IS:1893-1984

( Reaffirmed 1998 )
lndian Standard
CRITERIA FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

(Fourth Revision )
First Reprint JULY 1999

UDC 699.841 : 624.042.7

0 Copyright 1986
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

Gr 14 June 1986
 IS t 1893 - 1984

Indian Standard
CRITERlA FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

( Fourth Revision )
Earthquake Engineering Sectional Committee, BDC 39
Chairman
DR JAI KRISHNA
61 Civil Lines, Roorkee

M#mb.ws Rcprssenting

SHRI A. ANANTHAKRISRNAN Ministry of Shipping and Transport ( Develop-

ment Wing j _
SRRI T. R. SUBRAM~NYAM ( Alternate)
DR A. S. ARYA University of Roorkee, Roorkee
DR A. R. CHANDRASEKARAN ( Alternate I )
DR BRIJESH CHANDRA ( Alternate II )
SHRI S. P. CHAKRABORTI Ministry of Shipping and Transport ( Roads
Wing )
SHRI M. K. MUKHE~JEF: ( Alternate )
SIIRI T. A. E. D’SA Concrete Association of India, Bombay
SHRI N. Cl. DU~UAL ( Alternate )
DIRECTOR Central Water and Power Research Station, Pune
SHRI J. G. PADALE ( Alternate )
SERI D. S. DESAI M. N. Dastur & Co Pvt Ltd, Calcutta
SERI V. S. GOWAIKAR Department of Atomic Energy, Bombay
SHRI R. PATNAIK ( Alternate )
SHRI A. D. GUPTA Fertilizer Corporation of India Ltdi Dhanbad
SHRI N. S. DANI ( Alternate)
SHRI INDER MOHAN North Eastern Council, Shillong
SHRI C. VASWANI ( Alternate )
JOINT DIRECTOR STANDARDS Railway Board (RDSO), Lucknow
( B & S ) PSC
DEPUTY DIRECTOR STANDARDS
( B & S ) CB ( Alternate )
SHRI M. Z. KURIAN Tata, Consulting Engineers, Rombay
SHRI K. V. SUBRAMANIAN ( Alternate )
SHRI T. K. D. MUNSI Engineers India Limited, New Delhi
SHRI R. K. GROVER (Alternate )
( Continued on page 2 )

@ Copyright 1966
INDIAN STANDARDS INSTITUTION
This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Act ( XIV of 1957 ) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.
IS : 1893 - 1984

( Continued from page 1)

Members REpresEnting
SERI C. RAMA RAO Public Works Department, Government of
Arunacbal Pradesh
SHRI S. N. KRISRNAN ( Alfernate)
SERI R. V. CR_~LAPATHI RAO Geological Survey of India, Calcutta
SHRI N. B. G. TILA~ ( Alternnte )
R~PRERENYATIVE International Airport Authority of India,
New Delhi
REPRESENTATIVE Structural Engineering Research Centre, Roorkee
REPRESENTATIVE Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (Research and
Design Division ), Hyderabad
REPRESENTATIVE Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee
SHRI ht. P. v. SHENOY Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, Army Headquarters
New Delhi
SHRI D. K. DINKER ( Alternate )
SHRI K. S. SRINIVASAN National Buildings Organization, New Delhi
Dn H. N. SRIVASTAVA India Meteorological Department, New Delhi
SHRI S. K. NAQ ( Alternate )
DR P. SRINIVASULU Structural Engineering Research Centre, Madras
Dn N. LAKSHMANAN ( Alternate )
Dn A. N. TANDON In personal capacity ( B-7150 Safdarjung Enclave,
flew Delhi )
SHRI N. VE~XBU Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
SHI~I A. K. MITTAL ( Alternote )
SRI~I S. N. VERMA Metallurgical & Engineering Consultants ( India )
Ltd, Ranchi
SHRI S. PASUPATI ( Allernalc)
SHRI G. RAMAN, Director General, ISI ( Ex-ojicio Member)
Director ( Civ Engg )
Secretary
SERI N. Cl. BANDYOPADHYAY
Deputy Director ( Civ Engg ), IS1

Maps Subcommittee, BDC 39 : 4

DR S. N. BHATTACHAZ~YA India Meteorological Department, New Delhi

SHRI A. N. DATTA Oil and Natural Gas Commission, Dehra Dun
SHRI A. GHOSH Geological Survey of India, Calcutta
SHRI D. R. NANDY ( Alternate )
DR HARI NARAIN National Geophysical Research Institute (CSIR ),
Hyderabad
DR K. L. KAILA ( Allcrnate )
SHRI G. S. OBEROI Survey of India, Dehra Dun
SHRI K. N. SAXENA ( AltErnate ‘),
Dn P. C. SAXENA Central Water and Power Research Station, Pune
SEIRI I. D. GUPTA ( Alternate )
SERI L. S. SRIVASTA~A University of Roorkee, Roorkee
DR A. N. TANDON In personal capacity ( B-7150 Safdarjung Enclave,
New Delhi )

2
 IS:1893 - 1984

Indian Standard
CRITERIA FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

( Fourth Revision )

0. FOREWORD

0.1 This Indian Standard. ( Fourth Revision) was adopted by the Indian
Standards Institution on 16 November 1981, after the draft finalized by
the Earthquake Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved by
the Civil Engineering Division Council.

0.2 Himalayan-Nagalushai region, Indo-Gangetic plain, Western India,

Kutch and Kathiawar regions are geologically unstable parts of the coun-
try and some devastating earthquakes of the world have occurred there. A
major part of the peninsular India has also been visited by strong earth-
quakes, but these were relatively few in number and had considerably
lesser intensity. The earthquake resistant design of structures taking into
account seismic data from studies of these Indian earthquakes has become
very essential,. particularly in view of the heavy construction programme at
present all over the country. It is to serve this purpose that IS : 1893-1962
‘Recommendations for earthquake resistant design of structures’ was pub-
lished and subsequently revised in 1966.

0.2.1 As a result of additional seismic data collected in India and further

knowledge and experience gained since the publication of the first revision
of this standard, the Sectional Committee felt the need to revise the stan-
dard again incorporating many changes, such as revision of maps showing
seismic zones and epicentres, adding a more rational approach for design
of buildings and substructure of bridges, etc. These were covered in the
second revision of IS : 1893 brought out in 1970.

0.2.2 As a result of the increased use of the standard, considerable

amount of suggestions were received for modifying some of the provisions
of the standard and, therefore, third revision of the standard was brought
out in 1975. The following changes were incorporated in the third
revision:

3
IS: 1893 - 1984

a>The standard incorporated seismic zone factors ( previously given

as multiplying factors in the second revision ) on a more rational
basis.

b) Importance factors were introduced to account for the varying

degrees of importance for various structures.

4 In the clauses for design of multi-storeyed building the coefficient

of flexibility was given in the form of a curve with respect to
period of buildings.

4 A more rational formula was used to combine modal shears.

e>New clauses were introduced for determination of hydrodynamic
pressures in elevated tanks.
f) Clauses on concrete and masonry dams were modified, taking into
account their dynamic behaviour during earthquakes. Simplified
formulae for design forces were introduced based on results of
extensive studies carried out since second revision of the standard
was published.

0.3 The fourth revision has been prepared to modify some of the provi-
sions of the standard as a result of experience gained with the use of this
standard. In this revision a number of Important basic modifications with
respect to load factors, field values of N, base shear and modal analysis
have been introduced. A new concept of performance factor depending on
the structural framing system and brittleness or ductility of construction
has been incorporated. Figure 2 for average acceleration spectra has also
been modified and a curve for zero percent damping has been
incorporated.

0.4 It is not intended in this standard to lay down regulations so that no

structure shall suffer any damage during earthquake of all magnitudes. It
has been endeavoured to ensure that, as far as possible, structures are able
to respond, without structural damage to shocks of moderate intensities
and without total collapse to shocks of heavy intensities. While this stan-
dard is intended for earthquake resistant design of normal structures, it has
to be emphasized that in the case of special structures detailed investigation
should be undertaken, unless otherwise specified in the relevant clauses.

0.4.1 Though the basis for the design of different types of structures is
covered in this standard, it is not implied that detailed dynamic analysis
should be made in every case. There might be cases of less importance and
relatively small structures for which no analysis need be made, provided
certain simple precautions are taken in the construction. For example,
suitably proportioned diagonal bracings in the vertical panels of steel and
concrete structures add to the resistance of frames to withstand earthquake
forces. Similarly in highly seismic areas, construction of a type which
 IS : 1893- 1984

entails heavy debris and consequent loss of life and property, such as
masonry, particularly mud masonry and rubble masonry, should be avoi-
ded in preference to construction of a type which is known to withstand
seismic eflects better, such as construction in light weight materials and
well braced timber-framed structures. For guidance on piecautions to be
observed in the construction of buildings, reference may be made
to IS : 4326-1976*.
0.5 Attention is particularly drawn to the fact that the intensity of shock
due to an earthquake could greatly vary locally at any ~given place due to
variation in the soil conditions. Earthquake forces would be affected by
different types of foundation system in addition to variation of ground
motion due to various types of soils. Considering the effects in a gross man-
ner, the standard gives guidelines for arriving at design seismic coefficients
based on type of soil and foundation system.
0.6 Earthquakes can cause damage not only on account of the shaking
which results from them but also due to other chain effects like landslides,
floods, fires and disruption to communication. It is, therefore, important
to take necessary precautions in the design of structures so that they are
safe against such secondary effects also.
0.7 It is important to note that the seismic coeficient, used in ihe design
of any structure, is dependent on many variable factors and it is an extre-
mely dificult task to determine the exact seismic coefficient in each given
case. Tt is, therefore, necessary to indicate broadly the seismic coeficients
that could generally be adopted in different parts or zones or the country
though, of course, a rigorous analysis considering all the factors involved
has got to be made in the case of all important projects in order to arrive
at suitable seismic coefficients for design. The Sectional Committee respon-
sible for the formulation of this standard has attempted to include a seis-
mic zoning map ( see Fig. 1 ) for this purpose. The object of this map is to
classify the area of the country into a number of zones in which one may
reasonably expect earthquake shock of more or less same intensity in future.
The Modified Mercalli Intensity ( see 2.7 ) broadly associated with the
various zones is V or less, VI, VII, VIII and 1X and above for zones I,
II, III, IV and V respectively. The maximum seismic ground acceleration
in each zone cannot be presently predicted with accuracy either on a
deterministic or on a probabilistic basis. The design value chosen for a
particular structure is obtained by multiplying the basic horizontal seismic
coefficient for that zone, given in Table 2, by an appropriate Importance
Factor as suggested in Table 4. Higher value of importance factor is usually
adopted for those structures, consequences of failure of which, are serious.
However, even with an importance factor of unity, the probability is that

*Code of practice for earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings

(Jr& revision ).

5
IS t 1893 - 1984

a structure which is properly designed and detailed according to good con-

struction practice, will not suffer serious damage.

It is pointed out that structures will normally experience more severe

ground motion than the one envisaged in the seismic coefficient specified
in this standard. However, in view of the energy absorbing capacity avail-
able in inelastic range, ductile structures will be able to resist such shocks
without much damage. It is, therefore, necessary that ductility must be
built into the structures since brittle structures will be damaged more
extensively.

0.7.1 The Sectional Committee has appreciated that there cannot be. an
entirely scientific basis for zoning in view of the scanty data available.
Though the magnitudes of different earthquakes which have occurred in
the past are known to a reasonabIe amount of accuracy, the intensities of
the shocks caused by these earthquakes have so far been mostly estimated
by damage surveys and there is little instrumental evidence to corroborate
the conclusions arrived at. Maximum intensity at different places can be
fixed on a scale only on the basis of the observations made and recorded
after the earthquake and thus a zoning map which is based on the maxi-
mum intensities arrived at, is likely to lead in some cases to an incorrect
conclusion in the view of (a) incorrectness in the assessment of intensities,
ib) human error in judgement during the damage survey, and (c) varia-
tion in quality and design of structures causing variation in type and
extent of damage to the structures for the same intensity of shock. The
Sectional Committee has, therefore, considered that a rational approach to
the problem would be to arrive at a zoning map based on known magni-
tudes and’ the known epicentres (see Appendix A) assuming all other condi-
tions as being average, and to modify such an average idealized isoseismal
map in the light of tectonics ( see Appendix B ), lithology ( see Appendix C)
and the maximum intensities as recorded from damage surveys, etc. The
Committee has also reviewed such a map in the light of past history and
future possibilities and also attempted to draw the lines demarcating the
different zones so as to be clear of important towns, cities and industrial
areas, after making special examination of such cases, as a little modifica-
tion in the zonal demarcations may mean considerable difference to the
economics of a project in that area. Maps shown in Fig. 1 and Appendices
A, B and C are prepared based on information available up to 1986.

0.8 In the formulation of this standard due weightage has been given to
international coordination among the standards and practices prevailing
in different countries in addition to relating it to the practices in the field
in this country.

6
As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank
 IS : 1893 - 1984

0.8.1 In the preparation of this standard considerable help has been

given by the School of Research and Training in Earthquake Engineering,
University of Roorkee; Geological Survey of India; India Meteorological
Department and several other organizations.
0.9 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this
standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, express-
ing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with
IS : 2-1960*. The number of significant places retained in the rounded off
value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standrd.

1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard deals with earthquake resistant design of structures and
is applicable to buildings; elevated structures; bridges, concrete, masonry
and earth dams; embankments and retaining walls.
1.2 This standard does not deal with the construction features relating to
earthquake resistant design in buildings and other structures. For guidance
on earthquake resistant construction of buildings, reference may be made
to IS : 4326-1976T. Further, provisions of this standard shall be used along
with IS : 4326-1976t.
2. TERMINOLOGY
2.0 For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply.
NOTE - For the definition of terms pertaining to soil mechanics and soil dyna-
mics, reference may be made to IS : 2809-19721 and IS : 2810-1979s.

2.1 Centre of Mass - The point through which the resultant of the
masses of a system acts. This corresponds to centre of gravity of the
system.
2.2 Centre of Rigidity -- The point through which the resultant of the
restoring forces of a system acts.
2.3 Critical Damping - The damping beyond which the motion will
not be oscillatory.
2.4 Damping - The effect of internal friction, imperfect elasticity of
material, slipping, slidin,,0‘ etc, in reducing the amplitude of vibration and
is expressed as a percentage of critical damping.

*Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised ).

tCode of practice for earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings (first
reo1sion ) .
fGlossary of terms and symbols relating to soil engineering (Jirst rcvisio~t ). .*_2
§Glossary of terms relating to soil dynamics (Jitst revision ). ‘,i
IS : 1893-1984

2.5 Epicentre - The geographical point on the surface of earth vertically

above the focus of the earthquake.

2.6 Focus - The originating source of the elastic waves which cause
shaking of ground.

2.7 Intensity of Earthquake - The intensity of an earthquake at a

place is a measure of the effects of the earthquake, and is indicated by a
number according to the Modified Mercalli Scale of Seismic Intensities
( see Appendix D ).

2.8 Liquefaction - Liquefaction is a state in saturated cohesionless soil

wherein the effective shear strength is reduced to negligible value for all
engineering purposes due to pore pressures caused by vibrations during an
earthquake when they approach the total confining pressure. In this condi-
tion the soil tends to behave like a fluid mass.

2.9 Lithological Features - The nature of the geological formation of

the earth’s crust above bed rock on the basis of such characteristics as
colour, structure, mineralogic composition and grain size.

2.10 Magnitude of Earthquake ( Richter’s Magnitude ) _- The

magnitude of an earthquake is the logarithm to the base 10 of the maxi-
mum trace amplitude, expressed in microns, with which the standard short
period torsion seismometer ( with a period of 0.8 second, magnification
2 800 and damping nearly critical ) would register the earthquake at an
epicentral distance of 100 km. The magnitude hf is thus a number which
is a nieasure of energy released in an earthquake.

2.11 Mode Shape Coefficient - When a system is vibrating in a normal

mode, the amplitude of the masses at any particular instant of time expre-
ssed as a ratio of the amplitude of one of the masses is known as mode shape
coefficient.

2.12 Normal Mode - A system is said to be vibrating in a normal mode

or principal mode when all its masses attain maximum values of displace-
ments simultaneously and also they pass through equilibrium positions
simultaneously.

2.13 Response Spectrum - The representation of the maximum res-

ponse of idealized single degree freedom systems having certain period and
damping, during that earthquake. The maximum response is plotted
against the undamped natural period and for various damping values, and
can be expressed in terms of maximum absolute acceleration, maximum
relative velocity or maximum relative displacement,
 IS: 1893 - 1984

2.14 Seismic Coefficients and Seismic Zone Factors

2.14.1 Basic Seismic Coejicient (a,) - A coeficient assigned to each
seismic zone to give the basic design acceleration as a fraction of the
acceleration due to gravity.
2.14.2 Seismic <one Factor (F,) - A factor to be used for different seis-
mic zone along with the average acceleration spectra.
2.14.3 Importance Factor (I) - A factor to modify the basic seismic coeffi-
cient and seismic zone factor, depending on the importance of a structure.
2.14.4 Soil-Foundation System Factor (/3) - A factor to modify the basic
seismic coefficient and seismic zone factor, depending upon the soil founda-
tion system.
2.14.5 Average Acceleration Coejicient - Average specturm acceleration
expressed as a fraction of acceleration due to gravity.

2.14.6 Design Horizontal Seismic Coejkient (cq,) - The seismic coefficient

taken for design. It is expressed as a function of the basic seismic coeffi-
cient (a,) or the seismic zone factor together with the average acceleration
coefficient, the importance factor (I) and the soil-foundation system
factor (6).

2.15 Tectonic Feature - The nature of geological formation of the bed

rock in the earth’s crust revealing regions characterized by structural
features, such as dislocation, distortion, faults, folding, thrusts, volcanoes
with their age of formation which are directly involved in the earth
movement or quakes resulting in the above consequences.

3. GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND DESIGN CRITERIA

3.1 General Principles

3.1.1 Earthquakes cause random motion of ground which can be resol-

ved in any three mutually perpendicular directions. This motion causes the
structure to vibrate. The vibration intensity of ground expected at any
location depends upon the magnitude of earthquake, the depth of focus,
distance from the epicentre and the strata on which the structure stands.
The predominant direction of vibration is horizontal. Relevant combina-
tions of forces applicable for design of a particular structure have been
specified in the relevant clauses.
3.1.2 The response of the structure to the ground vibration is a function
of the nature of foundation soil; materials, form, size and mode of construc-
tion of the struture; and the duration and the intensity of ground motion.
This standard specifies design seismic coefficient for structures standing on
soils or rocks which will not settle or slide due to Ioss of strength during
vibrations.

11
IS:1893 - 1984

3.1.3 The seismic coefficients recommended in this standard are based

on design practice conventionally followed and performance of structures
in past earthquakes, It is well understood that the forces which structures
would be subjected to in actual earthquakes, would be very much larger
than specified in this sta.ndard as basic seismic coefficient. In order to take
care of this gap, for special cases importance factor and performance factor
( where necessary ) are specified in this standard elsewhere.
3.1.4 In the case of structures designed for horizontal seismic force only,
it shall be considered to act in any one direction at a time. Where both
horizontal and vertical seismic forces are taken into account, horizontal
force in any one direction at a time may be considered simultaneously with
the vertical force as specified in 3.4.5.
3.1.5 The vertical seismic coefficient shall be considered in the case of
structures in which stability is a criterion of design or, for overall stability,
analysis of structures except as otherwise stated in the relevant clauses.
3.1.6 Equipment and systems supported at various floor levels of struc-
tures will be subjected to motions corresponding to vibrations at their
support points. In important cases, it may be necessary to obtain floor
response spectra for design.
3.2 Assumptions - The following assumptions shall be made in the
earthquake resistant design of structures:
a>Earthquake causes impulsive ground motion which is complex
and irregular in character, changing in period and amplitude each
lasting for small duration. ‘Therefore, resonance of the type as
visualized under steady state sinusoidal excitations will not occur
as it would need time to build up such amplitudes.
b) Earthquake is not likely to occur simultaneously with wind or
maximum flood or maximum sea waves.
Cl The value of elastic modulus of materials, wherever required, may
be taken as for static analysis unless a more definite value is avail-
able for use in such condition.
3.3 Permissible Increase in Stresses and Load Factors
3.3.1 Permissible hcrease in Material Stresses - Whenever earthquake
forces are considered along with other normal design forces, the permissi-
ble stresses in materials, in the elastic method of design, may be increased
by one-third. However, for steels having a definite yield stress, the stress
be limited to the yield stress; for steels without a definite yield point, the
will stress will be limited to 80 percent of the ultimate strength or 0.2 per-
cent proof stress whichever is smaller and that in prestressed concrete
members, the tensile stress in the extreme fibres of the concrete may be
permitted so as not to exceed 213 of the modulus of rupture of concrete.

12
 IS : 1893- 1984

3.3.2 Load Factors - Whenever earthquake forces are considered along

with other normal design forces, the following factors may be adopted:

a) For ultimate load design of steel structures:

UL = 1*4(DL+LL+EL)
where
UL = the ultimate load for which the structure or its elements
should be designed according to the relevant Indian
Standards for steel structures;
DL = the dead load of the structure;

LL = the superimposed load on the structure considering its

modified values as given in the relevant clauses of this
standard; and
EL = the value of the earthquake load adopted for design,

b) For limit state design of reinforced and prestressed concrete

structures.
The partial safety factors for limit states of serviceability and collapse
and the procedure for design as given in relevant Indian Standards ( ste
IS : 456-1978* and IS : 1343-1980t ) ‘may be used for earthquake loads
combined with other normal loads, The live load values to be used shall
be as given in the relevant clauses of this standard.

NOTE I.-- The members of reinforced or prcstressed concrete shall be under

reinforced so as to cause a tensile failure. Further, it should be suitably designed so
that premature failure due to shear or bond may not occur subject to the provisions
of IS : 456-1978* and IS : 1343-1980t.

NATE 2 - The members and their connections in steel structures should be so

proportioned that high ductility is obtained avoiding premature failure due to
elastic or inelastic buckling of any type.

NOTE 3 - Appropriate details to achieve ductility are given in IS : 4326-1976#.

3.3.3 Permissible Increase in Allowable Bearing Pressure of Soils - When

earthquake forces are included, the permissible increase in allowable bear-
ing pressure of soil shall be as given in Table 1, depending upon the type
of foundation of the structure.

*Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete ( third reuision ).

TCode of practice for prestressed concrete (first revision ).
$Code of practice for earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings (Jirsl
revision ) ,

13
 NOTE I- The allowable bearing pressure shall be determined in accordance with IS : 6403-1981$ or IS:
1888-1982s.
NOTE 2 - If any increase in bearing pressure has already been permitted for forces other than seismic forces, the
total increase in allowable bearing pressure when seismic force is also included shall not exceed the limits specified
above.
NOTE 3 - Submerged loose sands and soils falling under classification SP with standard penetration values less
than the values specified in Note 5 below, .the vibrations caused by earthquake may cause liquefaction or excessive
total and differential settlements. In important projects this aspect of the problem need be investigated and appro-
priate methods of compaction or stabilization adopted to achieve suitable JY Alternatively, deep pile foundation may
be provided and taken to depths well into the layer which are not likely to liquefy. Marine clays and other sensitive
clays are also known to liquefy due to collapse of soil structure and will need special treatment according to site
conditions.
NOTE 4 - The piles should be designed for lateral loads neglecting laterel resistance of soil layers liable to
liquefy.
NOTE 5 - Desirable field values of N are as follows:

<one Depth below ground level in mdres N Values Remarks

III, IV and V IJpto5 15 For values of depth between 5 to 10 m
linear interpolation is recommended
I and II ( for important up to ‘j” l?
structures only ) 10 20

*See IS : 1498-1970 Classification and identification of soils for general engineering purposes (Jirsf reuision ).
t&‘ee IS : 2131-1981 Method of standard penetration test for soils (first reoision ).
$Code of practice for determination of bearing capacity of shallow foundations (Jirst revision ).
§Method of load tests on soils ( second revision ).
IS : 1893 - 1904

3.4 Design Seismic Coefficient for Different Zones

3.4.1 For the purpose of determining the seismic forces, the country is
classified into five zones as shown in Fig. 1.
3.4.2 The earthquake force experienced by a structure depends on its
own dynamic characteristics in addition to those of the ground motion.
Response spectrum method takes into account these characteristics and is
recommended for use in case where it is desired to take such effects into
account. For design of other structures an equivalent static approach em-
ploying use of a seismic coefficient may be adopted.
3.4.2.1 Unless otherwise stated, the basic seismic coefficients ( a,, )
and seismic zone factors ( F, ) in different zones shall be taken as given
in Table 2 and Appendices E and F.
TABLE 2 VALUES OF BASIC SEISMIC COEFFICIENTS AND SEISMIC
ZONE FACTORS IN DIFFERENT ZONES
(Clauses 3.4.2.1, 3.4.2.3 and3.4.5)
ZONE No. METHOD
i%. r---- ---_---h-__-_-_---_~
Seismic Coefficient Response Spectrum Method
Method ( see Appendix F )
r___h-_-Y r----- h_____~
Basic horizontal Seismic zone factor for
seismic coefficient, average acceleration
a0 spectra to be used
with Fig. 2, F,
(1) (2) (3) (4)
i) V 0’08 0’40
ii) IV 0’05 0.25
iii) III 0’04 0’20
iv) II 0’02 0.10
v) I 0’01 0’05

NOTE - For under ground structures and foundations at 30 m depth or below,

the basic seismic coefficient may be taken as 0’5 a,; for structures placed between
ground level and 30 m depth, the basic seismic coefficient may be linearly inter-
polated between a,, and 0.5 a,.
The seismic coefficients according to 3.4.2.1 for some important towns and cities
are given in Appendix E.

3.4.2.2 The design seismic forces shall be computed on the basis of

importance of the structure and its soil-foundation system.
3.4.2.3 The design values of horizontal seismic coefficient, CQ-,
in the
Seismic Coeficient and Resflonse Spectrum methods shall be computed as given
by the following expressions:
a) In Seismic Co@cient Method the design value of horizontal seismic
coefficient Mh shall be computed as given by the following
expression:
clh = p I&,
IS:1893 - 1984

0 96 DAMPING
2 vi

NATURAL PERIOD OF VIBRATION IN SECONDS

Fro. 2 AVERAGE ACCELERATIONSPECTRA

3.4.5 The vertical seismic coefficient where applicable ( see 3.1.5 ) may
be taken as half of the horizontal seismic coefhcient as indicated in 3.4.2.
In important structures where there is a possibility of amplification of ver-
tical seismic coefficient, dynamic analysis is preferable. In that case F,
values in Table 2 should be multiplied by 0.5.
4. BUILDINGS
4.1 Design Live Loads
4.1.1 For various loading classes as specified in IS : 875-1960*, thehori-
zontal earthquake force shall be calculated for the full dead load and the
percentage of live loads as given below:
Load Class Percentage of Design
Live Load
200, 250 and 300 25
400, 500,750 and 1 000 50

*Code of practice for structural safety of buildings : Loading standards (revised ).

18
 IS : 1893 - 1984

TABLE 3 VALUES OF f3 FOR DIFFERENT SOIL-FOUNDATION SYSTEMS

( Clause 3.4.3 )

SL TYPE OB SOIL VALUES OF @ BOR

No. MAINLY r---------- *_-----_----_~
CONSTITUTING Piles Piles Not Raft Combined Isolated Well
THEFOUNDATIO~~ Passing Covered Founda- or Isolated RCC Founda-
Through Under tions RCC Footings tions
Any Soil, Co1 3 Footings Without
but Rest- with Tie Tie Beams
ing on Soil Beams or Unrein-
Type I forced Strip
Founda-
tions

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

i) Type I Rock or 1’0 - 1.0 1’0 1’0 1’0
hard soils
ii) Type II Medium 1-O 1’0 1’0 1.0 1.2 1.2
soils
iii) Type III Soft 1.0 1.2 1-o 1’2 l-5 1’5
soils

NOTE - The value of 3 for dams shall be taken as 1’0.

TABLE 4 VALUES OF IMPORTANCE FACTOR, Z

( Clauses 3.4.2.3 and 3.4.4 )

SL STRUCTURE VALUEO~ IMPORTANCE

No. FACTOR, Z
( see Note )

(1) (2) (3)

i) Dams ( all types ) 3.0
ii) Containers of inflammable or poisonous gases or 2’0
liquids
iii) Important service and community structures, such l-5
as hospitals; water towers and tanks; schools; im-
portant bridges; important power houses; monu-
mental structures; emergency buildings like tele-
phone exchange and fire bridge; large assembly
structures like cinemas, assembly halls and sub-
way stations
iv) All others 1’0

NOTE - The values of importance factor, Z given in this table are for guidance.
A designer may choose suitable values depending on the importance based on eco-
nomy, strategy and other considerations.

19
IS:1893 - 1984

NOTE 1 - The percentage of live loads given above shall also be used for cal-
culating stresses due to vertical loads for combining with those due to earthquake
forces. Under the earthquake condition the whole frame except the roof may be
assumed loaded with live load proportions specified above, without further reduc-
tions in live load as envisaged in IS : 875-1964”.
NOTE 2 - The proportions of the live load indicated above for calculating the
horizontal seismic forces are applicable to average conditions. Where the probable
loads at the time of an earthquake are more accurately assessed, the designer may
alter the proportions indicated or even replace the entire live load proportions by the
actual assessed load.

NOTE 3 - If the live load is assessed instead of taking the above proportions
for calculating. horizontal earthquake force, only that part of the live load shall be
considered which possesses mass. Earthquake force shall not be applied on impact
effects.

4b1.2 For calculating the earthquake force on roofs, the live load may
not be considered.
4.2 Design Criteria for Multi-storeyed Buildings
4.2.1 The criteria for design of multi-storeyed buildings &ail be as
follows:
a) In case of buildings with floors capable of providing rigid horizon-
tal diaphragm action, a separate building or any block of a build-
ing between two separation sections shall be analyzed as a whole
for seismic forces as per 3.1.4. The total shear in any horizontal
plane shall be distributed to various elements of lateral forces
resisting system assuming the floors to be infinitely rigid in the
horizontal plane, In buildings having shear walls together with
frames, the frames shall be designed for at least 25 percent of the
seismic shear.

b) In case of buildings where floors are not able to provide the

diaphragm action as in (a) above the building frames behave
independently; and may be analyzed frame by frame with
tributory masses for seismic forces as per 3.1.4.’

C) The following methods are recommended for various categories of

buildings in various zones:
Building Height Seismic <ones Recommended Method
Greater than III, IV and Detailed dynamic analysis
40 m V ( either modal anaylsis or
time history analysis based
on expected ground motion
for which special studies
are required ). For preli-
-_
*Code of practice for structural safety of buildings: Loading standards ( revised ).
 IS:1893 - 1984

Building Height Seismic <ones Recommended Method

minary design, modal ana-
lysis using response spec-
trum method may be em-
ployed

Greater than I and II Modal analysis using res-

90 m ponse spectrum method
Greater than All zones Modal analysis using res-
40 m and up to ponse spectrum method.
90 m Use of seismic coefficient
method permitted for
zones I, II and III
Less than 40 m All zones Modal analysis using res-
ponse spectrum method.
Use of seismic coefficient
method permitted in all
zones
d) Check for drift and torsion according to 4.2.3 and 4.2.4 is
desirable for all buildings, being particularly necessary in cases of
buildings greater in height than 40 m.
NOTE 1 -For buildings having irregular shape and/or irregular distrikttion of
mass and stiffeners in horizontal and/or vertical plane it is desirable to carry out
modal analysis using response spectrum method ( see also Note 2 below 4.2.1.1 ).
NOTE 2 - For multi-storeyed buildings, it is assumed that the storey heights are
more or less uniform ranging between 2’7 and 3.6 m. In exceptional cases where one
or two-storey heights have to be up to 5 m, the applicability of the clause is not
vitiated.
4.2.1.1 The base shear VB is given by the following formula:

where
X= performance factor depending on the structural framing
system and brittleness or ductility of construction ( see
Table 5 ),
c = a coefficient defining the flexibility of structure with the
increase in number of storeys depending upon fundamen-
tal time period I ( see Fig. 3 ),
ah = design seismic coefficient as defined in 3.4.2;3 (a),
w= total dead load + appropriate amount of live load as
defined in 4.1, and
7-I fundamental time period of the building in seconds ( see
Note 1 ).

21
IS : 1893 - 1985

NOTE 1 - The fundamental time period may either be established by experi-

mental observations on similar buildings or calculated by any rational method of
analysis. In the absence of such data T may be determined as follows for multi-
storeyed buildings:

a) For moment resisting frames without bracing or shear walls for resisting
the lateral loads
T=O’ln

where
o = number ofstoreys including basement storeys.

b) For all others

~ = 0’09 H
2/r
where
H = too;1 height of the main structure of the building in metres,

d = maximum base dimension of building in metres in a direc-

tion parallel to the applied seismic force.

NOTE 2 - The above clause shall not apply to buildings having irregular shape
and/or irregular distribution of mass and stiffness in horizontal and/or vertical
plane. A few buildings of this type are shown in Fig. 4. For such buildings modal
analysis shall be carried out.

2.0 2.4 2.8 3.0

PERIOD IN SECONDS

FIG. 3 C Versus PERIOD

22
 1s : 1893 - 1984

PLAZA TYPE BUILDING

(BUILDING WITH SUDDEN CHANGES IN STIFFNESS)

BUILDING WITH FLEXIBLE

FIRST STOREY ,
[INCLUDING BUILDINGS LIKE
ASSEMBLY HALLS AND CINEMA BUILDING IN
THEATRES WHERE THE CENTRA p HILLY AREA
AUDITORIUM (IN ONE STOREY)
COVERS UPTO THREE STOREYS
OF THE SIDE FLANKS]

Fro. 4 BUILDINGS IN WHICH CLAUSE4.2.1.1 SHALL NOT BE APPLICABLE

23
IS r1893 - 1984

TABLE 5 VALUES OF PERFORMANCE FACTOR, K

(Clause4.2.1.1 )

SL No. STRUCTURAL FRAMINQSYSTEM VALUES OB REXARKS

PERWOR~I~AN~E
FACTOR,X

(1) (2) (3) (4)

-
i) a) Moment resistant frame with appro- 1’0
priate ductility details as given in
IS: 437.6-1976* in reinforced con-
crete or steel

b) Frame as above with R. C. shear These factors will

walls or steel bracing members desi- apply only if the steel
gned for ductility bracing members and
the infill panels are
taken into considera-
ii) a) Frame as in (i) (a) with either steel tion in stiffness as well
bracing members or plain or lateral strength calcu-
nominally reinforced concrete infill lations provided that
panels the frame acting alone
will be able to resist
at least 25 percent of
b) Frame as in (i) (a) in combination the design seismic
with masonry infills forces

iii) Reinforced concrete framed build- 1’6

ings [ Not covered by (i) or (ii)
above ]
*Code of practice for earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings
( jirst revision ) .

4.2.1.2 Distribution of forces along with the height of the building is

given by the following formula:

where

Qi = lateral forces at roof of floor i,

VB = base shear as worked out in 4.2.1.1,
wi = load ( dead load + appropriate amount of live load ) of
the roof or any floor i ( see Note below ),
 .

1s I 1893 - 1984

hi = height measured from the base of building to the roof or

any floor i; and

n = number of storeys including the basement floors, where

the basement walls are not connected with ground floor
deck or the basement walls are not fitted between build-
ing columns, but excluding the basement floors where
they are so connected.
NOTE - In calculating, Wi, the weight of walls and columns in any storey is
assumed to be shared half and half between the roof or floor at top and the floor or
ground at bottom, and all weights are assumed to be lumped at the level of the roof
or any floor i.

4.2.1.3 The force and shear distributions for at en-storeyed building

are illustrated in Fig. 5.

STOREY
No
i Wr

5A Frame 56 Distribution 5C Distribution of Shears

of Forces

Fro.5 FORGE AND SHEARDISTRIBUTION FORTEN-STOREYEDBUILDING

For a ten-storeyed building in Fig. 5:

VB = CUhK(Wr+ 9 Wt)

25
IS:1893 - 1984

where

Vi = shear injth storey.

NOTE-For other notations, see 4.2.1.1
and 4.2.1.2.

4.2.2 Modal Analysis - The lateral load Qi(r) acting at any floor
level i due to rth mode of vibration is given by the following equation:

QP = xw, +p c, ah(r)
where
Wi = weight of the floor i as given in 4.2.1.2,

X = performance factor depending upon the type of buildings

as given in Table 5,
4,(r) = mode shape coefficient at floor i in rth mode vibration
obtained from free vibration analysis,
C, = mode participation factor, and
u,,(r) = design horizontal seismic coefficient as defined in 3.4.2.3
corresponding to appropriate period and damping in
!l?? rth mode .

4.2.2.1 The mode participation factor C, may be given by the follow-

ing equation:

i=n
Z Wi#*)
c, = g

s Wi r #P) I”
i=l

26
 IS : 1893 - 1984

where

i, W&@) are same as defined in 4.2.2, and

n = total number of storeys as defined in 4.2.1.1.

4.2.2.2 The shear force, Vi, acting in the ith storey may be obtained
by superposition of first three modes as follows:
3 3
v, = ( 1 - y) L: vi(r) + y Y/ B { Vp)}a
r=l r=l
where
V,(r) = absolute value of maximum shear at the ith storey in
the rth mode; the value of y shall be as given below:
Height, H Y

up t?*O 0.40
40 0.60
60 0.80
90 1.00

NOTE - For intermediate heights of buildings, value of y may be obtained by

linear interpolation.

4.2.2.3 The total load at Qn and Qr acting at roof level n and floor
level i will be computed from the following equations respectively:

Qn = Vn

QI = Vl - vi $1

The overturning moments at various levels of the building may be

computed by using the above roof and floor level forces.
4.2.3 Drift - The maximum horizontal relative displacement due to
earthquake forces between two successive floors shall not exceed 0.004
times the difference in IeveIs between these floors.
4.264 Torsion of Buildings - Provision shall be made for the increase in
shear resuhing from the horizontal torsion due to an eccentricity between
the centre of mass and the centre of rigidity. The design eccentricity
shall be taken as 1.5 times the computed eccentricity between the centre
of mass and the centre of rigidity. Negative torsional shears shall be
neglected.

29
IS : 1893 - 1984

4.3 Type of Construction - For different types of construction adopted

the constructional details and the appropriate design criteria to be adop-
ted shall be according to 5 of IS : 4326-1976*.
4.4 Miscellaneous
4.4.1 Towers, tanks, parapets, smoke stacks ( chimneys ) and other
vertical cantilever projections attached to buildings and projecting above
the roofs shall be designed for five times the horizontal seismic coefficient
specified in 3.4.2.1. However, compound walls need not be designed for
increased seismic coefficient except where the environmental circumstances
indicate that their collapse may lead to serious consequences,
4.4.2 Ail horizontal projections like cornices and balconies shall be
designed to resist a vertical force equal to five times the vertical seismic
coefficient specified in 3.4.5 multiplied by the weight of the projection.
NOTE - The increased seismic coefficients specified in 4.4.1 and 4.4.2 are for
designing the projecting part and its connection with the main structure. For the
design of the main structure such increase need not be considered.

4.4.3 For industrial structures and frame structures of large spans and
heights, modal analysis using response spectrum method is recommended.
5. ELEVATED STRUCTURES
5.1 General
5.1.1 The elevated structures covered by these provisions include eleva-
ted tanks, refinery vessels and stacklike structures, such as chimneys of
normal pro.portions. In the case of the elevated structures of unusual
proportions, more detailed studies shall be made.
5.2 Elevated Tower-Supported Tanks
5.2.1 For the purpose of this analysis, elevated tanks shall be regarded
as systems with a single degree of freedom with their mass concentrated
at their centres of gravity.
5.2.2 The damping in the system may be assumed as 2 percent of the
critical for steel structures and 5 percent of the critical for concrete
( including masonry ) structures.
5.2.3 The free period T, in seconds, of such structures shall be
calculated from the following formula:

*Code ofpractice for earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings (Jrsl
revision ) .

28
 IS: 1893.1984

where
A = the static horizontal deflection at the top of the tank
under a static horizontal force equal to a WCight W acting
at the centre of gravity of tank. In calculating the period
of steel tanks, the members may be assumed to be pin-
joined with only the tensile members of the bracing
regarded as active in carrying the loads. No pre-tension
shall be assumed in the bracing rods; and
g = acceleration due to gravity.
5.2.4 The design shall be worked out both when the tank is full and
when empty. When empty, the weight W used in the design ( see 5.2.3 )
shall consist of the dead load of the tank and one-third the weight of the
staging. When full, the weight of contents is to be added to the weight
under empty condition.
5.2.5 Using the period T as calculated in 5.2.3 and appropriate damp-
ing, the spectral acceleration shall be read off from the average accelera-
tion spectra given in Fig. 2. The design horizontal seismic coefficient, Q
shall be calculated as in 3.4.2.3 (b).
5.2.6 The lateral force shall be taken equal to:
UbW
where
alI - design horizontal seismic coefficient as given in 5.2.5, and
W = weight as defined in 5.2;4.
Thisforce shall be assumed to be applied at the centre of gravity of
the tank horizontally in the plane in which the snucture is assumed to
oscillate for purposes of carrying out the lateral load analysis.
5.2.7 E?_ydodyrzamic Pressure in Tanks
5.2.7.1 When a tank containing fluid vibrates the fluid exerts im-
pulsive and convective pressures on the tank. The convective pressures
during earthquakes are considerably less in magnitude as compared to
impulsive pressures and its effect is a sloshing of the water surface. For the
purpose of design only the impulsive pressure may be considered.
5.2.7.2 Rectangular container
The pressure at any location x ( see Fig. 6 ) is given by:

29
IS : 1893- 1984

t‘-----” ------j

RECTANGULAR TANK (PLAN)

CIRCULAR TANK (PLAN)

(
+----
x

21 OR 2R-------4
E LE VAT ION
FIQ. 6 RECTANGULAR AND CIRCULAR WATER TANKS
30
 IS :1893 -1984

The pressure on the wall would be:

The pressure on the bottom of the tank would be:

where

x, y, 1 and h are as defined in Fig 6 and w is the unit weight of

water, and a1 for tanks located on towers is to be taken as per
response spectrum method and for those located on ground
corresponding to seismic coefficient method [ see 3.4.2.3 (a) 1.

5.2.7.3 Circular container - The pressure on the wall would be :

PI = ah wh ~/~cosI$’ [$-+(f)“]tanh,/r(%), and

The pressure on the bottom of the tank on a strip of width 2 I! ( see

Fig. 6 ), would be:

where

x, y, I’, R and h are as defined in Fig. 6 and w and ah are as

defined in 5.2.7.2.

5.3 Stacklike Structures

5.3.1 Stacklike structures are those in which the mass and stiffness is
more or less uniformly distributed along the height. Cantilever structures
like chimneys and refinery vessels are examples of such structures
( see Note).

NOTE - Such structures will not include structures like bins, hyperbolic cool-
ing towers, refinery columns resting on frames or skirts. Modal analysis will be
necessary in such cases.

31
IS : 1893 - 1984

5.3.2 Period of free vibration, T, of such structures when fixed at base,

shall be calculated from the following formula:

where
C, = coefficient depending upon the slenderness ratio of the
structure given in Table 6,

wt = total weight of structure including weight of lining and

contents above the base,
h’ 1 height of structures above the base,
Es = modulus of elasticity of material of the structural shell,
A = area of cross-section at the base of the structural shell, and
g = acceleration due to gravity.
-5.3.2.1 For circular structures, A = 2 x rt where r is the mean radius
of structural shell and t its thickness.
5.3.3 Using the period 2; as indicated in 5.3.2, the horizontal seismic
coefficient uh shall be obtained from the spectrum given in Fig. 2
and as in 3.4.2.3 (b).

TABLE 6 VALUES OF C, AND Cv

( Clazrses5.3.2 nnd 5.3.4 )

R*Tro COEFFIClENL' COEFFICIENT

k CT CV

5 14’4 1’02
10 21’2 1’12
15 29’6 l-19
20 38.4 l-25
25 47’2 1.30
30 56.0 1’35
35 65.0 l-39
40 73’8 1’43
45 82’8 1’47
50 or more 1’8k 1’50

where
k = ratio, h’/re; and
re = radius of gyration of the structural shell at the base section.

32
 IS:1893 - 1984

5.3.4 The design shear force V, for such structures at a distance x’ from
the top, shall be calculated by the following formula:

)I
5 x’ 2 x’ *
V= Cvah Wt --- -i-
L F h’ 3 ( h
where
C, = coefficient depending on slenderness ratio k given in
Table 6,
ah = design horizontal seismic coefficient determined in accor-
dance with 5.3.3, and
Wt and h’ are same as defined in 5.3.2.
5.3.5 The design bending moment M at a distance x’ from top shall be
calculated by the following formula:

M = a,Wig[ 0.6 ($)l’* + 0.4 ($ >‘I

where
h = height of centre of gravity of structure above base. Other
notations are the same as given in 5.3.2 and 5.3.4.
6. BRIDGES
6.1 General
6.1.1 Bridge as a whole and every part of it shall be designed and cons-
tructed to resist stresses produced by lateral forces as provided in the stan-
dard. The stresses shall be calculated as the effect of a force applied hori-
zontally at the centres of mass of the elements of the structure into which
it is conveniently divided for the purpose of design. The forces shall be
assumed to come from any horizontal direction.
6.1.2 Masonry and plain concrete arch bridges with spans more than
10 m shall not be built in zones IV and V.
6.1.3 Slab, box and pipe culverts need not be designed for earthquake
forces.
6.1.4 Bridges of length not more than 60 m and spans not more than
15 m need not be designed for earthquake forces other than in zones IV
and V.
6.1.5 Modal analysis shall be necessary, in the following case, in zones
IV and V:
a) in the design of bridges of type, such as, suspension bridge, bas-
cute bridge, cable stayed bridge, horizontally curved girder bridge
and reinforced concrete arch or steel arch bridge; and

33
IS : 1893 - 1984

b) when the height of substructure from base of foundations to the

top of pier is more than 30 m or when the bridge span is more
than 120 m.

6.1.6 Earthquake force shall be calculated on the basis of depth of scour

caused by the discharge corresponding to the average annual flood [ see IS :
4410 ( Part P/Set 5 )-1977]*. Earthquake and maximum flood shall be
assumed not to occur simultaneously.

6.2 Seismic Force - In seismic coefficient method, the seismic force to

be resisted shall be computed as follows:

where

Fh - horizontal seismic force to be resisted,

ah = design horizontal seismic coefficient as specified
in 3.4.2.3 (a), and
W,,, = weight of the mass under consideration ignoring
reduction due to buoyancy or uplift.

b) Fv = uv w,
where
F, = vertical seismic force to be resisted, and
uv = design vertical seismic coefficient.
6.3 Live Load on Bridges
6.3.1 The seismic force due to live load shall be ignored when acting in
the direction of the traffic but shall be taken into consideration when
acting in the direction perpendicular to traffic as specified in 6.3.2.
6.3.2 The seismic force due to live load shall be calculated for 50 per-
cent of the design live load excluding impact for railway bridges and 25
percent of the design live load excluding impact for road bridges specified
in the relevant Indian Standards. These percentages are only for working
out the magnitude of seismic force. For calcu!ating the stresses due to live
load, 100 percent of the design live load for railway bridges and 50 per-
cent of the design live load for road bridges specified in the relevant
Indian Standards shall be considered at the time of earthquake.

*Glossary of terms relating to river valley projects: Part 2 Hydrology, Section 5

Floods.

34
 Ii:1893- 1984

6.4 Superstructure
6.4.1 The superstructure shall be designed for horizontal seismic coeffi-
cient specified in 3.4.2.3 and vertical seismic coefficient according to 3.4.5
due to the dead load and the live load as specified in 6.3.
6.4.2 The superstructure of the bridge shall be properly secured to the
piers ( particularly in zones IV and V ) to prevent it from being
dislodged off its bearings during an earthquake by suitable methods.
6.4.3 The superstructure shall have a minimum factor of safety of 1.5
against overturning in the transverse direction due to simultaneous action
of the horizontal and vertical accelerations.

6.5 Substructure

6.5.1 The seismic forces on the substructure above the normal scour
depth ( see 6.1.6 ) shall be as follows:
Horizontal and vertical forces due to dead, live and seismic loads
as specified in 6.4 transferred from superstructure to the substruc-
ture through the bearings as shown in Fig. 7.
Horizontal and vertical seismic forces according to 3.4.2.3 and
3.4.5 due to self-weight applied at the centre of mass ignoring
reduction due to buoyancy or uplift.
Hydrodynamic force as specified in 6.5.2 acting on piers and
modification in earth pressure due to earthquake given in 8.1.1
to 8.1.4 acting on abutments.
6.5.1.1 Piers shall be designed for the seismic forces given in 6.5.1
assuming them to act parallel to the current and traffic directions taken
separately.
6.5.1.2 In the case of piers, oriented skew either to the direction of
current or traffic, they shall be checked for seismic forces acting parallel
and perpendicular to pier direction.
6.5.1.3 The substructure shall have a minimum factor of safety of 1.5
due to simultaneous action of the horizontal and vertical accelerations.

6.5.2 For submerged portions of the pier, hydrodynamic force (in addi-
tion to earthquake force calculated on the mass of the pier) shall be assu-
med to act in a horizontal direction corresponding to that of earthquake
motion. The total horizontal force F shall be given by the following
formula:
F- Ce Uh w,

35
IS t 1893- 1985

where
G = a coefficient ( see Table 7 ),
ah = dcns$n horizontal seismic coefficient as given in 3.4.2.3 (a),

W&l = weight of the water of the enveloping cylinder (see 6.5.2.2).

ROLLING LOADS
A-

Rl R2 LROCKER

7A GIRDER SPAN

“.#, V- V'

76 ARCH SPAN
RI and RP are reactions at the two supports after being modified due to move-
ment (Fe).
Change in vertical reactions = f Fe/L’
Fl = pR1 ( if ,W1<F’/2 )
FI = F’/2 ( if pLR1> F’/2 )
F2 = F’ - Fl
Frc.7 TRANSFER OF FORCES FROMSUPERSTRUCTURETO SUBSTRUCTURE
TABLE 7 VALUES OF C,
HEIUET~~SIJBMERCJED Ce
PORTION OB PIER ( H)
RADIUS OF ENVELOPI~
CYLINDER
1'0 0.390
2'0 0.575
3'0 0'675
4'0 0'730

36
 IS:1893 -1984

6.5.2.1 The pressure distribution will be as shown in Fig. 8. Values

of coefficients Cr, G’s, Cs and Cd for use in Fig. 8 are given below:
Cl G G G
o-1 6,410 O-026 0.934 5
o-2 O-673 o-093 0.871 2
0.3 O-832 0.184 0.810 3
o-4 o-922 0,289 0.751 5
o-5 0,970 0,403 O-694 5
O-6 o-990 0.521 0.639 0
0.8 0.999 0.760 0.532 0
1.0 1.000 1 a000 0.428 6

.
L

r c2pb

1.2F
t-_Pb’H-a
J-

I r
FIG. 8 DIAGRAM SHOWING PRESSUREDISTRIBUTION

6.5.2.2 Some typical cases of submerged portions of piers and the

enveloping cylinders are illustrated in Fig. 9.

37
IS:1893 -1984

(‘7)

/
i
\
DIRECTION OF \,
- SEISMIC FORCE

FIG. 9 CASES OF ENVELOPINGCYLINDER

6.5.2.3 The earth pressure on the back of abutments of bridge shall

be calculated as in 8 (see Note ).
NOTE - The hydrodynamic suction from the water side and dynamic increment
in earth pressures from the earth side shall not be considered simultaneously. The
water level on earth side may be treated as the same as on the river side.

6.6 Submersible Bridges - For submerged superstructure of submersi-

ble bridges, the hydrodynamic pressure shall be determined by the follow;
ing equation:

P = 875 ah 4%

where

P= hydrodynamic pressure in kg/ms;

ah = design horizontal seismic coefficient as given in 3.4.2.3 (a);
H= height of water surface from the level of deepest scour
( see 6.1.6 ) in m; and
Y= depth of the section below the water surface in m.
6.6.1 The total horizontal shear and moment per metre width about the
centre of gravity of the base at any depth J, due to hydrodynamic pressure
are given by the following relations:
vh = 213 PY
Mh= 4115 PYa
where
vh = hydrodynamic shear in kg/m, and
Mh = hydrodynamic moment in kg.m/m.

38
 .
1s : 1893 -1984

7. DAMS AND EMBANKMENTS

7.1 General -- In the case of important dams ic is recommended that
detailed investigations are made in accordance with IS : 4967-1968* for
estimating the design seismic parameters. However, where such data are
not available and in the case of minor works and for preliminary design of
major works, the seismic forces specified in 7.2 and 7.3 or 7.4, as the case
may be, shall be considered.

7.2 Hydrodynamic Effects Due to Reservior

7.2.1 Effects of Horitontal Earthquake Acceleration - Due to horizontal

acceleration of the foundation and dam there is an instantaneous hydrody-
namic pressure ( or suction ) exerted against the dam in addition to hydro-
static forces. The direction of hydrodynamic force is opposite to the direc-
tion of earthquake acceleration. Based on the assumption that water is
incompressible, the hydrodynamic pressure at depth y below the reservoir
surface shall be determined as follows:

where

p := hydrodynamic pressure in kg/ma at depth y,

Cs = coefficient which varies with shape and depth ( see
7.2.1.1 ),
ah = design horizontal seismic coefficient [ see 3.4.2.3 (b) and
7.3.1 1,
w = unit weight of water in kgims, and
h = depth of reservior in m.
7.2.1.1 The variation of the coefficient Cs, with shapes and depths,
is iIIustrated in Appendix G. For accurate determination, these values may
be made use of. However, approximate values of C, for dams with vertical
or constant upstream slopes may be obtained as follows :

where

c, = maximum value of C, obtained from Fig. 10,

y = depth below surface, and
h = depth of reservoir.

*Recommendations for seismic instrumentation for river valley projects.

39
I8 :1893- 1984

For darns with combination of vertical and sloping faces, an equi-

valent slope may be used for obtaining the approximate value of C,. The
equivalent slope may be obtained as given in 7.2.1.2.

0.6

0.5

E
& 0.4

w
3
a

I I I
0
0* 26 48 SO’ 60’
INCLINATION OF FACE FROM THE VERTICA ‘L (6)

FIG. 10 MAXIMUM VALUES OF PRESSURECOEFFICIENT ( C,,, ) FOR

CONSTANT SLOPINO FACES
 18 : 1893- 1984

7.2.1.2 If the height of the vertical portion of the upstream face of

the dam is equal to or greater than one-half the total height of the dam,
analyze it as if vertical throughout. If the height of the vertical portion
of the upstream face of the dam is less than one-half the total height of
the dam, use the pressure on the sloping line connecting the point of
intersection of the upstream face of the dam and the reservoir surface
with the point of intersection of the upstream face of the dam with the
foundation.

7.2.1.3 The approximate values of total horizontal shear and

moment about the centre of gravity of a section due to hydrodynamic
pressure are given by the relations:
V,, = 0.726)~y
Mh = 0.299 by=

where

Vh = hydrodynamic shear in kg/m at any depth, and

ikfh - moment in kg.m/m due to hydrodynamic force at any
depth y.

7.2.2 EJect of Horizontal Earthquake Acceleration on the Vertical Component

of Reservoir and Tail Water Load - Since the hydrodynamic pressure ( or
suction ) acts normal to the face of the dam, there shall, therefore, be a
vertical component of this force if the face of the dam against which it is
acting is sloping, the magnitude at any horizontal section being:

Wh = ( Vz - VI ) tan 6

where
Wh = increase ( or decrease ) in vertical component of load in
kg due to hydrodynamic force,
V2 = total shear in kg due to horizontal component of
hydrodynamic force at the elevation of the section being
considered,
VI = total shear in kg due to horizontal component of hydro-
dynamic force at the elevation at which the slope of the
dam face commences, and
8= angle between the face of the dam and the vertical.
The moment due to the vertical component of reservoir and tail
water load may be obtained by determining the lever arm from the
centroid of the pressure diagram.

41
JS : 1893- 1984

7.3 Concrete or Masonry Gravity and Buttress Darns

7.3.1 Earthquake Forces - In the design of concrete and masonry

dams, the earthquake forces specifi.ed in 7.3.1.1 to 7.3.1.4 shall be con-
sidered in addition to the hydrodynamic pressures specified in 7.2. For
dams up to 100 m height the horizontal seismic coefficient shall be taken
as 1.5 times seismic coefficient, Q in 3.4.2.3 (a) at the top of the dam
reducing linearly to zero at the base. Vertical seismic coefficient shall
be taken as 0.75 times the value of tch at the top of the dam reducing
linearly to zero at the base. For dams over 100 m height the response
spectrum method shall be used for the design of the dams. Both the
seismic coefficient method ( for dams up to 100 m height ) and response
spectrum method ( for dams greater than 100 m height ) are meant only for
preliminary design of dams. For final design dynamic analysis is desirable.
For design of dam using the approach of linear variation of normal stresses
across the cross-section, tensile stresses may be permitted in the upstream
face up to 2 percent of the ultimate crushing strength of concrete.

7.3.1.1 Concrete or masonry inertja force due to horizontal earthquake accele-

ration
a) Seismic coe&cient method ( dams uj to 100 m height ) - The hori-
zontal inertia force for concrete or masonry weight due to horizontal
earthquake acceleration shall be determined corresponding to the hori-
zontal seismic coefficient specified in 7.3.1. This inertia force shall be
assumed to act from upstream to downstream or downstream to upstream
to get the worst combination for design. It causes an overturning moment
about the horizontal section adding to that caused by hydrodynamic
force.
b) Response spectrum method ( dams greater than 100 m height )
1) The fundamental period of vibration of the dam may be
assumed as:

T = 5.55 g zOm_
2/- IL+%
where
H = height of the dam in m,
B- base width of the dam in m,
Wm = unit weight of the material of dam in kg/ms,
g = acceleration due to gravity in m/s”, and
E, = modulus of elasticity of the material in kg/ms.
2) Using the period in (1) and for a damping of 5 percent, the
design horizontal seismic coefficient CQ shall be obtained from
3.4.2.3 (b).

42
 1s : 1893 - 1984

3) The base shear, VB and base moment MB may be obtained

by the following formulae:

where

w= total weight of the masonry or concrete in the dam

in kg,

height of the centre of gravity of the dam above the

base in m, and

ah = design seismic coefficient as obtained in 7.3.1.1 (b) (2).

4) For any horizontal section at a depth y below top of the dam

shear force, V, and bending moment M, may be obtained
as follows:

where C’V and C’, are given in Fig. 11.

RESERVOIR EMPTY
VY = c; vg
MY = c;, t.40

g--l/-VY OR MY

DL
I

‘h
0.6

0.8

- .
I I I I I w
I.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.E 0.9

COEFFICIENTS C; AND C;n

FIG. 11 VALUES OF Cv AND Cm ALONG THE HEIGHT OF DAM

L.... I”L,~__.__r
_ _“__. ___._.-,..._..
_ I -.
..II, --_.----.-. --. _.._ _“.^ -....-

lS:1893-1984

7.3.1.2 Efict of vertical earthquake acceleration - The effect of vertical

earthquake acceleration is to change the unit weight of water and concrete
or masonry. An accrlrration upwards increases the weight and an accele-
ration downwards decrcascs the weight. To consider the effect of vertical
earthquake acceleration, the vertical seismic coefficient would be as
follows:
a) For seismic coeficient method of design - At the top of the dams it
would be 0’75 times the ah value given in 3.4.2.3 (a) and reducing
linearly to zero at the base.
b) For response spectrum method of design - At the top of the dam it
would be 0.75 times the value of c(h given in 7.3.1.1 (b) (2) and
reducing linearly to zero at the base.
7.3.1.3 Effect of earthquake acceleration on upl;ft forces - Effect of earth-
quake acceleration on uplift forces at any horizontal section is determined
as a function of the hydrostatic pressure of reservoir and tail-water against
the faces of the dam. During an earthquake the water pressure is changed
by the hydrodynamic effect. However, the change is not considered effec-
tive in producing a corresponding increase or reduction in the uplift force.
The duration of the earthquake is too short to permit the building up of
pore pressure in the concrete and rock foundations.
7.3.1.4 Effect of earthquake acceleration on dead silt loads - It is sufficient
to determine the increase in the silt pressure due to earthquake by con-
sidering hydrodynamic forces on the water up to the base of the dam and
ignoring the weight of the silt.
7.3.2 Earthquake Forces for Ouerjow Sections - The provisions for the
dam as given in 7.3.1 to 7.3.1.4 will be applicable to over-flow sections as
well. In this case, the height of the dam shall be taken from the base of
the dam to the top of the spillway bridge for computing the period as well
as shears and moments in the body of the dam. However, for the design
of the bridge and the piers, the horizontal seismic coefficients in either
direction may be taken as the design seismic coefficient for the top of the
dam worked out in 7.3.1 and applied uniformly along the height of the
pier.
7.4 Earth and Rockfill Dams and Embankments
7.4.1 General - It is recognized that an earth dam or embankment
vibrates when subjected to ground motion during an earthquake requiring
thereby a dynamic analysis of the structure for its design. Nevertheless,
currently accepted design procedure is based on the assumption that the
portion of the dam above the rupture surface is rigid. Therefore, the
method given in 7.4.2 which assumes additional horizontal and vertical
loads on the soil mass within the rupture surface shall be adopted. It is,
however, desirable to carry out dynamic analysis for final design of
important dams in order to estimate deformations in dams in probable
future earthquakes.
44
 IS 2 1893 - 1984

7.4.2 Seismic Force on Soil Mass

7.4.2.1 The procedure for finding out the seismic coefhcient which
will depend upon the height of the dam and the lowest point of the
rupture surface shall be as follows:
a) Determine the fundamental period of the structure from the
formula:

where
T = fundamental period of the earth dam in s,
Ht = height of the dam above toe of the slopes,
P = mass density of the shell material, and
G = modulus of rigidity of the shell material.
NOTE- The quantity +fGT.p ISthe shear wave velocity through the mate-
rial of the dam and may be used if known instead of p and G.

b) Determine S,/g for this period T and 10 percent damping from

average acceleration spectrum curves given in Fig. 2.
c) Compute design seismic coefficient ah using 3.4.2.3 (b).

7.4.2.2 For checking slope failure with the lowest point of the
rupture surface at any depth y below top of dam, the value of equivalent
uniform seismic coefficient shall be taken as:

where
H = total height of the dam.

7.4.3 Stability of the Upstream Slope

7.4.3.1 The stability of the upstream slope of an earth or rockfill dam

shall be tested with full reservoir level with horizontal forces due to earth-
quake acting in upstream direction and vertical forces due to earthquake
( taken as one half of horizontal ) acting upwards.
7.4.3.2 For preliminary design, a factor of safety of unity shall be
accepted as being adequate for ensuring stability of upstream slope. The
factor of safety need be tested only for failure surface which passes through
the lower half of the dam.

45
fS : 1893- 1984

7.4.4 Stability of Downstream Slope - The provision of 7.4.3 shall also

apply in determining stability of the downstream slope except that the
horizontal force due to earthquake should be considered acting in the
downstream direction.

7.4.5 Miscellaneous - Earthquake forces shall not be normally included

in stability analysis for the construction stage or for the reservoir empty
condition. Hocvever, where the construction or operating schedule requi-
res the reservoir empty condition to exist for prolonged periods, earth-
quake forces may be included and may be calculated based on 50 percent
of the value obtained from 7.4.3 or 7.4.4.

Provisions in 7.4.3 and 7.4.4 modified to suit the conditions of empty

reservoir shall apply for testing the stability of the upstream and down-
stream s!opes.

Junctions between spillways and abutments shall be constructed with

great care in view of the damage that may be caused by differential
vibrations of the dam and the spillway.

8. RETAINING WALLS

8.1 Lateral Earth Pressure - The pressure from earthfill behind retain-
ing walls during an earthquake shall be as given in 8.1.1 to 8.1.4. In the
analysis, cohesion has been neglected. This assumption is on conservative
side.
8.1.1 Active Pressure Due to Earthfill - The general conditions encounter-
ed for the design of retaining walls are illustrated in Fig. 12A. The active
pressure exerted against the wall shall be:

Pa - & zoh2 C,

where
P, = active earth pressure in kg/m length of wall,

W = unit weight of soil in kg/ms,

h - height of wall in m, and

c,= (1 &av)cos”(~---a) x

cos h tossa cos ( 6 + a -j- h )

II
1 a
l+ sin(++6)sin(#---t--A 3
{ cos(a - L)cOs(a+a+h
[
the maximum of the two being the value for design,
 IS : 1893 - 1984

ocI = vertical seismic coefficient - its direction bemg taken consis

ten+ throughout the stability analysis of wall and equal to
t all
IJ = angle of internal friction of soil,

A = tan-1 -.E.L_
1 f Qv
a. = angle which earth face of the wall makes with the vertical,
1- slope of earthfill,
6 = angie of friction between the wall and earthfill, and
CQ,= horizontal seismic coeficient [ see 3.4.2.3 (a) 4.

12A Active Piessure 12B Passive Pressure

Fro. 12 EARTII PRESSURE I)LJP,
TO EARTHQUAKE ON RETAINING WALLS

8.X.1.1 The active pressire may be determined graphically by means

of the method desc ribcd in Appendix H.
8.1.1.2 Point of ap/dication -. Prom the total pressure computed as
above subtract the static active pressure obtained by putting tlh = ccV =
h = 0 in the expression given in 8.1.1. The remainder is the dynamic
increment. The static component of the total pressure shall be applied at
an elevation h/3 above the base of the wall. The point of application of
the dynamic increment shall bc assumed to be at mid-height of the wail.
8.1.2 Passive Pressure Due to EarthJill -- The general conditions ~encoun-
tered in the design of retaining walls are illustrated in Fig. 12B. The pas-
sive pressurt. against the walls shall be given by the following formula :

I’, =- 4wh=cp

47
IS: 1893 - 1984

where
P, = passive earth pressure in kg/m length of wall;

C
( 1 f av ) Co@( # + a - h 1
p= cos A co@ a cos ( 6 - a + A) ’
1 s

L l-
sin($+G)sin($+L-_ - __~._
(b- a+AII
t- cos ( dc - c ) cos
4

the minimum of the two being the value for design; w, h, a, fi

and L are as defined in 8.1.1; and

ah
hc tan-l
1 f av

8.1.2.1 The passive pressure may be determined graphically by

means of the method described in Appendix J.

8.1.2.2 Point of application - From the static passive pressure obtain-

ed by putting ah = ap = r\= 0 in the expression given in 8.1.2, subtr-
act the total pressure computed as above. The remainder is the dynamic
decrement The static component of the total pressure shall be applied at
an elevation h/3 above the base of the wall. The point of application of
the dynamic decrement shall be assumed to be at an elevation 0.66 h
above the base of the wall.

8.1.3 Active Pressure Due to UnifTorm Surcharge - The active pressure

against the wall due to a uniform surcharge of intensity q per unit area of
the inclined earthfill surface shall be:

qh cos a C
Psh = co.3 ( a - C) ’

8.1.3.1 Point of application - The dynamic increment in active pres-

sures due to uniform surcharge shall be applied at an elevation of 0.66 h
above the base of the wall, while the static component shall be applied at
mid-height of the wall.

8.1.4 Passive Pressure Due to Uniform Surcharge - The passive pressure

against the wall due to a uniform surcharge of intensity q per unit area of
the inclined earthfill shall be:
 IS : 1893 - 1984

8.1.4.1 Point of afifilication - The dynamic decrement in passive pres-

sures due to uniform surcharge shall be applied at an elevation of 0.66 h
above the base of the-walls while the static component shall be applied at
mid-height of the wall.
8.2 Effect of Saturation on Lateral Earth Pressure
8.2.1 For saturated earthfill, the saturated unit weight of the soil shall
be adopted as in the formulae described in 8.1.
8.2.2 For submerged earthfill, the dynamic increment ( or decrement )
in active and passive earth pressure during earthquakes shall be found
from expressions given in 8.1.1 and 8.1.2 with the following modifications:
a) The value of 6 shall be taken as 4 the value of 6 for dry backfill.
b) The value of A shall be taken as follows:

A= tan-l-$.-)(%
8l 1 * uv
where

w, = saturated unit weight of soil. in gm/cc,

CQ,= horizontal seismic coefficient [, see 3.4.2.3 (a) 1, and
av = vertical seismic coefficient which is 3 ah.
c) Buoyant unit weight shall be adopted.
d) From the value of earth pressure found out as above, subtract the
value of earth pressure determined by putting @h=MV=h=O but
using buoyant unit weight. The remainder shall be dynamic
increment.
8.2.3 Hydrodynamic pressure on account of water contained in earthfill
shall not be considered separately as the effect of acceleration on water
has been considered indirectly.
8.3 Partially Submerged Backfill
8.3.1 The ratio of the lateral dynamic increment in active pressures to
the vertical pressures at various depths along the height of wall may be
taken as shown in Fig. 13.
The pressure distribution of dynamic increment in active pressures
may be obtained by multiplying the vertical effective pressures by the
coefficients in Fig. 13 at corresponding depths.
NOTE - The procedure may also be used for determining the distribution of
dynamic pressure increments in 8.1.1.2 and 8.1.3.1.

49
IS:1893 - 1984

+-3(C,- K,)
1

Ca is computed as in 8.1.1 for dry ( moist ) saturated backfills.

C’a is computed as in 8.1.1 and 8.2.2 for submerged backfills.
Ka is the value of Ca when ah =aV = h = 0.
K’a is the value of C’a when @h = av = h = 0.
h’ is the height of submergence above the base of the wall.
h is the height of the retaining wall.

LATERAL DYNAMICINCREMENT
FIG. 13 DISTRIMJTION
OF THE RATIO
VP,RTICALEFFECTWEPRESSURE
WITH HEIGIIT OF WALL

50
 IS : 1893 - 1984

8.3.2 A similar procedure as in 8.3.1 may be utilized for determining

the distribution of dynamic decrement in passive pressures.
8.4 Concrete or Masonry Inertia Forces - Concrete or masonry iner-
tia forces due to horizontal and vertical earthquake accelerations are the
products of the weight of wall and the horizontal and vertical s&mic
coefficients respectively ( see 3.4.2 and 3.4.5 ).
NATE - To ensure adequate factor of safety under earthquake condition, the
design shall be such that the factor of safety against sliding shall be 1’2 and the
resultant of all the forces including earthquake force shall fall within the middle
three-fourths of the base width provided. In addition, bearing pressure in soil should
not exceed the permissible limit.

9. NOTATIONS AND SYMBOLS

9.1 The various notations and letter symbols used in the formulae and in
the body of the standard shall have the meaning as given in Appendix K.
As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank
 IS : 1893- 1981

APPENDIX A
( &“St? 0 7 I )

MAP OF INDIA
SHOWING EPlCiNTRES

MAGNITUDE

MORE THAN 6.0

DEEP FOCUS SHOCKS

NUMBER OF SHOCKS (n)
FROM THE SAME ORIGIN

EPICENTRES AND MAGNlTUDES SHOWN

BY DOTTEDCIRCLESARE APPROXIMATE

53
As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank
 IS : 1893 . 1984

APPENDIX D
( Clause 2.7 )

EARTHQUAKE INTENSITY SCALES

D-l. MODIFIED MERCALLI INTENSITY SCALE ( ABRIDGED )

Class of Remarks
Earthquake
I Not felt except by a very few under specially favourable circum-
stances
II Felt only by a few persons at rest, specially on upper floors of
buildings; and delicately suspended objects may swing
III Felt quite noticeably indoors, specially on upper floors of build-
ings but many people do not recognize it as an earthquake;
standing motor cars may rock slightly; and vibration may be felt
like the passing of a truck
IV During the day felt indoors by many, outdoors by a few, at
night some awakened; dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls
make creaking sound, sensation like heavy truck striking the
building; and standing motor cars rocked noticeably
V Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened; some dishes, windows,
etc,. broken; a few instances of cracked plaster; unstable objects
overturned; disturbance of trees, poles and other tall objects
noticed sometimes; and pendulum clocks may stop
VI Felt by all, many frightened and run outdoors; some heavy
furniture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster or damaged
chimneys; and damage slight
VII Everybody runs outdoors, damage negligible in buildings of
good design and construction; slight to moderate in well built
ordinary structures; considerable in poorly built or badly desi-
gned structures; and some chimneys broken, noticed by persons
driving motor cars
VIII Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable in
ordinary but substantial buildings with partial collapse; very
heavy in poorly built structures; panel walls thrown out of fra-
med structures; falling of chimney, factory stacks, columns,
monuments, and walls; heavy furniture overturned, sand and
mud ejected in small amounts; changes in well water; and
disturbs persons driving motor cars
 IS : 1893- 1984

Class of Remarks
Earthquake
IX Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well desi-
gned framed structures thrown out of plumb; very heavy in
substantial buildings with partial collapse; buildings shifted off
foundations; ground cracked conspicuously; and underground
pipes broken
X Some well built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and
framed structures with foundations destroyed; ground badly
cracked; rails bent; landslides considerable from river banks and
steep slopes; shifted sand and mud; and water splashed over
banks
XI Few, if any, masonry structures remain standing; bridges destro-
yed; broad fissures in ground, underground pipelines completely
out of service; earth slumps and landslips in soft ground; and
rails bent greatly
XII Total damage; waves seen on ground surfaces; lines of sight
and levels distorted; and objects thrown upward into the air
D-2. COMPREHENSIVE INTENSITY SCALE
D-2.1 The scale was discussed generally at the inter-governmental meet-
ing convened by UNESCO in April 1964. Though not finally approved,
the scale is more comprehensive and describes the intensity of earth-
quake more precisely. The main definitions used are as follows:
a) ,Ty@eof Structures ( 23uildings ) :
Structure A Buildings in field-stone, rural structures, unburnt-
brick houses, clay houses.
Structure B Ordinary brick buildings, buildings of the large
block and prefabricated type, half timbered struc-
tures, buildings in natural hewn stone.
Structure C Reinforced buildings, well built wooden structures.
b) Definition of Quantity:
Single, few About 5 percent
Many About 50 percent
Most About 75 percent
c) ClassiJication ef Damage to Buildings:
Grade 1 Slight damage Fine cracks in plaster; fall of small
pieces of plaster
Grade 2 M o d e r a t e Small cracks in walls; fall of fairly
damage large pieces of plaster, pantiles slip
off; cracks in chimneys; parts of
chimney fall down 1,

58
 Grade 3 Heavy damage Large and deep cracks in walls; fall
of chimneys

Grade 4 Destruction Gaps in walls; pal’ts of buildings may

collapse; separate parts of the build-
ing lose their cohesion; and inner
walls collapse
Grade 5 Total damage Total collapse of buildings
d) Intensity Scale:
I Not noticeable.
The intensity of the vibration is below the limit of sensibility;
the tremor is detected and recorded by seismographs only
II Scarcely noticeable .( very slight ).
Vibration is felt only by individual people at rest in houses,
especially on upper floors of buildings
III Weak , partially observed only.
The earthquake is felt indoors by a few people, outdoors only
in favourable circumstances. The vibration is like that due to
the passing of a light truck. Attentive observers notice a slight
swinging of hanging objects, somewhat more heavily on
upper floors
IV Largely observed.

The earthquake is felt indoors by many people, outdoors by

few. Here and there people awake, but no one is frightened.
,The vibration is like that due to the passing of a heavily loaded
truck. Windows, doors and dishes rattle. Floors and walls
crack. Furniture begins to shake. Hanging objects swing slight-
ly, Liquids in open vessels are slightly disturbed. In standmg
motor cars the shock is noticeable

V Awakening: ,

a) The earthquake is felt indoors by all, outdoors by many-

Many sleeping people awake. A few run outdoors. Ani.
mals become uneasy. Buildings tremble throughout. Hang-
ing objects swing considerably. Pictures knock against walls
or swing out of place. Occasionally pendulum clocks stop.
Unstable objects may be overturned or shifted. Open doors
and windows are thrust open and slam back again. Liquids
spill in small amounts from well-filled open containers. The
sensation of vibration is like that due to heavy object fall-
ing inside the buildings

59
IS:1893 - 1984

b) Slight damages in buildings of Type A are possible

c) Sometimes change in flow of springs
VI Frightening:
a) Felt by most indoors and outdoors. Many people in build-
ings are frightened and run outdoors. A few persons lose
their balance. Domestic animals run out of their stalls. In
few instances dishes and glassware may break, books fall
down. Heavy furniture may possibly move and small steeple
bells may ring
b)Damage of Grade 1 is sustained in single buildings of Type
B and in many of Type A. Damage in few buildings of
Type A is of Grade 2.
C>In few cases cracks up to widths of I cm possible in wet
ground; in mountains occasional landslips; change in flow
of springs and in level of well water are observed
VII Damage of buildings:
a) Most people are frightened and run outdoors. Many find it
difficult to stand. The vibration is noticed by persons driv-
ing motor cars. Large bells ring
b) In many buildings of Type C damage of Grade 1 is caused;
in many buildings of Type B damage is of Grade 2. Most
buildings of Type A suffer damage of Grade 3, few of
Grade 4. In single instances landslips of roadway on steep
slopes; cracks in roads; seams of pipelines damaged; cracks
in stone walls
VIII Destruction of buildings:
4 Fright and panic; also persons driving motor cars are dis-
turbed. Here and there branches of trees break off. Even
heavy furniture moves and partly overturns. Hanging
lamps are damaged in part
b) Most buildings of Type C suffer damage of Grade 2, and
few of Grade 3. Most buildings of Type B suffer damage of
Grade 3, and most buildings of Type A suffer damage of
Grade 4. Many buildings of Type C suffer damage of
Grade 4. Occasional breaking of pipe seams. Memorials
and monuments move and twist. Tombstones overturn.
Stone walls collapse.
c) Small landslips in hollows and on banked roads on steep
slopes; cracks in ground up to widths of several centimetres.
Water in lakes becomes turbid. New reservoirs come into
existence. Dry wells refill and existing wells becomes dry.
In many cases change in flow and level of water is observed,

60
 IS:1893 - 1984

IX General damage to buildings:

a) General panic; considerable damage to furniture. Animals
run to and fro in confusion and cry
b) Many buildings of Type C suffer damage of Grade 3, and
a few of Grade 4. Many buildings of Type B show damage
of Grade 4, and a few of Grade 5. Many buildings of Type
A suffer damage of Grade 5. Monuments and columns fall.
Considerable damage to reservoirs; underground pipes
partly broken. In individual cases railway lines are bent
and roadway damaged
c) On flat land overflow of water, sand and mud is often obser-
ved. Ground cracks to widths of up to 10 cm, on slopes
and river banks more than 10 cm; furthermore a large
number of slight cracks in ground; falls of rock, many land-
slides and earth flows; large waves in water. Dry wells
renew their flow and existing wells dry up
X General destruction of buildings:
a) Many buildings of Type C suffer damage of Grade 4, and a
few of Grade 5. Many buildings of Type B show damage
of Grade 5; most of Type A have destruction of Grade 5;
critical damage to dams and dykes and severe damage to
bridges. Railway lines are bent slightly. Underground
pipes are broken or bent. Road paving and asphalt show
waves
b) In ground, cracks up to widths of several centimetres, some-
times up to 1 metre. Parallel to water courses occur broad
fissures. Loose ground slides from steep slopes. From river
banks and steep coasts, considerable landslides are possible.
In coastal areas, displacement of sand and mud; change of
water level in wells; water from canals, lakes, rivers, etc,
thrown on land. New lakes occur
XI Destruction:
4 Severe damage even to well built buildings, bridges, water
dams and railway lines; highways become useless; under-
ground pipes destroyed
b) Ground considerably distorted by broad cracks and fissures,
as well as by movement in horizontal and vertical direc-
tions; numerous landslips and falls of rock. The intensity of
the earthquake requires to be investigated specially
XII Landscape changes:
a) Practically all structures above and below ground are
greatly damaged or destroyed

61
IS : 1893 - 1984

b) ‘lhe surface of the ground is radically changed. Considera-

ble ground cracks with extensive vertical and horizontal
movements are observed. Falls of rock and slumping of
river banks over wide areas, lakes arc da.mmed; waterfalls
appear, and rivers are deflected. The intensity of the
earthquake requires to be investigated specially.

APPENDIX E
( Clause 3.4.2.1 and Table 2 )

BASIC HORIZONTAL SEISMIC COEFFICIENTS FOR

SOME IMPORTANT TOWNS

Town 5one Basic Town 5one Basic

Horizontal Horizonto
Seismic Seismic
Coe$icient Coeficient
a0
Agra III ,4;4 Bikaner III 0.04
Ahmadabad III o-04 Bokaro III 0.04
Ajmer I 0.01 Bombay III 0.04
Allahabad II 0.02 Burdwan III 0.04
Almora IV 0.05 Calcutta III 0.04
Ambala IV 0.05 Calicut III 0.04
Amritsar IV 0.05 Chandigarh IV (1.05
Asansol III 0 04 Chitrgaurad I 0.01
Aurangabad I o-01 Coimbatore III 0.04
Bahraich IV 0.05 Cuttack III .0:04
Bangalorc I 0.01 Darbhanga V 0.08
Barauni IV o-05 Darjeeling IV 0.05
Bareilly III o-04 Dehra Dun IV 0.05
Bhatinda III 0.04 Delhi IV 0.05
Bhilai I 0.01 Durgapur III 0.04
Bhopal II 0.02 Sangtok IV 0.05
Bhubaneswar III 0.04 Sauhai V 0.08
Bhuj V 0.08 Zaya 111 0 04

62
 IS : 1893 - 1984

Town zone Basic Town Basic

5 OUZ
Horizontal Horizontal
Seismic Seismic
Coeficient CoejSient
a0 a0
Gorakhpur IV o-05 Panjim III o-04

Hyderabad I 0.01 Patiala III 0.04

Imphal V O-08 Patna IV o-05

Jabalpur III o-04 Pilibhit IV 0.05

Jaipur II 0.02 Pondicherry II 0.02
Jamshed pur II 0.02 Pune III 0.04
Jhansi I 0.01 Raipur I 0 01
Jodhpur I 0.01 Raj kot III o-04
Jorhat V O-08 Ranchi II 0.02
Kanpur III 0.04 Roorkee IV 0.05
Kathmandu V 0.08 Rourkela I 0.01
Kohima V 0.08 Sadiya V 0.08
Kurnool I 0.01 Simla IV 0.05
Lucknow III 0.04 Sironj I 0.01
Ludhiana IV 0.05 Srinagar V 0.08
Madras II 0.02 Surat III o-04
Madurai II o-02 Tezpur V 0.08

Mandi V 0.08 Thanjavur II 0.02

Mangalore III 0.04 Tiruchirapalli II 0.02

Monghyr IV 0 -05 Trivandrum III 0.04

Moradabad IV 0.05 Udaipur II 0.02

Mysore I o-01 Vadodara III 0.04

II 0.02 Varanasi III 0.04

Nagpur
Nainital IV 0.05 Vijayawada III o-04
Nasik III 0.04 Visakhapatnam II 0.02
Nellore II 0.02

NOTE- 7’he coefficients given are according to 3.4.2.1 and should be suitably
modified fc,r iqlortant structures in accordance with 3.4.2.3, 4.4 and 7.1 and should
be read along with other provisions of the standard.

63
 APPENDIX F
( Clnuse 3.4.2.1 and Table 2 )

SPECTRA OF EARTHQUAKE

F-l. GENERAL

F-l.1 Spectrum of an earthquake is the representation of the maximum

dynamic response of idealized structures during an earthquake. The idea-
lized structure is a single degree of freedom system having a certain period
of vibration and damping. The maximum response is plotted against the
natural period of vibration and can be expressed in terms of maximum
absolute acceleration, maximum relative velocity or maximum relative dis-
placement, For the purpose of design, acceleration spectra are very useful,
as they give the seismic force on a structure directly by multiplying it with
the generalized or modal mass of the structure.

F-2. AVERAGE SPECTRA

F-2.1 Prof. G. W. Housner has proposed average spectra on the basis of
studies on response spectra of four strongest earthquakes that have occurred
in USA ( see Fig. 2 which shows the average acceleration spectra ).

F-2.2 To take into account the seismicity of the various zones, the ordi-
nate of the average spectra are to be multiplied by a factor F,. This factor
F. depends on the magnitude, duration and form of the expected earth-
quake, distance of the site from expected epicentre, soil conditions and
resistance deformation characteristics of the structure, etc. For elastic
design with permissible increase in stresses or load factors as given in 3.3,
approximate values of this factor are given in Table 2.
NOTE - It may be pointed out that during the expected maximum intensity of
earthquake in the various seismic zones, structures will be subjected to a bigger force.
But the capacity of the structure in plastic range will be available for absorbing the
kinetic energy imparted by the earthquake. Therefore, the structural details are to
be worked out in such a manner that it can undergo sufficient plastic deformations
before failure [see 1.2 and3.3.2 (b) ( Note 3 ) 1.

F-3. DAMPING IN STRUCTURES

F-3.1 The variety of damping displayed in different types of structures has
made the choice of a suitable damping coefficient for a given structure
largely a matter of judgement. However, some values are given below to
indicate the order of damping coefficient in various types of structures:
a) Steel structures 2 to 5 percent of critical
b) Concrete structures 5 ,, 10 ,> 7, >,

64
 c) Brick structures in cement mortar 5 to 10 percent of critical
d) Timber structures 2 ,, 5
e) Earthen structures 10 ), 30 :: :: ::
NOTE - It may be mentioned here that in the elastic range, damping displayed
by structures is much lower than that given above. It may lie between 1 and 4 per-
cent for the above type of structures at low stresses. The values given thus presume
some inelastic deformations or fine cracking to take place when this order of damp-
ing will occur. However, for obtaining design seismic coefficient, the values of damp-
ing mentioned in relevant clauses shall apply.

F-4. METHOD OF USING THE SPECTRA

F-4.1 Let the period of a structure be 0.8 second and the damping 5 per-
cent critical. Further let the soil-foundation system give factor, B = 1.2
and let the structure have an importance factor, I = 1.5. Referring to
Fig. 2, the spectral acceleration, S, is O-12 g. If the structure has mass
M= 12.0 kg sets/cm and is to be located in Zone V, the design horizon-
tal seismic coefficient ah would be [ see 3.4.2.3 (b)]:

ah = P IF, (&/id
= 1.2 x 1.5 x 0.4 x 0.12
= 0,086 4
Therefore, horizontal seismic force
P = tLh Mg
= 0.086 4 x 12.0 x 981
= 1 017.1 kg

APPENDIX G
( Clause 7.2.1.1 )

VARIATION OF THE COEFFICIENT C, WITH SHAPES

AND DEPTHS

G-l. The increase in water pressure on the surface of dam due to hori-
zontal earthquake forces depends upon the shape of the dam and varies
with depth. In the equation specified in 7.2.1.1, the coefficient C, defines
the magnitude and distribution of the increased pressure.
G-2. G’s is a function of the shape of dam and, is independent of the mag-
nitude and intensity of the earthquake.
G-3. The magnitude of C, for various shapes of dams, illustrated in Fig.
14 to 18, assuming water as incompressible, has been established by
laboratory experiments. For more detailed analysis, these values may be
adopted.

65
 WATER SURPPCE

SHAPE A-1 SHAPE A-2

WATER SURPACE WATEP SURFACE

SHAPE A-3 SHAPE A-4

WATER SURFACE

T-Jj-=

0 0.2 0.1 O-6 O-8 1.0

1 t DISTANCE BELOW SURFACE

h DEPTH OF RESERVOIR VERTICAL
p = CS ah wh
where
p = hydrodynamic pressure at depthy,
Cs = coefficient which varies with shape and depth,
orb = horizontal seismic coefficient ( ~8s 7.1 ),
w = unit weight of water, and
h = maximelm depth of reservoir.

FIG. 14 VALUES OF C, FOR COMBJNATION SLOPES IN WHICH THE INCLUSIVE ANGLE IS 15” AND
VERTICAL PORTION OF UPSTREAM FACE IS VARIABLE
 SHAPE C-l SHAPE C-2

WATER SURFACE
WATER SURFACE

SHAPE C-3 SHAPE C-4

.- ---*
-
1 _ DISTANCE BELOW SURFACE
Btfy-
h- DEPTH
OF RESERVOIR
VERTICAL

fi = Cs ah wh
where
p = hydrodynamic pressure at depthy,
Cs = coefficient which varies with shape and depth,
ah = horizontal seismic coefficient ( sc.s7.1),
w = unit weight of water, and
h = maximum depth of reservoir.
FIG. 16 VALUES OF C, FOR COMBINATION SLOPES IN WHICH THE INCLUSIVE ANGLE IS 45’ AND
VERTICAL PORTION OF UPSTREAM FACE IS VARIABLE
 0.7

O-6

s 0.5 SHAPE E-l SHAPE E-2

0.6

0 *:

0.2 SHAPE E-3 SHAPE E-4

WATER SUNPACE
O.!

0 0’4 o-6 0.s

r-J-=
1= DISTANCE BELOW SURFACE
h DEPTH
OF RESLRVOlR
VERTICAL

where
p = hydrodynamic pressure at depthy,
Cg = coefficient which varies with shape and depth,
ah = basic horizontal seismic coefficient (set 7.1 ),
UI = unit weight of water, and
h = maximum depth of reservoir.
FIG. 18 VALUES OF C, FOR COMBIXATIONSLGPESIN WHICH THE INCLUSIVEANGLE IS 75” AP;D
VERTICAL PORTIOXOF UPSTREAMFACE IS VARIABLE
 IS : 1893 - 1984

APPENDIX H
( Clause 8.1.1.1 )
GRAPHICAL DETERMINATION OF ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE

H-1. METHOD
H-l.1 Make the following construction ( see Fig. 19 ):
Draw BB’ to make an angle ( 4 - A ) with horizontal. Assume
planes of rupture Ba, Bb, etc, such that Aa = ab = bc, etc. Make
Ba’ = a’b’ = b’c’ etc, on BB’ equal to Aa, ab, bc, etc, in length.
Draw active pressure vectors from a’, b’, etc, at an angle ( 90’ -
6-- a - h ) with BB’ to intersect corresponding assumed planes of
rupture. Draw the locus of the intersection of assumed planes of
rupture and corresponding active pressure vector ( modified
Culmann’s line ) and determine the maximum active pressure vector
X parallel to BE.
t-ASSUME0 PLANE

LINE

‘$5
MAXIMUM ACTIVE
PRESSURE VECTOR X

Fro. 19 DETERMINATION OF ACTIVE EARTH PRESSUREBY

GRAPHICALMETHOD
H-l.2 The active earth pressure shall be calculated as follows:

P, = 4 ( ‘,; y”’ ) w XBC

where
X = active pressure vector,
BC = prependicular distance from B to AA’ as shown in
Fig. 19, and
P,, UJ, uV and h are as defined in 8.1.1.

71
gsr1&I93-1984

APPENDIX J
( Clause 8.1.2.1 )

GRAPHICAL DETERMINATION OF PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE

J-1; METHOD

J-l.1 Make the following construction ( see Fig. 20 ):

Draw BB’ to make an angle ( + - h ) with the horizontal, Assume

planes of rupture Ba, Bb, etc, such that Aa - ab = bc, etc. Make
Ba’ = a’b’ - b’c’, etc, on BB’ equal to Aa, ab, bc, etc, in length.
Draw passive pressure vectors from u’, b’, etc, at an angle ( 90” - u
+ 6 + A ) with BB’ to intersect corresponding assumed planes of
rupture. Draw the locus of the intersection of assumed planes of
rupture and corresponding passive pressure vector ( modified
Culmann’s line ) and determine the minimum passive pressure
vector X parallel to BE.

M’IDIFIED
CIILMANN’S LINE
/-ASSUMED PLANE
OF RUPTURE

MINIMUM PASSIVE
PRESSURE VECTOR x

FIG. 20 DETERMINATION OF PASSIVEEARTH PRESSUREBY

GRAPHICAL METHOD

12
 IS:lt333-l!m4

J-1.2 The passive pressure shall he calculated as follows:

where
X = passive pressure vector,
BC = f;rnnddicular distance from B to AA‘ as shown in Fig.

P,, w, av Hnd /\are as defined in 8.1.2.

APPENDIX K
( Clause 9.1 )

NOTATIONS AND SYMBOLS

K-l. The following notations and letter symbols shall have the meaning
indicated against each, unless otherwise specified in the body of the
standard:
A = Area of cross-section at the base of the structure shell in
stacklike structures
B = Base width of the dam
C = Coefficient defining flexibility of structure
C, = Coefficient for determining active earth pressure ( for
dry-moist-saturated backfills)
CB = Coefficient for determining active earth pressure ( for
submerged backfills )
C, - Coefficient depending on submerged portion of pier and
enveloping cylinder
C, = Maximum value of C,
C’, 5 Coefficient to determine bending moment at any section
from base moment in dams
CrJ - Coefficient for determining passive earth pressure
C, = Mode participation factor
C, = Coefhcicnt which varies with shape and depth of dam

73
 _-__---_l-- __..-. .-- ___---. _

IS:1893 - 1984

C, = Coefficient depending on slenderness ratio of structure,

used for determining T
Cv = Coefficient depending on slenderness ratio, used for deter-
mining P
C’v = Coefficient to determine shear at any section from base
shear in dams
d = Dimension of building in a direction parallel to the applied
seismic force
DL = Dead load on the structure
EL = Value of earthquake load adopted for design
En = Modulus of elasticity of the material of the structure
F = Total horizontal force for submerged portion of pier
F, = Seismic zone factor
Acceleration due to gravity
et
g
Modulus of rigidity of the shell material of earth and rock-
fill dam
h ST= Height of water stored in tank, or
L= Depth of reservoir, or
Height of retaining wall
h’ f
Height of stacklike structure above the base, or
= Height of submergence above base of retaining walls
j& Height of centre of gravity of stacklike structure or dam
above base
hi = Height measured from the base of the building to the roof
or any floor, i
H= Total height of the main structure of the building, or
= Height of submerged portion of pier, or
c Height of water surface from the level of deepest scour, 07

= Height of dam
Ht = Height of dam above toe of the slopes
I = Importance factor
k = Slenderness ratio of stacklike structure
ET= Performance factor for buildings
KB = Value of C, for static active earth pressure conditions
X’, = Value of C’, for static active earth pressure conditions
1 = Half the ( longer ) length of the rectangular tank

74
 IS : 1893 - 1984

1’ = Half the width of strip in circular tank

LL = Superimposed ( live ) load on the structure
M = Design bending moment at a distance x’ from top, in a
stacklike structure
MB = Base moment
Mh = Hydrodynamic moment in submersible bridges
My = Bending moment at depth y below top of dam
n = Number of storeys including basement storeys

P- Hydrodynamic pressure in submersible bridges or dams, OY

= Hydrodynamic pressure at any location, x, from the centre
of rectangular tank
pb = Pressure on the bottom of the tank or bottom of submerged
portion of the pier
Pw = Pressure on the wall of the tank
P, = Active earth pressure due to earthfill
P, - Passive earth pressure due to earthfill
(Pi&)Cl= Active earth pressure due to uniform surcharge
(Pr)a = Passive earth pressure due to uniform surcharge
q = Intensity of uniform surcharge
Qt =, Lateral forces at any roof or floor, i
Q,(r) a Load acting at any floor level, i, due to mode of vibration
r = Mean radius of structural shell of circular stacklike struc-
tures
r, = Radius of gyration of structural shell at the base section of
stacklike structures
R = Radius of circular tank
8, = Spectral acceleration
t = Thickness of structural shell of circular stacklike structure
I = Fundamental time period of vibration of structure
UL = Ultimate load for which the structure or its element
should be designed
V = Design shear force in stacklike structure at distance X’
from the top
Vr = Total shear due to horizontal component of hydrodynamic
force at the elevation at which the slope of the dam face
commences

75
iSr1893 - 1984

V s = Total shear due to horizontal component of hydrodynamic

force at the elevation of the section being considered
VB - Base shear
Vh = Hydrodynamic shear in submersible bridges
VI = Shear force acting at floor, level, i
v, tr) - Absolute value of maximum shear at the ith storey, in the
rth mode
VY = Shear force at depth y below top of the dam
w = Unit weight of water, OY
Unit weight of soil
Wm = Unit weight of material of dam
WE= Saturated unit weight of soil
W = Total dead load + appropriate amount of live load in
buildings, OY
Total weight of masonry or concrete in the dam
We = Weight of the water of the enveloping cylinder
Wh = Increase ( or decrease ) in vertical component of load due
to hydrodynamic force
WI = Dead load + appropriate amount of live load of the roof
or auy floor, i
W, = Weight of bridge mass under consideration ignoring reduc-
tion due to buoyancy or uplift
Wt = Total weight of stacklike structure including weight of
lining and contents above base
x = Location in a rectangular tank from the centre of the tank
x’ = Distance from the top of stacklike structure
y = Depth of location or section below the water surface or
top of the dam
a = Angle which earth face of the wall makes with the vertical
a0 = Basic seismic coefficient
ah = Design horizontal seismic coefficient
av = Vertical seismic coefficient
UY
= Equivalent uniform seismic coefficient at depth y below top
of dam
p = Soil-foundation system factor
Y = Constant used to determine shear force at any floor

76
 _

IS:1893 -1984

6 = Angle of friction between the wall and earthfill

n = Static horizontal deflection at the top of the tank under a
static horizontal force
0 = Angle between the face of the dam and the vertical
L- Slope of the earthfill
ah
tan’1
ifav
Mass density of the shell material of earth and rockfill dam
Angle of internal friction of soil
Angle subtended by centre line of circular tank in plan,
with chord width of 2 1’
Mode shape coefficient obtained from free vibration
analysis at floor, i
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 AMENDMFNT NO. 1 AUGUST 1987

TO

IS:1893-1984 CRITERIA FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT

DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

(Fourth Revision)

(Page 7, Fig. 1, footnotes) - Add the following

new sentence in the end:

'Lakshadweep falls under seismic zone III.'

(BDC 39)

Reprography Unit, BIS, New Delhi, IIndia

'i.