This - That - These - Those - Here There

Read the conversations below: David: Could you give me that book on the table over there? Frank: Do you mean this book here? David: Yes, that book. Frank: Here you are. Oh, could you give me those magazines on the table over there? David: hese? !ure, here you are. David: "s there an a##le on that table over there? Frank: Yes, there is. Here it is. David: $reat, are there any oranges? Frank: %o, there aren&t. David: Oh, here they are, ne't to me on this table. (ook at the chart belo):
We use "there" for We use "here" for something which is far something which is near from us. Example: There to us. Example: Here is is the pen next to the the pencil in my hand. lamp. We use "this" for one We use "that" for one object (singular) which is object (singular) which is here (near to us). there. Example: That is Example: This is a his car over there. book in my hand. We use "these" for more than one object (plural) which are here (near to us). Example: These are my friends next to me. We use "there" for one object (singular) which exists - or "is" (near to us). Example: There is (There's) a table next to the window. We use "those" for more than one object (plural) which are there. Example: Those are his toys over there. We use "there" for more than one object (plural) which exist - or "are". Example: There are (There're) many of my friends at the party tonight.

CO%%*C O+!

Once you have mastered the basics o, correct usage in )ritten *nglish, you )ill )ant to e'#ress yoursel, in increasingly com#le' )ays. One o, the best )ays to im#rove your )riting style is to use sentence connectors. !entence connectors are used to e'#ress relationshi#s bet)een ideas and to combine sentences. he use o, these connectors )ill add so#histication to your )riting style. *ach section belo) contains sentence connectors using similiar sentences to sho) ho) the same idea can be e'#ressed in a variety o, manners. Once you have understood the use o, these sentence connectors, take an e'am#le sentence o, your o)n and )rite a number o, sentences based on the e'am#les to #ractice your o)n )riting skills. !ome e'am#les o, sentence connectors:

-. Food and drink #rices in %e) York are very high. /. +enting an a#artment in %e) York is very e'#ensive. Using a sentence connector: Food and drink prices in New York are very high; furthermore, renting an apartment is very expensive.

-. (i,e in %e) York is very e'#ensive. /. (i,e in %e) York can be e'tremely e'citing. Using a sentence connector: espite the fact that !ife in New York is very expensive, it can "e extreme!y exciting.

-. (i,e in %e) York is very e'#ensive. /. 0any #eo#le )ould love to live in %e) York. Using a sentence connector: #any peop!e wou!d !ove to !ive in New York; conse$uent!y, !ife in New York is very expensive.

%entence &onnectors %howing 'pposition

Type of &onnector &onnector(s) *xamp!es

Coordinating con1unction !ubordinating con1unctions Con1unctive adverbs 2re#ositional #hrases

High level positions are stressful at times, but professionals can learn to manage their stress levels. Despite the fact that high level positions are a!though, despite stressful at times, professionals can learn to the fact that manage their stress levels. High level positions are stressful at times; however, nevertheless, professionals can learn to neverthe!ess manage their stress levels. In spite of the stressful nature of high level despite, in spite of positions, professionals can learn to manage their stress levels. "ut

%entence &onnectors and %entences %howing &omparison

Type of &onnector &onnector(s) Coordinating and...too Con1unction !ubordinating +ust as con1unction Con1unctive simi!ar!y, in adverbs comparison 2re#ositions !ike, simi!ar to *xamp!es High level positions are stressful, and can be harmful to your health too. ust as high level positions are stressful, they can be harmful to your health. High level positions are stressful at times; similarly, they can be harmful to your health. !imilar to other important professions, high level business positions are stressful at times.

%entence &onnectors %howing ,ddition

Type of &onnector Coordinating Con1unction Con1unctive adverbs &onnector(s) and in addition, additiona!!y, furthermore, moreover, *xamp!es High level positions are stressful at times, and can be harmful to your health. High level positions are stressful at times; furthermore, they can be

a!so Correlative con1unctions 2re#ositional #hrases

harmful to your health "ot only are high level positions not on!y..."ut a!so stressful at times, but they also can be harmful to your health. #long with being stressful, high level in addition to, a!ong with, positions can also be harmful to your as we!! as health.

%entence &onnectors %howing &ontrast

Type of &onnector Coordinating con1unction !ubordinating con1unctions Con1unctive adverbs 2re#ositions &onnector(s) *xamp!es High level positions are stressful at times, but "ut the financial rewards ma$e these positions very desirable indeed. %hile high level positions are stressful at whereas, whi!e times, the financial rewards ma$e these positions very desirable indeed. High level positions are stressful at times; on in contrast, on the the other hand, the financial rewards ma$e other hand these positions very desirable indeed. Unli$e the undesirable stress of high level un!ike positions, the financial rewards ma$e these positions very desirable indeed.

%entence &onnectors %howing &ondition

Type of &onnector !ubordinating con1unctions Con1unctive adverb &onnector(s) if, un!ess, on!y if, even if otherwise *xamp!es If you consider the financial rewards of high level positions, the stressful nature of these positions becomes less important. &ou should remember the financial rewards of high level positions; otherwise, you might find the

stressful nature of these positions too demanding.

%entence &onnectors and %entences %howing &ause - *ffect

Type of &onnector Coordinating con1unctions !ubordinating con1unctions Con1unctive adverbs 2re#ositions &onnectors .ords that are used to connect ideas are ca!!ed connectors (or !inking devices). There are three main types of connectors/ su"ordinating con+unctions, coordinating con+unctions and transitions. %u"ordinating con+unctions/ , su"ordinating con+unction connects a dependent c!ause to a main c!ause. 0t shows how an idea in one c!ause is re!ated to the idea in the other c!ause. &oordinating con+unctions and Transitions/ 1oth coordinating con+unctions and transitions connect main c!auses. They show how ideas within sentences and a!so across sentences are re!ated. 2repositions and prepositiona! phrases can a!so !ink ideas. &onnector(s) for (cause), so (effect) *xamp!es 'rofessionals can sometimes be e(tremely impatient, for their positions are at times rather stressful. !ince high level positions are at times rather "ecause, since stressful, professionals can sometimes be e(tremely impatient. High level positions are at times rather therefore, as a stressful; therefore, professionals can resu!t, conse$uent!y sometimes be e(tremely impatient. Due to the stressful nature of high level "ecause of, due to, positions, professionals can sometimes be as a resu!t of e(tremely impatient.

Text connectives or Connectors

3une -/, /445 6 (a#ro,, Text &onnectives:

Other )ords )hich contribute to the cohesion o, the te't are the te't connectives. hese are o,ten called connectors, discourse markers or signal )ords. hey #rovide the reader )ith sign#osts indicating ho) the te't is develo#ing. ", the )riter )ants to sho) that a summary is coming u#, ,or e'am#le, a #hrase such as "n short 7or brie,ly 7 can be used. ", the te't is giving a se8uence o, #oints, these can be highlighted by the use o, such )ords as to begin 7, !econdly 7, "n conclusion7 he ,ollo)ing is a list o, commonly used te't connectives:
larify in other words I mean to put it another way !howing ca"se#res"lt so therefore then $ndicating time then next afterwards at the same time before that in the end !e%"encing ideas firstly, first &dding information too ondition# concession in that case otherwise if not

in the first placein addition first of all to start with to begin for a start second, third, fourth # at this point to get bac% to the point then in short all in all indeed

for example conse uently for instance to be more precise or rather in particular in fact in"as a conse uence as a result

apart from that howe!er also furthermore ne!ertheless despite this

for that reason finally due to #, owing soon to # accordingly after a while

$n top of that besides and besides abo!e all along with What is more again yet on the other hand howe!er on the contrary anyhow, anyway instead still e!en so all the same in any case at least though despite this

as a matter because of this at this point of fact that is in that case meanwhile at this namely moment to illustrate later pre!iously

briefly let alone to summarise"to as well sum up finally li%ewise a final point moreo!er to conclude similarly in conclusion e ually gi!en the abo!e in the same points way in light of the abo!e

- 3&%* *N340%H - 5sefu! connectives

&''$() and also as well as moreo!er too

!E*+E( $() next then first, second, third,& 'inally meanwhile after

E,-H&!$.$() abo!e all in particular especially indeed notably significantly $22+!T0&T$() for example such as for instance as re!ealed by in the case of

/,-&0$() e ually in the same way similarly li%ewise as with li%e /(T0&!T$() whereas instead of alternati!ely otherwise unli%e on the other hand

&+!E &(' E11E T because so therefore thus conse uently

*+&2$13$() howe!er although unless except if as long as apart from yet

4road ,eaning

onnective &dverbs and -hrases also, too, similarly, in addition, e!en, indeed, let alone

on5"nctions

&ddition

and, as, li%e

/pposition

howe!er, ne!ertheless, on the other hand, in contrast, but, or, (al)though, whereas, though, alternati!ely, anyway, while yet, in fact, e!en so besides, anyway, after all for example, for instance, in other words, that is to say, i.e., e.g. in that

0einforcing

Explaining

and

2isting

first(ly) # second(ly), first of because, since, as, for, if, all, finally, lastly, for one thing unless, now (that), so (that), # for another, in the first in case, pro!ided (that), place, to begin with, next, in whether # or # sum, to conclude, in a nutshell therefore, conse uently, as a result, so, then then, meanwhile, later, afterwards, before (that), since (then), meanwhile when, before, after, since, until, till, while, as, once, whene!er

$ndicating res"lt

$ndicating time

'I()*+,

)-.$/0+,, '1(*2-(3$(-, 3$(-$4-(, I/ 500I*I$/

'I/5++,

I/ .$/.+1)I$/, I/ )1335(,, *21)

*his can be used for *hese all carry roughly the last supporting the same meaning. *hese can be used for argument. /ote8 this is *hey should be used to any further supporting not a concluding *his can be used for indicate that you are arguments (except, of connecti!e and also the first supporting ma%ing final course, for 6)econdly7 you can use argument. statements that co!er which can only be used 6'urthermore7, all the supporting for the second). 63oreo!er7 or 6In arguments in a !ery addition7 for the last general way. argument if you wish