32.

Problen1s In Physics

T he problems published in this collection w ere compiled by me for students of the Moscow Physi cal-Te c hnic al Institute, w here I taught a course in general physics in 1947-1949. T he collection also include s proble ms given at examinations for postgraduate studies at the Institute of Physi cal Problems at t he USSR Academy of Sciences. T he problems were selected and prepared for

printing by I. Sh.

Slobodetsk ii and L.C.

A slamazov, who recently graduated from the Physical

T echnical Inst it ut e . In compiling these problems I had a certain objective in mind, which explains their uncon ventional formulation.
to the reader. Problem solving is of particular importance in the study of the ex act sciences such as mathematics, mechanics, physics, etc. It enabl es the student to apply his o wn k now ledge to the The following

exp l anati on will make their solution of greater interest

solution of practical questions. f ind in g out whether the student

Horeover,

for the teacher it represents an ex cel lent means for or whether his know ledge is a

r e ally understands the subject

mere accumulation of fact s lear ned by heart.

T eaching by means of problem solving also helps 111 The need

revealing and cultivating t he c re at ive sc ientific thinking of the young generation.

for this was quite evident 25 years ago w hen the Physical-T echnical Institute was founded as a n institution of higher learning inte nde d specifically for the selection and training o f research w ork ers. It is well k nown that fruitful scientific work requires not only know ledge and under In effect, these

standing but also a capacity for inde pe ndent analytical and creative thinking. problems were compiled as a useful means for t he discovery, qualities during the teaching process.

evaluation and cultivation of these

I strove to achieve this end by formulat ing t he majority of questions in the following man ner. A small problem is presented, and t he st udent , using the k nown law s of physics, must ana

lyse and describe quantitativel y the natural phenomenon involved.

These natural phenomena were

selected in terms of their scientific or prac t ical int erest w ithin the scope of the students' level of k now ledge. Most of the problems allow a number of approac he s t o their solution in order to re veal the student ' s individuality. One example is the proble m of t he trajectory of an airplane with a appr oac h w ould be to write the equation

state of w eightlessness in its cabin.

Here the standard

327

LdK- LUo

Lilt

J. C;:U LLClJ.lL

Ul.

acting

on

point

inside

the

plane

as

equal

to a

zero.

T here i s,

howev er, which

another , is

simpler to a

solution.

If the plane follows the trajectory of

freely flying body,

close

parabola in the Earth's field, lessness.

then a body located i n side the plane can be in a state of weig ht and find out \.. hat is r equired dur

The curious student can pursue the matter further

ing the flig ht in or der plane's cabin.

simultaneously to achi eve a state of weightlessness at all poin ts of the

A nother question that can b e consider ed is what navig ational instr uments are etc.

necessar y for the pilot to fly the plan e along the tr ajector y requi red for wei g htlessness.

A character istic feature of our pr oblems is that they have no definite an swer because the student is allowed to proceed fur ther and further with the analysi s of the problem posed, ing on his own abilities and inclination s . The student's answers pr ov ide a clue t o the trend and n ature o f his scientif i c thinking , The independent depe

whi ch i s of particular impor tance in the selection of postgraduate workers.

solution of such problems stimulates the capacity for scientifi c thinking and cultivates an attraction to scientific problems. jost of the problems have anot.her distin ctive tr ait. of physical constants or parameters, T hey do not contain n umerical v alues Thus, in

and the student has to choose them per sonally,

the problem of weig htlessn ess in an airplane the student is asked to deter mine the dur ation of weightlessness, though it is mentioned that the air plane is of a modern type. H er e the student

has to pick out the airplane's ceili ng and maximum speed for himself. people in our

We did so because few

country appear to care whether the futur e sceintist or engineer is taug ht to ima

g ine the actual magnitudes of such common physical values as v elocity, current, v oltage, str ength, temper atur e, etc. i n concrete terms .

In solv ing a scientific pr oblem the resear ch scientist always has to v i sualize clearly the magnitude and r e lative significan ce of the par ameter s used for descr ib ing the phen om enon exam ined. menon. Thus he will be able to pick out the cr ucial parameters for the study of the g i v en pheno Hence the importance of teaching the young generation that the symbols which r epresent

physical m ag nitudes in the for mulae should always be v isualized in terms of concrete quantita tive v alues. In physics, contrary to mathematics, both the par ameters and the v a r i ables in a In our problems we therefore

mathematical equation n e cessarily represent concrete quan tities.

tr ai n the students to seek out the r equired magni tudes for themselves in the liter ature. T he studen ts of the Physical-T echnical Institute showed interest in these problems and frequently subjected them to collective discussion . In the examin ati ons, the studen ts wer e Usually a few (up to of them. For post howev er , Indeed,

always g i v en complete freedom to use liter atur e for solving the problems.

5) problems wer e g iv en per examin ation , so as to enab le the studen ts to choose 2 3

Thus, the incli nation s of a student could be gauged from his selecti on of problems. new and more complex problems were prepared; in these cases, graduate examin ations,

the student was allowed n ot only use of litera ture but also f r eedom to seek a dv i ce . the scien tist must cultiva te the skill of using the adv i ce of other s , use of liter ature. In scientific work ,

apar t fr om learni ng the

di scussi ons and consultati ons with colleagues and this) however , r equi r es a proper tr aini ng from the v ery

i n structors ar e essen tial for success; beg i n ning of the studies.

We usually a llowed about one hour for the solution of each problem. be solved i n wri t.ing, 1n the course of a but the capabi lities an d character of

All pr oblems hav e to

the studen t become evident mostly The greater the talent of the young

ver bal discussi on of the written text.

more than an hour. Today thees is doubt as to the enormous importance of science for the developmenc of The number of Sovient scientists and research IVor For this reason the training

the culture and economy of a modern state. kers is constantly rising,

having already exceeded half a million.

and education of young scientists is nothing less than a major, state. Apart from the MoscolV Physical-Technical Institute, tions of higher education in the rSSR cadres. intended

independent objective of the

there are a number of other institu for the training of research as distinct

specifically

Teaching at these institutions undoubtedly has specific traits of produce cadres for industry and the national in chemistry,

oIVn,

from the universities

I
etc.

believe physics

that problems comparable to those complied by us can be used not but also of problems comparable to those such as mathematics, mechanics, given here Hill therefore

teaching

The solution future

improve

researchers

I.

Astronomical

observations

show

that

the

planet

Venus

is

entirely

in cloud, accu-

so that the Venusians rately meaSUre the length

unable to observe the heavenly bodes, their day.

Describe holV

2.

The Tungus meteorite struck the earth at latitude so that it evaporated, Assuming that it weighed

< 60 , and

its

was converted a speed of

into heat, km/s,

10,000 tons and

50

calculate the maximum effect that the impact can have had on the earth's axial rotation.

Could such a change be detected by present-day clocks?

3. 4.
lograph.

What should be the trajectory of a modern aircraft in order to simulate a state of For how long eQuId such a condition be maintained?

weightlessness?

Determine the limit of accuracy of time interval measurement IVith a cathode-ray oscil

5.
water, pump,

The ancients

a water-pump operating as follows.

ex

A tube bent into a helix rotates the tube is in the , the throughput of the

about a central axis at an angle

to the water surface.

The 10Her end

The water is raised to a height and its efficiency.

h.

Find the optimum value

6.
fin, water,

through a lead block,

but are is this? lineS.

of paraf-

or other compound containing hydrogen atoms. , as falls, pulls on the front

7. 8. 9
ing at

will

he then travel? car bursts during a race, At what speed should the car travel so that the tyre

does not deflate? To protect passengers in car crashes, air bags can be used, which are rapidly filled If a vehicle mov'''hat must be the

with gas and absorb the impact.

Assess the effectiveness of this technique. injured,

100 km!h crashes, and a person's head striking the bag is

size of the bag and the gas pressure in it?

10.
once?

By what factor can the height of an acrobat's jump be increased by using a springboard

II.

Explain why,

for a bow of a given size,

there is B certain size of arrow which yields

the longest flight.

Estimate this size for a bow of a given shape.

330 12. An acrobat of "eight horizontal plane,

COLLECTED PAPERS OF P. L. KAPI TZA

P

stand s on a ball of rad ius

a nd mass M .

T he ball is on a

a nd rolls without slipping on the pla ne.

Analyse the way in which the a cro how the coe fficient of friction of

bat should walk on the ball in ord er to make it roll, a nd his soles is re lated to the rolling acceleration.

13. What must be the spe ed of a tennis ball that can break g lass? 14. A ball thrown on to a solid surface rebound s from it. he ight of rebound on the v iscosity of the solid . Estimate the d epe nd e nce of the

IS. Estimate the d uration of impact between a football and a wall.

16. A steel ball falls from a height elastically, falls again, and so on.

III em on an inclined pLane ( angle

r:J.

10 ) , re bounds

D e scribe the motion,

assuming that the plan e is of unlimi

ted length a nd that the impacts take place without loss.

17. Explain why a pe rson can run on v ery thin ice bu t cannot stand on it without falling
through. 18 Estimate the ord e r of mag ni tud e of the speed at which a pe rson must run on water in

ord e r not to sink. 19. Hhy can the m ov e ment of a bicycle be controlled 20. A satellite passes ov er Novosibirsk at 02. 30, be at 20. 00 and at 2 1. 45? ( M oscow time is used ) . Half of its surface is blackened metal, a nd reflects the in ' no hand s' rid ing? Where will it

a nd ov e r M oscow at 06. 00.

21. A spaceship i s trav elling from the earth to Mars. and absorbs the sun's rad iation complete ly: sun's rad iation com pletely. rotati onal motion of the

the other half is polished

Examine hOI" radiation pressu re will a ffect the translati onal and Make a quantitativ e estima te of the effect for
a

craft.

spherica l

craft of mass 5 tons and d iameter 300 cm. 22. A containe r of Hater in whi ch a Ha ter rat is s\ .Jimming is in equilibri um on a balance. A stri ng is lowered from a rod a ttached to the other sid e of the balance, water. T he rat begins to climb up the string . silting on the so as to touch the

Wi ll equilibrium be mainta ined ? T he fly flies a way.

23. A fly is

bottom of a beaker tha t is on a balance.

At what point in time will the balance first register the d eparture of the fly? 24. Determine the d istortion of a Liquid surface d ue to the gravitation of a sphere. Dis

cuss the possibility of oberv ing this effect in ord er to measure the gravitational constan t. 25 . Dete rmine the minimum siz e of an object d isting uishable on a photogra ph take n from a

satellite at a height of 300 km. 26. An astronaut in a state of we ightlessness has to d ig a well. is motionless abov e the e arth's surface . How can he do this? T he speed of the gases

27. A rocket with mass M Leav i ng the rocket is

u .

Find the powe r of the rocket's eng ine.

28. What will be the trajectory of a bulle t fired forward s/backward s/sid eways from a
satellite . 29 . How can a n a strona ut re turn t o his spacecra ft i f the rope joining him to i t a ccid ent-

ally breaks. changed by 2 ?

30. How can the d ire ction of fli g ht of a satellite ( weig ht 100 kg, orbit radius 400 km) be
Describe i n pri nciple the possi ble ways of performi ng thi s manoeuv re.

31. As the earth oves in i ts ellipti cal orbi t, i ts speed is alwa ys either increasing or
d ecreas i ng . C a n the accele ration be mea sured b y means o f a liquid level? the moon were to fall on it . T ake
I

32. Calcula te the change i n t earth's temperature if the heat capacity of both bod i es to be cal/cm3 d eg .

PROBLEMS 33.

IN

PHYSIes

331
Es t i

D escri be the distortions of the earth's orbi t due to solar radia tion pressur e .

mate thei r amount. 34 . A load wi th mass M on a i s suspended and

string passi ng through a pulley,

s wings with a g i ven ampli tude, t he string is Fi nd slDlvly the moved a in

T he end of di stance l the pe riod

A=:'
I
,

( Fi g. and

I).

cha ng e

L
M

in the amplitude of the swi ng, and cal

c ul a t e the work done. 3. lengt h How can the relati on between the the period of a pe ndulum be

a nd

-r
a

found wi t hout calculati on?

FIG.

36. A c a r i s movi ng with accel eration

peri od of a pe ndulum ( le ngth 37.

up a hi llsi de at ang le

ex .

Find the oscillati on

L)

i nside the car.

Sa y whic h you think are the simpl e st and most e xa ct e xperi mental methods for usi ng to gene rate a uni t of time (the

known phys ica l c ons tants and a standard of length ( the metre) second) without us ing astronomi cal

observations or the a ccelerati on due to gravi ty ( as if the

experi ment were being done i n a deep mi ne- shaf t or on a nother planet) . 38. D e termine the maximum range of a udi bi lity of a conve rsa ti on i n the ope n air. 39 . audi ble. Of an evening, How does t his on the ri ver, ha pp en? one may f ind that a di stant conve rsat i on is quite clearly

4 0. A bell is hanging on a pillar at a height

sound is
c,

h.

The wind speed is

u .

If the speed of

at what point on the ground will the sound of the bell be loudest?

4 1.

Explain why there have been instances where the whole front end of a cannon has f lown

off when the cannon was fi re d.

4 2. Will a garden er watering a lawn with a hose always experi ence a reacti ve force? 4 3. Exami ne whether ultrasonic vibra t ions coul d in prin ciple be used in an apparatus to

form an i ma ge of obje.cts under wate r . 4 4 . List and descri b e a ll the me t hods economical? 4 5. A conveyer belt ca rries l oa ds horizontally, can run off. T he objects bei ng carri ed lie but has a transverse slope so that water but the f ri cti on i s great enough of generati ng sound. Which o f these i s the most

f ree on t he belt,

to stop them from sli ppi ng si deways.

T he bel t e nt e r a buildi ng through a narrow slit in a Wha t will be the If i t will

perfectl y smooth wa l l i n a plane perpendi cular to the dire c t i on of moti on.

movement of a cylinder lying free on the belt after it is c a rri ed a ga inst the wall? in fact move, fi nd the di rection, speed, and accele ration of t he moti on,

taki ng as g iven the

slope of the belt to the horiz ontal , tween i t and the cyl i nder. 4 6. 4 7.

the speed of the belt,

a nd the coeffi ci e nt of fri cti on be

Expla i n how a boy on a swing i ncreases the ampli tude of his

movement.

What movement should be performed by a person rotating a hoop round his body?

48. D ete rmine the dampi ng of vibration s of a pendulum in a rare fied ga s. 4 9. A motor-cyclist is riding on the wall of a barrel-shape d ring. thi s motion to be stable. 50. A hollow space in a pendulum i s fi lled with a vi scous liquid. the effect of the li quid on the period and damping of the vibrations. Es t imat e quantitati vely Find the conditi on f or

JJ2
51. tanee. 52.

COLL ECTED PAPERS OF P. L .

KAPIT ZA Assess thei r relative impor-

L i st the factor s whi ch affect the accllr acy of a watch.

T he walls of a rectangular

vessel are slowly brought together with relati ve speed v

f rom an i ni tial di stance is u .

l. T he vessel contai ns a particle whose speed relati ve to the earth

t? A ssume that collisions with the walls are

How does thi s speed var y with the time

perfectly elasti c. 53. T he poi nt of support of a pendulum is oscillati ng rapidly in a hori z ontal plane. the equilibrium position of the pendulum under g ravity. 54. Find

(a) Show that the vibrations of a pendulum can be maintained by causing the point of (b) Find the phase and period of these oscillati ons, and estimate the amplitude needed

support to oscillate horizontally or vertically.

to maintain the vibrations for a simple pendulum.

(e) Examine the stability of these processes. 55. Two identical discs are placed a short di stance apart.
wir e and can under g o tor sional osci llations. tions with a speci fied ampli tude, upper disc. T he upper disc is hung on a T he lower di sc executes forced torsional oscilla

and a period equal to that of the free oscillati ons of the i n which the mean free Deter mine

T he di scs are put in a vessel containing a rarefied gas,

path of the gas molecules is much longer than the linear dimensions of the vessel.

the form and amplitude of the steady osci llations of the upper disc relative to the lower one, and the time constant f or the attainment of the final state. 56. face, Two i denticial spheres of k nown mass, lying free on a perfectly smooth hori zontal sur

are joi ned by a taut thread. the to thread. If the thread

A vertical rod moving h orizontally at a constant speed can be of brok en the by a force
F',

strik es

what

speed

0f

the

rod

is

necessary

break the thread?

T he part

thread which receives the direct impact is

streng thened. 57. T he sound of an aircraft flying directly towards you and then away from you i s recorded on tape. How can you determine its speed? waves are g enerated In a barrel-shaped open resonator. T he reson

58. "Whispering gallery"

ator is rotati ng about its axis.

How does the rotati on af fect wave propag ati on in the direction Do beats occur, and at what f requency? h/R { I) is suspended. Hhat

of rotation and in the opposite directi on? 59. A bronz e cylinder ( radi us R,

length

l, \o}all thick ness h;

must be the siz e of the cylinder i f its natural radi al oscillation frequency f cribe other possible types of oscillation, and estimate thei r frequencies. 60. g ravity? By what experimental means could one determine the speed of what difficulties prevent this?

2000 s- l?

D es

propag ation of universal

61. T he surface of a river is an inclined plane. at a speed exceeding the maximum f low rate? 62. There are two i dentical buck ets. each with a hole near the bottom (Fig . 2). One is standing on a horizontal table,

Can a body float f reely dmm the ri ver

the other on a wedge whose upper surface is also horizontal. will the water leak From which buck et faster if its ori gi

na l level i s the same in both? 63. Iolh y do door-screens protect door s from dri f ted snow?

PROBLEMS

IN

PHYSICS
u .

333
P.

64. A man is walking along a road at a speed

On his chest is a newspaper of weight The

What is the minimum coefficient of friction to prevent the newspaper from slipping down? air density is plane.
p

and a wind blows against the man with speed

v.

His chest is regarded as a

How is the result changed for a convex chest?

The area of the newspaper is

S.
I,'hat is the

65.

Explain why spray flies up when a stone or a raindrop falls on water.

Does the height

reached by the spray depend more on the size of the stone or on its speed of fall? maximum possible height?

66. A trolley is running on rails

with initial speed in the

Vo .

There is water The

hollow between the rails.

trolley carries a vertical pipe with a tap, dipping into the water and connec

ted to another pipe with variable cross section (Fig.

3).

It is known that with and the tap closed,

a trolley speed

Vo

the water can rise in the vertical pipe to a level above that of the tap. cribe the movement of the Des

trolley,
FIG. 3

neglecting friction.

67.

How is work done by the exertion needed to turn a gyroscope about an axis perpendicular

to that of the flywheel '

68. Why is the fork of 69.

bicycle handlebars set at an angle? Their ends are linked by hinges. (Kelvin's

Four gyroscopes are placed on the sides of a square.

The square is hung by one corner, gyrospring). thened by

I

and a load can be attached to the opposite corner

Determine the angular momentum of the gyroscopes such that the diagonal is leng cm when the side of the square is 30 cm and the load is
I kg.

How will the unloaded

system move if the square retains its shape?

70. A gyroscope is placed on a swing so that its axis can turn 1n a plane through the axis
of the swing. Describe how a person on the swing should turn the gyroscope so as to increase Find the most effective means of increasing the amplitude, and

the amplitude of his movement.

derive an expression for the rate of increase.

71.
axis.

A load

is placed in a cylinder with radius

and mass

at a distance

l'

from the

Describe how the cylinder will roll without slipping on a horizontal plane.

72.

A top is rotating on a plane,

with angular velocity

m

w,

mass

M,

and moments of inertia Describe

and

B.

Ie

is struck by a bullet of mass

and speed

v,

which lodges in the top.

how the top may behave and how its behaviour can be used to find the speed of the bullet.

73.

A heavy hoop with light spokes is placed in a vertical plane and can rotate about a A particle whose mass is equal to that of the hoop is
How

horizontal axis through its centre. fixed into the rim.

Determine the period of small oscillations of the resulting pendulum.

does the period vary if the pendulum is transferred to the moon or is placed liquid.

in a frictionless

74. A rapidly rotating flywheel is placed on the end of a rod

ally on the floor. the size o f the

1.5 m

long standing vertic Calculate

Above the flywheel is a platform on which a person can stand. for a speed of

flywheel,

3000 rpm,

if the rod remains stable even when a person

is doing gymnastics on the platform.

334
75.

COLL ECTED PA PERS OF P.L. KAPIT ZA A g iven volume of gas is contained in a spherical metal vessel . F ind the gas pressure

for which the weight of the container is least. 76. Why can liquid nitrogen be poured on the hand "ithou t fea r of 'burns'? A t the lower a draught is

77. A vertical glass tube of circular cross-section i s open at both ends. end is an electric heating coil carryin g a curren t. set up. Because the air is heated,

A ssuming that the air flow in the tu be is laminar,

d etermine the temperature differ

ence between the air outside and inside the tube, tube and the electri c power input.

as a function of the length and radius of the

N eg lect heat transfer throug h the g lass.

78. What are the necessary initial and final conditions for partial liquefacti on of a real gas by a single adiabatic expansion? D iscuss the liquefaction of air as a numerical example.

79. What exp eriments can be devised to establish an

absolute scale of temperature below

0.5

oK.

80.

Estimate how thick the walls of a g iven material

must be in ord er to keep the tempera

ture of a room within 3 deg of its average over the year. 81. C al culate the mean temperature of the earth's surface, a ssuming that i t rad iates as a 2

black body and that the energ y of this radiation is in equi librium with that from the Sun. A ssume that with vertic al il lumination 2 kW of solar energy i s i n cident on 82. 83.

I m

of the earth.

Estimate the height of fall during whic h a dro p of molten lead will solidify. Estimate the time for a pond to freeze. and a beaker of water on the other.

84. T here is a piec e of i ce on one pan of a bal anc e,

The system is in equ ilibrium. The ba lance is c overed with a large hood an d the air is rapidly evacuated. Wil l the system stil l be in equilibrium? 85. Suppose that 4 X 109 years ago both the moon and the earth were surrounded by an atmos phere lik e the earth's presen t one. Estimate how the densi ty of thi s atmosphere would vary

during that time if the bodies moved i n the solar system as they do n ow. 86.

Cal Estimate the time n eeded to form visible droplets in a c l oud chamber. (b) Anal yse and estimate the factors influencing the thick n ess of parti c le trac k s in

a cloud c hamber. 87. Unti l electric ity became widely avail able, power work, c onsisting of a water c ooled cyl i nder, a simple thermal air motor was used for low a c on tinuously heated si de-arm, and a piston

operatcng a flywheel. 88.

D escribe how a n d under what c ond ition s such a motor functions. when c oal is burned in steam boilers, where T) and T 2 onl y a fraction
Tl

It is k nown that,

( Tj -Tz ) !Tj

of each c alorie c an be converted into work , and the environment. that of air.

are the temperatures of the steam

The gas l eaving the combustion c hamber has a composition d i fferent from a further amoun t of work can be obta ined.
Tl.

If it is mi xed reve rsibl y with air ,

Estimate the attainabl e l i mi t to the increase of out this process. 89.

and devise possible c yc l es for carryi ng

Estimate the thermodynamic efficiency of the fi ring of c an n on an d hand-guns.

90. T h e reversibl e reaction of hydrogen iodide formati on tak es place in a mixture of hydro gen and iodine g ases. initia l D etermi ne the quantity of hydrogen iodi de formed, as a function of the

quantities of the hydrogen and i odine,

assuming th e equilibrium constant k nown.

9 1. Two parall el plates are at a distance apa rt th at i s small c ompared with their trans
verse di mensi ons. Between th em are severa l thin screens with g ood th ermal c on duc tivity. D eter mi ne the e ffect of th e screens on th e c onduction of heat between the plates in two c ases:

(al wh e n th e mean free path of th e gas mol ec ule s i n the space between the pl ates is much

PROBLEMS less than the distance between the screens;

IN

PHYSICS

335

(b)
92.

when this mean free path is much greater than the distance between the plates. In order to shol,' that the viscosity of a gas is independent of the pressure, Maxwell

observed the damping of torsional oscillations of a disc. vary as the gas pressure falls.

Investigate how this damping will

93. A beam of molecules is created in a long horizontal tube.

normal temperature. At the other end of the tube,

Matter enters the beam at

because the more slowly moving molecules

undergo a greater deflection by gravity, a temperature difference may occur. sistent with the second law of thermodynamics?

!./hy

is this con

94 .

If a beam of molecules is passed through a selector consisting of two parallel discs it is knol'n that the fas How can this be

rotating on a common axis and having apertures that do not coincide, ter molecules can be separated from the beam, as if by a

Maxwell demon.

reconciled with the second lalo of thermodynamics?

95.
tion.

An aircraft is flying at about the speed of sound.

The fuselage is heated by air fric

Estimate the maximum temperature to which the surface of the aircraft may be heated.

96.

(./hat is the change in the Debye temperatures of copper and' 'solid helium-4 under hydro

static compression at

1000 atm?

Hooke's law is assumed valid.

97. There is a small hole with diameter

to be maintained.

10-2 mOl in a vessel where a vacuum of 10-5

nun Hg is

Determine the size of the evacuation tube and the pOloer of the vacuum pump.

98.

In order to determine the charge on the electron in the classic.l experiments of a charged droplet of mercury is placed between the horizontal plates so that

Ehrenhaft and Millikan, of a capacitor.

The force of gravity on the droplet is balanced by the electric force,

the electron charge can be found. accuracy of these measurements.

Examine the effect of Brol<nian motion of particles on the

99.

Determine the limiting size of plane circular discs of iron and aluminium which are poorly wetted by water.

(with thick

nesses much less than their diameters)

100. Two cylindrical communicating vessels with different diameters are filled with loater
or mercury and sealed. How will the total amount of the liquid be distributed between the

vessels under conditions of weightlessness?

101. Calculate the time for the disappearance of a soap bubble connected to the atmosphere
by a given capillary.

102.

If a fishing-line is lowered into flowing water, Explain this.

a pattern of stationary capillary

waves is formed round it.

103. A bent tube has one end attached to

a pump which delivers water at a constant of water

pressure through
m

P.
the

The pump

maximum is at

supply A

Vs. in

plug of mass

is

originally of the tube

rest

the horizontal from the will it

part

at a distance At what speed

open end

(Fig.

4).

emerge if the cross-section of the tube is the atmospheric pressure is

S,
FIG. 4

PO'

and the fric

tion between the tube and the plug is negligible.

104.

Determine the speed at which a two-dimensional wave propagates on a stretched Estimate the range of such speeds.

soap

film of given thickness.

336 105. 106.

crust,

COLLECTED PAPERS OF ? L.

KAPITZA

Find the potential at the centre of a metal sphere of radius

carrying a charge

q.

Determine the depth of penetration of seasonal temperature variations into the earth's Calculate also the amplitude of the seasonal

using the thermal conductivity of granite.

temperature fluctuations at the bottom of Lake Baikal.

107.

An insulated copper ball of given radius, Because of the emission of

covered with a known amount of polonium, particles it acquires and its limiting value. charge.

is

placed in a vacuum.

Determine

the way in which the potential increases with time,

108.

A n insulated sphere of caesium metal,

having a given size, i s placed in a vacuum, Estimate the

exposed to daylight on one side, and given a charge by the photoelectric effect. variation of its potential with time.

109.

Figure

5 shows an electrostatic
\<ater drop

machine of the droplet type. lets charged to from metal a tube a

given potential faU a hollow the insulated limiting

into

sphere.

Determine

potential to which the sphere is charged, as a function of the height of fall.

110.
limited the air

A free soap bubble is electri

fied to the maximum possible potential, by the breakdown it; how strength and by of

around

what

amount is its radius changed?

III.

A clock operated by radioactive energy consists of a small amount of radioactive sub The radiation and the loss of charge cause the elec On reaching a certain angle they Calculate the design of such

stance. on the rod of a leaf electroscope.

troscope to be continuously charged, and the leaves diverge;

touch an earthed contact and fall back to their initial position. a clock with a period of

minute.

Estimate its possible accuracy. size is swinging longitudinally with frequency

w.

112.

A small metal cylinder of given

Assuming that electrons move freely in the metal,

calculate the charges formed on the ends.

E .

Make a similar calculation for an insulating rod with permittivity

113. 114.
stant

A dielectric plate is in a uniform electric field. The horizontal plates

Determine the torque on the plate.

a plane capacitor are connected to a battery giving a conHow

emf

c.

A charged ball between the plates is suspended in the gravitational field.

will it move when the distance between the plates is changed?

115. 116.

Why are electromagnetic machines and not electrophorus-type ones used in practice to

generate high power? If one end of a conductor at a flow Why then cir-

a positive potential and the other negative potential, along it from plus a current to minus. the

does the lamp not cuit shown in Fig.

61
and what is
FIG. 6

IlL

What limits the sensitivity

a string electrometer,

value of the sensitivity?

PROBLEMS IN 118.

PHYSICS

337

Examin e the possibil ity of an experiment to d etermine the interaction of an el ectron fiel d .
7.

with the earth's gravitational

119. Thermal d evices for el ectrical measurement are often d esign ed as in Fig .
is passed al ong a thin stretched wire ab. by the action of the spring . fixed to the pointer. of the current. g iven current. T he thread The wire becomes heated and l engthens, l ead ing to the spring is passed

A current

and is curved

through a cyl ind er

Find the rel ation between the d e fl ection of the pointer and the strength

Estimate the c ond ition for the maximum sensitivity of such an instrument for a
a ..

FIG.

120. An inc andescent lamp is supplied with al tern ating current. temperature vary with time? the fil ament thic kness,

How d ops the filament

Estimate the d epend ence of the variation s of this temperature on and so on.

material,

121. An ordinary 50-watt in cand escent l amp is suppl ied with al ternating current from the main s. Estimate the ampl itud e of the fluc tuation s oE light in tensity in the visible region of

the spectrum if the bul b is filled with arg on . 122. A l-lheatstone brid ge. operating on d irect current is in is passed through on e arm. bal ance. An al ternating curren t

I n vestigate the effec t on the bal ance of the brid ge if the strength

of the alternating current is such that Ohm's law is not satisfied . 123. In an el ectrical substation which supplies power to several hOlJses, the ammeter and What will

the voltmeter are inad verten tl y interchan g ed , be the result in the substation?

and the gen erator is then switched on.

124. An el ectron is d escribing a c irc ul ar orbit in a magnetic field in vac uum. On a section of the path, two g rid s are placed , having a potential d ifference such that the speed Und er what cond itions wil l of the

electron is c han ged increase? 125.

whenever it passes between them.

the speed

If a horizontal

cond uctor is moved at right an gl es to its l ength, because of the earth's magnetic f ield .

a potential d iffe r

ence occurs between its end s. d ifference,

Cal culate this potential

and d iscuss whe.ther it c ould

be used in practice to d etermin e the. rate of motion of

aircraft, ships and satel lites relative to the earth. 126. A satellite is moving in th e earth's magnetic fiel d . resul t? D escribe them and estimate their magn itud e, sphere. Imat electromagnetic effects c an

assumin g the field to be that of a uniform

l y magn etized

127. D escribe the elec trical effects caused by th e earth's magnetic field when water having an el ectrical cond uc tivity fl ows in rivers.

338
128.

COLLECTED PAPERS OF P. L.

KAPITZA T he

The fol l owing method is proposed for the investigation o f l iquid fl o w rates.

l iquid is made co nducting by means of impuritie s, At the point where the speed is to be de termined, and the poten tial differe nce method. 129. A curre n t pul se wire disintegrates.

and the fl o ,,' takes pl ace in a magne tic fiel d. a probe consisting of two conducto rs is pl ace d, I nvestigate the practicabil ity of this

between them is observed.

is passed through a thin ,"ire of diameter d. the magnetic fiel d,

A fter a time

t,

the

Cal cul ate

and estimate the maximum fiel d that can be

thus o btained and the duration of its e xiste nce . 130. Two paral l el wires are stretched b e twe e n the pol es of a magnet, and a conducting pl ate l ies free l y upon the m. charged to a potential pl ate. 131. wal l Describe the mo tion of the pl ate when a capacitor with capacitance
V

is discharge d through the circuit fo rme d by the two wires and the at right angl es to the pl ane of the circuit.

The magnetic fiel d is vertical ,

A l ightning-conductor is e arthed through a circul ar copper tube of diameter 2 cm and

thickness 2

mm .

After a l ightning fl ash,

the tube

has become a circul ar rod.

Expl ain

this behavio ur, 132.

and estimate the discharge current. the source power, and the energy

Estimate the minimum cross-se ction of a copper l ead,

consumption needed to compe nsate the e arth's magnetic fiel d by means of an el ectric current. 133. Cal cul ate the efficie ncy of screening of the earth's magnetic fiel d b y a hol l ow sphere and radius

of thickness d Permalloy.

R.

Compare

the

efficiency

of

such

shiel ds

made

of

iro n

and

of

134. Discuss whethe r a bal l istic galvanometer or a fl uxmeter give s a more a ccurate measure ment of a magnetic fiel d. 135. cyl inder. 136. Determine the strength of the magne tic fie l d created by rapid rotation of a co pper Show that this e ffect cannot account for terrestrial magnetism.

Discuss the po ssibility of co nfining a neutron in a magnetic field.

137. A l ong thin- wal l ed coppe r cyl inde r undergoes forced oscill ations about its principal axis. Because of their inertial mass, the free e l e ctrons in the metal l ag in phase behind the Calculate the

oscillatio ns o f the cyl inder, fie l d,

and an alte rnating magne tic fie l d is forme d in it.

and assess the poss ibility of me asuring it by e xpe riment. tran sfo rme r is inte rrupted, Why? How will there is no

138. When the curre nt in the primary circuit of a ove rvol tage in the secondary circuit,

but in an induction coil the re is.

139. A square voltage pul se is appl ied to the it b e m o dified at the secondary terminals, 140. A coil of the coil , known,

primary terminals of a transforme r.

depending on the propertie s o f the

transformer.

containing a pe rmane nt magne t is con ne cted to a capacitor.

The se l f-inductance are

the capacitance of the capacitor,

and the magne tic flux due to the magne t,

De scribe the e l e ctrical proce ss which occurs in the circuit whe n the magne t is ve ry In e a ch case , determine the

quickl y re move d from the coil and when it is very slowly re moved. work done in re moving the magne t. 141. A current I
r.

fl m,s in a \,ire the maximum

m

loop of radius

Find a

fo rce e xerte d on mome nt m l oop ( Fig.

small magnet \'ith axis 0 f the

1 ying along the

- IDN S

8).

-.{1
give n. .
FIG. 8

142. The dime nsions of a solenoid and the curre nt thro ugh it a re

PROBLENS If it is placed vertically,

IN

PHYSICS

339

estimate the dimensions and position of an iron core that is drawn

into it from below with the maximum force. 143. A superconducting solenoid is 300 cm long ,\\/ith internal diameter 50 em; the field is

60 kOe.
its axis. leI

A steel girder ,,,ith cross-section 200 cmz

is placed above the solenoid at 150 cm from and it is paral-

The length of the girder is much greater than that of the solenoid,

to the axis of the latter. 144.

Estimate the force attracting it to the solenoid. Determine the con

A conducting cylinder passes through a solenoid carrying a current.

dition for the magnetic field to prevent its passage. and the solenoid may be neglected.

The ohmic resistances of the cylinder

145. A magnetic gun on the following principal is proposed. placed close to a solenoid and on its axis. en the cylinder,

A cylinder (the projectile)

is

A current is suddenly passed through the solenoid, reaches the middle of the solenoid, the current

moving under the attraction,

is automatically cut off. such a gun, 146.

Estimate the initial projectile velocity that can be achieved with

and the generator power necessary.

Find the conditions of equilibrium for a superconducting sphere in the magnetic field

of a horizontal circular loop carrying a current. 147. A long cylindrical superconductor is placed in a uniform magnetic field so that its Determine the strength and direction of the magnetic field

axis is perpendicular to the field. on the surfare of the superconductor. 148.

How can the maximum discharge power be obtained from a capaitor with a given capaci

tance charged to a given potential? 149. What will be the saving in weight and volume of the structure if a given amount of electrical energy is stored in a superconducting solenoid rather than in a capacitor? 150. What fraction of the energy is converted into sound in the discharge of a Leyden jar? When none of them is pressed. a lamp remains unlit. When

151. There are six push-buttons. buttons

1,2, and

5 are simultaneously pressed, the lamp lights.

No other combination of buttons

can be pressed so as to light the lamp. these properties.

Draw a diagram of the simplest electric circuit having

152. A superconducting solenoid consists essentially of copper with a volume occupation fac tor of 0.5. The outer diameter is 10 cm. the inner diameter 2 cm, and the height 15 cm. The Find

internal field is 50 kOe.

The superconductivity of the winding is suddenly destroyed.

the resulting temperature of the copper. 153. A wire solenoid is connected to a battery. How will the current in the circuit change

when the wire is suddenly straightened? 154. The values of L and

in an oscillator circuit are known.

Estimate the minimum cur

rent for which it will give detectable oscillations. 155. An electron beam at a potential of 1000 V is generated in a cathode-ray oscillograph. Describe how the screen will nanosecond.

The beam is deflected by a capacitor over a distance of 2 cm.

register a square pulse applied to the oscillograph with a line rise time of 0.01 156. A simple electroscope has the principal dimensions shown in Fig. 9.

The gold leaf is

2 cm long and O.

urn

thick.

Estimate the leaf divergence angle n

when the electroscope is

charged ro 300 V.

30

COLLECTED PAPERS OF P.L.

KAPITZA

15

em

FIG.

157. Evaluate the possibility of detecting a fast charged particle from the inductive effect
in a capacitor, coil or resonator.

158.

A single layer of "ire with square cross-section is ,_ound on a uniform circular iron A ,constant current is passed

core of given size covered with a uniform insulating layer. through the wire.

Describe what happens when the current suddenly ceases,

and estimate the

overvoltage at the ends of the winding.

Calculate the size of such an apparatus to carry

100,000

V.

159. A conducting cylinder is surrounded by a long single-layer solenoid,

bet"een them.

with a small gap

Show that the rate of electric wave propagation in such a system is about equal

to the speed of light multiplied by the ratio of the length of the solenoid to the length of the winding.

1&0. S

If an insulated permanent magnet is charged to a certain potential,

E

there will exist

around it both a constant electric field

and a magnetic field

H,

and the Poynting vector

cE X H/TT 1&1.

will not be

zero.

What electromagnetic radiation corresponds to this vector? One end of the tube is its concentration is

Air is in a sealed tube at a given pressure and temperature. uniform magnetic field.

placed in a

Owing to the paramagnetism of oxygen,

no longer constant along the tube.

Ca) Cb) Ce) 1&2.

Estimate the variations in the concentration along the tube. Estimate the time constant of the process. Discuss the possibilities of using this process to separate oxygen from air. A cylindrical vessel containing a liquid mixture of oxygen and nitrogen at normal pres Determine

sure is placed in a solenoid so that one end is at the centre and the other outside. the hydrostatic pressure in the liquid for various concentrations of the mixture, within the solenoid is

if the field

300

kG.

1&3.

Honda found by experiment that graphite has three different values of the magnetic

susceptibility in the direction of the principal crystallographic axis and the two directions perpendicular to it. impurities. Show that this can occur only if the graphite contains ferromagnetic

164. l.Jhat is the resistance of a thin metal wire with diameter

expressed in terms

and a mirror surface,

of

the bulk properties of the me.tal?

Assume that the mean free path

A d.

PROBLEMS 165. The following exp erim ent i s used to the existence of th e Curie point A star A ,,ho se rays are

IN

PHY SI C S

341

d emo ns trate

in ferro mag ne ts. mad e on a of

a fe rromagnetic material can revo lv e a p ermanet magnet is p laced

B

pi vo t near If a

(Fig. to the

10).

burner C

next

magne t ,

the s tar begins to mo ve.

Es timate the

thermo d ynamic efficiency of this motor. 166. C alc ulate the temp erature reached N H4fe(S04) 2 '12H2 0
FIG. 10

by t he p aramagnetic s alt

aft e r d emagnetizatio n fro m 20 kOe to t e mpe ratures c o nc erned , demag netization time. 167. How d oes

100 Oe, assuming tha t the same o beys C urie's law at all

and that the s p in latti c e re laxation time is much greater than the T h e initial temp erature is 10K

a magnetic field of 1 40 kOe affect the C urie point and the temperature depen

dence of the magnetization in nic kel?

168.

How could electric,

magnetic and o t her forces be used to susp end a body freely,

in

stable equ ilib rium with gravity( Muhammad's co ffin) ? 169. A c ylind rical perma nent (Arkad 'ev 's experiment) .
magnet is in

suspension

"bo ve

s u p ercond ucting

p lane

C alc ulate the distance between them. magnetized along its axis,
1S

170. A c ylindrical p ermanent magne t , abo v e a p lane surface of a s up ercond uc t o r. o sc illations of the magnet.

in stable suspe nsio n vert i c al

F ind the range of frequenc i es o f natural

171. A cc ording to research by Ayrton,

a

the field 1n an electric arc is E =a +b/i,

wh ere

and

are c o ns tants , and voltage.

the c urrent.

D iscus s the s tability o f the arc as a func tio n of

the app lied

172. What will be the app arent c o l o ur o f a red liquid if the v es sel c ontaining i t is im mersed in o ne co ntaining a blue liquid?

173. Des cribe the reflection of white light from the s id e of a so ap bubble as a function of the bubble s ize and the film thic kness. 174.
photograph

C o ns id er the po ssibili t y o f constru cting an o p tical ins tru ment with whic h a L ip p ma nn cou ld be viewed so t hat both eyes s aw it in the s ame colours.

175.

What quantity o f wate r d rop lets is p resent in a cubic centimetre of fog if the v is i

bility is 100 m and the fo g persists fo r about an ho ur? 176. T here is sti l l a strong smell of tobacco in a roo m 1 hour after a mee t ing. A ray of

sunlight entering the roo m i s scattered to the extent o f 10 5 p er cm. tent of the air. 177. field ?

Est i mat e the smo ke con

Ho w d o es the abso rption of electromagnetic waves i n a plasma depend on the magnetic

(The wav e p rop ag a t e s along the field . )

178. D etermine the e.ne rgy loss from an elec tron beam with energy hyd ro g en p lasma at a tempe rature o f 179.

I keV

passing through a

JX

104

An electron be am in a v a cuum,

magnetic field of 1 0 u naffected ?

and a p res s u re of I atm. 4 eV a nd current I A , with energy 10

OK

tr avels along a

Oe .

What is the s malles t cro s s -section of the b e am that then remains

180. What is the highest p o ssible temp eratu re,

and ho w c an it be o btained , How d oes

fro m the sun's

radiatio n at the fo c us o f a c o nv e rging lens o r mirror?

this temp erature co mpare with

PAPERS OF P.L. KAPITZA tha t the

181.
snapshots.

A glass vessel filled with

under pressure is nm, in use as a flash bulb for Estimate the quan

The vessel contains an aluminium foil ignited by a heated wire. (The candidate is shol such a flash bulb.)

tity of visible light emitted.

182. 183.
of m.

How does a copper sphere cool in cosmic space? Estimate the distance froD the point of impact at which a assuming that it has a of
I

missile could be detec m, and a diameter

ted boloDCtrically,

km/s,

184. 185. 186 187. 188.

Discuss

radiation from whether there is

diffraction grating. size for the pinhole in a lensless camera.

l-:ould the resolving pm,er of

neutron microscope be greater than that, of an electron neutron microscope.

microscope?

Discuss the fundamental difficulties of constructing

Discuss how to obtain the sharpest and most contrasted silhouette from a given object

and a given light source. Sketch the interference pattern formed Assume that the screen is incident. a laser passes a solenoid. Estimate the interferometer i n the speed light, 'that caused screen by four small the corners

of a small square. that a plane wave

considerable distance from the holes and

189.
one beam by the magnetic ference bands.

the solenoid which could be detected from the shift

190.

Radio aerials.

in number, are arranged parallel and equidistant on a plane. point

The

maximum intensity is to be obtained at a given the wavelength

0, whose distance is much greater than

tween

A.

How should the distance between the aerials and the phase relation what will the intensity

their oscillations be chosen so as to achieve this? exceed that from one aerial?

191.

w'hat

be

rate of rotation of the most sensitive

absorption of 11

radiation by its to the Zeeman

10t.
is at their

192.

An infinite number of particles are present in

One particle

all the others are moving away from it in various directions, distances from

with speeds proportional

A.

An observer is located on another particle,

What will he observe to be

the pattern of motion of the remaining particles?

193. 194. 195.

A linear accelerator forms an electron beam at

with power 2 BW.

A ruby

beam is sent in the opposiee direction. Find how the

Describe the scattering of light by the electrons the speed of rotation

and pressure of the

in a Crookes An electron describes field H. How its orbit of radius speed in a

change if the field is slowly changed by an amount 6H? a charge

e

Can this chance be co,"pensated by

at the centre of

orbit. a mountain with height

196.
H

A snow avalanche builds up as it rolls without slipping

km

and a slope of

I;S

(Fig.

I I).

Find the speed of the avalanche at the foot of the moun-

tain.

PROBLEMS

IN

PHYSI CS

34 3

FIG .

11
l ong cyl indrical tube

1 9 7 . A dev ice resembl ing a siren dia ph rag m i s pl a ced a t one end of a a few centimetr es in radi us. a pertu r e for g a s fl ow, T h e oth er end of the tube i s l eft open.

T h e di a phragm opens an

with a fre quency of th e order of 1 0 3 Hz .

Descri be th e wav e moti on and

th e te mpera ture of the g a s in th e tube,

and estima te th e cha ra cteristic damping of the wav e. Suggest

How does the oscilla tion energy depend on the g a s pressure in front of the diaphragm? possibl e designs of th e di a ph ragm.

1 9 8. G ymnasts increa se the h eight of a j ump by repea ted rebounds f rom a trampoli ne (a h ori z onta l surfac e with a spring suspension) . spri ngs, Ca lculate the most effecti v e desig n of the tram pol i ne

a nd determine wha t it is that limits th e h eigh t of th e j ump. like a crawling fly. if h is f eet were a dh esive. G i v e a desi gn and

19 9 . A person coul d walk on th e ceiling, W ith an iron cei li ng . ca l cula tion for these.

thi s could be a ch i ev ed b y mea ns of magnetic shoes.

2 00 . Two satel l ites h a v e a h ea d-on col lisi on . 201.

Describ e the subsequent events. 1 a t i s this

D escribe wha t determines the a ccuracy of f ocu sing of an el ectron b eam.

a ccuracy in a pr esent day television set? 202. th e pol e . 203. How can th e mass of a meteorite, a ssume d t o c onsist of a n tima tter, be estima ted f rom E stimate th e height to wh ich a person can pol e v aul t. Determine the cross- sec tion of

th e area of destruction or th e si ze of 2 04.

th e crater that i t mak es? Can th i s occur

At what pr essure wil l a i r at room temperature become 1 percent i onized?

under la bora tory conditions? 205. Hh a t power woul d be needed to demagneti z e th e earth by means of th e current in a cable a long th e equa tor? magnetism. 20 6. N Consider th e relationsh ip betw een th e resu lt and the nature of th e earth ' s assu ming it to b e a superconductor . apa rt. T h e fi rst th e

Det ermi ne t h e c ross- section of the cable, sph eres of diameter D

are placed in a l ine at a di stance

v .

sp here i s struck so a s to g iv e i t a speed sph er e at th e far end of th e row, was struck .

Calculate th e initial speed of movement of

and estima te th e t i me that h a s elap sed since th e f i rst sph ere

D iscu ss th e probl em f or two ca ses:

C a ) tennis b a l l s,

(b) b il l i ard b a l l s .

Neg lect

rotation of th e ba l ls and surface f ri cti on . ma l l crucib le in a va cuum contains an eva pora ti ng mixture of 207. A s v apour passes t h r ough a dia ph ragm , and a m olecul a r beam i s f ormed. T h is cadmium isotopes. passes through The t wo

344
di scs " i th peri pheral holes. (F i g .

COLLECTED PAPERS OF P . L . KAPITZA T hese di scs are on a common axi s and are rotati ng at a hi g h speed in thi s "a y, i f the b eam

1 2) .

E sti mate what d egree of i sotope separa t i on can b e achi eved

molecules have a Maxw ellian v elocity di stribution.

= =

= = =

= =

= =

= = =

FIG .

12

20 8. A V an de G ra a ff g enerator gives 5 X 1 0 b elt " i dth need ed to yield a po"er of 209 . speed

V at 15 a tm pressure in nitrog en.

Estima te the

I kW .
the rotor has an a ngular m = 1 00 kg; the

I n the turbocompressor of our nitrog en liquefaction plant,

1 8 , 0 00 rpm,

a nd is balanced "ith accuracy

<5

0 . 0 1 mm.

T he rotor mass is M = 3 t.

mass of the compressor \-lith its base plate ( fixed to the ground)

D etermine "hat

springs are need ed under the ba se plate to reduce the v ibra tion in the build ing by a factor of 1 00 . 210 . A student comes la te into a lecture-room. She is " eari ng a strong perfum e, Estima te

the time that ela pses b efor e the lecturer can detect the scent of t he per f ume. 2 1 1 . D etermine the po"er of a ruby laser that can bur n a hole in a sheet of paper. 2 1 2 . A cylind rical magnet of length

1 0 cm and d iam eter d

I cm is pla ce d at a distance
a vertical axis

h = I cm above a hori zontal plane a nd para llel to it.

through its centr e. ma gnetiza tion of the m agnet i s 2 1 3. ", ig ht-\oIa tchmen in
P

T he mag net turns a bout

Ca lcu late the energ y dissi pa t ion in t h e plane if it is made of copper. T he

I T, and the angular v elocity of rota tion

to shOl.,

w=

10

s- l . ha d

former ti mes,

ma le facto r s t ha t the y were not a sleep,

r attles consist ing of a sma ll boa rd w i t h a handle at one end and a str ing of length at the other end,
m

car rying a ball of mass

( F ig .

13) .

F ind the mov ement of the ha n make

T. FIG . 13

dle

tha t

" ill

the

ball

strike

the

board "ith p eriod

2 1 4 . A cylindri cal de"ar is fille d " i th li quid oxygen. is On t he b ot t om of t he de" ar

a small hea t er f r o m which ga s bubbles rise.

In the i r pa t h is a r eg i on " he re there is a

st r ong mag n et i c f i el d. t h i s r eg i on.

D escrib e h ow the sha pe of t h e bubbl es " ill change a s t hey pass through

P ROBLEH S 21 5 .

IN

P HY SICS

345

A mixtu re o f heliu m gas with 1 0 percent argo n flo ws b e t we e n two planes a t a d ista nce a part o v er a distance

a=

I mm

l = 1 0 cm.

T he p lanes are co o l e d to l i quid heliu m tempera ture, e s t imate the gas flo w rate

and absorb o n ly argo n .

Assumin g this abso rptio n to be compl e t e ,

need ed to make the heliu m 99.99 perc ent pure. 2 16. A bo at carries a wind mo tor of the wind mill type , whi c h dr i v e s the pro peller screw. t he w i nd. Estimate the neces

Discu ss the po ssibi lity that suc h a bo at c an sail again st

2 1 7. An ec l i p se o f the sun is u su ally o bserved thro u g h s mo k e d g l ass. sary thickness of so o t. 218. A ho llo w sphere of d iameter D

COl

has a ho le of d iame t e r d = 0 . 1 COl .

F=

In fro n t o f

the

hole is a lens with d iameter A = 20 Col and fo c al length the image of the su n is on the ho le. intensity in the sphere if its inner surface is (a) 2 1 9 . A ho rizontal magnetic

20

Col .

T he lens is placed so that

Estimate the temperatu re c o r r e s po ndi ng to the rad iation perfec tly re f lec t i ng ,

(b) silvered.
is much great er than

f ield is set u p in the g a p betwe e n two c i rc u lar m agnetic po l es.

Estimate the speed o f fall thro u gh the gap f o r a co p per plate who s e a r e a the po le cro ss- sec tions.

220 . Explain why a bad ly inflated car tyre d o es nO e ru n

the lo sses when a pneumatic tyre o sc il lates.

smoothly .

Describe and est i mat e

22 1 . A vo ltaic arc is supplied with d irect cu rren t

f req uency. Estimate the i nten sity of so u nd the mod ulatio n a mplitu d e.

I.hich

can be modulated at a p ar t icu l ar

emit ted a s a

function o f the frequency

ra.nge and

2 2 2. Find the speed at w hi c h a smal l c ar can o vert u r n as it t ak e s a 90

223. Estimate the Hark needed to drive a needle of radius
'(>

bend.

t hro u g h a rubber sheet o f

thickness d .

224. A mm .
wire at

capac i t o r i s d i s charged

through a c o pper wire o f l eng t h

l = 2 c m and rad ius 1" = 0 . 0 1

the surfac e o f the

Es timate the maximum azimuthal m agn etic field that can be o b t a i n e d a t the ins tant when the wire d isintegrates.