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    Gas Turbine Generator: Chapter-7

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    GAGAN
    This document provides information about gas turbine generators, including: 1. It describes the basic components and operation of synchronous generators, including details about the rotor types, stator, and how frequency is determined based on pole pairs and speed. 2. It explains factors that cause the terminal voltage of an AC generator to decrease with increasing load, such as armature resistance, reactance, and reaction. 3. It provides an overview of how AC generators are regulated and synchronized when operating in parallel to supply busbar voltage and frequency.

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    Gas Turbine Generator: Chapter-7

    Uploaded by

    GAGAN
    66 views6 pages
    This document provides information about gas turbine generators, including: 1. It describes the basic components and operation of synchronous generators, including details about the rotor types, stator, and how frequency is determined based on pole pairs and speed. 2. It explains factors that cause the terminal voltage of an AC generator to decrease with increasing load, such as armature resistance, reactance, and reaction. 3. It provides an overview of how AC generators are regulated and synchronized when operating in parallel to supply busbar voltage and frequency.

    Original Description:

    GAS TURBINE GENERATOR

    Original Title

    MASTERCH7

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    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

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    This document provides information about gas turbine generators, including: 1. It describes the basic components and operation of synchronous generators, including details about the rotor types, stator, and how frequency is determined based on pole pairs and speed. 2. It explains factors that cause the terminal voltage of an AC generator to decrease with increasing load, such as armature resistance, reactance, and reaction. 3. It provides an overview of how AC generators are regulated and synchronized when operating in parallel to supply busbar voltage and frequency.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    66 views6 pages

    Gas Turbine Generator: Chapter-7

    Uploaded by

    GAGAN
    This document provides information about gas turbine generators, including: 1. It describes the basic components and operation of synchronous generators, including details about the rotor types, stator, and how frequency is determined based on pole pairs and speed. 2. It explains factors that cause the terminal voltage of an AC generator to decrease with increasing load, such as armature resistance, reactance, and reaction. 3. It provides an overview of how AC generators are regulated and synchronized when operating in parallel to supply busbar voltage and frequency.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    GAS TURBINE GENERATOR 7.

    CHAPTER-7

    GAS TURBINE GENERATOR

    SNO.
    1.

    BASIC PRINCIPLE OF GENERATOR OPERATION

    2.

    EQUIPMENT LAYOUT DETAILS OF GAS TURBINE GENERATOR

    3.

    SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF GENERATOR POWER CIRCUIT

    4.

    GENERATOR PROTECTION SCHEME

    5.

    AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR

    GAS TURBINE GENERATOR 7.2

    THE A.C.GENERATOR
    The A.C Generator, also called the synchronous generator, consists essentially of
    the same two parts as the d.c generator, viz, the field magnet system and the
    armature. Unlike the arrangement in a d.c. generator, however, the field magnets
    usually rotate (the Rotor) and the armature is stationary (the stator). The advantage
    of using a stationary armature is that it is easier to insulate armature coils for the
    high pressures usually generated (6600 volts or 11,000 volts; a number of machines
    generating 33,000 volts and above have been built). By making the field magnet
    system the rotor only two slip rings are required (+ and -), there is no commutator.
    A.C generators are separately excited, each machine being provided with a small
    d.c generator, called an Exciter, mounted on the same shaft this supplies the
    magnetizing current for the field magnets, usually at 110 or 250 volts.
    TWO TYPES OF ROTOR
    (1)
    (2)

    SALIENT POLE
    SMOOTH CYLINDRICAL

    Salient Pole Type


    Suitable for slow speed machines. Generators having this type of rotor are
    characterised by their large diameter and short axial length. A number of poles
    (from six up to about forty) are either bolted or fixed by means of dovetails to a
    magnet wheel which is of large diameter. The poles are usually built up of steel
    stampings. The overhang of the shoes provides built up of steel stampings. The
    overhang of the shoes provides mechanical support for the field coils which are
    often of copper strip wound on edge. Width of pole shoes is about 2/3 of the pole
    pitch.
    Smooth Cylindrical Type
    Suitable for turbo generators. Number of poles, two or four. The rotor diameter is
    relatively small (36 to 40 inch.) but it is of large axial length. The useful range of
    two pole machines extends to about 50,000 KVA. But with four poles units upto
    200,000 KVA are possible.
    The rotor is a solid steel forging. Slots are cut on the outer surface to house the
    field winding, they are closed by manganese bronze or steel wedges. The ends of
    the windings are securely held by retaining rings of non-magnetic steel. About 2/3
    of the rotor pole pitch is slotted leaving 1/3 for the pole centre.

    GAS TURBINE GENERATOR 7.3

    THE STATOR
    The Stator is built up of stampings, insulated on one side with paper or varnish and
    housed in a frame which is now usually fabricate from steel plates electrically
    welded. Slots to take the winding are cut around the inner surface.
    FREQUENCY
    The e.m.f. generated in each conductor completes one cycle as it moves past one
    pair of poles.
    If N = speed in rev/min, and p = pairs of poles, then
    f = Np c/s ( cycle per second)
    60
    N is called the Synchronous speed: It is the speed at which the machine must be
    run in order to generate the required frequency. At a frequency of 50 c/s, speed of
    a.c generators will be.
    No. of poles
    Speed(rev/min.)

    2
    3000

    4
    1500

    6
    1000

    8
    750

    10
    600

    12
    500

    24
    250

    If p = 1, the e.m.f completes one electrical cycle or 360 electrical degrees in 1


    revolution or 360 space degrees.
    If p = 2, the e.m.f completes two electrical cycles or 720 electrical degrees in 1
    revolution, hence 1 space degree corresponds to 2 electrical degrees and so on.
    50 c/s is the standard frequency in India, 25 c/s is some times employed for power
    purposes. An advantage of higher frequencies is that transformers require less iron
    and copper and so are lighter and cheaper. The flicker of lamps is not perceptible at
    50 c/s but is evident at 25 c/s. Induction motors, rotary converters and a.c
    commutator motors operate better at low frequencies. The voltage drop in
    transmission lines varies almost directly as the frequency, hence better voltage
    regulation is obtained with low frequencies.
    The A.C.Generator on Load
    When the load on an a.c generator is increased, field excitation and speed being
    kept constant, the terminal voltage V decreases, often to a considerable extent.
    This is due to
    Armature Resistance (Ra) which causes a volt drop Ia Ra, in phase with Ia

    GAS TURBINE GENERATOR 7.4

    Armature Reactance. When current flows through the armature winding, fluxes are
    set up which do not cross the air gap. This flux is called leakage flux. The greater
    part of it occurs around those parts of the conductors which lie in the slots and are
    therefore almost completely surrounded by iron. A certain amount is due to flux
    linking the coil ends. Leakage flux sets up an e.m.f of self induction, called
    Reactance e.m.f and a part of the generated e.m.f is required to balance this.
    In a.c. generator design it is usual to arrange for increased slot leakage, the object
    being to limit the current in the event of a short circuit.
    Armature Reaction is the effect of flux due to the armature ampere-turns which
    modifies the main flux. The case of a three phase a.c generator will be considered,
    since single phase machines are rarely used. When a polyphase winding is fed with
    polyphase a.c field of constant magnitude and rotating at synchronous speed is set
    up. This flux wave is fixed relative to the poles but its position depends on the load
    p.f. Consider the following three cases.
    The armature field here tends to distort the main field, strengthening it at the
    trailing pole tips and weakening it at the leading ones, but the average field
    remain practically unaltered
    The wave representing the armature field is moved backwards through 90 the
    result is a considerable weakening of the main field.
    Armature field wave is now moved forward through 90, the result is a
    considerable strengthening of the main field.
    Cases (2) and (3) above are extreme cases for intermediate values of p.f the effect is
    partly distorting and partly weakening for inductive load or strengthening for
    capacitive load. In practice, the load is nearly always inductive.
    REGULATIONOF AN A.C. GENERATOR
    Regulation is the rise in terminal voltage when full load is thrown off, field
    excitation and speed being kept constant. It is expressed as a percentage of full
    load terminal voltage V.
    Regulation = E V x 100 per cent
    V
    Its value depends not only on load current but also on p.f
    Average values are
    P.F Unity, regulation 8 10 per cent
    P.F. 0.8 lag, regulation 20 per cent
    Note that if the load p.f is leading, the terminal voltage on load may be higher than
    the terminal voltage on open circuit.

    GAS TURBINE GENERATOR 7.5

    A.C.GENERATORS IN PARALLEL
    The conditions to be fulfilled when paralleling a.c generators are more complicated
    than for d.c generators they are as follows
    Terminal potential difference of incoming machine must equal bus bar potential
    difference
    Frequency of incoming machine must equal bus bar frequency
    The two voltages must be brought into phase.
    The operation is called synchronizing and can be performed either by using
    incandescent lamps or more usually some form of synchroscope. When once
    paralleled, an a.c generator continues to run in synchronism , any tendency for it to
    drop out of synchronism is immediately counteracted by a synchronizing torque
    which is set up.
    AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR
    Terminal voltage of the generator depends upon the load on the generator. When
    load on the generator is more then the capacity of the generator, the terminal
    voltage will be less then the rated voltage. Similarly when load is less , terminal
    voltage shall be more then the rated terminal voltage. Sometimes when there is a
    sudden change of load on the generator terminal voltage variations are more. To
    overcome this situation voltage regulation is must.
    All the voltage regulator work on the principle of cutting or increasing in the
    excitation of the generator to lowering or raising terminal voltage respectively.
    Excitation can be changed manually or automatically. The equipment which
    controls the voltage itself are called automatic voltage regulator
    Automatic voltage regulator uses feed back of the system parameter such as voltage
    and current. Automatic voltage regulator can be classified into two categories:
    Electromechanical regulators
    Static regulators
    ELECTROMECHANICAL REGULATOR:
    Electromechanical regulator are two typeVibrating contact type,
    Rheostat type
    By using input from terminal voltage and load current electromechanical system
    increases or decreases excitation of the generator so regulating the voltage of the
    generator. Regulation of voltage is not fine by such regulators. However
    electromechanical regulators are not used nowadays for large size machines.

    GAS TURBINE GENERATOR 7.6

    STATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:


    Static voltage regulators dont have any moving part in it. Such regulators are
    constructed by electronic circuits. Which regulate the terminal voltage statically
    and fine regulation is obtained. All modern regulators have fast feed back system as
    input as input to the regulator. Essential elements of the regulator are shown in
    block diagram asREFERENCRE

    COMPARISION
    ELEMENTS

    CONTROL
    ELEMENTS

    EXCITATION
    SYSTEM

    FEED BACK
    SENSING
    ELEMENT

    A.C.GENERATOR

    OUTPUT OF GENERATOR
    WORKING PRINCIPLE OF AVR:
    Whenever there is a change in terminal voltage of generator, sensing elements such
    as C.T. and P.T. picks up the change in current and voltage respectively and
    transform it into signal which is compared with respect to the reference quantity.
    The error/difference output of sensing element and reference quantity is supplied to
    actuate the control unit to change in output as required. The rating of the modern
    machines is and variation of load creates more problems in stabilized running of the
    generators. To over come this problem satisfactorily static voltage regulator have
    become usual feature of the modern power generators.
    IFFCO AONLA has a modern gas turbine generator of Hitachi make. For voltage
    regulation it has a precise controlled and high responsive AVR.

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