PP 14
PP 14
PP 14
For a given
n n=0 an x ,
let
K=
|x| : x R and
n=0 n n=0 an x
an xn is convergent
(a) converges absolutely for all x R with |x| < r, (b) diverges for all x R with |x| > r. 2. In each of the following cases, determine the values of x for which the power series converges. (a) (d)
2n xn n=0 nn (x2)n+1 n=0 n3n
(b) (e)
(c) 10)n
xn n=2 n(ln n)2
n n n n=0 (1) n2 x
converges absolutely.
4. Let (Sn ) be the sequence of partial sums of the Maclaurin series of ln(1 + x). Show that if 0 x 1, then Sn ln(1 + x), i.e, the Maclaurin series of ln(1 + x) converges to ln(1 + x) on [0, 1]. 5. Let f : (a, b) R be innitely dierentiable and x0 (a, b). Suppose that there exists M > 0 such that |f n (x)| M n for all n N and x (a, b). Show that Taylors series of f around x0 converges to f (x) for all x (a, b). 6. Estimate the upper bound on the error if we consider P2 (x) = 1+x+ x 2 as an approximation for ex on [0, 0.1]. 7. Let f (x) = e x2 when x = 0 and f (0) = 0. Show that (a) f (0) = 0.
1 x2 (b) for x = 0, n 1 , f (n) (x) = Pn ( x )e where Pn is a polynomial of degree 3n.
1 1 2
(c) f (n) (0) = 0 for n = 1, 2, .... (d) the Maclaurin series of f converges to f (x) only when x = 0.
1 n 8. (*) Let an 0 for all n N and (an ) be a bounded sequence. For each n, dene 1 k An = sup{ak : k n}
(see Problem 12 in Practice Problems 2). Since (An ) converges, let An for some > 0. (a) If < 1, the series
n=1 an
converges and if
is
Practice Problems 14 : Hints/Solutions 1. (a) If |x| < r, then by the denition of supremum there exists |x0 | K such that |x| < n n |x0 |. Since n=0 an x converges absolutely. n=0 an x0 converges, by Theorem 1, n (b) Suppose |x| > r. By the denition of K , n=0 an x diverges.
x n 2. (a) Since | n 0, by the root test the series converges for all x R. n| x (b) In this case | an+1 an xn
n+1 n 1
| |x 4 | and
|x| < 4 as (an increases and 1 (c) Use Ratio test. The series converges only for |x| < 2 . (d) Use Ratio test. The series converges for |x 2| < 3, and hence for 1 < x < 5. At x = 5 the series diverges and x = 1 the series converges. +1 (e) Since | an an (x 10)| 0, the series converges for all x R. 3. Apply the Ratio test. The series converges absolutely if and only if x [1, 1]. 4. By Taylors theorem ln(1 + x) = Sn + | ln(1 + x) Sn | =
1)n xn+1 | (n +1 (1+c)n+1 | (1)n xn+1 n+1 (1+c)n+1
4n )
| n+1 | 0.
n+1
xn+1
(c) ||x x0 |n+1 for some c between x and x0 . This 5. Note that for x (a, b), |En (x)| = | f(n+1)!
An+1 (n+1)!
6. Note that |E2 (x)| = |f (x) P2 (x)| 7. (a) Note that limx0+ LHospital Rule.
1 x2 )e , then (b) If f (n) (x) = Pn ( x
1
e0.1 0.001 . 6
f (x)f (0) x
= limx0+
1 x2
= limx0+
1 x 1 e x2
= limy
y ey2
= 0, by
f (n+1) (x) =
1 1 1 1 1 2 1 Pn ( )( 2 ) + Pn ( )( 3 ) e x2 = Pn+1 ( )e x2 x x x x x
where Pn+1 (t) = t2 Pn (y ) + 2t3 Pn (t) which is of degree 3n + 3 if Pn is of degree 3n. Use induction argument. (c) If f n1 (0) = 0 then, as done in (a), limx0+ i.e., f n (0) = 0. (d) Trivial. 8. (a) If < 1, then nd > 0 such that
f (n1) (x)f (n1) (0) x
= limy
yPn1 (y ) ey2
= 0,
n such that An < + for all n N . That is an < + < 1 for all n N . Therefore by the Root Test the series n=1 an converges.
If
> 1, choose
1 nk nk 1 n
n k (a ) of (an ) such that ank > 1. Hence an 0 and therefore n=1 an diverges. (b) Follows from the proof of (a) (Repeat the proof of (a) by replacing an by an xn ). 1 1 (c) See Problem 5 of Practice Problems 13. In this case = and hence = 2 is the 2 radius of convergence.