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    Protocols and Architectures For Wireless Sensor Netwoks: by Holger Karl and Andreas Willig

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    Mohit Dayal
    The document summarizes wireless sensor networks and mobile ad hoc networks. It discusses how wireless sensor networks are used to interact with the environment by embedding sensor nodes that can measure and influence their surroundings. Example applications include wildlife monitoring, disaster relief, and intelligent buildings. It also outlines the roles of sensor nodes, sinks, and actuators in wireless sensor networks and compares deployment and maintenance options. Mobile ad hoc networks are described as networks that can self-organize without infrastructure by allowing devices to cooperate directly. Their challenges due to limited range, mobility, and battery-powered devices are also summarized.

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    Protocols and Architectures For Wireless Sensor Netwoks: by Holger Karl and Andreas Willig

    Uploaded by

    Mohit Dayal
    60 views40 pages
    The document summarizes wireless sensor networks and mobile ad hoc networks. It discusses how wireless sensor networks are used to interact with the environment by embedding sensor nodes that can measure and influence their surroundings. Example applications include wildlife monitoring, disaster relief, and intelligent buildings. It also outlines the roles of sensor nodes, sinks, and actuators in wireless sensor networks and compares deployment and maintenance options. Mobile ad hoc networks are described as networks that can self-organize without infrastructure by allowing devices to cooperate directly. Their challenges due to limited range, mobility, and battery-powered devices are also summarized.

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    sensys-ch10902

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    The document summarizes wireless sensor networks and mobile ad hoc networks. It discusses how wireless sensor networks are used to interact with the environment by embedding sensor nodes that can measure and influence their surroundings. Example applications include wildlife monitoring, disaster relief, and intelligent buildings. It also outlines the roles of sensor nodes, sinks, and actuators in wireless sensor networks and compares deployment and maintenance options. Mobile ad hoc networks are described as networks that can self-organize without infrastructure by allowing devices to cooperate directly. Their challenges due to limited range, mobility, and battery-powered devices are also summarized.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    60 views40 pages

    Protocols and Architectures For Wireless Sensor Netwoks: by Holger Karl and Andreas Willig

    Uploaded by

    Mohit Dayal
    The document summarizes wireless sensor networks and mobile ad hoc networks. It discusses how wireless sensor networks are used to interact with the environment by embedding sensor nodes that can measure and influence their surroundings. Example applications include wildlife monitoring, disaster relief, and intelligent buildings. It also outlines the roles of sensor nodes, sinks, and actuators in wireless sensor networks and compares deployment and maintenance options. Mobile ad hoc networks are described as networks that can self-organize without infrastructure by allowing devices to cooperate directly. Their challenges due to limited range, mobility, and battery-powered devices are also summarized.

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    of 40

    Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Netwoks

    by Holger Karl and Andreas Willig

    Grade
    Midterm E am! "#$ E ercises %#$ &# ' ( times) *erm Pro+ect %,$ -lass Attitude .,$

    98/3/2

    J. P. Sheu, NTHU

    Ad hoc and Sensor Networks -ha/ter .0 Moti1ation 2 A//lications

    Goals of this cha/ter


    Gi1e an understanding what ad hoc 2 sensor networks are good for3 what their intended a//lication areas are -ommonalities and differences
    4ifferences to related network ty/es

    5imitations of these conce/ts

    98/3/2

    J. P. Sheu, NTHU

    6utline
    Infrastructure for wireless? &Mobile) ad hoc networks Wireless sensor networks -om/arison

    98/3/2

    J. P. Sheu, NTHU

    7nfrastructure8based wireless networks


    *y/ical wireless network0 9ased on infrastructure
    E!g!3 GSM &Global System for Mobile -ommunications)3 :M*S &:ni1ersal Mobile *errestrial *elecommunication Systems)3 ; 9ase stations connected to a wired backbone network
    er s Gateways h rt rk u F wo t ne

    IP backbone

    Server
    98/3/2

    Router
    J. P. Sheu, NTHU 6

    7nfrastructure8based wireless networks


    Mobile entities communicate wirelessly to these base stations *raffic between different mobile entities is relayed by base stations and wired backbone Mobility is su//orted by switching from one base station to another 9ackbone infrastructure re<uired for administrati1e tasks
    er s Gateways h rt rk u F wo t ne

    IP backbone

    Server
    98/3/2

    Router
    J. P. Sheu, NTHU 7

    7nfrastructure8based wireless networks = 5imits>


    What if ;
    No infrastructure is a1ailable> = E!g!3 in disaster areas 7t is too e /ensi1e?incon1enient to set u/> = E!g!3 in remote3 large construction sites *here is no time to set it u/> = E!g!3 in military o/erations

    98/3/2

    J. P. Sheu, NTHU

    Possible a//lications for infrastructure8free networks


    @actory floor automation 4isaster reco1ery -ar8to8car communication

    c ho ad

    98/3/2

    J. P. Sheu, NTHU

    Possible a//lications for infrastructure8free networks


    M ! "a#$ %e"&o#' %() Ta%'*, *o!d e#*, + , %d %( ou" e-."$ .a#' %( !o"* % a c "$, & "hou" a*' %( a *e#/e# Sea#ch0a%d0#e*cue % a% a/a!a%che Pe#*o%a! a#ea %e"&o#' %( 1&a"ch, (!a**e*, P23, -ed ca! a..! a%ce, +4

    98/3/2

    J. P. Sheu, NTHU

    10

    6utline
    7nfrastructure for wireless> (Mobile) ad hoc networks Wireless sensor networks -om/arison

    98/3/2

    J. P. Sheu, NTHU

    11

    Solution0 &Wireless) ad hoc networks


    *ry to construct a network without infrastructure3 using networking abilities of the /artici/ants *his is an ad hoc network = a network constructed Afor a s/ecial /ur/oseB Sim/lest e am/le0 5a/to/s in a conference room = a single-hop ad hoc network

    98/3/2

    J. P. Sheu, NTHU

    12

    Problems?challenges for ad hoc networks


    Without a central infrastructure3 things become much more difficult Problems are due to
    5ack of central entity for organiCation a1ailable 5imited range of wireless communication Mobility of /artici/ants 9attery8o/erated entities

    98/3/2

    J. P. Sheu, NTHU

    13

    No central entity D self8organiCation


    Without a central entity &like a base station)3
    Partici/ants must organiCe themsel1es into a network &self-organization)

    Pertains to &among others)0


    No base station can assign transmission resources3 must be decided in a distributed fashion @inding a route from one /artici/ant to another
    98/3/2 J. P. Sheu, NTHU 14

    5imited range ! multi8ho//ing


    -ommunication outside immediate communication range
    4irect communication limited because of distance3 obstacles3 ; Solution0 multi-hop network
    ?

    98/3/2

    J. P. Sheu, NTHU

    15

    Mobility ! Suitable3 ada/ti1e /rotocols


    7n many &not allD) ad hoc network a//lications3 /artici/ants mo1e around
    7n cellular network0 sim/ly hand o1er to another base station 5% mobile ad hoc networks 1M3N6T4)
    Mo7 ! "$ cha%(e* %e (h7o#hood #e!a" o%*h . Mu*" 7e co-.e%*a"ed 8o# 6.(., #ou"e* % "he %e"&o#' ha/e "o 7e cha%(ed

    9o-.! ca"ed 7$ *ca!e


    :a#(e %u-7e# o8 *uch %ode* d 88 cu!" "o *u..o#"
    98/3/2 J. P. Sheu, NTHU 16

    9attery8o/erated de1ices ! energy8 efficient o/eration


    6ften &not alwaysD)3 /artici/ants in an ad hoc network draw energy from batteries 4esirable0 long run time for
    7ndi1idual de1ices Network as a whole

    ! Energy8efficient networking /rotocols


    E!g!3 use multi8ho/ routes with low energy consum/tion &energy?bit) E!g!3 take a1ailable battery ca/acity of de1ices into account How to resol1e conflicts between different o/timiCations> 98/3/2 J. P. Sheu, NTHU 17

    6utline
    7nfrastructure for wireless> &Mobile) ad hoc networks Wireless sensor networks
    Applications Ee<uirements 2 mechanisms

    -om/arison

    98/3/2

    J. P. Sheu, NTHU

    18

    Wireless sensor networks


    Partici/ants in the /re1ious e am/les were de1ices close to a human user3 interacting with humans Alternati1e conce/t0 7nstead of focusing interaction on humans3 focus on interacting with environment

    Network is embedded in en1ironment Nodes in the network are e<ui//ed with sensing and actuation to measure?influence en1ironment Nodes /rocess information and communicate it wirelessly

    ! Wireless sensor networks &WSN)


    6r0 Wireless sensor
    98/3/2 J. P. Sheu, NTHU

    actuator networks &WSAN)


    19

    WSN a//lication e am/les


    4isaster relief o/erations
    4ro/ sensor nodes from an aircraft o1er a wildfire Each node measures tem/erature 4eri1e a Atem/erature ma/B

    9iodi1ersity ma//ing
    :se sensor nodes to obser1e wildlife
    98/3/2 J. P. Sheu, NTHU 20

    WSN a//lication e am/les


    7ntelligent buildings &or bridges)
    Eeduce energy wastage by /ro/er humidity3 1entilation3 air conditioning &HFA-) control Needs measurements about room occu/ancy3 tem/erature3 air flow3 ; Monitor mechanical stress after earth<uakes
    98/3/2 J. P. Sheu, NTHU 21

    WSN a//lication scenarios


    @acility management
    7ntrusion detection into industrial sites -ontrol of leakages in chemical /lants3 ;

    Machine sur1eillance and /re1enti1e maintenance


    Embed sensing?control functions into /laces no cable has gone before E!g!3 tire /ressure monitoring

    Precision agriculture
    9ring out fertiliCer?/esticides?irrigation only where needed

    Medicine and health care


    Post8o/erati1e or intensi1e care 5ong8term sur1eillance of chronically ill /atients or the elderly
    J. P. Sheu, NTHU

    98/3/2

    22

    WSN a//lication scenarios


    5ogistics
    E<ui/ goods &/arcels3 containers) with a sensor node *rack their whereabouts = total asset management Note0 /assi1e readout might suffice = com/are E@74s

    *elematics &telecommunication G informatics)


    Pro1ide better traffic control by obtaining finer8 grained information about traffic conditions Intelligent roadside -ars as the sensor nodes
    98/3/2 J. P. Sheu, NTHU 23

    Eoles of /artici/ants in WSN


    !ources of data0 Measure data3 re/ort them AsomewhereB
    *y/ically e<ui/ with different kinds of actual sensors

    !inks of data0 7nterested in recei1ing data from WSN


    May be /art of the WSN or e ternal entity3 P4A3 gateway3 ;

    Actuators0 -ontrol some de1ice based on data3 usually also a sink


    98/3/2 J. P. Sheu, NTHU 24

    Structuring WSN a//lication ty/es


    Interaction patterns between sources and sinks classify a//lication ty/es
    "vent detection0 Nodes locally detect e1ents &maybe +ointly with nearby neighbors)3 re/ort these e1ents to interested sinks
    "vent classification additional o/tion

    #eriodic measurement

    98/3/2

    J. P. Sheu, NTHU

    25

    Structuring WSN a//lication ty/es


    $unction appro%imation& :se sensor network to a//ro imate a function of s/ace and?or time &e!g!3 tem/erature ma/) "dge detection& @ind edges &or other structures) in such a function &e!g!3 where is the Cero degree border line>) 'racking: Ee/ort &or at least3 know) /osition of an obser1ed intruder &A/ink ele/hantB)

    98/3/2

    J. P. Sheu, NTHU

    26

    4e/loyment o/tions for WSN


    How are sensor nodes de/loyed in their en1ironment>
    4ro//ed from aircraft ! (andom deplo)ment
    :sually uniform random distribution for nodes o1er finite area is assumed

    Well /lanned3 fi ed ! (egular deplo)ment


    Not necessarily geometric structure3 but that is often a con1enient assum/tion

    Mobile sensor nodes


    -an mo1e to com/ensate for de/loyment shortcomings -an be /assi1ely mo1ed around by some e ternal force &wind3 water) -an acti1ely seek out AinterestingB areas
    98/3/2 J. P. Sheu, NTHU 27

    Maintenance o/tions
    @easible and?or /ractical to maintain sensor nodes>
    E!g!3 to re/lace batteries> 6r0 unattended o/eration> 7m/ossible but not rele1ant> Mission lifetime might be 1ery small

    Energy su//ly>
    5imited from /oint of de/loyment> Some form of recharging3 energy sca1enging from en1ironment>
    E!g!3 solar cells
    98/3/2 J. P. Sheu, NTHU 28

    6utline
    7nfrastructure for wireless> &Mobile) ad hoc networks Wireless sensor networks
    A//lications (e*uirements mechanisms

    -om/arison

    98/3/2

    J. P. Sheu, NTHU

    29

    -haracteristic re<uirements for WSNs


    *y/e of ser1ice of WSN
    Not sim/ly mo1ing bits like another network Eather0 /ro1ide answers &not +ust numbers) 7ssues like geogra/hic sco/ing are natural re<uirements3 absent from other networks

    Huality of ser1ice
    *raditional HoS metrics do not a//ly Still3 ser1ice of WSN must be AgoodB0 Eight answers at the right time
    98/3/2 J. P. Sheu, NTHU 30

    -haracteristic re<uirements for WSNs


    @ault tolerance
    9e robust against node failure &running out of energy3 /hysical destruction3 ;)

    5ifetime
    *he network should fulfill its task as long as /ossible = definition de/ends on a//lication 5ifetime of indi1idual nodes relati1ely unim/ortant

    98/3/2

    J. P. Sheu, NTHU

    31

    -haracteristic re<uirements for WSNs


    Scalability Wide range of densities Programmability Maintainability
    Su//ort large number of nodes Fast or small number of nodes /er unit area3 1ery a//lication8de/endent Ee8/rogramming of nodes in the field might be necessary3 im/ro1e fle ibility WSN has to ada/t to changes3 self8monitoring3 ada/t o/eration 7ncor/orate /ossible additional resources3 e!g!3 newly de/loyed nodes
    J. P. Sheu, NTHU 32

    98/3/2

    Ee<uired mechanisms to meet re<uirements


    Multi8ho/ wireless communication Energy8efficient o/eration
    9oth for communication and com/utation3 sensing3 actuating

    Auto8configuration
    Manual configuration +ust not an o/tion

    -ollaboration 2 in8network /rocessing


    Nodes in the network collaborate towards a +oint goal Pre8/rocessing data in network &as o//osed to at the edge) can greatly im/ro1e efficiency
    98/3/2 J. P. Sheu, NTHU 33

    Ee<uired mechanisms to meet re<uirements


    4ata centric networking
    @ocusing network design on data3 not on node identifies &id8centric networking) *o im/ro1e efficiency

    5ocality
    4o things locally &on node or among nearby neighbors) as far as /ossible

    E /loit tradeoffs
    E!g!3 between in1ested energy and accuracy
    98/3/2 J. P. Sheu, NTHU 34

    6utline
    7nfrastructure for wireless> &Mobile) ad hoc networks Wireless sensor networks +omparison

    98/3/2

    J. P. Sheu, NTHU

    35

    MANE* 1s! WSN


    Many commonalities0 Self8organiCation3 energy efficiency3 &often) wireless multi8ho/ Many differences
    Applications, e*uipment0 MANE*s more /owerful &read0 e /ensi1e) e<ui/ment assumed3 often Ahuman in the loo/B8ty/e a//lications3 higher data rates3 more resources Application-specifics0 WSNs de/end much stronger on a//lication s/ecificsI MANE*s com/arably uniform
    98/3/2 J. P. Sheu, NTHU 36

    MANE* 1s! WSN


    "nvironment interaction0 core of WSN3 absent in MANE* !cale0 WSN might be much larger &although contestable) "nerg)0 WSN tighter re<uirements3 maintenance issues -ependabilit)./o!0 in WSN3 indi1idual node may be dis/ensable &network matters)3 HoS different because of different a//lications -ata centric vs. id-centric networking Mobilit)0 different mobility /atterns like &in WSN3 sinks might be mobile3 usual nodes static)

    98/3/2

    J. P. Sheu, NTHU

    37

    Wireless fieldbuses and WSNs


    @ieldbus0
    Network ty/e in1ented for real8time communication3 e!g!3 for factory8floor automation 7nherent notion of sensing?measuring and controlling Wireless fieldbus0 Eeal8time communication o1er wireless

    ! 9ig similarities 4ifference

    Scale = WSN often intended for larger scale Eeal8time = WSN usually not intended to /ro1ide &hard) real8time guarantees as attem/ted by fieldbuses

    98/3/2

    J. P. Sheu, NTHU

    38

    Enabling technologies for WSN


    -ost reduction
    @or wireless communication3 sim/le microcontroller3 sensing3 batteries

    MiniaturiCation
    Some a//lications demand small siCe ASmart dustB as the most e treme 1ision

    Energy sca1enging
    Eecharge batteries from ambient energy &light3 1ibration3 ;)
    98/3/2 J. P. Sheu, NTHU 39

    -onclusion
    MANE*s and WSNs are challenging and /romising system conce/ts Many similarities3 many differences 9oth re<uire new ty/es of architectures 2 /rotocols com/ared to AtraditionalB wired?wireless networks 7n /articular3 a//lication8s/ecifics is a new issue
    98/3/2 J. P. Sheu, NTHU 40

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