PLANT ANATOMY Three Mark Questions 1. Define plant anatomy.

Ans: Plant anatomy (Ana = as under, tamnein = to cut) is the study of internal structure and organization of plants, especially of their parts by means of dissection and microscopic e amination. !. Define a tissue. Ans: "orphologically, a tissue is a group of cells, #hich are similar in origin, form and function. Physiologically, a tissue is composed of dissimilar cells that perform a common function, for e ample, phloem elements and food conduction respecti$ely. %. &hat is differentiation' Ans: (ome cells produced by meristematic tissue stop di$iding and ac)uire certain changes to become permanent tissues of the plant. *his change from meristematic to permanent tissue is called differentiation. +. &hat is an aerenchyma' (tate its function. Ans: ,n #ater plants, the parenchyma found in the corte region possesses #ell-de$eloped large intercellular spaces called air spaces. *his air filled parenchyma tissue is called aerenchyma. ,t helps the plant to float in #ater. .gs / 0ymphaea and 1ydrilla. 2. &hat are called macrosclereids' 3i$e an e ample. Ans: .longated rod shaped sclereids are called macrosclereids (rod cells). *hey are found in the outer seed coat. .g / 4rotalaria. 5. &hat is called callose' Ans: (ie$e tubes are arranged one abo$e the other in linear ro#s and ha$e sie$e plates on their end #alls. *hey are associated #ith the companion cells. ,n mature sie$e elements, sometimes the pores in the sie$e plate are bloc6ed by a substance called callose. 7. &hat are called trichoblasts' Ans: ,n epidermal tissue system, 8hizodermis has t#o types of epidermal cells - long cells and short cells. *he short cells are called trichoblasts. 8oot hairs are produced from these trichoblasts. 9. &hat are called guard cells' Ans: ,n dicot leaf, the minute openings found on the epidermis are called stomata. (tomata are more in number on the lo#er epidermis than on the upper epidermis. A stoma is surrounded by a pair of bean shaped cells called guard cells. .g - sunflo#er :. &hat is a meristematic tissue' Ans: A meristematic tissue (meristos = di$isible) is a group of identical cells that are in a continuous state of di$ision. "eristematic cells are self-perpetuating.

1;. &hat are called lateral meristems' Ans: *he meristem that is present along the longitudinal a is of stem and root is called lateral meristem. <ascular cambium and cor6 cambium (phellogen) are e amples for lateral meristem. ,t produces secondary permanent tissues, #hich result in the thic6ening of stem and root. 11. Define a permanent tissue. Ans: *he cells, #hich are formed by apical meristem, are differentiated into different types of permanent tissues. *hese tissues ha$e lost the po#er of di$iding either permanently or temporarily. 1!. &hat are the types of simple tissues and comple tissues' Ans: A tissue #ith the cells of similar structure and function is called simple tissue. ,t is of three types - parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. A tissue that consists of se$eral 6inds of cells but all of them function together as a single unit is called comple tissue. ,t is of t#o types / ylem and phloem. 1%. &hat is a stellate parenchyma' Ans: ,t is the type of parenchyma found in the petioles of banana and 4anna, star shaped parenchyma cells are found. *hese cells are called stellate parenchyma. 1+. &hat is a chlorenchyma' Ans: ,t is a type of parenchyma found in green parts of the plants, the parenchymatous cells ha$e chloroplasts. *hese cells are called chlorenchyma. ,ts important function is photosynthesis. 12. Differentiate angular collenchyma from lacunate collenchyma. Ans: ,n the hypodermis of Datura and 0icotiana, the cell #alls of collenchyma are thic6ened at their angles. *his type is called angular collenchyma. ,n the hypodermis of ,pomoea, the cell #all thic6ening materials are deposited on the #alls bordering the intercellular spaces. *his type is called lacunate collenchyma. 15. Differentiate sclereids from fibres. Ans: *he sclereids are different from fibres in the follo#ing respects. (clereids are shorter #hereas fibres are longer. (clereids possess numerous pits as compared to the fibres. 17. &hat are brachy sclereids' Ans: =sually sclereids are isodiametric, but in some plants they are elongated. *hey are responsible for the rigidity of the seed-coat. *he isodiametric sclereids are called brachysclereids (stone cells). *hey are found in bar6, pith, corte , hard endocarp and fleshy portions of some fruits. .g / Pulp of Pyrus. 19. &hat are surface fibres' Ans: >ibre cells are dead cells. *hey pro$ide mechanical strength to the plants and protect them from the strong #inds. *he fibres that are found in the seed coat of some seeds are called surface fibres. .g / 4otton. 1:. &hat are called casparian strips' !

Ans: ,n monocot root, there is a band li6e structure made of suberin present in the radial and trans$erse #alls of the endodermal cells. *hey are called 4asparian strips named after 4asparay #ho first noted the strips. .g / "aize root !;. &hat are called passage cells' 3i$e their function Ans: ,n monocot root, the endodermal cells, #hich are opposite to the proto ylem elements, are thin-#alled #ithout casparian strips. *hese cells are called passage cells. *heir function is to transport #ater and dissol$ed salts from the corte to the ylem. !1. &hat is a rhizodermis' Ans: ,n the primary structure of monocotyledons / maize root, 8hizodermis or epiblema is the outermost layer of the root. ,t consists of a single ro# of thin-#alled parenchymatous cells #ithout any intercellular space. (tomata and cuticle are absent in the rhizodermis. 8oot hairs that are found in the rhizodermis are al#ays unicellular. *he main function of rhizodermis is protection of the inner tissues. !!. &hat is a hypodermis' Ans: ,n the primary structure of monocot stem / maize stem, A fe# layers of sclerenchyma cells lying belo# the epidermis constitute the hypodermis. *his layer gi$es mechanical strength to the plant. ,t is interrupted here and there by chlorenchyma cells. !%. &hat is a proto ylem lacuna' Ans: ,n *.( of monocot stem, in a mature $ascular bundle, the lo#est proto ylem disintegrates and forms a ca$ity 6no#n as proto ylem lacuna. .g / maize. !+. &hat is a eustele' Ans: ,n dicot stem, $ascular bundles are arranged in a ring around the pith. *his type of stele is called eustele. .g / sunflo#er. !2. &hat is a dorsi$entral leaf' 3i$e an e ample. Ans: *he ground tissue system that lies bet#een the epidermal layers of leaf is 6no#n as mesophyll tissue. ?ften it is differentiated into palisade parenchyma on the ada ial (upper) side and spongy parenchyma on the aba ial (lo#er) side. A leaf sho#ing this differentiation in mesophyll is designated as dorsi$entral. ,t is common in dicot lea$es. !5. &hat is an isobilateral leaf' 3i$e an e ample. Ans: *he ground tissue system that lies bet#een the epidermal layers of leaf is 6no#n as mesophyll tissue. ,f mesophyll is not differentiated li6e this in a leaf (i.e., made of only spongy or palisade parenchyma), it is called isobilateral. .g / "onocots. !7. &hat is a mesophyll' Ans: *he dermal tissue system consists of an upper epidermis and lo#er epidermis. *he ground tissue system that lies bet#een the epidermal layers of leaf is 6no#n as mesophyll tissue. ?ften it is differentiated into palisade parenchyma on the ada ial (upper) side and spongy parenchyma on the aba ial (lo#er) side.

!9. &hat are stomata' Ans: (toma is a minute pore surrounded by t#o guard cells. *he stomata occur mainly in the epidermis of lea$es. ,n some plants such as sugarcane, the guard cells are bounded by some special cells. *hey are distinct from other epidermal cells. !:. &hat are guard cells' Ans: ,n lea$es, some specialized cells #hich surround the stomata are called the guard cells. 4hloroplasts are present only in the guard cells of the epidermis. %;. &hat are the functions of stomata' Ans: (tomata in$ol$e in transpiration and gaseous e change. %1. Differentiate palisade parenchyma from spongy parenchyma. Ans: Palisade parenchyma on the ada ial (upper) side and spongy parenchyma on the aba ial (lo#er) side. Palisade parenchyma cells are seen beneath the upper epidermis. ,t consists of $ertically elongated cylindrical cells in one or more layers. *hese cells are compactly arranged #ithout intercellular spaces. Palisade parenchyma cells contain more chloroplasts than the spongy parenchyma cells. *he function of palisade parenchyma is photosynthesis. (pongy parenchyma lies belo# the palisade parenchyma. (pongy cells are irregularly shaped. *hese cells are $ery loosely arranged #ith numerous airspaces. As compared to palisade cells, the spongy cells contain lesser number of chloroplasts. (pongy cells facilitate the e change of gases #ith the help of air spaces. %!. &hat is a respiratory ca$ity or sub-stomatal ca$ity' Ans: ,n *.(. of dicot leaf, (pongy cells facilitate the e change of gases #ith the help of air spaces. *he air space that is found ne t to the stoma is called respiratory ca$ity or sub-stomatal ca$ity. .g / sunflo#er. %%. &hat is a bundle sheath or border parenchyma in a leaf' Ans: ,n *.(. of dicot leaf, @ylem is present to#ards the upper epidermis, #hile the phloem to#ards the lo#er epidermis. <ascular bundles are surrounded by a compact layer of parenchymatous cells called bundle sheath or border parenchyma. .g / sunflo#er. %+. &hat are the functions of $eins in a leaf' Ans: ,n the anatomy of leaf, the $ascular tissue forms the s6eleton of the leaf and they are 6no#n as $eins. *he $eins supply #ater and minerals to the photosynthetic tissue. *hus the morphological and anatomical features of the leaf help in its physiological functions. %2. &hat is bicollateral $ascular bundle' Ans: ,n the $ascular bundle, ,f phloem occurs on both the outer and inner sides of ylem, the bundle is called bicollateral. Aicollateral $ascular bundles are most typically seen in 4ucurbitaceae. %5. &hat are bast fibres' 3i$e its function' Ans: *he fibres of sclerenchyma associated #ith phloem are called phloem fibres or bast fibres. *hey are narro#, $ertically elongated cells #ith $ery thic6 #alls and a small lumen (the cell +

ca$ity). Among the four 6inds of phloem elements, phloem fibres are the only dead tissue. *hese are the strengthening and supporting cells. %7. &hat is endarch ylem' Ans: ,n stem, proto ylem $essels are to#ards the centre, #hile meta ylem to#ards the periphery. *his condition is 6no#n as endarch. %9. &hat is amphicribal concentric $ascular bundle' Ans: ,n amphicribral concentric $ascular bundles, the phloem completely surrounds the ylem. .g / Polypodium. %:. &hat is amphi$asal concentric $ascular bundle' Ans: ,n amphi$asal concentric $ascular bundles, the ylem completely surrounds the phloem. .g / Acorus. +;. &hat is pith in ground tissue system' 3i$e its function. Ans: *he central part of the ground tissue is 6no#n as pith or medulla. 3enerally this is made up of thin #alled parenchyma cells #hich may be #ith or #ithout intercellular spaces. *he cells in the pith generally store starch, fatty substances, tannins, phenols, calcium o alate crystals, etc. +1. &rite a note on the cortical cellsB corte of ground tissue system. Ans: *he corte occurs bet#een the epidermis and pericycle. 4orte may be a fe# to many layers in thic6ness. ,n most cases, corte is made up of parenchyma tissues. ,ntercellular spaces may or may not be present. 4ortical cells may contain non-li$ing inclusions li6e starch grains, oils, tannins and crystal. +!. &rite a note on pericycle of ground tissue system. Ans: Pericycle occurs bet#een the endodermis and the $ascular bundles. ,t is generally made up of parenchyma cells. Cateral roots originate from the pericycle. *hus their origin is endogenous. +%. &hat are closed and open $ascular bundles' Ans: ,n dicot stem, the $ascular bundle consists of cambial tissue in bet#een ylem and phloem. (uch $ascular bundle is called open $ascular bundle. ,n monocot stem, cambium is absent in the $ascular bundle, hence it is 6no#n as closed $ascular bundle ++. &hat are the functions of epidermal tissue system' Ans: >unctions of epidermal tissue system 1. ,t chec6s e cessi$e loss of #ater due to the presence of cuticle. !. .pidermis protects the underlying tissues. %. (tomata in$ol$e in transpiration and gaseous e change. +. *richomes are also helpful in the dispersal of seeds and fruits. 2. 8oot hairs absorb #ater and mineral salts from the soil. +2. Differentiate sie$e elements and companion cells' Ans: *he thin-#alled, elongated, specialised parenchyma cells, #hich are associated #ith the sie$e elements, are called companion cells. ,n contrast to sie$e elements, the companion cells 2

ha$e cytoplasm and a prominent nucleus. *hey are connected to the sie$e tubes through pits found in the lateral #alls. *he companion cells are present only in angiosperms and absent in gymnosperms and pteridophytes. *hey assist the sie$e tubes in the conduction of food materials. +5. Differentiate sie$e cells and sie$e tubes. Ans: *he conduction of food material ta6es place through cytoplasmic strands. *hey are distinguished into sie$e cells and sie$e tubes.(ie$e cells occur in pteridophytes and gymnosperms, #hile sie$e tubes occur in angiosperms. (ie$e cells ha$e sie$e areas on their lateral #alls only and are not arranged one abo$e the other in linear ro#s. *hey are not associated #ith companion cells. (ie$e tubes are arranged one abo$e the other in linear ro#s and ha$e sie$e plates on their end #alls. *hey are associated #ith the companion cells. ,n mature sie$e elements, sometimes the pores in the sie$e plate are bloc6ed by a substance called callose. +7. 4hec6 out all the diagrams. Ans: (ee boo6 +9. &hat are simple and multiple perforation plate' Ans: <essels are perforated at the end #alls. ,ts lumen is #ider than that of tracheids. *he perforated plates at the end #all separate the $essels. *hey occur parallel to the long a is of the plant body. Due to dissolution of entire end #all, a single pore is formed at the perforation plate. ,t is called simple perforation plate eg. "angifera. ,f the perforation plate has many pores, then it is called multiple perforation plate. .g / Ciriodendron.