input to the transformation sector, energy industry use, conversion losses and
final consumption.
Figure 18: Impact on Primary Energy Consumption 2018-2019
Mtoe
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2 Transformation Energy Industry Use Losses Final consumption
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
-1.2
-1.4
-1.6
-1.8
All sectors 2000 to 2019

Conversion factors are a measure of the efficiency of transformation calculated as the ratio of
primary energy and final energy consumption. These factors are presented in Table P3 the
Excel data tables and represent how many tonnes of oil equivalent are required to produce one
tonne of oil equivalent final consumption. A comparison of factors across the sectors between
2000 and 2019 is shown in Figure 19 below.
Figure 19: Changes in conversion factors from 2000 to 2019

toe
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Industry Transport Domestic Services Overall
2000 2019
All sectors show a reduction in conversion factors over the time period indicating improvements
in efficiency in the transformation sector but also includes the effects of fuel switching whereby
consumers shift from fuels requiring transformation to direct consumption which also includes
20
the effect of the increasing proportion of primary electricity generation particularly renewables
such as wind, and solar.
Table P5 in the Excel data tables quantifies actual changes in conversion losses due to changes
in final consumption (conversion losses will fall if less fuel is being converted), efficiency
improvements and fuel switching. All sectors show a reduction in final consumption (see figure
20 below) and most show a reduction in losses due to efficiency improvements and fuel switching
effects except for the industrial sector which, shows an increase in losses due to fuel switching.
This reflects the increasing share of electricity in the industrial final consumption mix which
increased from 28 per cent in 2000 to 35 per cent in 2019. 7
Figure 20: Changes in conversion losses 2000 to 2019
The data tables include more detailed information on the services and domestic sectors whereby
the methodology to estimate final consumption to primary energy equivalents has been applied
to produce end use by primary equivalent;
Primary Energy Equivalents; Accompanying Tables
P1 Primary Energy Consumption and Temperature Corrected 1970-2019

P2 All Sectors Primary Consumption by Sector and Fuel 1970-2019
P3 Primary Energy Required to Produce 1 toe of Final Consumption 1970-2019
P4 Factors Affecting Change in Primary Energy 2000-2019
P5 Factors Affecting Conversion Losses between 2000-2019
Additional Sectoral Splits
P6 Domestic End Use
P7 Services by Sub-Sector and fuel
P8 Services by End Use
7 Source: Table C1 in the Excel data tables published alongside this release.
21
Energy End Uses

Understanding what energy is eventually used for is useful in assessing consumer
behaviours which in turn contributes to developing policies and establishing future
strategies.
Estimating end uses is notoriously difficult though some sectors are more challenging than
others, due to data availability. Most estimates are modelled and use assumptions.
Transport
The consumption tables published alongside this publication provide detailed data on
energy consumption split by mode of transport and fuel type within the first section on
consumption. There are detailed statistics published by The Department for Transport on
transport usage within the series ‘Transport Statistics Great Britain’. The Department for
Transport also conducts an annual ‘National Travel Survey’ which also includes data on
journey purpose and traveller characteristics. Data are used from both series to contribute
to the section on Energy Intensity.
Domestic
End use estimates for residential consumers are now based on bespoke analysis using
data collected by The Ministry for Housing, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG)
for the English Housing Survey. The research is conducted by The Building Research
Establishment (BRE) for the production of BEIS’ Fuel Poverty Statistics. The methodology
used to derive the end use splits (which for this publication are applied to DUKES’ energy
consumption for the domestic sector) can be found via the following link:
https://www.bre.co.uk/page.jsp?id=3176
Industry
End uses in the industrial sector are perhaps the most difficult to estimate considering the
varied characteristics ranging from heavy industry such as iron and steel and those sub-
sectors requiring lower grade heat for processing. There are also end uses relating to
building services which are difficult to differentiate from processing related consumption.
Historic estimates for the end use splits were undertaken some time ago and have not been
updated. Over this time, industry characteristics have evolved along with the fuel mix. For
example, when the initial research was conducted, there was negligible or no bioenergy
use and some sub-sectors such as paper, printing and publishing are now consuming a
sizable proportion of bioenergy in their energy mix.
The updates for 2019 are based on historic estimates and the proportions estimates applied
to updated DUKES consumption data. For reference, the actual percentages are included
in the End Use tables as Reference Table 1.
Totals in the end use tables exclude some elements where there is a lack of data. Please
see the Methodology and quality worksheet of the End use Excel data tables for details.
22
Services
Up until 2015, the end use split was derived by The Building Research Establishment and
modelled using a methodology:
http://projects.bre.co.uk/PDF_files/CarbonEmissionsFromNon-
domesticBldgs%202000andBeyond.pdf
Since 2015, estimates have been used based on the BEIS Building Energy Efficiency
Survey (BEES). The proportions used are applied to DUKES energy consumption data.
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/building-energy-efficiency-survey-bees
End Use: Accompanying Tables
U1 Sectors Excluding Transport

U2 All Sectors 1990, 2000, and 2010-2019
U3 Domestic 1990-2019
U4 Industry by 2 digit SIC code
U5 Services (excl agriculture) 2016-2019
U6 Services (excl agriculture), detailed 2016-2019
Reference Tables
Reference Table 1; Proportions used to derive industrial split
23
Electrical Products
What you need to know about these statistics
Data in the electrical products tables are the results of modelling against a prescribed but
quite wide-ranging set of electrical products used in the home and workplace. The model
provides estimates of the total stock (Table A2) of these products and their per unit
consumption (Table A3) consumption. For the majority of products, total consumption
(Table A1) is calculated by multiplying the stock of appliances by the average per product
consumption. The resulting outputs are a sub-set of energy consumption in the home and
workplace which can be used to assess trends in consumption.
The tables are presented with the first row showing the last update of the model.
The modelled estimates are produced in support of the European framework setting
ecodesign and energy labelling requirements for energy related products:
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32009L0125
The Ecodesign Directive provides the overall framework through which implementing
measures for specific energy-related products or product groups are introduced requiring
improved energy and environmental performance. These are constantly being reviewed in
line with technological progress. The Energy Labelling Regulation provides the overall
framework through which delegated acts for specific energy-related products or product
groups are introduced to require accurate energy labels. The purpose of the labels is to
encourage consumers to buy more energy efficient products. The European Commission
has published guidance on the labelling requirements.
https://ec.europa.eu/info/energy-climate-change-environment/standards-tools-and-
labels/products-labelling-rules-and-requirements/energy-label-and-ecodesign_en
This website also shows an overview of the legislation relating to both ecodesign and
energy labelling:
https://ec.europa.eu/growth/industry/sustainability/ecodesign_en
On this page there are two links to comprehensive lists of the relevant legislative measures
for both the ecodesign products and labelling regulations. More detailed definitions for
products are included in each piece of legislation should users require more detail than
provided in the methodology sheet contained in the associated workbook.
Introduction
In the 2019 edition of ECUK, a detailed analysis of lighting was included demonstrating the
impact of the removal of incandescent light bulbs from the market, in addition to consumption
by computers and certain electrical products whilst in stand-by mode. Although this year, the
section focusses on the impact of using updated assumptions for wet appliances, televisions,
24
and consumer electronics, the data tables relating to the products featured last year have been
updated for 2019.
Some assumptions have been updated this year for wet appliances (e.g. washing machines
and dishwashers), televisions and consumer electronics. Figure 21 below shows the impact of
these changes to 2019 estimates for 2018 data.
Figure 21: Impact of revised assumptions on consumption in 2018 (TWh)
The largest change in absolute terms was for wet appliances where consumption fell by 3.1
TWh (18 per cent) mostly accounted for by changes in assumptions for tumble dryers. In
percentage terms, the largest impact was in television consumption which fell by 61 per cent
(2.6 TWh). The impact for consumer electrics was more muted falling by 0.7 TWh, or 12 per
cent.
Wet Appliances
This category includes washing machines, washer-dryers, dishwashers, and tumble dryers. A
detailed chart showing the effect of modelling changes for 2018 data is shown below in Figure
22.
25
Figure 22: Impact of revised assumptions for wet products in 2018 (TWh).
Washer-dryers
The stock of washer-dryers was estimated using ONS’ UK household statistics and the 2018
Mintel survey 8results which indicated that 12 per cent of households owned a washer dryer.
Until this year, it was assumed that ownership rates increased from 12 per cent in 1990 to 15
per cent in 2019. However, the Mintel survey now estimates that ownership rates have
remained in the region of 12 per cent, which has in turn resulted in a downward revision for the
stock of washer-dryers in Table A2.
The per unit annual energy demand was sourced from the 2017 Ecodesign Review study9.
These values account for ‘real-life’ capacities, operational mode use, operation of washer /
dryer mode, so are lower than estimates published in ECUK 2019.
Tumble dryers
Data sources for tumble dryers are the same as outlined above for washer-dryers with
additional data sourced from ‘The Association of Manufacturers of Domestic Appliances
(AMEDA) 10’. This additional data source confirmed that ownership rates should remain
constant at 40 per cent from 2010 onwards whereas previously, it had been assumed to
continue to increase.
Figure 23 below shows that for all wet appliances, the stock has increased over the time
horizon being considered (from 1990), particularly for dishwashers which increased by a factor
of eight to around 14 million in 2019. However, due to continuing product efficiency
improvements and changes to usage assumptions, consumption increased to a lesser extent,
by a factor of five.
8 https://reports.mintel.com/display/859057/
9 https://susproc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/product-bureau/
10 https://www.applia-europe.eu/images/Library/Review_study_on_tumble_dryers_06-2019.pdf/
26
Figure 23: Trends in consumption by wet products compared with stock 1990 to 2019.
Total consumption (TWh) Stock (millions)
Televisions
The stock of televisions is estimated using data sourced from the Broadcasters Audience
Research Board (BARB) 11. Total consumption is then calculated using the stock and typical
energy demand which are based on The Energy Star database 12 combined with viewing hours
sourced from BARB. Previously the typical energy demand was sourced form a GfK dataset 13
and based on 2011 estimates projected forwards in the models. The revised assumptions
reflect the improving robustness of newer products and that replacement rates have increased
since then. These revised assumptions combined with lower stock numbers have led to a fall
in consumption for all televisions from 2010. In addition, model outputs have been updated
from 1990 to produce a consistent time series.
Since 2007, overall consumption for televisions increased to reach a maximum in 2010 but has
since declined. The decrease is due to a combination of both reduced usage and also the
number of appliances. The trends have been dominated by the impact of the replacement of
cathode ray tube televisions with LCD devices. Figure 24 shows how consumption for LCDs
reached a peak in 2010 and has since declined whilst the number of appliances increased
rapidly to 2016 after which the growth has slowed and finally declined for the first year in 2019.
11 https://www.barb.co.uk/
12 https://www.energystar.gov/productfinder/product/certified-televisions/results
13 https://www.gfk.com/en-gb/insights
27
Figure 24: Trends in consumption and stock for televisions 2007 to 2019
Consumer Electronics
Products included in this category are; set top boxes, DVD and VCR players, games consoles,
and power supply units, though only assumptions for set top boxes and games consoles have
been updated, the impact on consumption in 2018 is shown below in Figure 25;
Figure 25: Impact on consumption of new assumptions for consumer electronics in

2018.
A downward revision of 0.9 TWh in consumption by set top boxes has been offset slightly by a
0.2 TWh uplift in consumption for games consoles. The stock of these appliances was
estimated using data sourced from BARB and additionally, in the case of set top boxes, from
the Office of Communications (Ofcom). Typical energy demand values were based on data
sourced from Lot 26 Network Standby Preparatory study carried out on behalf of the European
Commission 14. This is a new data source included in the modelling and reflects a more up to
date assumption for average product usage.
14 https://www.eceee.org/ecodesign/products/lot26-networked-standby-losses/
28
Cold Appliances
Products included in this category are refrigerators, fridge freezers, chest freezers and upright
freezers. Since 1980, stocks for all categories increased steadily up until 2007 when the
number of refrigerators began to decline whilst at the same time, fridge-freezers began to
increase sharply suggesting a substitution effect. At around this time, there was also a shift in
total consumption though the underlying trend since has been decreasing with falling annual
usage Figure 26 below shows total consumption compared to stock of appliances.
Figure 26: Trends in consumption and stock for cold appliances 1980 to 2019
Electrical Products; Accompanying Tables
A1 Domestic; appliance consumption 1970 to 2019 table and charts

A2 Domestic; stock of appliances 1970 to 2019 table and charts
A3 Domestic; average consumption 1970 to 2019 table and charts
A4 Domestic; consumption appliances on standby 2000 to 2019 table
A5 Domestic; consumption of new appliances (not updated) table
A6 Domestic; stock of appliances by energy rating band 1970 to 2019 table
A7 Non-domestic; appliance consumption 1970 to 2019 table
A8 Non-domestic; stock of appliances 1970 to 2019 table
29
Technical information
This year, for user convenience, the methodology notes have been separated out and included
in a separate tab within each Excel workbook which are now grouped by theme rather than
sector. Background information is therefore easier to access whilst browsing the data tables.
Definitions
This covers definitions commonly used in energy statistics reporting. The majority if
terms used in this publication are covered here;
DUKES
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_da
glossary
ta/file/729427/AnxB.pdf
Definitions specific to this article are shown below;
Energy The amount of energy required to produce one unit of output. A reduction in energy
Intensity intensity could imply an improvement in energy efficiency.
Temperature corrected total inland consumption of primary energy per £1 million

Energy Ratio Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at market prices; it is a measure of how much
energy is consumed per unit of economic activity (in this case £1m GDP).
Final
Energy consumed by final users after transformation
Consumption
Freight
The weight moved and by how far, measured in tonne kilometres
Moved
Passenger This measure is based on how far each passenger travels; i.e. it is dependent not
Kilometres only on how many passengers, but also how far each one has travelled.
Primary
Final consumed plus energy in the transformation sector and losses incurred during
Energy
conversion and transformation.
Equivalents
Energy consumption adjusted for changes due to fluctuations in the weather, to
Temperature allow underlying trends to be identified. Details of the methodology can be found
Corrected here;
Consumption http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130109092117/http:/www.decc
.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/publications/trends/trends.aspx
A common unit of energy measurement which enables different fuels to be directly

compared and aggregated. One tonne of oil equivalent is set equal to 41.868 Giga
Tonne of oil
Joules (GJ) or 11,630 kilo Watt hours (kWh). Quantities in this report are generally
equivalent
quoted in thousand tonnes of oil equivalent (ktoe) apart from the electrical products
(toe)
tables where comparison with other tables is not relevant and the more usual GWh
are provided.
Train
The number of kilometres a train travels.
Kilometres
30
Further information
Related statistics
Details of any related statistics are provided within this document alongside the relevant section.
A set of supplementary tables are also included with this publication. These tables contain data
which is either not produced by BEIS or feed into any calculations but may be of interest to users
looking for supporting information on energy consumption trends. A summary of the data
included.
Supplementary Tables
S1 Overall drivers of energy consumption 1970 to 2017

S2 Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP) raging 1970 to 2017
S3 Internal and external temperatures 1970 to 2012 (not updated)
S4 Housing characteristics, heat loss parameters 2008 to 2012 (not updated)
S5 Installed central heating type in the UK 1970 to 2014 (not updated)
S6 Boiler types in the UK 1975 to 2017
S7 Housing characteristics, boiler efficiencies 2008 to 2012 (not updated)
S8 Installed hot water tank insulation in the UK 1976 to 2012 (not updated)
S9 Installed double glazing in the UK 1976 to 2016 (not updated)
S10 Ownership of loft insulation in the UK 1976 to 2018
S11 Ownership of cavity wall insulation in the UK 1976 to 2018
S12 Ownership of solid wall insulation in the UK 2008 to 2018
S13 Number of energy efficiency measures installed and energy savings (not updated)
S14 Number of measures delivered by suppliers (not updated)
S15 Detailed industrial energy consumption by fuel 2007 (not updated)
S16 Display Energy Certificates (DEC) for each government department 2013 (not updated)
Revisions policy
The BEIS statistical revisions policy sets out the revisions policy for these statistics, which has
been developed in accordance with the UK Statistics Authority Code of Practice for Statistics.
Uses of these statistics

These statistics contribute to international reporting such as The International Energy Agency
Energy Efficiency submission along with Eurostat’s Final Energy Consumption in Households.
The data are also of interest to a wide range of users from individuals, academics, energy
industry experts, and government.
31
User engagement
Users are encouraged to provide comments and feedback on how these statistics are used and
how well they meet user needs. Comments on any issues relating to this statistical release are
welcomed and should be sent to: [email protected]
The BEIS statement on statistical public engagement and data standards sets out the
department’s commitments on public engagement and data standards as outlined by the Code
of Practice for Statistics.
This year we are seeking feedback on the new ‘app’ which we have developed for the first
time. This is an interactive tool enabling users to view charts and download data in machine
readable format depending on selected boundaries specifically fuels and consuming sector. As
this is a first launch, we have included consumption data only, however, we intend to develop
this further in terms of both scope and usability and user feedback will contribute to future
functionality.
National Statistics designation

National Statistics status means that our statistics meet the highest standards of trustworthiness,
quality and public value, and it is our responsibility to maintain compliance with these standards.
The continued designation of these statistics as National Statistics was confirmed in February
2015 following a compliance check by the Office for Statistics Regulation. The statistics last
underwent a full assessment against the Code of Practice for Statistics in 2014 15.
Pre-release access to statistics

Some ministers and officials receive access to these statistics up to 24 hours before release.
Details of the arrangements for doing this and a list of the ministers and officials that receive pre-
release access to these statistics can be found in the BEIS statement of compliance with the
Pre-Release Access to Official Statistics Order 2008.
Contact
• Responsible statistician: Liz Waters
• Email: [email protected]
• Media enquiries: 0207 215 1000
• Public enquiries: 0207 215 5000
15 https://www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/publication/statistics-on-energy-and-climate-change/
32
© Crown copyright 2020
This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except
where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-
government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives,
Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: [email protected].
Where we have identified any third-party copyright information you will need to obtain
permission from the copyright holders concerned.
This publication is available from:
https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/energy-consumption-in-the-uk
If you need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email
[email protected]. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what
assistive technology you use.

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Energy Consumption in the UK (ECUK) 1970 to 2019

22 October 2020 National Statistics

Figure 1: Change in energy consumption by sector and fuel 1970 to 2019

Responsible statistician: Liz Waters Email: [email protected]

Primary Energy Equivalents

Figure 2: Change in consumption by sector and fuel, 2018 to 2019

Figure 3: Domestic consumption, temperature-corrected consumption and average

Gas consumption Average quarterly heating degree days

Additional BEIS Statistics on Consumption in the Domestic Sector.

Figure 6: Trends in transport consumption from 1970 by mode

2 See DUKES chapter 6, paragraphs 6.43 to 6.48;

Figure 7: Trends in transport consumption from 1990 by consuming sector

Road Transport Consumption

3 See paragraph 5.18 of Chapter 5 of DUKES;

Figure 9: Consumption by other types of vehicles 1970 to 2018

Additional BEIS Statistics on Consumption in the Transport Sector.

Road transport energy consumption at regional and local authority level

Published 25th June 2020

Figure 11: Change in Services Consumption, 2018 to 2019

Consumption in the commercial and public administration sectors is responsive to temperature

Sub-national consumption statistics (last updated published 19th December 2019.

Sub-national electricity consumption data

Sub-national gas consumption data

5 Table U1 in the End Use data tables

Consumption; Accompanying Tables

Reference Table 1 Industrial Consumption at 4 digit SIC 2007 (not updated)

Table I6 in the data tables allocates changes in energy consumption by sub-sector to

6For further information on the impact of energy efficiency measures see:

Consumption Output Consumption per unit of Output

Output and Intensity Factors

Figure 16: Output and Intensity Effects by sector 2018

mtoe Industry (sub-sectors)

Change in consumption 2000 to 2019 Output effect Intensity effect

Energy Intensity; Accompanying Tables

I1 The Energy Ratio 1970-2019 table and chart

Primary Energy Consumption

All sectors 2018 to 2019

Figure 18: Impact on Primary Energy Consumption 2018-2019

All sectors 2000 to 2019

Figure 19: Changes in conversion factors from 2000 to 2019

Figure 20: Changes in conversion losses 2000 to 2019

Primary Energy Equivalents; Accompanying Tables

P1 Primary Energy Consumption and Temperature Corrected 1970-2019

Energy End Uses

End Use: Accompanying Tables

U1 Sectors Excluding Transport

Figure 21: Impact of revised assumptions on consumption in 2018 (TWh)

Total consumption (TWh) Stock (millions)

Total consumption (TWh) Stock (millions)

Figure 25: Impact on consumption of new assumptions for consumer electronics in

Total consumption (TWh) Stock (millions)

Electrical Products; Accompanying Tables

A1 Domestic; appliance consumption 1970 to 2019 table and charts

Temperature corrected total inland consumption of primary energy per £1 million

A common unit of energy measurement which enables different fuels to be directly

S1 Overall drivers of energy consumption 1970 to 2017

Uses of these statistics

National Statistics designation

Pre-release access to statistics