Complete Practical Distilling

*
'
THE
\f-e.C<
eL*-1
COMPLETE
PRACTICAL DISTILLER:
COMPRISING
THE MOST PERFECT AND EXACT THEORETICAL AND

PRACTICAL DESCRIPTION
OF TEE
ART OF DISTILLATION AND RECTIFICATION;

INCLUDING ALL OF
THE MOST RECENT IMPROVEMENTS IN DISTILLING APPARATUS; INSTRUCTIONS FOR PREPARING SPIRITS FROM THE NUMEROUS VEGETABLES, FRUITS, ETC.
DIRECTIONS FOR THE DISTILLATION AND PREPARATION OF
ALL KINDS OF BRANDIES AND OTHER SPIRITS, SPIRITUOUS AND OTHER COMPOUNDS, ETC., ETC.
BY
M.
LA FAYETTK BYRN,
EIGHTH
EDITION.
M.D.,
GRADUATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK.
TO WHICH ARE ADDED,
PRACTICAL
DIBEgjPÛif'L
OH
1
JLLijj.IXI S
L L I N G.
FROM THE FRENO
THE
[UNIVEHSIT7J
IILADELPHIA
:
HENRY CAREY BAIRD

INDUSTRIAL PUBLISHERS,
&
CO.,
810
WALNUT
1880.
STREET.
Entered according to Act of Congress,
in
the year 1870, by
HENRY CAREY
In the Clerk's
Office of the District
BAIRD,
for
Court
the Eastern District of
Pennsylvania.
COLLINS, PRIHTBR.
PREFACE TO THE EIGHTH EDITION.
IN presenting to the public a new and improved edition of THE COMPLETE PRACTICAL DISTILLER,
the
publisher desires to express an acknowledg-his
ment of
appreciation of the success with which
the book has met in the past, and of its growing
popularity at the present time.
He
in
has added to
it
M.
Flinz's
PRACTICAL DIREC-
TIONS FOR DISTILLING, which has recently appeared

Paris as a separate and distinct publication.
This, he confidently believes, will be found direct
and
add greatly to the value and usefulness of a book which has already repractical,
will
and
ceived so
favor.
many and such
substantial evidences of
H.
PHILADELPHIA, March
(3)
15, 1870.
C. B.
PKEFACE.
FOR a long time the public have been in want of a work on the art of Distillation and Rectification,
couched
such language that every one could and of such size and value that the appreciate time and the price, required to read it, would prove
in
it
;
the least objectionable.

I
From
the best information
can gain, no work has appeared on this subject
for many jêars. Owing to this fact, most of the improvements which have been made in the art have proved of little use to the larger class and thus things have almost remained stationary with
;
regard to this very important matter, particularly in this country which is, indeed, greatly to be
;
lamented, as we are in possession of every thing, in the way of fruits, vegetables, etc., which have
hitherto been used in distillation.
I trust
that in the following pages the reader will
find every thing that the present state of science calls for, and that the suggestions may prove of
great practical advantage which I think they will do, as every thing is given in the shortest and
;
plainest manner.
I
It is almost needless to say that have consulted every authority that I could find, for the purpose of making this a complete work they are, however, too numerous to mention here, and would be, moreover, of no benefit to the reader.
;
With these few prefatory remarks, the book mitted to the public.
(4j
is
sub-
M. LA FAYETTE BYRN, M. D.
CONTENTS
PAOE
DESCRIPTION of a Distillery
Some
Of
Directions to the Distiller
11
of. ...
Distillation,
and the Apparatuses made use
17
Continuous Distillation
Mode of Working the Apparatus 32, 39, Apparatus used principally in American and English
Distilleries
26 43 44
Instrument
tion
to prevent Inequality of
Heat
in Distilla-
59
etc
Of the Process of Malting, French Method English Method

Fermentation
Kectilication
63
79
81
84
89
91
Common
Process of Malt Distilling French Process of Distilling and Preparing Brandy.. Method of Preventing the Deterioration of Brandies.
93
95 96 98
Malt Whisky
Process
Process
for
for
Making Dutch Geneva Brewing Hollands Gin

. .
101
Process for Kectification into Hollands Gin.

Distillation of
103
106
106
Common
Gin
in the Distillation of
Spirit of Potatoes
Apparatus made use of

Spirit
Potato
107
112
Reduction of the Potatoes

(5)
CONTENTS.
^
Mashing- of Potatoes Rasping Potatoes
PAGE
114
116
Separation of the Fecula
116
1
. a
Draining Arrack, or Spirits of Rice. Spirits of Beet-Roots The Beet Rasp
18
124
127
128
133 Kirsch-Wasser, or Spirits of Cherries Of some of the Products of this Country which afford
Spirits
by
Distillation
135 135
Cider Spirits, or Apple Brandy
Peach Brandy Of the Preparation and Distillation of Rum Process made use of in Great Britain and Ireland
Fermenting and
Raisin Spirits
Distilling Molasses
136 137
for
140
143 143
Flavoring and Coloring of Spirits Process for Making Rum Shrub
144
145
Process for Making Brandy Shrub

Elder Juice
145
146
Method of Making Cherry Brandy Eau de Luce

Irish
147
148
Usquebaugh
'
Process of Making Nectar

Imperial Ratafia
149 149
Method
of
Process of
Making Lovage Cordial Making Citron Cordial

,
150
150
151
151
Cinnamon Cordial
French Noyau Peppermint Cordial Process of Making Aniseed Cordial Method of Making Caraway Cordial French Vinegar Method of Making English Vinegar
152 152
,
153
153
154
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Some General
Directions for the Distillation of Simple

.
,
Waters, etc
155
156
Of the Stills used for Simple Waters Cinnamon Water Peppermint Water Damask-Kose Water Orange-Flower Water
Orange Wine Simple Lavender Water Compound Lavender Water
158 158
.'
158
158
159
159
1
60
Hungary Water
160
161
162
Some General
Directions for the Distillation of Spirit-
uous Waters Jessamine Water
Eau de Beaute" Some Remarks on

eral
162
the Uses of Feints, and their Gen-
Character
163
164
Rules for Determining the Relative Value and Strength

of Spirits
Observations on Distillations of a Special Character,
and on the Selection of Apparatus most useful. 165 Remarks on an Instrument intended for Testing Wines. 184
Some General
Directions for the Preparation of various
Cordials,
Compounds,
etc
187
188
191
On some
of the Plans resorted to for the purpose of
Adulterating Brandy Process for Making Lime Water
Process of Making Sulphuric Ether 191 Instructions for Making Infusions, Spirituous Tinctures, etc
1 94=
Tonic
arid Alterative Cordial
195
A romatic
Bitters
196
Process for Making a Diuretic and Stomachic
Com196
.
Process
pound for Making Tincture
of
Musk.
197
CONTENTS.
APPENDIX.
PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS FOB DISTILLING. FROM THE FRENCH OF TH. FLINZ, BREWER AND DISTILLER.
PART
I.
FIRST.
PAGE
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.
Maceration
200
202
II.
Fermentation
Distillation
III.
204
205
IV. Rectification
PART SECOND.
SPECIAL OBSERVATIONS.
I.
II.
Buildings Utensils
Distillation, Rectification
207
208
208
III.
Maceration IY. Fermentation, Y. Yeast YI. Malt
209 210
211
VII. Preservation of Spirituous Liquors

VIII.
213
214
Raw
Materials
Index
215
SIT 7]
THE
COMPLETE
PRACTICAL DISTILLER.
'DESCRIPTION OF
A DISTILLERY.
WHEN
to
scale is undertaken, it is
the establishment of a distillery on a grand incumbent on those concerned
make every
preparation necessary to facilitate their
labours, insure the preservation of their materials, preserve their products, and employ as few hands as possible.
The space destined

It
for a distillery should of course be
should contain a plentiful spring, excellent large. situation near a stream of vaults, store-houses, &c. water is, of all others, the most preferable, if in the coun-
try; but
will
by whatever means water may be obtained,

any time.
as the
it
be necessary to be secured against the possibility of a

cellar should be considered
all
failure at
The
which
magazine
in
the wine, previous to
its distillation,
should be
deposited;
and ought
to
ground
as the distillery above
occupy the same space under it. It has been observed

'
that the best and most perfect cellar
is
that where the

of heat
9
thermometer
is
always between 55
and 65
by
JO
THE COMPLETE PRACTICAL DISTILLER

The further the temperature of
worse
it is.
the scale of Fahrenheit.

this part deviates
from
this standard, the

it is
If
a cellar has not a sufficient depth,
necessary to dig it
deeper;
walls
;
if
too
much exposed
to the air,
surround
it
;
with
stop
increase the doors, and diminish the air-holes

placed,
up those that are not well

will introduce a
and open fresh ones that
new
current of
at least
air.
about sixteen feet in depth, the roof twelve or fourteen feet high, and the whole bottom
covered with some four feet of earth. The entrance should
A cellar ought to be
always be within two doors, one of which should be at the top of the stairs, and the other at the bottom ; and this is
equal to a gallery.
the south,
it is
If the entrance should look toward
north.
necessary to change it, and carry it to the Cellars whose entrances are toward the south or
:
every one must see the In proportion as the heat of the atmosphere after winter increases eight or ten degrees, a certain number of the air-holes must be closed, because the
the west are not as they should be
this.
reason of
air of a cellar
always endeavours to put
itself in equili-
brium with that of the atmosphere. On the contrary, during the summer it is proper to admit the external air
to
a certain point, to diminish the heat of the cellar.

:
Here, however, some restriction is necessary if the external air is of 55, then the air-holes must be closed.
Prudent conduct with respect to the air-holes will preserve the wine, and prevent its being impaired while in the casks.
A good cellar for wine,
spirits, or
beer should be at a
proper distance from the passage of carts, carriages, and all manner of vehicles ; and also from shops or forges of
SOME DIRECTIONS TO THE DISTILLER.

workmen who
and
anvil.
11
are continually in the use of the
hammer
Their blows
affect the vessels, as well as the
they also facilitate the disengageof the carbonic acid gas, the first connection of bodies ; the lees combine with the wine, insensible ferfluids they contain;
ment
mentation
is
augmented, and the liquor more promptly
decomposed. cellar cannot be too dry ; humidity undermines the tuns, moulds and rots the hoops till they burst, and the
wine
is lost.
Besides
this,
insensibly, and at length
humidity penetrates the casks communicates a mouldy taste to
the liquor.
Experience has proved in France that wine
preserved in vast tuns, built into the stone walls of good These tuns are cellars, increases in spirit every year.
not subject to running, like the common casks; and also contribute very much in point of economy, and in the end For one apparatus, the are less expensive than wood.
space appropriated to a distillery, properly speaking, should not be less than from forty to fifty feet by fifteen or twenty ; but this is only to be understood of distilleries
of wine or spirits.
to
A large yard
or court
is also
necessary
a distillery.

THE average gravity of worts brewed from a mixture of malt and barley is, in all, from 100 to 120 pounds of
But part of this gravity is saccharine matter per barrel. called a mixture from made up fo>, which is a powerful
and strong saccharine, made from barley and malt
flour,
12
THE COMPLETE PRACTICAL DISTILLER.

to the
and added
brewing of the common worts.
This
mixture, although so high in gravity, is yet generally well fermented, being cut down so low as from 6 to 2
pounds on Dicas's instrument, (given further on.)

attenuation
is
This
accomplished 10 to 20 days at most. When perfectly fine, it is put into the wash-still, and distilled into low wines. These
are afterward put into the low wine
spirits
still,
generally in the space of
from
and made into

stills is
and feints.
is
The mere working

plenty of time.
of a wash-still
at once,
of these
simple mechanical process, to perform which, from their

great size, there
The average charge 20,000 gallons of wash

wine
still is
From
this it
is from 10,000 to and the charge of the low the produce of the wash from the wash-still. will be seen that the particular still requisite
in conducting a distillery to advantage, relates to the
brew-
ing of strong worts, and to the proper fermenting of them, a sort of knowledge which has absolutely become a science in the hands of those who possess it.
When
coals, if
the
still is
luted, then
make
the
charged with goods for distilling, and fire under it, which should be of
durable, and
too
they can be obtained, because their heat is most wood fires are subject to both extremes, of
too
little heat,
fire
much and
which are prejudicial and
hazardous.
be pretty moderate at first ; then increased by degrees, and now and then stirred up with
Let the
still,
the poker; and by laying the hand upon the body of the as the fire gains strength in the stove or furnace
under the
to
still,
you
will
the still-head.
is to
When
by moderate degrees carry it up this becomes warm or hot, a
damp
be prepared to check or lessen the violence of

the
fire.
13
of
Special care
must be taken that no manner

any other such
like
grease, tallow, soap, or

ter,
unctuous mat-
get or
fall
into the tubs, rundlets, or cans, because

off all
manner of proof of the goods; and although the strength be very high, yet they will apparently fall as flat as water, and then their strength can
they quite take
only be ascertained by the hydrometer. Lighted candles, torches, paper, or other combustible matters, should never
be brought near the
slight occasions.
still
or
any
vessel
where the goods

fire
are contained, which are subject to take
upon very
But should an accident take place, get immediately a woollen blanket or rug, drenched in water, and cast upon the flame, which will extinguish it by excluding the air.
persons, after the still is charged, make a lu-ting or paste, made half of Spanish whiting and the other of ryemeal, bean-meal, or wheat-flour, well mixed together, and
Some
made with water

for
of the consistence of an ordinary paste
baking } and having put on the still-head, work and make it pliable, and spread it upon the junctures of the body and head of the still, to keep in the goods from
boiling over.
Reserve a piece of the paste,

is
lest the lut-
ing should crack or break out, which

It is a
very dangerous.
to
custom among some gentlemen of the trade
put
one-third or one-fourth part of proof molasses-brandy proportionally to
what rum they dispose
of,
which cannot be
distinguished but by an extraordinary palate, and does not at all lessen the body or proof of the goods, but
makes them something cheaper.

any common waters, or genevas,
2
To recover
or
amend
will take such a quantity
of proof or double goods of the same kind or
denomma-
14
fcion

to the other as the price will bear, or will
answer
the intentions, by such composition or mixture. If by putting proof and weak goods together, the co-
lour or face of the goods be spoiled, which before their being mixed together were fine, as it frequently happens, they must be cleaned or fined, as when newly distilled.
Some
persons throw in about a pound of alabaster powder into their mixed goods, to stop up the porous parts of the flannel sleeve, which fines them immediately.
To recover any goods to a better body or strength, when too low or weak, or fine cordial waters, a proper
quantity must be put, by little and little at a time, of spirits of wine to the goods, mixing or stirring them well
together.
They may be
perfectly restored to the desired
proof with little or no loss, because the spirits of wine stand at about the same price with the cordials, and cost less than some of the brandies. If, by chance or acci-
happen to be spoiled in their complexion, especially genevas, which may be turned as black as ink even by an iron nail dropping into the cask, they must
dent, any goods
be distilled over again, by putting in half the quantity of the ingredients as usual ; and they will come perfectly fine as rock-water from the still, and must be dulcified according, just as they were at their first being made. But the goods, notwithstanding the misfortune they met with,
will
be
much
better than they were before
for
distillation they are
weakened near 1
off
in 20,
by every though imdis-
proved in goodness, as before observed.

Distillers,
tilled
when drawing
and making up their
goods, should be often trying them in a glass or falls phial; and when the bead or proof immediately
15
down, and does not continue a pretty space upon the

surface, then they should take
away the can of goods,
and substitute another vessel

if suffered to
able relish,
feints
which, run among the rest, would cause a disagreeand be longer in fining down ; whereas, the
to receive the feints,
well tasted
tity.
being kept separate, the goods will be clean and when made up with liquor to their due quan-
When
the
still
is
first
about 6 ounces of bay-salt
to
charged, some persons add every 10 gallons of spirits,
and so proportionably, whereby the goods will cleanse themselves, and separate from their phlegmatic parts.
Some
are also in the habit of using a handful of grains of
make the goods feel hot upon the palate, as if they bore a better body ; yet this should never be done, as it conduces nothing toward the advancement of the proof. After all the goods have come off, if designed for douparadise, to
ble goods, they
must be made up
if
to their first quality

is
with liquor.
For instance,
still
charged with 3
gallons of proof spirits, they will yield in distillation about 2 gallons without feints ; which deficiency of 1 gallon must be made up with liquor (and sugar used in
dulcifying) to their determined quantity.
To
single or
common
goods must be added, over and above the prescribed quantity in compounding double goods, one and a
half part
more of
liquor, (viz. one gallon
and a
half,) to
dilute
it
for single or
common
goods.
When
goods are to be dulcified, you must never put
among your new distillation till the matter becomes dulcifying perfectly cold; for if mixed hot with the goods, it would cause some of the spirits to
your dissolved sugar
exhale, and render the whole more foul and phlegmatic
16
To fine any goods speedily for immediate use or sale, (especially white or pale goods,) add about 2 drachms of crude alum, finely powdered, to 3 gallons of
than otherwise.
goods
rummage them
become
is
well,
and the residue

It
will
immealso be
diately
clear
and transparent
must
is called the Hippocrates bag, or flanvery necessary for a distiller or brandy-mer* chant, as by the use of this all bottoms of casks, though ever so thick and feculent, by putting into this bag to fil-
observed, that what
nel sleeve,
ter,
the porous parts of said bag clear filled with grosser matter, and the thin or soon being liquid element runs clear from the bag, and is as good as any of the rest. Also, any foul goods or liquor may be
become presently
presently
made
clear
and
fine,
by putting some
alabaster,
powdered, into the liquor, or sprinkling the same on the bag to stop its pores, by which they presently become or
run
clear, leaving
ter in the
bag
nothing but the sediment or gross matnor does the liquor contract the least ill
flavour from the alabaster powder.
The
said
bag
is
made
of a yard of flannel, not over fine
or close wrought, laid sloping, so as to have the bottom of it very narrow, well sewed up the side, and the upper
part of the bag folded about a broad wooden hoop, and well fastened to it ; then boring the hoop in three or four
places,
it
may
be suspended by a cord.
But
the bottoms
of fine goods, which are much more valuable, must be filtered or put through blotting-paper, folded in four parts,
one part or leaf

ble to receive
to
what
be opened funnel-wise, and made capait will hold of the bottoms ; this being
filter off
put into the upper part of a large tin funnel, will all the goods from the sediment.
DISTILLATION
17
OF DISTILLATION, AND THE APPARATUSES MADE USE OF.

THE
apparatus for distilling, upon which
in
many
im-
France are founded, is that of M. Adam. provements En a furnace, situated in one corner of the distillery, is The head is in the placed a still built into the masonry.
From form of a dome, solidly fixed with the cucurbit. the centre of this dome a tube ascends, as thick as a man's
arm
;
and
this runs into the first vessel, placed
on one side
of the
stili,
which
is
fixed
upon strong
joists.
From
first,
this vessel issues a second tube, similar to the
but in the form of an arch, which enters into another vessel, also resembling the first, which communicates with a third in the
same manner. In
this apparatus,
:
thus simplified, there are several points to be considered
In the
first
place, all the vessels fixed
upon the
joists are
made in the form of an egg, and have their two ends Secondly, that the entering tubes, viz. placed vertically. those which proceed from the still to the first egg, and
from the
in the
first
to the second, &c.
have their extremities
bottom of each egg, and there form something like the head of a garden or watering pot, pierced with several
holes,
Thirdly, the last of these eggs,
when
there are
but three, and sometimes the two last, when there are four, are furnished with a cooler in their upper part ; and this is always filled with water while the distillation is
going on.
These
vessels,
with their refrigerators, are
called condensers.
Every
distiller
does not use condensers; the major itj 2*
18

them
as useless
look upon
three-six.
when they only wish
to obtain
However, they have all the rest of the apparatus complete ; and as these eggs communicate one with
another, and each separately with the
first
;
worm, they
only neces-
be used as condensers at pleasure sary to turn or stop one of the cocks.
may
it
is
At the extremities of these eggs a large tub is placed, the interior of which contains a large worm constructed of tin, which plunges into the wine instead of water, and
is
hermetically sealed.
This
first
worm communicates
with a second longer than itself, and enters a large tub placed under the first, which is entirely full of water.
On
dug
for
one
side,
and under
this lower tub, a large space is
in the earth
and
built
round with stone, which the

this serves as a
French
distillers call a
tampot ;
magazine
their
pumped
still,
previous to distillation, which may be into the upper tub. All the eggs, as well as the
wine
communicate with the upper tub through tubes placed between the lower part of the eggs and the still ;
there are, besides, lateral tubes
which run from the uppei
part of the eggs to the orifice of the worm in the uppei tub. There are other tubes proceeding from the uppei part of each of the vessels, even from the still, which enter a small
worm immersed
side of the
in a little
tub upon the furof the
nace,
by the
still.
The mechanism
than the apparatus. the A is the furnace on Explanation of Egg-Plate. which the still B is built ; of this the dome or head only
distillation is
less curious
is
no
to
be seen
masked by the building,
the punctuated lines indicate the form c is the tube, furnished with a
cock on the outside of the furnace, communicating witb
DISTILLATION.
Fig.l
of discharging the still, for the purpose alembic and the eggs. The small tube D, also provided with a cock, serves to point out when the still is full The little tube E also within two-thirds of its height.
the bottom of the
proceeds from the head of the
still,
with
its
cock, which
communicates with the long tube x X X x, which runs from the last egg that is to say, from that at the greatest distance
little
from the
is
still
and communicates with the

little
worm which
plunged in the
tub
F,
placed
under the furnace to prove the vapours contained in each of the distillatory vases. This little worm has the cock Q
at its lower orifice.
H, H,
are a series of distillatory ves-
sels or condensers, in the
shape of eggs, solidly fixed upon the timber-work p Q, and in succession with each other on
the side of the
still.
This plate represents only three eggs, though the number may be augmented at pleasure. It was the opinion
of
M. Adam
ter the rectification
that the greater the number of eggs, the betwould be carried on. The still comfirst
municates with the
egg by the tube
i,
whhh
rises
20
bottom of the egg, where
from the centre of the head or dome, and descends to the it enlarges into the form of the
rose of a garden watering-pot, pierced with a number of holes. It must be understood that this tube is soldered to
the egg at
its
vapours but by the way
entrance, to prevent any other issue of the ic f ended.

this with
The
which
first
egg communicates with the second,

last,
first
tho third, and so on to the

is
by means of the tube M,
egg at the point K, and proceeds to the bottom of the following, where it enlarges in the form of a watering-pot, as in the first. The last egg
soldered to the
is
furnished with the cooler N, by means of which the su

is
perior part of the egg, where the vapours are collected,
encircled with water to

cooler
it is
commence the
refrigeration.
This
gets too
supplied with a cock o, to let out the water when warm. Every condenser is furnished with a
this, or
cock like
into the
otherwise their upper parts are plunged
common
tub full of water.
This tub or bag, often made of copper, has the form of a parallelepiped. The tube R communicates from the second egg with the worm, which is generally used with
two eggs,
sufficient to obtain
close the cock M,
brandy at 18, when they which communicates with the second
and third egg, and they open the cock R to establish the communication with the worm. The pipe s communicates between the third egg and the worm. When three
eggs are used, they operate as just indicated; they open the cocks M and s, and stop the cock R. The same prois observed the number of eggs are when ceeding greatest
employed.
Each
rf these
has a tube that communicates with the
DISTILLATION.
21
worm, and
all
these are soldered to the spherical T, in
which the vapours from each egg are deposited, to be conveyed from thence into the worm in the tub u. u is
a tub, hermetically closed, which contains the principal worm ; this is full of wine, heated by the passage of the hot vapours from the last. It is also surmounted with
the
dome
a,
from which proceeds the pipe
ft,
that serves
to contain the alcoholic vapours that escape
from the tube
last mentioned, from the vessel T, or from any of the eggs or still, to convey them thence into the worm, j is a large tub under the first, and which encloses the second
worm, but
longer than the other. kept cold ; but disgorges itself the c on the outside of the vessel, against through pipe which it is supported by the three iron bars d, d, d. It
is
much
It is full of water, always
has not been thought necessary to represent the stone

cavity used as a storehouse for the wines designed for distillation, which wines may be raised into the tub u by means of a pump managed by one man the conducting pipe of this, marked fff> discharges itself near the bot;
tom of the tub u.
g is the pipe of communication belonging to the and the eggs; 7i, k are cocks to establish or intercept the communication of the eggs with the conducting
(j
still
*',
pipe g; I, I, m, n are cocks for continuing or interrupting the communication between each egg and the still, to dis-
charge it, or with the condensing vessel, for the purpose of filling it ; o o is the pipe through which the brandy or the feints are conveyed by means of the tunjp, when
they wish to charge the

to the pipe g, into
still
it
or the eggs.
It is soldered
which
discharges
itself,
and
is
con
22

by two iron
bars,
solidated with the rest of the apparatus
one of which
other
is
is
nailed to the timber-work p Q, while the
come d'abondance,
first This pipe is called egg. All the apparatus or horn of plenty. of the French distillers that have been encouraged by pa-
attached to the
tents have been constructed according to the principles of
now described, or those analogous to them. In the working of the still just described, they first close the lower cocks that communicate with the grand
this
tube connected with the egg. They open those of the conducting tube; then the wine contained in the tun
escapes and settles in the still. During this time a labourer pumps, to replace the wine in the tun that has escaped by the pipe. They know that the still is
charged when the wine flows through the The globules are compelled cock adapted to it. to traverse the liquid to ascend to the upper part of the
sufficiently
little
egg
but
it is
issue
from the
necessary to observe that the vapours that still are not purely alcoholic, but mixed
with
many watery particles. In visiting the vacant part of the egg, the watery part mixes with the wine, with which it has much affinity,
while the spurious parts, accumulating in the upper part of the first egg, pass from that into the second and third,
having traversed them where worm, they condense, and second worm.
and
after
all, settle
in the upper
finish the cooling in the
The
second worm, and

that purpose.
liquor comes out cold from the lower orifice of the is received into the vessel destined to
The vapours are passed through all the condensers, or only a part of them, accordingly as the
DISTILLATION.
23
operator wishes to have the alcohol more or less pure. In order that the alcohol should not evaporate in passing
from the worm into the hogshead, &c., and that the stream of the liquor may be seen at the same time, a pipe is attached to the extremity of the worm, communicating
with the bunghole of the hogshead.
The terminating
part of this pipe
is
formed of
glass,
through which the liquid may be distinctly seen. This instrument is called the lantern. The alcoholic vapour
that passes into the
first
egg in a
state of ebullition,
and
deposits a part of
ebullition of the
its
caloric there,
contributes to the
wine in this vessel, and disposes the liquor to distillation ; still the wine is not carried to that degree of heat necessary for this operation till a considerable time after the distillation has
still.
It is then less pure than
commenced from when it was first put
the
in
\
charged with watery vapours that have not been able to combine with it.
it
is
Two
different products are then
brought up to the su-
perior part of the first egg ; that is to say, the brandy that came out of the still, but disengaged from its watery
parts,
first
first,
egg.
and the brandy produced from the liquor of the This being charged with more water than the
first liquor; and nothing is obtained mixture beyond a brandy of 14 or 16. In the passage of the liquor into the second egg, the same
weakens the
this
from
phenomenon takes
place ; but here the aqueous vapours the with wine, and the alcoholic vapours rise from mingle the second egg with a less quantity of water than those
of the
first,
and the brandy flows
at
18.
When
it is
the
24
object to extract brandy only at Holland proof, or the still and two eggs are sufficient.
18,
The cock which

egg
transfers the vapours of the second
to the third is then closed,
and that which communiegg

to the highest
cates the vapours of the second
worm,
of the
or the
still
first
worm,
is
then opened.
The products
are taken
till it is
perceived that the liquor
is
dimi-
nished in strength.
The
first
another, to receive
hogshead is then removed, and replaced with what are called repasses, or feints, in
;
order to redistil them

still
and continue the operation

spirit.
till
the
no longer yields any

1
To know
the precise
moment whe ^
open the
the
little
first
stopped, they small cock on the side, which conducts to worm placed upon the stove, and close that
the distillation should be
which conveys the vapours from the still into the first The vapours being condensed in the small worm, egg.
the liquor is received in a small glass ; being thrown upon the head of the still, a piece of paper may be lighted by this hot liquor, which, if it does not burn, it is thought
proper that the distillation should be stopped. French distillers use the same process, in order to
eggs employed.
still,
judge of the strength of the vapours disengaged from the When these, which proceed from the
no longer contain any alcohol, the fire is extinguished, and they let out the residuum, which is become useless ; and afterward do the same with respect to the
eggs.
is
But
if,
on the contrary, alcohol
is still
found,
it
passed from the egg into the cucurbit, which is charged as at first; and they finish at a convenient time by adding The the feints, or some wine, if it should be necessary.
DISTILLATION.
25
eggs are then charged with the wine found in the first worm, which has already been heated in the first distillation
tion.
:
this is a great saving of fuel,
and hastens the opera-
In small
or
distilleries,
where only three eggs are

the eggs or the alembic
used,
when they would charge

brandy
feints,
they may distil three-six, by charging one or two eggs, or the alembic, with brandy or with the feints. They use a large tube, which being
fixed
with
between the
still
and the
first
egg, communicates
with another, used to charge the alembic with wine ; a funnel is introduced into the orifice of this tube, and by this means, and by closing the communication with all
the rest, the liquor
is
and the cocks are

alluded to
is
also
conveyed into the vessel intended, closed. The large tube here
Another point
the eorne d'abondance, or horn of plenty. is very essential to be attended to. It has
filled
been said that the tun
with wine, in which the

;
first
worm
is
placed, was hermetically closed

it
but notwith-
standing this,
receives the alcoholic vapours while very

is
warm, and the wine
heated by them, and consequently,

is
as well as the eggs, disengaged
To
retain
them the tun
order that they may the loss of the goods, the cover is made in the shape of a dome, surmounted by a small tube, which either conducts
from the vapours. completely covered ; but in not force the cover, and thus cause
worm, into the eggs, or into the still. these precautions, no loss can attend the proObserving With the aid of the pump the wine cess of distillation.
conveyed from the tampot into the tun, and is discharged at the bottom of this vessel. The cold wine, heavier than warm always occupies the
is
them
into the
26
lowest place, and expels the warm liquor which server* to charge the still or the egg. This construction has
another advantage, as the alcoholic vapours that escape the tun can find no other issue but through the tube,
which
carries them into the egg. The whole knowledge of distilling apparatus
consists
in the perfect understanding of the application of heat, of
For the purpose of vaporization, and of condensation. acquainting the distiller more perfectly with his calling,
all
the various apparatuses and improved processes will be given, as far as thought strictly practical and useful. It now remains to give a description of the different
systems on which the most remarkable apparatuses of disThese systems may be tillation have been constructed.
1. Distillation reduced to four principal and distinctive 2. Distillation the by the winesimple apparatus. by
:
warming condensing apparatus. 3. Distillation by steam and by rectifiers. 4. Continuous distillation. The three first will be described elsewhere in this work ; the fourth will now be considered, constituting what is termed
CONTINUOUS DISTILLATION.
The continuous
scribed,
is
fig.
apparatus, which
is
here to be de-
2, has undergone
many improvements, and

state.
now
presented in its
most perfect
This apparatus is composed 1st. Of one still, and sometimes of two.

2d.
3d.
Of a distilling column. Of a rectifier. 4th. Of a wine-warming condenser.
27
OP THK
i
^^
^8
duced by the
almost placed in immediate contact with the steam prostill. To this effect the steam meets with
obstacles in falling, and presents itself multiplied obstacles to the ascension of the steam,
which
this
body cannot
conquer without passing through the wine; by these means the latter is divided, and so perfect a contact is
established, that, in a very short time, the analysis is
com-
fact, the wine arrives almost boiling in the pleted. column, through the conduit D E ; without having lost any part of its alcohol; and the more it descends toward
In
the
the
still
still
A, the
more
it
is
deprived of
it,
until
it falls
in
in a state of spent-wash.
The contrary takes
place with the vapours supplied the still A ; on leaving it they are quite watery, and they arrive at the point c of the column in a very rich state, although this richness is always proportionate to that of the wine operated upon.
The
little
tube
is
a level necessary for the purpose
of observing and conducting the work. It will thus be seen that this column of distillation, little elevated as it
is, fills
the same functions as a multiplicity of
stills.
It offers better results

less copper,
and greater
effects,
with
much
to the
and presents the advantage attached

This
it
system of continuity.
III.
The
is
Rectifier.
is
that part of the apparatus
which
it is
surmounts the column, of which a continuation, and contains the same mechanonly
marked c G ;
The spirituous vapours, such as they are, supplied by the column, pass through the rectifier, by the conduit H, into the wine-warming condenser, which will be immeism.
diately spoken
of.
There they are rendered richer in alco-
hol.
29
when
the spirit
is
required to be of great strength.

:
This
way The vapours condensed by the condenser Q I pass through the tube hj into the refrigerator, when they are
sufficiently rich
;
rectification is effected in the following
but, if this is not the case, they

i
by means of the retrograding pipes g

meet with obstacles
to the falling of
may, and g /, be brought
back, whole or only in part, to the rectifier ; there they in their fall similar to those opposed
wine in the column.
These low wines undergo thus an analysis similar to that which the wine undergoes in the column ; that is to
Bay,
that these low wines arrive in the rectifiers

t
much
richer in alcohol than the wine that is worked,
and that
they leave this part of the apparatus in a state of richness about equal to that of the vinous vapours. Thus it is evident that these low wines have been deprived of their
by which they have been analyzed. It is thus that, by means of th'e rectifier and of the retrograding pipes, the strength of the
alcohol in favour of the spirituous vapours
spirits
may
be regulated.
It has already
been seen with
what
art
structed,
and ingenuity this apparatus has been conand how successfully it fulfils the principles
vapours that are the most watery are always wine ; and reci-
that have been established on the art of distillation.
In
fact, those
in contact with the weakest part of the
procally, those that are charged with the greatest quantity of alcohol, when they are to be rendered richer, are always
Thus every thing conin contact with the richest liquid. curs to deprive the wine of its alcohol without ever rendering it richer itself, and to dephlegm the vapours without ever mixing them with liquids poorer in alcohol than 3*
3U
This advantage should be well observed, belongs entirely to the system of continuous distillation. The glass tube ef, the same as c d, serves to
themselves.
for
it
indicate the
movement
of the liquid in the column.
The Wine-warming Condenser. This apparatus, shown in Q I, like the preceding, has two distinctions
IV.
:
First, to
condense the vapours with which
it is
supplied, for
the purpose of transmitting them either to the receiver or to the worm. Secondly, to appropriate to the wine intended for distillation the heat which the vapours lose by
being condensed.
It is evident that these functions are
This condenser is a copper cylinder, closely connected. into which the wine arrives gradually through K L, to leave
it
through D
all
E.
It contains a vertical
worm, the pipes

parts,
01
which
pipes
hj
communicate, by their inferior and g j, through the tubes 1, 2,
with the
8, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
and the vapours arrive in this worm on leaving the rectifier G C, which they leave through H, entirely condensed, through the fourteen tubes, or through
14
;
hence they proceed either to the rectifier or to the In the execution of this wine-warming condenser conditions are to be fulfilled which are not easily sur/ ;
cooler.
mounted ; but by proper care and

be apprehended
to
attention no fear need
such a state of perfection has the

difficulties
apparatus been brought. The following are the

selves
:
which present them-
On
tion,
one side
that
it
is
necessary, in this system of distilla-
the
common temperature
is
of the condensei
if this
should not exceed that of ebullition, because,

the case, the wine, which
wero
much
poorer in alcohol than
the vapours
it
31
in virtue of the rules laid
has to condense, could not fill this object, down on the capacity of alco-
hol, of water, and of their vapours, for heat.
On the other side, the wine, arriving through B c in the distilling column, should nearly be at the boiling point; for, without this condition, instead of being analyzed by the alcoholic vapours, it would condense part of them to acquire its maximum of heat ; and this would be
a real defect, occasioning a loss of time and heat ; besides, the space through which it passes in the column,
being calculated to operate on
its
analysis, admitting it
enters immediately in distillation, would, in the former case, not be large enough to deprive it of all its alcohol ;
and a large proportion of the

into the boiler.
ciliate these
Now
this is
latter would accompany it what has been done to con:
two dissenting conditions The condenser has been divided into two equal parts, Q and I, by means
of a diaphragm,
o,
which, having an opening toward
the bottom of the condenser, allows the wine to arrive
gradually through
L,
and
to pass continually
from
I to B.
The pipes
in the
of the condensing-worm
which are immersed

;
wine of Q contain the most watery vapours
these,
of course, abandon more heat by condensation. The wine contained in Q is warmer than that of any other part of
the condenser
it
through D
of specific
and, what is more, the wine which leaves always the warmest, in virtue of the laws stopcock r is fixed to the congravity.
;
is
denser, for the purpose of discharging the
wine when the
apparatus requires to be cleansed. V. The Refrigerator, or Cooler.

tical cylinder, in copper, into
The
cooler
is
a ver-
which the wine
is
received
32
THE COMJLETE PRACTICAL DISTILLER.
through the conduit x R, from whence it passes into the condenser, through K L, which is fixed on the upper It contains a worm, into which the vapours part of it.
are condensed, and leave through
in the liquid state.
cock
is
used
working period is VI. The Reservoir.
discharge at an end.
to
the
worm when
the
The
;
reservoir contains the wine
intended for distillation
a cock
is
fixed to
it
the
degree of aperture of the latter is regulated by the quantity of wine with which the apparatus is to be supBut as this quantity may often plied in a given time.
vary, according to the unequal pressures caused
by the
unequal heights of the liquid contained in the reservoir, the height and pressure are consequently regulated by
means
of the following regulator.
VII. The Regulator. u, is a small vessel into which the wine is introduced, either by means .of a pump, or runs into it naturally if it can be so contrived. Its inferior part is provided with a cock,
which opens or shuts
according as the liquid sinks or rises in the reservoir.
This result
is
obtained by means of a float
q.
MODE OF WORKING THIS APPARATUS.

It is filled through u,
which
is
apparatus. it to the height required, which is indicated by the glass then the distilling column is charged with that level;
portion of the
Thus the wine comes
the highest part of the into the still, and fills
Bteam.
are full';
At
which is to oppose the passage of the period the condenser and refrigerator the introduction of the wine is suspended for a
this
w ne
33
tie cock p, to time, and is again continued by opening of wine ; stream a continuous the with apparatils supply
this is only
done when the wine

its
in the still has
been
entirely deprived of
is
alcohol,
and when the wine which
in the condenser is sufficiently hot to be introduced
into the column.
vious
Then begins in reality the continuity, and all the prework is only preparatory, although distillation has
;
already begun.
apparatus
one
is
There are two very distinct parts in this that in which the steam, mixed with
the boiling wine, or with the low wines also boiling, undergoes, by means of this mixture, a change which is the
is
most conformable to the object of distillation ; the other that in which the vapours are only in contact with the
wine through the intermediacy of the worms in which they are condensed, and their heat is abandoned in favour of the wine intended for distillation. The first is evidently composed of the distilling column and of the rectifier; the condenser and the refrigerator constitute the
second.
rules laid
hol,
To account for the down on the various

arrived at
effect of the first part,
the
capacities of water, of alco-
and of
their vapours for heat,
must be borne
in
mind.
cannot take any more heat without being transformed into steam ; it occupies then a volume one thousand seven hundred times greater, and
Water when
212
although the steam possesses the same temperature as the water by which it has been produced, that is to say, that
it
it
does not cause the thermometer to rise above
212,
yet
contains eight times more heat than water ; for about two pounds of steam mixed with fourteen of cold water
gives sixteen pounds at
212.
When
pure, alcohol-
34
that
is,

when weighing 152
C passes into vapour at 172
temperature.
Its
much
vapour possesses the same temperature, and contains less heat than the vapour of water ; for two pounds
will only give a
of alcoholic vapour, mixed with about six of cold water, mixture of alcohol and water of 172 C
heat. Yapour of water, which can only remain vapour at 212? of temperature, will be condensed at a temperature at which alcohol will keep its vaporous state in water,
:
temperature, the vapour of water will be condensed, when, at the same time, that of alcofor instance, of
172
hol will pass through condensation.
it
without undergoing the least
If, instead of passing through water at 172, this vapour passed through boiling wine, the water will be condensed in favour of the alcohol of the wine, which will be vapor-
ized in relative proportions, and this in virtue of the well-recognised fact that when wine, composed of a mix-
ture of alcohol
and of water,
is
in a state of ebullition,
alcohol only takes the temperature of 172, which is, of What happens in this course, colder than that of water.
case
is
?
The vapour of the

it
condensed, because
water, in traversing the mixture, meets with alcohol which has
only 172 ; and as the latter cannot take any more heat without passing into vapour, it is vaporized by means of
the heat which the steam of water has abandoned in
being condensed Supposing the vapour which passes through wine in a state of ebullition to be itself a mixture of vapours, of
water, and of alcohol, it is easily foreseen what will hapthe portion of alcoholic vapour will pass without pen,
35
losing any thing in the wine, while the portion of watery vapour will be condensed, and produce a relative quantity
of alcoholic vapours. Such are the phenomena which take place in the systems in which one still is distilled
by the
other.
Such
are, also, the
phenomena which
are
observed in the distilling column and in the
rectifier of
the apparatus now under consideration. The nearer the are to the of summit the the richer the column vapours
wine they meet, and the more they are charged with
alcohol.
it
As, in this case, the wine operated upon, and such as is supplied by the condenser, is the richest, and as
these vapours are greatly charged with alcohol when they leave the column to enter the condenser, it must be con-
ceived that this column has an
immense advantage of
other
stills;
and that
it
serves only and continuously to
in other apparatus
enrich the vapours, without ever enriching the wine; while it is always necessary to render the
wine rich before richer vapours can be obtained.
The
same phenomenon takes place in the rectifier. The low wines, which run back into it, present to the vapour a
liquid
in the
much
richer in alcohol than that which

;
it
has met
but these low wines only appropriate to themselves the water of these vapours, to which they aban-
column
don a portion of their alcohol. The spirituous vapours, on leaving the rectifier, enter, through H, into the worm
of the wine-warming condenser
:
even in this part of the
apparatus they
may
be more dephlegmed, and from these
In this apparatus every thing they pass into the worm. is combined in such a manner as to cause all the vapours that are produced to be condensed in the wine-warming
36
there they take the liquid state, but as they ; are in contact with wine which they have already rendered
condenser
very warm,
they cannot be
cooled
there.
They
are
suitably cooled in the refrigerator, into contact with cold wine.
where they are brought
The advantages
consideration are
offered
by the apparatus now under

given time, according to the a much greater quantity of
First, to be able, within a

size of the boiler, to
distil
wine than can be done by any other apparatus, depriving the same of all the spirit it contains.
Secondly, to be managed easily and without
bour, as there
still; for
is
much
la-
no necessity
for repeatedly charging the
two men
may
at once direct
two or three of
these machines without fatigue, having no other charge than that of watching and supplying the fire with fuel,
which, considering the small quantity
made use
of, is
not
very laborious.
moderate
Thirdly, the whole apparatus can be had at a very rate, compared with many others, and it prospirit
it
duces more
Fourthly,
than any of them.
occasions a great saving in fuel. Fifthly, being simple in its mode of construction, no; much room is required } it is not liable to obstructions j
and
is
easily repaired, supposing
it,
which
is
not the case,
capable of derangement. Sixthly, to furnish at will spirits of a superior quality. Seventhly, not the least quantity of water is wanted
for the condensation of the vapours or to cool the spirits,
the matter intended for distillation being always sufficient vO absorb tte heat of the whole of the vapours produced
37
Fig. 3.
apparatus
it
cut (fig. 3) is an improvement on this the alterations, &c. which, it is said, render more adapted to the distillation of wash, are fully ex;
The annexed
plained in the following description of A, boiler producing the steam which

tillation.
it.
is to effect
the dis-
column, divided into ten pieces, each of which has from one to three screwing stoppers
B, distilling
38
2/y
THE COMPLETE PRACTICAL DJ*:HLLER.
&) 2/> by which means the inside may be seen, and the hand introduced in every part of the interior, c, rectifier,
placed on the top of the column, in which the low wines, returning from the condenser at the distiller's leisure, are
rectified
the residue of the rectifier leaves the tube q into the boiler A.
by the steam of water ascending from the column ; q, and runs
D, wash-warming condenser; the conduits of which, intended to receive the steam, are of a peculiar form, preThe matter to be senting a large condensing surface.
distilled is constantly introduced into it
by means of a
through a funnel h h ; the vapours arise from the column, are condensed, and heat this matter to 80.
pump
/,
The products of condensation are divided by the stopcocks 7 and 8, which may be opened to send back inte
the
rectifier
those
that do
not
possess the
requisite
strength,
to
u u serves
to stir the matter in the condenser,
prevent the heavy part from settling at the bottom.
E
F
is
is
common
refrigerator
immersed
in water.
a probe, into which the produce of distillation is In the middle branch </, covered with a glassi received.
beli, an hydrometer and thermometer are placed; ef is a branch formed by a glass tube ; the products of distillation are seen running through the small tube e ; they
run through
f into
the vessels intended to receive them.
a vessel into which the spent-wash falls ; it comes in through &, and runs out through m. This vessel fills
is
the functions of an hydraulic safety-valve. H is a vessel with a plunging-tub; in case (which is not at all likely to happen) the matter in distillation should
ascend into the column,
it
could not proceed to the con-
CONTINUOUS DISTILLATION
denser, for
it
39
and through
would be stopped
t
in the ball r,
while the vapours should take y their direction to the condenser. I is a mechanism formed
the tube
s
run out by
by a banded axis and two wheels with teeth
it is
moved
by one man,
who
causes the
pump k
to play,
and turns
the shaft u u, to the bottom of which two wings are fixed, for the purpose of continually agitating and preventing
the matter from settling at the bottom of the condenser. is a pump, which brings the matter from the jack back
into the funnel
h h of the condenser.
MODE OF WORKING THIS APPARATUS.

The
in the
still
is
filled
lumn and condenser
with water, (the first time the coare filled also with water ;) the water
still is brought to ebullition ; the steam passes through a a a into the inferior part of the column, ascends from case to case, passes through the rectifier into the condenser, where it abandons its caloric in favour of the
water
contained
in the
latter.
F, the
water arrives at the probe

interruption.
When this condensed pump K works without
The matter proceeding out of the pump having sent the water out with which the condenser has been filled, arrives in the
column through p p, where

it
it
is
met by the
steam, which causes
to boil
it
descends from case to
case in a constant. state of ebullition, and, arrived into the
runs into G, and leaves through m. By openand 8 of the condenser, the lowest products cocks 7 ing of distillation are sent back into the rectifier; there they
last case, it
are dephlegmed, and return at a very high strength, which does not vary during the whole time of distillation. As
40
atill
the water which passes in the state of steam out of the A is to be replaced, and as it is indispensable that
it is
this water should be very hot,
drawn from the wormstill

it
tub E through o o o
before
it
enters the
boiling hot.
passes
through G, where the matter
is
Cock No. 4
regulates the quantity of water which is to be introduced. When all the matter has been pumped out, the process is continued for about a quarter of an hour, for the pur-
is
pose of exhausting the matter left in the column. The fire then drawn off; cock No. 1, fixed on the tube a a a, is
opened, as also cock No. 3, which is fixed to the tube K on the lower part of the column. The next day the operations are
recommenced
in the
same way.
The column
and the condensers are

There
is
left filled
with matter.
another system of continuous distillation which be described ; it possesses the advantage that it can be applied (the distilling column) to the neck of the
will here
Btill.
See fig. 4, on the opposite page. A, double still, having Description of the Apparatus. a copper partition in the middle, which divides it from
top to bottom
;
there
is
a hole at the lower part of the
partition, so as to establish a
communication between the
two
stills.
B, first distilling column.
second distilling column. of these columns contain an evaporator in the form of a double vice of Archimedes.
c,
Each
is
common
capital or
head belonging to the
first
column.
E, | capital or condenser, for the purpose of
making
strong
spirits.
$
41
Fig. 4.
F,
column of the head, containing an evaporator, conmiddle of the head to receive

tn*?
structed in the form of Archimedes's vice.

G, space left in the
water necessary for the condensation of the low wines. H 7 envelope of the column which receives the cold wine
through the funnel
J.
it
I, tube, having a regulating cock; from the tub R into the funnel J.
takes the wine
j,
means
funnel which takes the wine in the envelope of a double-branched tube.
H by
K, tube which takes the wine from the envelope of the
head into the lower part of the common head. L, tube which introduces the wine of the envelope of
the
common head on
the evaporator of the
first
column.
42

M, tube which takes the spirituous vapours of the
first
it
solumn into the upper part of the second, which sends

into the pipes contained in the head.
N, tube which takes the wine of the envelope of the
column on the evaporator of the second only used where spirits of a low strength are
first
this tube is to be
made,
tube by which the spirituous vapours are taken from the head into the worm.
o,
P,
worm.
worm-tub.
Q,
R, supplying the apparatus with the
wine
it
is
to be
alimented by a larger tub. s, funnel, followed by a tube which takes the cold
water into the middle of the column of the head.
T,
tube which takes the water into the funnel

air- tube.
s.
u,
V receives the spent-wash at the bottom of the column, from which it proceeds into the second
through a pipe. x, funnel communicating with the outside of the
first
still
still
used for the purpose of evacuthe spent-wash, which, when it is above the level ating of the funnel, runs out of the still.
;
by means of a tube
it
is
Y, man-hole.
z,
doors of the furnace and ash-hole.

R.
W, tube which aliments the tub

wine.
No. 1 ; regulating cock, supplying the apparatus with

2, cock to discharge the envelope of the head.
3, cock to discharge the
middle of the column of the
head.
4, cock
43
common head on
5,
which takes the wine of the envelope of the the evaporator of the second column.
cock to discharge the envelope of the 6, cock to discharge the worm-tub. 7, cock to discharge the still.
8, cock to
common
head*
bring the water.
9, cock to aliment the tub R.
MODE OF WORKING THE APPARATUS.

The
still
is
filled
with water, which
is
brought to
out of the
ebullition.
When
the distilled water runs
worm
the operation should commence. Cock No. 1 is about half opened, so as only to give passage to half of the The interior a of the wine it is capable of furnishing.
head
is
filled
with water by cock No.
8.
The wine
runs through the funnel J into the middle of the envelope H, which is filled as high as the tube K; it enters then through this tube into the lower part of the envelope,
and,
the latter is full, the wine runs from this part the tube L on the evaporator. The wine runs through on the evaporator of the first column on which it is distilled;
when
and the spent-wash runs out
at the
bottom of the
column.
head D, and spirituous vapours proceed through M into the upper part of the second column; they then rise into the pipes of the head, in
rise into the
The
which they may be more or

vapors alone can traverse
less
it,
condensed
the spirituous
and the phlegms return

distilled before
is dis-
back into the
first
column and are again

first
coming
tilled
into the
still.
In this operation the wine
column, the phlegms on the evaporator of the second, and the spent-wash falls
on the evaporator of the
44
into the

still,
which
is
the most distant from the evacuit
ating funnel x, where

tirely deprived of
its
remains long enough to be en
alcohol.
cold given to the head
The various strengths are obtained by the degree of by means of the water introduced
8.
by cock No.
the wine
is
In the apparatus as previously described,
in
immediate contact with the steam in the

last the contact is effected
column, but in this

the
through
medium
of the coppers of the evaporator.
APPARATUS USED PRINCIPALLY IN AMERICAN AND ENGLISH DISTILLERIES.

As regards the vessels mostly used in this country and England, when the condensed vapours are obtained in the liquid form, the shape and situation of them are very
different.
elastic form, to a certain height.
The vapour should be kept completely in its The neck of the vessel
should then turn by a sharp curve on an elbow, so that the substance, after condensation in the liquid form, may. by its gravity, descend as quickly as possible. The
height of the elbow above the point where the heat is applied should be only sufficient to guard against the mass below getting over the neck by boiling. When the
neck of the lower vessel
is
liable to be long,
it
should be
defended either by being polished or clothed, to prevent the escape of heat, in order to allow the vapour to be
carried over into the descending part before
it
condenses.
The
vessel
from which the vapour
rises,
when
of a
large size,
still.
45
and used
for distilling simple fluids, is called a
Those for experiments in a small way, and also for
distilling acids,
ammonia,
ether,
&c., are called retorts;
the vessel that receives the distilled matter being called a receiver.
When the worm- tub is employed, the still requires such a shape that the greatest possible surface may be, exposed to the fire. Its shape is then that of a frustum
of a cone.
The neck should be of such width
as to con-
The height of vey the vapour away as fast as formed. the neck is regulated by the nature of the substance
operated upon
:
if it is
longer, to prevent its boiling over
mucilaginous, the neck should be and the exterior of ;
the lower part should be polished to prevent the escape of heat; the descending part painted black, and its end
inserted into the end of the
worm.
The worm-tub
is
wooden
the
still
vessel, about six or eight times the capacity of

;
the length to the diameter should be about ten The worm consists of a spiral tube, which enters on one side of the tub at the top ; it then passes
to seven.
spirally, in six or eight convolutions, to the

it
bottom, where
comes out of the side
in order to discharge the liquid

it
arising
from the vapour condensed within

is
by the agency
of the cold water with which the tub
is filled.
The water
comes
running away from the

circle, its
constantly changing, by the warm water top, while a supply of fresh water
in at the bottom.
The
section of the tube being a
capacity should not be less than one-fifth of that of the still ; the diameter of the ends of the tube
effect a
The object is not merely to being about three to one. the condensation, but to cool the liquid
:
46
TH4 COMPLETE PRACTICAL DISTILLER.
of performing this will not always depend upon the relative size of the vessel, but must be governed by the
the quantity of vapour supplied in a given time, and the subthat encloses of cold vessel water. The supply
stances to be distilled
It is very
is
called an alembic.
to use
dangerous
one that
is
not tinned, as
An alembic the liquor would assume a deadly quality. is composed of two or three parts, according to which the distillation is carried on by fire or by the Balneum Marias :
in the
first,
the bottom of the alembic
is
in close contact
with the
in
is placed another vessel larger than itself, which, being filled with water, acts as a medium between that and the fire.
fire;
but in the
latter, its
lower part
The alembic, properly speaking,
is
composed of two
parts,
the cucurbit and the head; but though the form of the latter may vary according to the systems of operations
adopted, its use is always the same, namely, to contain the matter intended for distillation. When the cucurbit
is
large
and spacious, as
necessary to
it is
then
it is
In this case
in great distilleries, the masonry of the copper. difficult to clear it of the phlegm, or
it
must be
fix it in
the residue of the distillation, even with the aid of a Howsiphon, according to the practice of the ancients.
ever, this is
now
best remedied
by a cock on one
side of
the vessel, near the bottom, that must be set running when the alembic is discharged, or when it is necessary to clean
it.
The
size
of the cucurbit varies
\n
different
countries.
Many
distillers, to
augment
their products, or
to ameliorate the quality of the liquor,
add a cooler
to
the head of the

ally
still.
However, the observations continuhave sufficiently proved
made
in
large distilleries
that
coolers,
if
ll
not pernicious
in
the
distillation
of
brandies, were useless. Consequently the use of them was dropped, as was also the pipe or tube called the
blackamoor's
head.
But whether the
still-head
be
conical or otherwise, its uses are always the same, viz. to receive the vapours caused by the ebullition of
the
liquid,
and
to
transmit
them through the

the
still-head
dif-
ferent
tubes
that
surround
and form
a part of it. These tubes present the figure of a truncated cone, the smallest diameter of which is the most
distant from the head.
in a distillery
Every vessel composed of copper should be well tinned, and continually

will occur.
examined ; otherwise a deterioration
The
acid
of wine as well as that of ardent spirits, corroding the
copper, will form verdigris, which will be tilled with the liquor.
mixed and
dis-
In describing the
Britain,
it
stills
of this
country and
Great
is
necessary to observe
that all distillatory
vessels are either alembics or retorts.
The former
consists
of an inferior vessel, called the cucurbit, designed to contain the matter to be examined, and having the upper part
fixed to
it
called the capital, or head.
In this
last the
vapours are condensed by the contact of the surrounding air; or, in other cases, by the assistance of cold water
enclosing the head, in a vessel called the refrigeratory, or cooler. From the lower part of the capital, or stillhead, a tube proceeds, called the
spout,
nose, nozel,
beak, or
through which the vapours, after condensation, are made to flow into a vessel called the receiver, which has
usually been spherical.
.Receivers have
had several names, according
to their
48
figure,
There have being called matrasses, balloons, &c. been various modes of applying heat in distillation, depending upon the nature of the apparatus employed as
still
The common well as upon the substance to be distilled. formed of is metal, immediately exposed to the being
naked fire, since from its tenacity, and its property of conducting heat with facility, it is not liable to crack, which is not the case with glass or earthenware. The
heated in various ways, the most common of which has been by the sand-bath, a vessel of iron filled witfr
still is
fine
dry sand.
The annexed figure (5) is a specimen of a still which has stood the test for a number of years, and is one worthy
of the attention of the reader.
49
The
still
here represented
is
made
of metal, as usual,
but having one internal division a a] this forms the still into two compartments; these are both charged with The still wash, or other liquid intended for distillation.
being heated by the furnace below, the vapour from the lower compartment will be driven through the tube 6, and descend by the bent pipes c c into the wash of the
upper compartment, or from the tube 6, without the bent pipe ; the vapour may be dispersed above the surface of
the liquor within the placed over the tube
still,
by the intervention of a plate
6, by a pipe df up to the vessel of descend and water, again by the pipe e into the upper compartment of the still ; by which means a partial con-
densation will have been effected of the grosser vapours which have arisen from the lower compartments, and the
higher or uncondensed vapour will pass off through the to the condensing apparatus. perpendicular pipe small pipe #, with a stopcock, is inserted into the tube &, and carried through the vessel of water, by which a small
quantity of the vapour from the lower part of the still may be admitted into the glass vessel h, for the purpose
of ascertaining the quality of the vapour. When the spirit is out of the lower compartment of the still, and the upper compartment reduced to the
gravity intended, the spent liquor below is to be drawn off through the cock i\ after which the valve k may be
opened, to admit the liquor from the upper to the lower

part of the still; and the succeeding charge is drawn from the cistern Z, through the pipe m, to the upper part The condensing apparatus consists of two of the still.
cisterns, placed
one within the other; the inner one

5
f>0
should be made of copper, and is filled with wash or other liquid intended for subsequent distillation, by means of
the pipe and funnel. This vessel should at least contain two charges for the upper compartment of the still. The outer vessel n n
may
be made of wood, and must be charged with water
When the vessel is atcircumscribing the inner vessel. tached to other stills, the outer vessel n n may be dispensed with, and the pipe o o attached, which must communicate with another condenser. The vapour passing
from the
still through the pipe/, as above described, proceeds to the spiral condensing pipe p } which passes several times round the vessel /, and the vapour being cooled and
condensed in
spirits,
its
progress, finally collects in the form of

off
and
is
drawn
inserted into the head of the vessel
through the pipe o] q is a pipe with a light valve /,
opening upward, for admitting any vapour into the condenser p, which might arise from l\ but this at the same
time prevents the passage of any vapour from the
still
waste-pipe r is attached to the The parts of cistern n, to carry off the surplus water. this apparatus claimed as an improvement by a gentle-
through the pipe
f.
man
for
in
London
are a vessel to contain wash or other
liquid in the progress of distilling, surrounded
by a cavity from the the still. The water condensing apparatus shown at h and s are glass vessels containing a number
of graduated bubbles of known gravity, which being put into a glass vessel, into which a portion of the spirit passes
still according to the number of bubbles afloat, denote the levity of the spirit by their colour or shape. With the assistance of a thermometer, the strength is
from the
ascertained.
51
Here
it is
not necessary to describe the well-
known graduated
on this
is
bubble.
Another improvement made
to cause the liquid operated
upon
in the pro-
cess of distillation to flow gradually over the heated surface of the boiler while it continues to give out its spiThe quantity of liquid allowed to rituous evaporation.
be acted upon, or to pass through the
still
in a given
time, and also its velocity, is regulated by the circuitous route in which it proceeds ; and by that means the complete operation of the fire
upon the whole
fluid is insured,
without impeding or clogging the spirituous evaporation
by aqueous or empyreumatic vapours.
By
this construction of a
still,
a continued and unin-
terrupted distillation, boiling, or evaporation is carried on as long as the supply of liquid is furnished and the fire
kept up.
In
boiler
fig.
is
made on
a view, in profile, of the section of a still or the improved principle, of copper or any
fig.
is
other suitable material; and a plan of the same.
7,
on the following page,
Fig. 7.
The bottom
titions,
high to have openings from one another at opposite sides, a is a reso as to make the course a sort of labyrinth,
titions
of this boiler is divided by concentric parwhich stand up (as shown in fig. 6) sufficiently prevent the liquor from boiling over. These par-
b is a pipe ; or tube descending from the reservoir, conducting the liquor to that part of the boiler marked c, which is the
servoir of liquor prepared for the operation
of the race. From hence the liquor flows the channels, as shown by the arrows, progresthrough sively traversing the whole surface of the bottom ; so
commencement
that the full effect of the

tions of the liquid,
fire is exerted upon small porwhich causes the evaporation to pro-
ceed with great rapidity. The residue of the liquor then passes off by the discharge-pipe d, contrived to slide, for the purpose of regulating the quantity and depth of the fluid intended for the
still
-
and
this pipe should
be in such proportion to th
58
admission-pipe as to cause the perfect distillation of the liquor in its passage to the regulating tube. The spirit which rises in the head of this" improved
still
will be
found
stills
much
tained from
of the ordinary construction,
stronger and purer than that obwhere the
spirituous vapour is
much mixed
with aqueous matter

to
and other
impurities.
The channels may be extended
any length required, over a bottom of any dimensions, by

contracting their breadth. Stills upon this principle may be made of all sizes and shapes, round, square, or otherwise } and the partitions may be placed in concentric or
eccentric, circles, with
openings on their sides at such
dis-
tances as shall cause the liquor to flow over the most extended surface of bottom; or the still may be square,
with angular partitions ranged as a labyrinth, or in any other manner, so as to cause the run of the liquor to be
greatly extended over the surface of the boiler. The bottom of these stills may be either flat, concave,
convex, conical, or of any other form ; and the entrance of the liquor into the still, and also its discharging aperture, may be at the side, in the middle, or elsewhere, as
circumstances
may
dictate.
Boilers or evaporators
may
be made on this plan, either with or without heads, and their capacity of working may in all cases be increased
by placing layers of
flues,
pipes, connected thereto, within the
and chimney \ which pipes may be bent or coiled in a serpentine direction or in any other position, and the liquor to be operated upon made to pass
between the
still
operation
through them previous to its entering the still thus the may be advanced to any required state of for:
wardness.
Stills of the
above description, particularly

5*
if
54

square,
its.
made
may be
divided internally into several, each
separate head and condenser; by which arthe spirit condensed from the first may fall rangement into the second, to be again operated upon, and so on to a
having
third,
whereby a
at
rectification
may
be carried on to any
In the still one operation and by one fire. degree shown at fig. 6 a set of chains are seen suspended from
the bar e
e,
in motion
supported by a central shaft, that may be put by a toothed wheel and pinion, actuated by a
in loops,
crank or winch.
These chains hang
and
fall
into the spaces
between the partitions, to sweep the bottom of the still as the shaft revolves ; and thus they prevent the material
acted upon from burning,
when
of a thick, glutinous na-
ture, as turpentine, syrups, &c.
between each
explained at
circle,
fig.
8,
Ledges may be placed on the principle more particularly which is square, oblong, or round, its
at the
bottom intersected with portable ledges, fastened ends and bottom, if square or oblong, and only
bottom,
a space
if
to the
; except that under each alternate ledge of any width required, between it and the bottom, so that the liquid, in entering at the end or cen-
round
is left,
tre,
it
passes over the one and under the other ledge, until
arrives at the point of discharge.
Thus the whole mass, whatever depth

still, is
it
may
be in the
a layer of the thickness of the space between the ledge and the bottom.
effect of the fire in
submitted to the full
Fig. 9 differs essentially from all the others in this, that the bottom is doubled up and down in plaits, and represents a surface
commensurate with the length, depth, and
Fig. 8.
55
Fig. 9.
number
ledge
is
of the plaits, between each of which (as in fig. 8) a run from side to side of the still, and fastened to
both, leaving a passage the whole length underneath, be-
tween
its
lower edge and the bottom of the groove formed
by the plait, by which the liquid in its whole course is reduced to a stratum of any thickness required along a surface
of
immense
extent, occupying comparatively but a small

to all the heat of the fire.
space,
and exposed
In the fore-
going descriptions the stills have been considered as in immediate contact with the fire ; but it is proposed to work them by steam, which may be applied either externally or
internally, or both, as
shown
in
fig.
10.
In this figure, a
safety-valves,
:
represents a
steam-boiler, furnished with
and supplied with water in the usual way this boiler is surmounted by three stills upon the foregoing principles. The bottoms are perforated at certain distances throughout their whole extent, and into each of these perforations a tube is inserted, branching into ramifications of smallei
56
dz:
Fig. 10.
tubes
the extremities of which are bent
down
into the
liquid flowing through the still. The steam from the boiler passes
the hollow vessels
c, c,
up the tube It b into and thence through the tubes d, d, d

e,
into the smaller curved pipes e y
e; at the extremities of
which
it
pervades the liquid in
its
progress.
If
it
should
be deemed more advantageous to transmit the caloric from the steam through the metal, without allowing the steam to pass into the liquid, it may be done by closing the extremities of the curved pipes e, e, e, and placing them in a horizontal position, with a small inclination, in order to allow the condensed steam to pass into the boiler.
Here the
other, and
spirit arising in
one
still
might pass
into an-
be again operated upon; and distillings of every degree and of various substances may be carried on in one continued operation at the same time and by one
nacderate
fire,
which, upon this principle, will
suffice for
57
the largest establishment known. Another improvement, is an apparatus for advantageous to the art of distillation,
of alcohol or spirit during the vinous preventing the loss
fermentation.
(See
fig.
11.)
Fig. 11.
This apparatus consists of a vessel or head, constructed

so as to be capable of attachment to and
communication
with the back or vat in which the process of fermentation

is
&c.
carrying on, in the production of wine, brandy, beer, The back or vat is to be closed on all sides, air-tight,
except an opening in the top, which communicates with the head above mentioned. This head is to be surrounded
by a
vessel of cold water, in order that the alcoholic va-
pours evolved during the process may, on rising up into
58

down
the
inside of the vessel
the head, become condensed, and then trickle and descend into the vat.
By
tion of the alcohol,
the application of this apparatus a certain proporwhich has been hitherto suffered tc
escape with the non-condensable gases in the form of steam, will be condensed and returned into the liquor ;
while
the
non-condensable parts will
be
carried
off
through a pipe. The cut (fig. 11) represents this improved apparatus, the vat and the cold-water reservoir being shown in
section,
is
the vat containing the fermenting liquor,
is an aperture communicating with the interior of the conical-formed vessel b } the lower part
in the top of
which
of this vessel
circular plate,
is
made
cylindrical,
and passes through a

c is the re-
on which the supporters rest, servoir of cold water surrounding the conical
vessel,
which
may be supplied by a stream of running water, c? is a worm or pipe communicating with the interior of the vesand, passing off through the side of the reservoir, is a small pipe descends into another vessel of water, e.
sel b,
which proceeds from the lower part of the vessel
6,
and
descends through the fermenting liquor nearly to the bot-
The gas and alcohol rising from the vat. liquor in the vat into the conical head b, and coming in contact with the cold sides of the vessel, produces a contom of the
densation of the alcohol, which runs down the side of the cone into the circular channel g at its base, from whence
into the vat below ; while the alcohol passes by the pipe the non-condensable gases pass out through the worm-pipe d, and finally escape by bubbling up through the water
into the vessel
e.
PREVENTION OF INEQUALITY OF HEAT.

If any portion of the alcohol should pass up the
pipe,
it
59
worm-
will
become condensed
in its progress,
position of the
worm
will be enabled to
and by the run back again,
and pass into the vat. A small cock h is placed at tha bottom of the cone, for trying the strength of the conThis apparatus may be removed froi* present situation to another fermenting vat by Jrawing off the water and disengaging the head b from its place. The plate is furnished with circular wedges rouu6
densed alcohol.
its
the circumference, as seen at
i, i,
made
to act beneath
hooks; the apparatus, being turned round by the handler

in a horizontal direction,
becomes
fixed in its place, hav-
ing between the plate and the head a ring of thick leather, to prevent the gas from escaping. The sole object ana
novelty proposed in this improvement is to prevent the loss of alcohol in the usual process of fermenting liquors
in open vats,
and
to return the
condensed alcohol into the
liquor again.
INSTEUMENT TO PREVENT INEQUALITY OF
HEAT
DISTILLATION
viz.
IN DISTILLATION.
consists principally of two operations, the conversion of the matter into vapours by heat,
and the condensation of the same vapours by
its opposite. Therefore, that this twofold operation should be effected with promptitude, and at the least expense for combus-
tibles, it is
necessary that a perfect equilibrium should be
established between the heat in evaporation and the con-
densing cold in resisting the
latter,
by means of a given
60
quantity of water of fixed temperature passing through the cooler in a given time. It is necessary that the tire should be regulated in such a manner that the quantity
that which at the
of vapour produced should be neither greater nor less than same time may be condensed by the
application of cold.
The
failure of attention to this circumstance (particu-
larly in the distillation of spirituous liquors)
may
pro-
duce the following inconveniences

will pass
First, if the fire is
too violent, a great quantity of the condensed vapours from the worm into the external air, and occa-
sion the loss of the matter distilled, and also of the fuel.
Secondly, if the fire or heat is diminished too soon, the condensation will produce a vacuum in the worm and in the alembic, which, not being proportionably filled by the
fresh vapour, will admit the entrance of the external air,
and impede both operations ; and, lastly, will carry with it a part of the vapours, and occasion loss of time, and
also of the matter distilled.
at the
To remedy these defects, and same time provide simple and effectual means for
instrument has been invented which
an indicating the exact state of the heat every instant, may be adapted to
any distillery or apparatus, and is, in reality, nothing more than an application of known and practical princiThis ingenious machine possesses another singular ples.
advantage
;
namely, that in intercepting the communica-
tion of the atmospheric air, the products of the distillation are more abundant and perfect; for, in proportion as the
vapours condense, a vacuum

apparatus into
is
formed
in that part of the
which the vapours are drawn, in the same

the
manner
as
by
pump
tney are also less compressed
PREVENTION OF INEQUALITY OF HEAT.
61
in every part of the apparatus which they may fill ; the condensation is more rapid, and the products, upon the
whole, greatly superior. To render this instrument
still
more
useful, its lower
part should be completely immersed in a vessel filled with cold water up to the ball ; the liquor, though ever so
little
impregnated in traversing this cold

its caloric.
fluid, will
com-
plete the deposition of
This precaution will also prevent the losses that quently result from the negligence of the workman.
fre-
Fig. 12.
Explanation of
inches in diameter.
be attached to the
the
glass, in several pieces,
A B c D ; a tube of copper or bent over, with a ball H eight The upper end of the tube A may
Cut.
worm by means
6
of a vice.
The length
62
of B c, c

D
is
four feet, and the capacity of the ba.l
is
something more than that of the tube BCD.

lation having
The
distil-
commenced, the vapours condensed

the ball
will pass
through
will
A and
into the tube

filled
BCD.
But
it
will only be
when
the two arms are
that the liquor
ceive
go out through D to enter the vessel intended to reit. These two arms will then remain filled during
the whole process of the distillation ; and in this consists the remedy of the inconveniences the instrument is in-
tended to remove.
It
is
uncondensed vapour
driven out
all
easy to see, that if the fire becomes too brisk, the will not be able to discharge itself,
to the
by opening a passage
external
air,
before having
the liquor contained in the tube
c,
and
overcome the pressure of a column the height of which In the second place, the external air is equal to c D.
cannot enter to occupy the void occasioned by the slowness of the fire, but only by expelling that from D c, and
surmounting a pressure of the same height. Still, column being four feet in height, allows a sufficient
tude and time for the
the tube
this
lati-
workmen
it
to regulate the fires.
If
would only be necessary to glass, observe the level of the liquor in the two arms. Its being lowered in B c would indicate the necessity
was of
of diminishing the fire ; and in c D it would be necessary But as the operation in the tubes of this to increase it.
BCD
length
is
rather precarious,
glass regulator
it
would be best
to attach to
E,
Ea
little
EF
E, of
which the two arms
r;
each being three inches long, contains mercury ; this, in rising alternately in one or the other, would be an exact
indication of the degree of the heat,
and also of the vapours.
PROCESS OF MALTING.
63
This regulator might be enclosed, so as to prevent accidents.
Between
this
and the worm
is
the stopcock G,
which, in the beginning of the operation, communicates with the external air in the same manner as the cock of an
air-pump
but after the
fire
has been forcibly driven, the
vapours may be seen issuing out of i; then turning this cock, the communication between the worm and the external air
is
closed,
and the other between the same worm
and the regulator must be opened, and the actions of both will commence. The ball H prevents the liquor driven
bic.
air from rising in E F E and in the alemscarcely necessary to add, that the head, whatever its form may be, should be well luted, in order to
by the external
It
is
prevent the entrance of the external
air.
OF THE PROCESS OF MALTING,

FOR
kind of
&c.
a long time, corn has supplied the trade with a " spirits, commonly called spirits of corn."
the various kinds of corn used for the purpose of Oats, Indian corn, rye ranks the highest.
also used with success; barley
is
Among
distillation,
and wheat are
almost
always mixed, in a proportion which varies, with those

vegetables.
best, and we may say the only, way of ascertain' the venal worth of corn is that of its specific gravity ; ing o that, all things being equal, that which under an equal
The
tion, as well as for
measure weighs the most must be preferred for distillaevery other use } and the price varies,
particularly, according to this quality.
Its other quali-
64
ties

are
by no means a matter of
indifference
such as their
perfect conservation, because those that are heated render much less spirit, their fermentation not being so good.
As
to the
defects inherent to
corn which agricultural
chances have occasioned to germinate before the harvest,

these are recognised
corn
it
w"eighs
much
by the appearance and weight of the less than that which has not un-
dergone this change.
Wheat
is
not
much
used for dis-
tillation, because, destined more particularly for human food, its value is generally greater than that of other
corn,
and because
its
produce in
spirit is
not proportionate
to that value.
and they
and
Oats, for a like reason, are seldom used for distillation, are useful as food for horses. Rye is the most
its
convenient, because
also because
it
produce in
spirit is considerable,
leaves a proper margin for the distiller.

fit
Besides, being
little
for baking, it
would
find
compa-
ratively little use without distillation.
There are many methods for predisposing corn to fermentation, but there exists three operations common to
all
;
The
first
these three operations are practised in all distilleries. is that of grinding ; the second is that known
are of such importance in the distiller's art,
under the name of steeping ; and the third that of mashing.
They
it
that
will
them
separately, and to indicate at the
not be considered out of place to describe same time their
object and utility. Every species of corn destined for distillation should
This is a not be ground into fine flour, but only broken. the has of which utility ; not proved experience practice that a greater division of the vegetable would be an ob-
PROCESS OF MALTING.
stacle to fermentation,
65
when the following preparations of; but these preparations would then be of a more difficult workmanship, and the expenses of grindThese inconveniences may ing wtmld be much heavier.
are
made use
be avoided by only reducing corn into coarse

result is obtained
flour.
This
by having the mill-stones

It is
at a proper
distil-
distance one from the other.

leries to use the
customary in
corn as needed.
;
This, in fact, keeps betliable to be heated

;
ter in its natural state
it is less
and
by
its
these
means requires
if
:
less precaution to
be taken for
preservation.
Distillers
are
advised to follow this
method,
in spirits
they wish not to be exposed to great decrease corn heated, either in nature or when reduced
to flour, loses its fermentable properties.
For the most

it
perfect intelligence of this operation, let
be supposed
is
that the quantity of matter to be fermented
equal to
200 pounds.
coarse flour,
thirds
is
The
corn, being selected
and ground into
more than
deposited in a tub capable of holding twothis amount, and filled so as to keep a

for the
vacuum necessary
tion.
.
scum produced by the fermenta-
the flour
Then proceed to steeping. It is effected by pouring on 200 pounds of water, at 120 or 180, accord-
ter in winter than in

is to
ing to the season of the year; the water should be hotsummer. The best mode of working
pour on the flour a mixture of hot and cold water, such as to form, after ten minutes' brewing, a mixture at
or
95
100, which
it
will be easily obtained in all seasons;
to effect this the use of a
thermometer should not be negguide to conduct this opera-
lected, as
is
an
infallible
tion regularly
6*
66
THE COMPLETE PRACTICAL DISTILLER,

state,
In this
when
there are no
lumps that have
es-
caped the penetration of the water, and when the mixture has been agitated for ten minutes, the tub is left to subside for half an
sufficient.
hour; one-quarter of an hour

as its
is
even
The
object of this operation
is,
name
indicates, to
steep and soften the grain, and the temperature of 120
by making it absorb water; or 130 contributes to ren-
der water more penetrating consequently, it has been If the temrecognised the most proper for steeping. was its effect would be much lower, slower, and perature
after a quarter or half
an hour's rest the corn might hap-
pen not to be sufficiently steeped. If it was higher, on the contrary, the corn would be apt to be baked, and the
operation might
fail
;
such would be the
effect of a
tem-
perature of 180. At. this heat the fecula enveloped with gluten is baked to the surface of each fragment of corn, and forms a solid
envelope, which presents an obstable to the easy penetration of the water into the interior parts of each of the
fragments;
and
this
penetration
should indispensably
of the following
take place before

:
the
commencement
results
it.
operation such a way as to effect
a real
harm
from not proceeding in
It is likewise essential, in the
beginning of this operation, not to pour at once into the tub all the water necessary, and the operation will always
be well conducted
when
the water arrives gradually, dur-
These ing which time the flour should be well stirred. rules, which have just been established for steeping, are
general,
f
and admit of no exceptions, whatever be the na-
ure and state of the grain
made use
of.
PROCESS OF MALTING.
6/
The steeping
ration is that of mashing.
of the flour being finished, the next opeThis consists in well brewing
the grain which has been steeped, while a quantity of boiling water arrives gradually into the tub, till the mixture has acquired
last five
175
or
180;
At
the agitation should
minutes, at least.
left
this period the tub is co-
vered,
and
to subside for a space of time
from two to four hours.
principle
is
;
may
is to
varying be laid down,

the
that the longer the mixture
left to itself,
more
complete will the operation be

hours' standing
is
that
say, that four
always better than two. would sometimes be more injurious than beneficial to extend this space of time ; such would,
Nevertheless,
it
for instance, be the case if the
mixture descended below
This process will always be well executed if conducted in such a manner as not to allow the temperature
of the mass, during a mashing of three or four hours, to sink below 120 or 125. To this effect the tub should
120.
be carefully covered after the brewing is over. But it may easily be perceived that, whatever precautions be taken to avoid the loss of heat, it will always be considerable in the space of a few hours, even if there
was none
sustained but that occasioned by the side of the tub. The smaller the mass operated upon, the greater this loss will
be,
and
vice versa.
It will
;
always be greater in winter

to use the
than in the
for
summer
so that the talent of the distiller
mashing
;
consists in
knowing how
thermoto a
meter
for instance, he will give a little
more heat
small tub than to a large one say, 145 to a tub of medium size, and 140 to tubs of great dimensions. He
will also
increase the
heat a
little
in
the winter, and
65
lessen
it

in the
summer
and in
all
cases the lob
must be
put
to fermentation as soon as its
temperature
is fallen to
110.
Should he wait longer, he is exposed to have the whole mass spoiled by the acetous fermentation, which is
easily developed at that temperature.
siding of the maceration a
During the subphenomenon takes place which

it
has for
its
object to saccharify the fecula of grain, and to

it
predispose
thus to fermentation, which

it.
could not un-
dergo without
In
fact, if corn,
taken in a raw
luted with water at
100,
to
state, was simply diform a mixture bearingJ3L2
of heat, the most proper temperature for fermentation, the

latter
would never be developed ; or, at least, it would only declare itself after many days, and that with very little intensity. It is not the case when the mashing has
been well conducted
ditions
;
and the more favourable the conhas been executed, the better the
under which
it
fermentation will proceed.

sidered a real saccharificution
Mashing may then be conand if we remark the ana;
logy between the saccharification and an experiment by which starch has been converted into sugar, by means of water, gluten, and a temperature of 145 kept up for
twelve hours, the saccharification of the fecula of corn during the mashing will easily be conceived.
In
is
fact, all
grain contains gluten, with which the starch
in
immediate contact.
Water
is
is
added during the opeto a
ration,
and the mixture

This
is
exposed
temperature of
the most proper temperature for mashheat starch is converted into sugar in the this ing; by Not that this effect could not be shortest space of time.
145.
obtained at a lower temperature,
100,
for instance,
PROCESS OP MALTING.
69
and
but then the mass would be in danger of turning acid, if this temperature was to be maintained for some
hours, the evil resulting from it would be irreparable. If the temperature exceeded 145, there would be no
inconvenience to bring it to 155, and even to 165; but Above 180 at 180 the danger begins to show itself.
there
is
and
if
great danger of doing harm to the fermentation ; the heat approached 200, there would be no ferall.
mentation produced at
It appears that the gluten,
which
in this operation is the vehicle of saccharification,
only posseses that property

to too
when
it
has not been exposed
high a temperature; heat seconds its action very
much, and renders it more intense, but the maximum of this heat is from 145 to 165. The proportion of water
acts also a remarkable part in the maceration, and the greater the bulk made use of, the more prompt and complete the saccharification will be, all other necessary con-
ditions being fulfilled; for instance, generally, to
work
400 pounds
in steeping,
of flour, about 12 gallons of water are used
and 30 are added

four hours.
in
mashing
this will be
complete
in
But if the dose of water was doubled, this mashing might be as complete as the former in the course of from two to two hours and a half; such is the influence of
water on the saccharification of starch.
These phenomena will hereafter be demonstrated by

other examples
over
;
when speaking
that
is,
tatoes, this will be particularly considered.
of the maceration of poWhen the
mashing
is
after
two or four hours, accord-
ing to the quantity of water
bordering upon 145
of, a temperature having been maintained then the
made use
70
liquid
it is

put to fermentation.
This
is
done by adding to
new quantity
of water, so as to have the mixture well
diluted.
Previously, the operations common to the various methods made use of to predispose corn to fermentation have
been signalized, and which always take immediate precedence over the latter; but it often happens that corn
intended for distillation
ration,
is
known by
the
name
submitted to a previous prepaof malting. It is scarcely ever
the case that an individual uses
corn for the purpose of distillation.
raw (that is, unmalted) The French and
English
distillers
always mix their raw grain with a cer-
tain portion of malt,
and a great many German
distillers
work
tial
entirely with malted grain.
It will thus be essen-
minutely to indicate the best processes practised in This operation is composed of several others, malting.
which will be successively described. In steeping, the corn is thrown into a tub in such
Then a quantity as to fill seven-eighths of its contents. is poured on the water of fresh so as to grain, quantity
cover
of
is
it
a few inches.
The
it is
quality of the water

it
made use
not indifferent;
necessary
should be fresh and
limpid.
The
grain by impregnating
object of this operation being to soften the all its parts with water, a space of
time
requisite proportionate to its dryness and temperathat it is less penetrable in winter than in sumso ture,
is
mer, when old than when new ; and
to regulate the
time
necessary for this operation, a fixed period should not so
much be taken
nised.
for a basis, as certain signs, easily recog-
You may
always be certain that the corn has been
suf-
PROCESS OP MALTING.
71
I
ficiently steeped when, on being strongly rubbed between the hands, it is completely crushed, without leaving any solid or irreducible particle. All the other means resorted
to to recognise the period of its termination are analogous

to the latter;
such
is,
for instance, that of cutting
it
by
the nail or crushing it between the teeth. By these means and a little practice, you may always convince
yourself that not the least particle ^f corn has escaped the penetrating and softening action of the water for this
is
is
the only object of steeping. To guide the operator, he informed that the grain is sufficiently softened and
penetrated after having remained from thirty to forty hours in the water, according to the season and the materials
made use
of.
It is necessary to
in
remark that
it is
sometimes essential
the heat of the
summer
to
renew the water once or
twice, because, without that precaution, a fermentation
might take
ened, and
is
place,
which would always prove injurious
to
future results.
the corn has been sufficiently softplaced under one of the conditions necessary
it is
When
for germination,
conspicuously in bulk ; this is the reason why recommended not to fill the back entirely.
extremely swollen, and increases it has been
Then the water is let out of the back through an open ing made in the lower part of it, and continues to be
drained for ten or twelve hours previously to the succeeding operation, the object of which is to cause the
grain to germinate.
The corn, having been suitably steeped in the way above described, is placed on the malting-floor, near to which the steeping-back should ê placed, to save labour
72
as>
and
placed in a heap on the floor, becomes palpably warm ; this heat is produced by the grain beginning to work, and generally declares itself in from twelve to twenty -four
as possible.
It
is
much
left to itself until
it
hours after
period
it is
it
has been committed to the
floor.
At
this
disposed in layers of from 12 to 14 inches in depth, according to the heating state of the floor; they are laid thicker when the temperature of the grain is low,
and thinner when more elevated.
The
influence exercised
by the thickness of these layers on the progress of the germination of the corn is very great, with respect to the
heat which this thickness
principle
it
may
contain; and from this
must be concluded mination would take place, and
that without heat no gerthat from the moment the
for instance,
watered grain has gained the temperature of 170 to 180, it begins to undergo an internal alteration,
which produces heat

layer than
is
itself.
is
From hence
thin
it
will
conceived that this heat
better retained
;
be easily by a thick
observation
by one
that
is
and on
this
founded the principle which has been emitted on the variation of the thickness to be given to layers on the
This kind of fermentation, thus established
malt-floor.
in grain placed under favourable conditions, soon produces at the end of each grain, and particularly of those
that are in the middle of the layer, a white point, which

is
a sure sign of the commencement of the germination. This point appears generally twenty-five or thirty hours
after the grain has

it
been placed in layers.
At
this period
at the important bottom of the layer that which was uppermost before; this effect is obtained, by removing it to another part of
is
to turn the
grain, so as to place
PROCESS OF MALTING.
73
the floor by means of a wooden shovel. It would greatly improve the quality of the malt to submit the grain to
this operation once or twice before the
appearance of the
white point.
The
object of this
is to
regulate the heat of the whole,
mass, so as to place all the parts of the grain under circumstances equally favourable to germination, and thus The heap to cause the movement to be simultaneous.
being thus turned, the white point observed in the grain
comes out and presents extricated
fibres,
but the growing roots of the plants. portant than ever to mind the grain
it
Then
to
which are nothing it is more im-
remove and turn
frequently, as before recommended, so as to regulate the germination.
This management
it
is
essentially necessary, for without

;
an unequal heat would reign in the mass
this
would
occasion the roots to grow unequally, and it would be impossible to fix a determinate time for the term of ger-
This operation is generally at an end when the fibres have acquired a length of 6 or 7 lines ; then the decomposition of the corn is come to a point which if
mination.
recognised as the most favourable to malt, because at this period the plume which is to form the stalk of the plant
is
on the point of making
its
appearance
and
if
the ope-
ration was
any longer continued,
so as to give this
plume
the time of shooting out, the malted grain loses a part of the substance useful to the production of spirits. Germination provokes in the corn a change particularly favourable to the success of mashing ; it becomes sweetish, and
this taste is
owing
to the
saccharification of a small por-
tion of the fecula, or starch.

7
The gluten
is
partly de-
74
THE COMPLETE PR 1C11CAL DISTILLER.

is left
stroked, and that which
becomes soluble
in water,
from insoluble, which it was before the germination had taken place. By these means the fecula is set at liberty,
and the gluten, having become soluble, possesses properties much more energetic than when in its natural state.
The
object of malting is, then, to convert into sugar a small quantity of the fecula of the corn, and to predispose, at the same time, the rest to a saccharification more
complete and prompt, by giving to the gluten the property of being dissolved. All seasons of the year are not equally favourable to malting ; the brewer, whose attention is particularly directed to the malting of his corn for the preparation of
month of March to any other. The malted grain during that month is always of a better Malted corn would not keep in the state of huquality.
beer, prefers the
midity in which it is found on the malt-floor, nor could i be reduced into meal for the purpose of being mashed ;
is, then, necessary to dry cuted as follows it
:
it,
which operation
is
is
exe-
The
corn, having sufficiently germinated,

it
taken to
the malt-kiln, where
is
spread in layers of 8 to 10
is
inches' thickness; then
fire
made under
it
with com-
bustibles making no smoke, if it can be avoided, because, without this precaution, the malt might contract a smoky smell and taste, which would be transmitted to the spirit.
In the brewing of beer various sorts of malt are made use differ one from another by the temperature >f, which only
they have been submitted to on the kiln but it is recommended to dry corn destined for distillation at a tempera-
PROCESS OF MALTING.
turc as near approaching
<5
it
is
145
as possible;
the most
favourable to the quality of the malt.
In
fact, this
temperature, which
is
also that of
mash-
ing, occasions in the wet grain a new formation of sugar, in small quantity, it is true, but this influence of the
kiln is not without producing good effect on the subsequent operations, and the temperature of 145 is attended The combustibles most genewith the greatest success.
rally used for the purpose of drying malt are coke or
distilled coals
;
ments of hydrogen
distilleries.
if it
such as that furnished by the establishgas, or even that proceeding from the
Next to that comes the vegetable coal, which, can be procured at a reasonable price, is very suitable for the purpose.
After this comes the ash-tree coal.
This species of
combustible makes
little
or no
smoke when burning, and
exhales sulphurous vapours, which are not at all obnoxious to the quality of the malt. The grain increases
greatly in bulk by the operation of mashing; this augmentation maybe rated at about one-eighth or ninth part, and their specific gravity decreases in proportion ; specific,
because the real loss sustained in weight, during the fermentation of grain on the malt-floor, is not easily per-
but as it occupies after this operation a greater ; space under the same weight, it is easily conceived that it does not weigh so much under the same bulk.
ceived
The reader being now acquainted with

malting, and with that of mashing, as
the process of
also with the effects
Of
of these operations, let them now be applied properly. all kinds of corn, rye is the one principally used for
distillation.
Other corn might,
it
is
true, equally bo
76
used, but in an economical point of view rye produces It might be used in the the most favourable results.
raw
and might undergo the vinous fermentation, having been suitably prepared and mashed ; but experience has proved the necessity of adjoining to it a certain portion of malted barley. To this effect a quantity
state,
after
of barley
is
malted, and then mixed to raw rye in the
proportion of
20 parts of malted barley
to
80 of rye
this
mixture
is
mashing.
submitted to the operation of grinding and By this method rye produces more than by
any other preparation.

Its produce is greater thus than when used alone, even when malted. Malted barley has the property of rendering rye more fermentable, and it is only in co-operat-
ing,
by
its
materials, to the conversion of the fecula of
the rye into sugar, during the mashing and even during the fermentation, that it produces this effect. Distillers
observe particularly the effect of malted barley on rye in the act of distillation. On consulting them on its mode of acting, they all agree in attributing to it the property
of giving lightness to their lob, or paste. In fact, they have ascertained that, in working with raw corn alone, the fermentation is not so good; and when
submitted to
distillation, the
heavy matter which
is
found
in suspense in the liquid
has a very great propensity to to the bottom of the still, and strongly itself precipitate The least inconvenience attached to this to adhere to it.
accident
rit
;
is
it
and
that of communicating a bad taste to the spihas happened that the bursting of the appait
ratus has been occasioned by it; so that
is
necessary
PROCESS OF MALTING.
to prevent such accidents,
77
and
this
result is obtained
by
mixing the raw grain with a portion of malt.

Distillers explain
thus the action of malt, by saying
gives lightness to their paste, and prevents its fallto the bottom of their still. This explanation, howing ever incomplete it may appear, is nevertheless the
that
it
expression of a positive fact.
fecula has not been converted into sugar,
Indeed, so long as the it forms with
the water a kind of paste, which has very little fluidity, and which, if exposed to the fire, may easily stick and
>urn to the bottom of the
still.
What, happens when malted barley

raw grain
its
?
is
:
used with the

the barley, by
It has already been stated
germination, has undergone a change which renders it more proper to saccharify the fecula. This fact has
already been indicated, and still stronger proof will be To saccharify fecula given when treating of the potato.
is to
and
to
destroy the paste which gives viscosity to the liquid, supply the fermentation with proper aliments,
is
which
effected, in the distillation of grain,
by means
of malted barley ; and by thus favouring the fermentathat of having a tion a double advantage is obtained
liquid less
tilled.
heavy, and, of course, more easy to be disoften happens that distillers are in want of
distil their
It
malt; then they are forced to

out
it.
raw grain withthife
To
obviate a
little
the inconveniences attached to
of working, they add, during the mashing, a quanThey attribute to this chaff a property tity of chaff. analogous to that of malt that of giving lightness to It has been ascertained that chaff has this their matter
way
78
property, if not of saccharifying fecula converted into paste, &t least to render it fluid, and make it more attackable
that
by the saccharifying agents.

barley,
It is
besides
gluten,
contains
even probable another matter,
which, like chaff, contributes, but more energetically, to the fluidification of fecula. This supposition is the more
sesses to the
starch.
probable, because no other grain, even when malted, possame extent the property of saccharifying
For
this reason it is
always employed, in preference to
any other grain, by brewers and distillers. The proportion of chaff used is from 3 to 4 pounds per quintal of
raw
malt.
grain.
Its effects are well
known
in practice,
and
many
distillers
even when they use Brewers also make use of chaff, because they have
add
it
to their grain
been convinced of
ments.
its
good
effects
by comparative experi-
The
rules which have been laid
down
before, for
the perfect practice of mashing, may be followed without any restriction, whether the corn operated upon be raw or
malted, or whether the mixture be composed of grain in

those two states.
It may have been remarked that mashing, such as has been described, occasions the fermentable matter to be more or less heavy, according to the quantity of water
used, and also according as

fectly executed.
it
has been more or less perall
Even admitting
the fecula of the
corn to have been dissolved during the mashing and fermentation, a certain quantity of husk would always be
left in
large.
suspension in the liquid, and this quantity is rather From this method results, that the distiller is
obliged to
commit matter
to the stills
which
is
very dense
FRENCH METHOD OF MALTING.

and apt
V9
to burn, in spite of all precautions that might be taken to prevent this accident. This method is the only one used in France and Bel-
gium, notwithstanding the inconvenience attached to it. There is another method followed in England and Ger-
many, by which the

avoided
\
distillation
it
but whether
necessitates
of pastes, or lobs, is more labour or not,
Both the French and English meremains a question. tnods will be given, and then every one can judge for themselves which possesses the most advantages.
FRENCH METHOD.
Let
of
is
be supposed that the quantity of corn made use 100 kilogrammes.* This grain, being mixed in the
it
proportion of 80 kilogrammes of rye to 20 of malt, is ground into coarse flour; then deposited, with 2 or 3
kilogrammes of
hectolitres.
chaff, in a
fermenting back containing 12

is
The steeping
effected
by pouring on the
meal 3 hectolitres of water
at about
110;
then
it
is
mashed with 4
hectolitres of
warm and
from 145
left to
cold water,
mixed
in such proportion as to give to the mass, after the brew-
ing
is
over, a temperature of
is
to
155.
or
The tub
four hours.
inches with
covered up, and
itself for three
At this period it is tilled to within 6 or 8 warm and cold water, mixed in such proportions
77
;
as to give to the mixture a temperature of about

litre
of good yeast
is
then added.
few hours after the

its
ferix^ station
commences, and proceeds through
various
BJ
* The French weights and measures are here made use of, as well in some other parts of this work their value in English may be
;
Ascertained by referring to most any of the arithmetics.
80

it
stages in the space of thirty hours; then
is
time to
commit the
liquid to the
still.
If the operation has been

litres of
well conducted, from
45
to
50
good
spirits at
19
dis-
are obtained from 100 kilogrammes of grain.

tillers are far
Many
from producing so much, and there are even some who do not draw more than from 30 to 35 litres.
of this produce may be the result of several but one of the most influential is the proportion causes; of water used ; that is to say, that instead of using 11
hectolitres of water for every
The exiguity
100 kilogrammes of
grain,
In a continuous work the spent-wash they only use 6. left in the still should be deposited in vats or cisterns
constructed for the purpose ; there the solid substances will fall to the bottom, and the liquid will remain upper-
most.
This liquid may be successfully used in the subsequent operations to dilute the grain after it has been mashed. In this practice is found the advantage of bringing again to fermentation a liquid containing some fermentable substances which have escaped decomposition.
This
tions
may
that
be followed up for several successive operaand the grain is, three, four, and even five ;
much as 60 litres of spirit of 19 per metrical quintal, produce very considerable, and which The use of could not be obtained by any other means.
produces thus as
spent-wash
operations,
is
suspended when, after several successive
it is
become
so sour that instead of offering
would be proper aliments to the fermentation, its acidity If a smaller proportion of water was obnoxious to it.
used, the
r-o
same march could not be followed,
at least not
the same extent,
because then the fermentation would
ENGLISH METHOD OF MALTING.
81
require three or four days, instead of thirty hours, and, by these means, cause the spent-wash to be very sour.
In
this
must
mode, in which the liquid submitted to distillation necessarily be very heavy, no use can be made of
improved apparatuses described elsewhere in this work. In working with this apparatus, care should be taken to
stir
the
first
charge submitted to the
still
until
it
acquires
a temperature approaching that of ebullition, because, without this precaution, the matter might stick and burn at the
bottom of the
is
still
this
boiling, and, as in a continuous
danger disappears when the mass work the condenser
causes the wash to arrive at all times boiling into the still, it will easily be conceived that it is sufficient to agitate the first charge. It would, however, be very advan-
tageous,
in
this
mode
of working, to obtain from the

it
grain to obtain
all
the fermentable matter which

it
contains,
and
in dissolution in water, so as to render the
from husk or any means the trouble of agitating the first charge would be avoided there would be no danger of having the wash burned, or of having bad products;
liquid to be submitted to distillation free
other solid matter.
By
these
and the various improved apparatuses might be successNo doubt the effects might be obtained by fully used. the adopting following method.
ENGLISH METHOD.
It may be stated that this method consists in treating the corn in a double-bottomed tub, and to make the extracts precisely in the same way as the brewers. The
grain,
composed of malt and
rye, being
mixed and ground
82
in
the same way as for mashing by the French method, 10 kilogrammes of chaff are spread on the first bottom in
a layer of 2 centimetres in thickness \ 200 kilogrammes Then 400 kilogrammes or of grain are thrown upon it.
litres of water, at 35 or 40, are introduced by a lateral conduit communicating with the empty space between the two bottoms, while the mixture is agitated for five or
ten
minutes
then the matter
is
left
to subside for a
quarter or half an hour, so as to be well penetrated with water. This operation is exactly the same, and its object
is
in the
the same as that of steeping, which precedes mashing method just described.
The only difference existing is in the construction of the apparatus made use of. Immediately after steeping, the matter is again agitated, while 800 kilogrammes of
hot water are
tub through the same conduit. last a quarter of an hour, at the end of which the liquid is to be left to itself for at
let into the
This time the brewing should

least
an hour. At this period the grain is drowned in the water, and a column of liquid tolerably clear covers it ; a cock communicating with the space left between the two bottoms is then opened, and as the conical holes of the
superior bottom form a species of filtering machine, all the liquid is drained and let into the fermenting backs.
After the
first
extraction,
600 kilogrammes more of
boil-
ing water are added in the same way ; the mass is again agitated for a quarter of an hour, and left to subside for
one hour.
The
liquid
is
drained the same as before, to
be submitted to fermentation.
The grain on
the double bottom has
now been
suffi
sientJy deprived of all its fermentable substances,
which
ENGLISH METHOD OF MALTING.

the water has taken
83
away
in dissolution
in the state of
This operation, which is a true mashing, liquid sugar. well understood and well executed, proves beyond doubt
the effect of mashing on the corn ; it proves that before remarked, a true saccharification.
it is,
as
When
temperature of 75
the liquid in the fermenting backs is fallen to a or 80, according to the capacity of
the tub, yeast is added, and wash without sediment is thus obtained, which can be distilled in all kinds of apIf the grain left on the double bottom was paratuses.
found not to be sufficiently exhausted, a third extraction might be resorted to. The Germans follow the same method in the distillation of corn, with this difference, that they work with no other grain but what has been malted.
Their way of working is then exactly similar to that of English and American brewers, who submit also all the corn they use to the process of malting. To make the
best of this method, the proportion of water should be
lengthened out with cold water, so as to bring the quantity of water used to ten or twelve times the weight of the corn. Several advantages might be derived from
and
*2d.
such a proceeding 1st. more complete, more rapid, less acetous fermentation might be thus obtained.
:
priated to
The spent-wash, on leaving the new extracts, and there
still,
is
might be approno doubt but what
greater products would be the result.
Tjirn
'?
84
FERMENTATION.
THREE
species
of fermentation
are
vinous, the acetous,
and the putrefactive; and
the recognised it has been
supposed that these three succeed each other in the order which they are here called ; but it does not follow this This imrule, as we can see by very slight observation.
in
portant process has been the cause of many contentions in chemistry. Of the vegetable principles, saccharine matter
is that which passes with most facility and certainty into the vinous fermentation, and fermented liquors are more or
less
strong as the juices from which they have been formed

less proportion of
have contained a greater or

fermentation
;
sugar before
for the addition of sugar to the will enable
weakly
fer-
mentable juices
is
them
to
produce a strong, full-
bodied liquor; and the most essential exit in this process

the disappearance of the sugar, and the consequent production of alcohol. Certain circumstances, however, are-
necessary to enable it to commence and proceed. These are a due degree of dilution in water, a certain
temperature, and the presence of substances which appear necessary to favour the subversion of the balance of affinities by which the principles of the saccharine matter
would otherwise be retained
in union, or, at least,
would
be prevented from entering into those combinations necessary to form vinous spirit.
These substances, from

ments.
this operation, are
named
fer-
First, a certain proportion of water to the matter If the latter is susceptible of fermentation is requisite.
in large quantity, proportioned to the water, the fermenta-
FERMENTATION.
85
tion does not commence easily or proceed so qaickJy ; on the other hand, too large a proportion of water is injurious, as causing the fermented liquor to pass speedily into The necessary consistence exthe acetous fermentation.
naturally in the juice of grapes and in the saccharine sap of many trees, and other spontaneously fermentable liquors; for if these very liquors be deprived by gentle
ists
evaporation of a considerable portion of their water, the residue will not ferment until the requisite consistence is
restored by the addition of a fresh portion of water.
Secondly, a certain temperature is not less essential; it At a temperature requires tq be at least 55 of Fahr. lower than this, fermentation scarcely commences, or, if
has begun, proceeds very slowly; and, if too high, requires to be checked, to prevent it from passing into the acetous state.
it
Lastly, though sugar or substances analogous to
it
are
the matters which serve as the basis of fermentation, and
from which
matter
is
products are formed, the presence of other It has been often requisite to the process.
its
stated that sugar alone, dissolved in a certain quantity of
water, and placed in a certain temperature, will pass into a state of fermentation.
if this happens with a solution and any change which is observed is imperfect and irregular ; nor does the liquor become vinous, but rather sour. The substance usually added to produce
It
is,
however, doubtful
of pure sugar,
fermentation
is
called yeast.
When
the proper sort of fer-
ment
pitched upon, the operator is next to consider its The quanquantity, quality, and manner of application.
is
tity
must be proportioned
to that of the
8
liquor, to its
86
tenacity,

and the degree of flavour
it is
intended to give,
and
From operation. these considerations he will be enabled to form a rule to

to the despatch required in the
himself; in order to the forming of

will be necessary to
which a proper
trial
show how much
suffices for the pur-
pose.
in
The greatest circumspection and care are necessary regard to the quality of the ferment, if a pure and wellflavoured spirit be required.
It
must be chosen
perfectly sweet
and
fresh, for all
ferments are liable to grow musty and corrupt ; and if in this state they are mixed with the fermentable liquor,
to the spirit,
they will communicate their nauseous and filthy flavour which will scarcely ever be got rid of by
any subsequent process. If the ferment be sour, it must by no means be used with any liquor, for it will communicate its flavour to the whole, and even prevent its rising
to a head,
and give
it
an acetous instead of a vinous ten-
dency.
is
When
prepared, it in a tepid or lukewarm state. When the whole is thus set to work, secured in a proper degree of warmth, and kept from a too free intercourse with the external
the property of well-conditioned ferment should be diffused in the liquor to be fer-
mented
air, it
becomes, as
it
were, the sole business of nature to
finish the operation,
and render the liquor
fit
for the
still.
The
first
signs of fermentation are
a gentle intestine
liquor,
motion, the rising of small bubbles to the top of the and a whitish, turbid appearance. This is soon followed by the collection of a froth or head, consisting
of a multitude of air-bubbles entangled in the liquor, which, as the process advances, rise slowly to a considerable
height, forming a white, dense,
permanent froth
FERMENTATION.
87
very large portion of the gas also escapes, which has a The temstrong, penetrating, agreeable vinous odour.
perature of the liquor at the same time increases several and continues so during the whole process.
degrees,
Sooner or later, these appearances gradually subside; the head of the foam settles down, and the liquor appears much clearer and nearly at rest, having deposited a copious sediment, and, from being viscid and saccharine,
is
now become
vinous, intoxicating,
much
thinner, or of less
The process of fermentation, however, does not terminate suddenly, but goes off more or less gradually, according to the heat at which it was comspecific gravity.
menced, and of the temperature of the external air. The gas of fermenting liquors has long been known to consist
most part of carbonic acid ; it will therefore extinguish a candle, destroy animal life, convert caustic alkalies into carbonates, and render lime-water turbid by
for the
limestone, which is insoluble, from the in solution. held The attenuation of liquors, quicklime or the diminution of their specific gravity by fermenta-
recomposing
tion, is
This is shown by the hydrometer, very striking. which swims much deeper in fermented liquor than in the same materials before fermentation.
No
doubt much of
this
attenuation
is
owing
to the
destruction of the sugar, which dissolves in water, adds to its density, and to the consequent production of alcohol,
which, on the contrary, by mixing with water, diminishes

the density of the compound. The tract or mucilage also appears to be in some degree destroyed by fermentation, for the gelatinous consistence of thick liquors is much
lessened
by
this process
the destruction of this principle,
88
however,
THE COMPLETE PRACTICAI DISTILLER.
is by no means so complete as of the sugar, of the full-bodied ales, for example, retaining much many of their clamminess and gelatinous density, even after
having undergone a very perfect fermentation. Atmospheric air, it seems, has a no less share whatever
in vinous fermentation
in closed as in
;
for
it
will take place full as well
open vessels, provided space is allowed for the expansion of the materials and the copious production of gas. The great question to be determined is, What
be the substance or circumstance which disposes sugar to ferment ? for it has been proved that sugar will
may
not of
itself
acid and alcohol, though

will probably
begin this spontaneous change into carbonic when once begun the process
go on without further assistance.

it
is
Some
of
the most
common fermenting
ingredients, as the sweet in-
fusion of malt, technically called wort,
well
known,
will slowly enter into fermentation without the addition
of yeast; hence chemists have sought in this substance for the principle which gives the first impulse to the fermentation of sugar. Generally,
it
has been supposed that no substance en-
ters into the vinous fermentation except sugar, or
from
which sugar may be extracted, and that the process of malting grain was necessary to develop the sugar or saccharine matter, to render
tion.
it
susceptible of vinous fermenta-
The
practice, however, of grain distillers proves this
to be a mistake, as they obtain as much spirit from a mixture of malted barley with unmalted grain as if the whole were malted. The properties of the fermented liquor, its
odour, pungency, and intoxicating quality, are owing to the presence of a substance which can be separated froi
RECTIFICATION.
it
89
by
distillation,
and which
in a pure state pc ssesses these
qualities in a
degree. It constitutes, in the state of dilution in which
much higher
it
is
obtained by distillation, vinous spirit, or, as obtained from the different fermented liquors from which it derives
peculiarities of taste
and
flavour, the
spirituous liquors
of commerce.
These, by certain processes, afford this principle pure, and the same from all of them; in this pure state it is called spirits of wine, or alcohol.
RECTIFICATION.
To
fj'-s.
obtain a pure, clean, flavourless spirit, no attempts been wanting on the part of the most diligent rectiIt has long since been observed that rectification is
ai*
scs:
operation performed in various ways, some of which cely deserve the name ; because, instead of freeing
its
the spirit from
altei the natural flavor of that
gross essential oil and phlegm, they which comes over in the
is to separate the spirit In order to do of the malt, &c.
first distillation
process.
The
principal business
oil
from the essential

this, care
should be taken in the
that the
from malt or grain, should be drawn by a gentif; fire, by which means a great part of the essential I from oil will be, kQi f mixing with the spirit ; for experispirit, especially
ence daily provi* that it is much easier to keep asunder In order to recthan to separata subjects once mixed.
low vinrp, they should be put into a tall body or alemkic, a: d ^viKtly distilled in balnea maria? ; by this
tify
8*
90
means a

large proportion, both of oil
and phlegm,
will
remain in the body.
But
to
if,
after this operation, the spirit should be
found
have too
much
of essential
oil, it
must be
let
down
with fair water, and gently distilled ; by this it may be The redundant oil brought to any degree of purity.
be previously filtrated through paper, thick flannel, sand, stone, &c. placing at the bottom of each some cotton-wool, for abit
may, however, be separated from proof method already proposed, especially if
spirit,
&c. by the
But the slowness sorbing the oil that escapes the filter. of this operation has caused many distillers to substitute
caustic alkalies,
which only destroy the natural flavour of

distiller
the
spirit.
In
secret
fact,
almost every
pretends to have some
nostrum for rectifying
are all reducible to three,
by acid
bodies
spirits
however, they by fixed alkaline salts, mixed with alkaline salts, and by saline
his spirits;
:
namely
and flavouring additions.
Some
distillers
use
quicklime in rectifying their malt spirit, which cleanses it considerably ; but if chalk, calcined and well-purified animal bones, were substituted for quicklime, the spirit would have a less alkaline or nitrous flavour, and consequently the flavouring ingredients might be added to it Neutral with more success than by the other methods.
and soluble tartar might also be used but fine dry sugar seems best adapted for the purpose of rectifying
gaits
;
these spirits, as
detains,
line,
it
readily unites with the essential
oil,
without imparting any urinous, alkaor other nauseous flavour to the spirits.
fixes
it,
and
MALT DISTILLING.
91
COMMON PROCESS OF MALT
DISTILLING
TAKE 60 quarters of barley grist, ground low, and 30 quarters of pale malt, ground rather coarse ; make your lob with 10 quarters of the malt, ground into coarse flour, and 30 barrels of liquor, at the heat of 170. Row 01
blend them into a uniform mass, and mix them thoroughly with the major part of the first wort, and pump them up
When cooled to the temperatogether into the coolers. ture of 55, they are to be let down into the fermentingback, to the reserved part of the
rels
first
worts
say,
30 bar-
prevfously pitched at 60, with 10 stone of fresh porter yeast, which, with the rest of the worts at 55,
Take the altogether compose a back of distillers' wash. to of the worts their descent into previous specific gravity
the backs, and before any yeast
in a
is
added, and note
it
down
purpose; do this every twelve hours for three or four days, during which it may
book or table prepared
for that
be found to increase in gravity and sweetness, from the
augmenting force of the fermentation, resolving the gluThis is maltten and extracting the saccharine matter.
ing in the gyle-tun, or fermenting-back.
When
the gra-
vity seems to be stationary, or rather decreasing, a vinous

tartness will begin to succeed the previous sweetness, the
fermentation becomes more vigorous, and the gravity more rapidly decreases ; before it arrives at this period, a sensible decrease of gravity,
vour from sweet to
tart,
and conspicuous change of usually take place.
fla-
Closely observe every change and appearance in the In the fermentation, and note it down in your book.
92
course of twelve or fourteen days, the yeast-head will fall quite flat, which denotes the fermentation being nearly
over. If the heat appears by the thermometer to drop, and the fermentation has gone on well, or if the attenuation appears by the hydrometer to have reduced the gravity of the wash from its original weight of 28, 30, or greater number of pounds, 2, 3, or 4 pounds per barrel, and the
wash should have a vinous odour and flavour, then all is At this period some add 20 pounds of common right.
salt
and 30 pounds of
it
flour; rouse
and keep the ferment-
ing-back close, as
process.
should have been during the whole

will taste quite tart,
In three or four days
it
and should
is
it
The wash, duly fermented, be immediately distilled. committed to the still; all the time it is running in,
by
a stirring-engine, to
should be roused up or agitated in the fermenting-back
mix
the thick and thin parts to-
gether into one mass, and enable it to be sufficiently fluid to flow into the still, where it is kept fluid by the stirring-
engine of the
still
until
it
it
boils,
when
the agitation of the
from burning and giving empyboiling usually keeps reumatic or burnt flavour to the low wines; which taintwill inevitably rise from the low wines in the spirit-still
during the doubling or distilling the spirits of the second This spirit is usually sold by weight, deliextraction.
rectify or distil
vered to rectifying distillers at one to ten over proof, who it over again, combining it with certain
oil
ingredients in order to clarify it from its gross other impurities, with the view to render it fit for
gin, brandy, ease
and
making
rum, and
fine cordial
compounds, &c. as the
may
be.
FRENCH PROCESS OF DISTILLING BRANDY.
93
FRENCH PROCESS OF DISTILLING AND PREPARING BRANDY.

Tins process
cess practiced in
differs in
nothing from the ordinary prothis
England and
country, in the same
manner
as from malt-wash or molasses.

particularly, to
The French only

of the natural
observe, more
throw a
little
along with the wine, because they find this gives their spirit the flavour for which it is so much admired Bat though brandy is extracted from wine, exlees into the still
perience tells us that there is great difference in the grapes from which the wine is made. Every soil, every climate,
every kind of grapes vary with regard to the quality or quantity of spirits extracted from them.
Some grapes
as those of
are only
fit
for eating; others for drying,
Damascus, Corinth, Provence, and Avignon,
but not
fit
to
make
wine.
so.
Some wines
are proper for dis-
tillation, others less
Those of Languedoc and Pro-
vence afford a great deal of brandy by distillation, when the operation is made in their full strength ; the Orleans
wine and those of Blois afford

are
still
more.
The
best,
wines
Cognac and Audaye, which, however, are among those that are least drunk in France; whereas those of Burgundy and Champagne, though of a very
those of
fine flavour, yield
but very
little in distillation.
It
may
also be further observed, that all the wines for
distillation, as those of Spain, the
Canaries, of Alicant,
Cyprus,
St. Peres,
little
Toquet, Graves, Hungary, and others,

distillation, and consequently considerably more than he could
yield very
brandy by
distiller
would cost the
94
sell it for. What is drawn from them, however, is good, always retaining their saccharine quality and rich flavour; but, as it grows old, this flavour often becomes aromatic,
and
is
not agreeable to
all palates.
Hence brandies
differ
as they are extracted
from different sorts of grapes ; nor would there be so great a similarity as there is between
wines used for
the different kinds of French brandies, were the strongest distillation. But this is rarely the case :
the weakest and lowest flavoured wines only are
drawn
any
in
for their spirit, or such as prove absolutely unfit for
other use.
large quantity of brandy
is
distilled
France during the time of the vintage ; for grapes that prove unfit for wine are usually
pressed, their juices fermented,
all
those poor
first
gathered,
and directly
distilled.
This rids their hands of the poor grapes at once, and

leaves their casks
is
empty for the reception of better. It a general rule in France not to distil any wine that will bring a good price as wine ; for in this state the profits upon them are much higher than when reduced to
brandies.
The
large
stock of small wines with which
they are almost overrun in

for their
France
sufficiently accounts
making such quantities of brandy more than in other country which has a warmer climate, and is any
better adapted to the production of grapes.
Nor is this the only fund for French brandies } for all the wines that turn sour or sharp are condemned to the
still
}
and
at
all
such as they can neither export nor conto a large quantity, as
sume
home, which amounts
much
is often so poor as Hence many not to keep from one season to another. American and English spirits, with proper management^
of that laid in for their families
TO PREVENT DETERIORATION OF BRANDIES.

are convertible into brandies that in
95
many
respects, pro-
vided the operation be neatly performed, can scarcely be Even a cider spirit and distinguished from the French.
a crab spirit may, from the extraction, be ble the fine and thin brandies of France. louring spirits owes
its
made The
to
resem-
art of co-
rise to to
observations on French
brandies, and being found oak of the cask, it is no

fection.
have been derived from the
difficulty to imitate it to per-
METHOD. OF PREVENTING THE DETERIORATION OF BRANDIES.

IT
is
certain that
when brandy
is
kept in vessels the
pores of which will not admit of any transmission of the liquor, (as glass, for instance,) the brandy will improve,
instead of getting worse. The wine-merchant has no idea of bottling off a whole store ; but, without much expense,
he
may
besides, the expense in

will
render the hogshead absolutely impermeable, and doing this, being once undertaken,
a very large tub should be well hooped ; colours then being laid on, these should
:
be available for a considerable time.

effect this,
oil
To
two layers of
be followed by a good coating of pitch and tar this will idea of out of the In a evaporation put every question.
barrel thus treated, the spirit of the brandy
may
be pre-
served three years without the least loss, either in quanThese large tubs or reservoirs, being tity or quality.
built into the brickwork, &c. of the storehouse,
may
serve
during a considerable lapse of time without reparation.
96
OF MALT WHISKY.
IN this country the term distillation is often applied to the whole process of converting malt or other saccharine
matter into
spirits or alcohol.
1 part of bruised malt, with from
In making malt whisky, 4 to 9 parts of barley-
meal, and a proportion of seeds of oats corresponding to that of the raw grain, are infused in a mash -tun of castiron, with
from 12
to
13 gallons of water, at 150
Fahr.,
for every bushel of the
mixed farinaceous matter.

to diffuse the
The
to
agitation then given
by manual labour or machinery,
break
down and equally
lumps of meal,
constitutes the process of mashing. This operation continues two hours or upward, according to the proportion
of unmalted barley
; during which the temperature is the affusion of 7 or 8 additional gallons of kept up by water a few degrees under the boiling temperature. The
infusion,
termed
is
sweeter,
wort, having become progressively allowed to settle for two hours, and is run off
from the top to the amount of one-third of the bulk of

the water employed. About 8 gallons
more of water, a
to
little
under 200
Fahr., are
now admitted
the residuum, infused for
nearly half an hour, with agitation, and then left to subside for nearly an
hour and a
half,
when
it is
drawn
off.
Sometimes a third
affusion of boiling water, equal to the
first quantity, is made, and this infusion is generally reserved to be poured on the new farinae ; or it is concenTo trated by boiling, and added to the former liquors. prevent acetification, it is necessary to cool the worts
MALT WHISKY.
down
70
to the proper
97
or
fermenting temperature of 65
as rapidly as possible.
Hence they
are
pumped immediately from

air
;
the mash-tun
into the ^ytensive
wooden troughs, 2 or 3 inches Jeep, eximmersed

or they are made to in cold water.
is
posed in open sheds to the cool
traverse the convolutions of a pipe
The wort being now run
into a fermen ting-tun, yeast
introduced, and added in nearly equal successive portions
during the three days, amounting in all to about 1 gallon The temperafor every 2 bushels of farinaceous matter.
and
ture rises in three or four days to its maximum of 80 at the end of eight or twelve days the fermentation
is
completed, the tuns being closed up during the last half of the period.
The
distillers
do not collect the yeast from their
fer-
menting-tuns, but allow it to fall down, on the supposition that it enhances the quantity of alcohol. Quick distillation does not injure the flavour of spirits this de-
pending almost entirely upon the mode of conducting the In distilling off the spirit from previous fermentation.
the fermented wort or wash, an hydrometer
is
used to
as-
certain its progressive diminution of strength ; and when it acquires a certain weakness the process is stopped, by
opening the stopcock of the pipe which issues from the bottom of the still, and the spent-wash is removed. There
is
generally introduced into the
still
a piece of soap, whose
oily principle, spreading on the surface of the boiling liquor, breaks the larger bubbles, and of course checks
the tendency to froth up.
barley,
Indian corn, in this process, can be used instead of the and the raw oats can be omitted.
9
98
PROCESS FOR MAKING DUTCH

FOR
lands.
a long time the
Dutch have been famous
for the
manufacture of an excellent kind of
spirits, called Hol-
They mash 112 pounds of barley and 228 pounds of rye-meal together, with 460 gallons of water of the temperature of 162. After the infusion has stood a sufficient time, cold
water
is
added
till
the strength of the
wort
is
reduced to 45 pounds per barrel.
The whole
is
then put into a fermenting-back, at the temperature of
80 ; the vessel is capable of holding 500 gallons. Half a gallon of yeast is added ; the temperature rises to 90, and the fermentation is over in forty-eight hours. The
attenuation
is
such, that the strength of the
wash
is
not
reduced lower than 15 pounds per barrel. There is another method given for making Dutch ge1 hundred-weight of barleyneva, which is as follows malt and 2 of rye-meal are mashed with 460 gallons of After the farinse have been water, heated to 162 Fahr.
:
ipfused for a sufficient time, cold water
is to
be added
till
che wort becomes equivalent to 45 pounds of saccharine Into a vessel of 500 gallons capacity m*^" 3r per barrel. the wort is now to be put, at a temperature of 80 , with
half a gallon of yeast. The fermentation instantly begins, and is finished in forty-eight hours, during '^hich the heat rises to 90.
The wash, not reduced lower than 12

barrel, is
put into the
still
;
distillations are required
or 15 pounds per the with Three along grains. and at the last a few juniper^
to
berries
and hops are introduced,
communicate a flavour.
DUTCH GENEVA.
The
fect
99
15
in
attenuation of
45 pounds
in the wort to only

is
the wash, shows that the fermentation
here very imper-
and uneconomical; as, indeed, might be inferred, from the small proportion of yeast and the precipitancy
of the process of fermentation. On the other hand, the very large proportion of the porter-yeast, in a corrupting state, used by the Scotch
distillers,
cannot
fail to
injure the flavour of their spirits.
Hollands geneva is said to be made in Holland from a spirit drawn from wheat, mixed with .a third or
The
finest
fourth part of malted barley, and twice rectified over juniper-berries ; but, in general, rye-meal is used instead of
wheat.
that
They pay
but
so
many
distillers
;
much regard to the water employed, send vessels to the Meuse on purpose
to bring it
all
use the softest and clearest river-water
they can get. In England,
it
is
the
common
practice to add oil of
turpentine, in the proportion of 2 ounces to 10 gallons of raw spirit, with 3 handfuls of bay-salt ; and these to be
drawn
off till the feints

is
begin to
rise.
Corn, or spirit of
molasses,
also flavoured
by
a variety of aromatics, with
or without sugar, to please different palates; all of which are included under the technical term of " compounds," or "cordials/'
Other
articles
have been employed for the fabrication
of spirit, though not commonly; for instance, carrots and potatoes. To obtain pure alcohol, different processes have been recommended ; but the purest rectified spirit, obtain-
ed as above described, being
least
contaminated with
fo-
Some recommend the reign matter, should be preferred. half off the in a water-bath then to rectify spirit ; drawing
100
this twice more, drawing off two-thirds each time ; to add water to this alcohol, which will turn it milky, by separat-
ing the essential
oil
remaining in
finally rectify
it;
it
to distil the spirit
from
this water,
and
tillations.
Others
is
set apart the first running,
by one or more diswhen about

distillation
till till
one-fourth
come
over,
and continue the
they have drawn runs off milky.
off
about as
much more,
or
the liquor
The
the
last
first
hajf of
running they put into the still again, and mix what comes over with the preceding first
all
product.
first
This process they repeat again, when

distilled afresh.
the
products mixed together are half of the liquor has come over,
When
this is to be set apart as
notwithstanding, is not so pure as when it has been dephlegmed, or still further freed from water, by means of some alkaline salt.
state,
pure alcohol.
Alcohol in this
Muriate of soda has been recommended for this purpose, deprived of its water of crystallization by heat, and added hot to the spirit; but the subcarbonate of potash is preferable.
About
added to
a third of the weight of the alcohol should be it in a glass vessel, well shaken and then suf-
fered to subside.
The
salt will
be moistened by the water
absorbed from the* alcohol, which being decanted, more of the salt is to be added; and this is to be continued till
the salt falls dry to the bottom of the vessel. The alcohol, in this state, will be reddened by a portion of pure
potash which it will hold in solution, from which it must be freed by distillation in a water-bath. Dry muriate of
lime
may
Lastly, as alcohol
be substituted advantageously for the alkali. is much lighter than water, its specific
HOLLANDS
GIN.
101
of its purity. Fourcroy gravity is adopted as the test considers it as rectified to the highest point when its specific gravity is 829, that of water being 1000; and per-
haps this
is
as far as
it
can be carried by the best process.
PROCESS FOR BREWING HOLLANDS GIN.

THEIR
grist is
composed of 10 quarters of malt, ground
considerably finer than ordinary malt, distillers' barleyof grist, and 3 quarters of rye-meal ; or, more frequently, 10 quarters of rye and 3 quarters of malt-meal. The 10
quarters are
first
mashed with the

blend
it
least quantity of cold
water
it is
possible to
corporated, as
much
into a thiu batter.
when uniformly in; added as forms it is water boiling It is then put into one, two, or more
with
casks, or gyle-tuns, with a
much
less quantity of yeast
than
is
usually employed by
distillers.
meal, previously
Generally, on the third day they add the malt or ryemade into a kind of lob, prepared in a
similar manner, except in not being so
much
diluted; but
not before
it
comes
to the temperature of the fermentingfull as
wash
at the
same time adding
much
yeast as
when
the
at first setting the backs.
The
principal secret in
management of
it
in first thoroughly
that
may
still
the mashing part of the business is, mixing the malt with the cold water, remain sufficiently thin after the addition
of the fine meal under the form of lob; and in well rous-
ing
all
ciently
together in the back, that the wash may be suffidiluted for distilling, without endangering its
102

still.
burning to the bottom of the

one operation.
Thus they eommo-
diously reduce the business of brewing and fermenting to
By
using cold water, uniformly, to wet the malt,
all
danger of clogging the spending of the tap would necessarily be avoided ; but here there is no occasion to do
any thing more than to dilute the wash, consisting of the whole of the grain, thin enough to be fermented and distilled together,
by which means the
spirit of the
bran and
husky
lers'
part, as well
as of the flour, are
completely ex-
tracted.
Yet
this
wash of
this country
wash, compared to the ordinary distiland England, is about three-
eighths thinner.
spirit
For these reasons, they obtain more from their grain, and of a better quality, with not
half the trouble taken by other distillers. Their backs usually contain as much wash as serves for
one
distillation.
The
Weesoppe, 18 pounds per barrel
in the
gravity of the distillers' wash at neighbourhood of Amsterdam, is but
very
little
more than half the

Their
stills
gra-
vity of that of the English distillers.
usually
hold from 300 to 500 gallons each ; they constantly draw off 3 cans of phlegm after the runnings cease to form on
the head of the
still,
when
;
distilling
wash, and 5 cans
when
distilling
low wines
a practice not followed else-
where.
This, and the great quantity of rye they use, causes much more acid; and the diluteness of
their spirit to be
their
wash
is
their spirit,
ulear.
a very good reason for the greater purity of though most writers contend that it is not so
HOLLANDS GIN.
103
PROCESS FOR RECTIFICATION INTO
HOLLANDS
THIS process
is
GIN.
:
conducted as follows
To every 20
about the gallons of spirits of the second extraction, of 3 take of juniper-berries, pounds proof spirit, strength
and 2 ounces of the

fire
oil
until the feints begin to rise

:
of juniper, and distil with a slow then change the receiv;
ing-can
ferior
this produces the best

is
Rotterdam
gin.
An
in-
proportion of berries, sweet fenhel-seeds, and Strasburg turpentine, without a drop of juniper-oil. It, and a better sort, but inferior to
still less
kind
made with a
the Rotterdam gin, are

lers'
wash
at
made at Weesoppe. Schiedam and Rotterdam are

is
The
still
distil-
lighter
than that at Weesoppe.

Strasburg turpentine
lour,
and very fragrant, agreeable smell
of a light yellowish-brown coits taste is the ;
bitterest yet the least acid of the turpentines.
The
juni-
per-berries are so very cheap in Holland, that they
must
have more reasons than mere cheapness for being so much more sparing of their consumption than distillers in this
Indeed, they are not in the habit of wasting any thing. The two principal modes of preparing geneva in Holland have thus been described by an eminent
country.
distiller
:
of flour of rye, coarsely ground, is mixed with a third or fourth part of barley-malt, proportioned to the size of the tub in which the vinous fermentation is to
Ire
"
A quantity
effected.
104
"This they mix with cold water, and then stir it with the hand, to prevent the Hour from gathering into lumt/s,
and
to facilitate its dissolution.
When
this point is at-
tained, water is added of the heat of the human blood about 98. The whole is well stirred, after which the
ferment
with a
is
mixed with the wort, being previously diluted

of the liquor.
little
fermentation generally begins six hours afterIf it commences earlier, there is reason to appreward. hend it will be too strong, and means are employed to
"The
check
rally terminates on the third day,
it genethe liquor grows transparent, and assumes an acrid taste, hot and biting on the tongue. The wash is then well roused, and the mash, with all the corn, is put into the still ; and then comit.
If the fermentation be well conducted,
when
mences the
slowly, which
liquor
is
distillation, which is conducted very a matter of the utmost importance. This then rectified over juniper-berries once or twice,
first
is
according to the sort of spirit which it is intended to produce. For common use one rectification is deemed sufcient,
though
is
it
is
not considered so
fine,
pleasant,
or
delicate as that
which has undergone several
rectifications,
and which
" Some
called double geneva.
distillers
mix the
juniper-berries with the wort,
and ferment them together; but in that case they only draw a spirit from it for the interior or for exportation
:
the juniper, however, is most commonly used at the recIn the second method pursued tification, and not before.
by the best
warm
distillers, the malt and rye are mixed with water in given proportions, and thoroughly blended together until all the farinaceous substance is incorporated ;
HOLLANDS
the liquid
is
GIN.
105
then allowed to rest until the flour has settled
at the bottom.
" The wort
is
afterward permitted to flow into the fer-
menting-tun, where a similar operation takes place with another quanity of water poured upon the same grain ;
drawn from
and these operations are repeated until the wort thus it at different times has abstracted the whole
This liquid
is
saccharine matter in the flour.
the fermenting-tun or vessel, and
when
it
comes
put into to the
yeast, is
proper temperature, about blood-heat, the ferment, or added. The fermentation is considered more
mild and regular by this method than the other. Some all the water intend to use into or the kieve tub pour they
at once,
and put the
flour gently into
it,
while two or more
persons are
employed
in stirring it with sticks
made
for
the flour, and to prevent it from When the whole of it is properly gathering into lumps.
that purpose, to
mix
reduced and mixed together, they proceed

into a cooler, before
it is
to
draw
it
off
u ln
all
put into the fermenting vessel. cases the gravity of the worts is low, eeldom
; and, by distilling from a mixture of wash and grains, the produce is allowed to be much than that obtained in Great Britain from potato
exceeding 45
106
DISTILLATION OF
TAKE
COMMON
GIN.
;
of ordinary malt spirits 10 gallons
oil
of
tur-
pentine, 2 ounces; juniper-berries, 1 pound; sweet-fennel and caraway seeds, of each 4 handfuls bay-salt, 3 hand;
Draw off by a gentle fire till the feints begin to and make up your goods to the strength required rise, 10 say, gallons of spirit will make about 15 gallons of common gin.
fuls.
;
SPIRIT OF POTATOES.
IN selecting potatoes for distillation, those that are the most farinaceous when boiled, and the most agreeable to The the palate, must always be preferred to any others. most favourable season for distilling potatoes is from the month of October, when they are harvested, to the month
of March, when they begin to germinate. The cumstance has great influence on their quality ;
their proportion of fecula to decrease,
latter cirit
causes
and renders their
As the distilspirituous produce much less in quantity. lation of potatoes more especially takes place in the winter
and in the
latter part of the year, the frost
which comes
almost regularly at that time might injure the quality of the potatoes, if proper precaution was not taken to protect
them against
its
influence.
SPIRIT OF POTATOES.
107
To this effect, it is necessary to place them in warehouses, or other suitable places, where the temperature Cellars are very never gets so low as to endanger them.
proper to
Fahr.
fulfil this object,
riably, in winter as in
because they keep almost invasummer, at a temperature of 55
There are two methods of preparing potatoes for
fermentation;
fecula.
The
first is
the object of both is to saccharify their by means of malted barley or Indian
corn, and, though practised in town distilleries, is more generally followed in the country, because it is more in-
timately connected with the feeding of cattle: and is composed of three operations. Potatoes were first used
for
distillation
many
it
adopted consisted in
boiling water, as
food.
is
years ago, and the method then submitting them to the action of
still
done in their preparation
for
For
this
purpose
stills
of 3 or 4 hectolitres were used,
but the
sels,
difficulty of getting the potatoes

fuel,
out of these vesit
and the expense of
soon caused
to
be replaced
less ex-
by
that of steaming them, which
mode
is
much
Various apparatuses have been invented for pensive. boiling potatoes; the following is said to be the most
perfect
:
Fig. 13 represents this apparatus erected on brickwork. A is a copper still, provided with a cover B strongly
fastened to the neck of the

similar to those
still by means of iron nippers, use of in the improved apparatus of Adam and Berard, which will be spoken of hereafter The cover B bears a curved tube c D, which carries off
made
the steam
the extremity ; a collar, by which means
D
it
of this tube
is
furnished with
may
be screwed to any other
108
tube
:

this
mode
most commodious.
used in
to
of fastening has been considered the E F is a safety-tube, which is also
filling the still, and which plunges into the latter about 5 centimetres from the bottom.
is
This tube
a safety-tube, insomuch as
its orifice
it
would cause
the water to run out by

still
if
the pressure in the
was too great ; and
to the steam,
latter.
when
it also shows, by giving passage the water should be renewed in the
A:
-or
Fig. 13.
is
when charged.
a cock fixing the level of the water in the still To effect this it is always open, in a con-
SPIRIT OF POTATOES.
tinuous work, during the
filling
:
109
still.
of the
The
funcair,
tion of this cock is twofold
it
gives access to the
and thus prevents the dangers from absorption. The still A is calculated to produce 168 pounds of steam per
hour, provided
this
it
be supplied with boiling water ; for

to ebullition
if
was
to be
brought
by the
still itself,
much
tains
is
less
230
quantity of steam would be formed. litres up to the line a, and 306 up to

It
It con6,
which
the full charge.
would be easy
constantly with boiling water; placing above it a small vessel
supply this still this might be done by

to
filled
with water, which
might be brought to ebullition by means of the heat which escapes from the first still a great economy in
:
combustibles might thus be obtained.
Fig. 14.
The tube D, adapted to another tube F in fig. 14, conveys the steam produced in this still into a tub (fig. 14)
10
110

1280
litres of
calculated to hold
cessary never to
matter
but, as
it is
ne-
fill it
entirely with
it
raw potatoes, because

is
ebullition causes these to swell,
only charged with
11
hectolitres.
14, on the preceding page) is a cylindrical tub, of strong oak ] the interior of this tub is lined with copper or with lead, so as to render it sufficiently solid.
(fig.
made
The potatoes are introduced through a trap K c fixed f n the head of the tub, and they are discharged tl/jjgL a
double trap D E placed in the bottom.
Fig. 15.
Fig. 15 represents the head of this tub. is a trap, hanging on two hinges, which can be shut and closely maintained to the head of the tub by means
of two buttons,
B and
c.
Fig. 16 represents the bottom of the tub. A and B form a double trap, opening in the middle,
and hanging on four hinges a, b, c, d. It is opened by removing an iron bar c E, fastened by the end c to an iron cramp by means of a pink, which gives it sufficient play.
This bar slips into
ft
E,
where
it is
button D
and when
it is retained by means of unhooked and separated from
SPIRIT OF POTATOES.
Ill
Fig. 16.
E, it
trap to open,
hangs by the extremity c, and causes the double and thus to let the boiled potatoes fall out.
(fig.
The tube r
14)
its
is
destined to introduce the steam
into the tub
A;
internal orifice is protected
by an
inclined plane c, full of holes.
from stopping the tube

the
r,
This keeps the potatoes and from thus becoming an

;
obstacle to the free entrance of the steam

ful,
it is
also use-
same
as the plane
left in
H*
to prevent the boiled pota-
toes
from being
the corners of the tub.
By means
900
of this apparatus and of the boiler just described,
kilogrammes of potatoes
will require
may
be boiled in one hour; this
coals. It is necessary, as a matter of economy, to lute the various parts of this apparatus through the joints of which steam might be lost.
14 kilogrammes of
This
is
substance.
done by means of clay mixed with some other The most convenient place that can be giveu
above the hopper of the reducing machine, be spoken of.
to the tub is
which
will shortly
112
REDUCTION OF POTATOES.
WHEN
the potatoes have been boiled suitably, they
occupy a greater space, and this dilatation causes their peel, which is not very strong, to be broken ; this ren-
them proper to be submitted to the action of the reducing machine, of which a description will now be
ders
given.
is represented by figs. 17 and 18. is a lateral elevation of it, showing the side of 17 Fig. the machine where the two wheels work in each other.
This machine
Fig. 18 is a plan of the machine, as seen from above, without the hopper. The same letters represent the same pieces in both figures.
a strong frame built in oak. c are two cylinders made of wood or of stone, These two cylinders are of but better of cast-metal.
A A A A is
B and
equal diameters; they are a short distance from each other, and their function is to break the potatoes by their unequal rotatory motion. This unequal rotation is ob-
by means of two wheels of different diameters a and b. D is a movable hopper, supported by the frame in c d. It is made for the purpose of receiving the potatoes to
tained
;
submit them
to the action of the cylinders.

c.
E, F are two handles fixed on the axis of the cylinder They serve to work the machine.
is
a scraper.
It
hangs on
e,
and the weight g,
which
of
e, presses the extremity H upon This scrape! the scraper against the cylinder B.
acts
the lever
POTATOES
REDUCTION.
113
r
r
Fig. 17.
Fig. 18.
serves to separate from the cylinder the broken potatoes
might stick to it. are movable boards held by two grooves } i, j, k these close the interior part of the machine, and form one
h,
that
side of a chest which receives the
broken potatoes.
is
These
are let out on the side
through a mobile shutter.

little
it,
The construction
not at
all
of this machine
expensive, and very
extremely simple, subject to repairs.
Two
work
to
handles have been fixed to

it;
but
it
would be
better, in
though one man might an uninterrupted work,
employ two men.
1000 kilogrammes (about 2000

thus be reduced in the course of
pounds) of potatoes ten or twelve hours
may
;
a greater product might be obtained more force to it, and by making use of such by applying wheels as would accelerate the rotation of the cylinders.
10*
114
MASHING OF POTATOES.
THE
potatoes,
having been reduced into
paste,
are
mashed with malted barley or Indian corn, at a temperature of 170 or 180. Suppose a quantity of potatoes
are to be
worked
sufficient to
fermentable matter.
litres is
A
of;
produce 12 hectolitres of tub containing at least 13 hecto-
made use
is
the pulp of
400 kilogrammes of
About deposited in it in the state of paste. 25 kilogrammes of malted barley or Indian corn, as the. case may be, are added to this paste, together with a
potatoes
quantity of warm and cold water sufficient to establish in the tub a temperature of from 70 to 75 or 80 Fahr.,
which
is
mixture
is
the heat requisite for the steeping of grain ; the strongly agitated, and left to subside for one*
quarter of an hour, or perhaps half an hour, Then, while the mass is again stirred, boiling water
is
introduced until the thermometer has risen to 172
or
180. The
paste
is
now
left to
macerate for two or three
hours; then a mixture of cold and warm water is added, in such proportion as to form 12 hectolitres of liquid at 80.
1 litre, or 2 wine-pints, of
good yeast
in a
is
then added, and

It is
the fermentation
is
established
few hours.
worthy of remark that in this case, as also in the mashing of corn, the saccharifying action of the barley, signalized in the mashing of rice, is very little perceived. After the last mashing, there is only a small quantity
of sweet liquid swimming above the paste, so that in this state the fecula of the potatoes has not beeu entirely con-
POTATOES
verted into sugar.
MASHING.
is,
115
The reason
that the fecula has not
been sufficiently decomposed in the potatoes boiled by To liquefy and convert this fecula into sugar by steani. means of malted barley, it is necessary to place it in im-
mediate contact with the latter; the husks, and the granular and crystalline state in which the fecula is found in potatoes boiled by steam, fulfil but imperfectly the condition necessary for the complete saccharification which
has been observed in the mashing of rice. This saccharification is completed in the fermentation, at a much' lower temperature, it is true, but not in so
In fact, this conversion of fecula into short a period. takes as To place long as the fermentation lasts. sugar
this process, simple in itself, are attached all the incon-
veniences inherent to the distillation of pastes. Agriculture, which is deeply interested in this kind of industry, has long since been in want of means to remove this
imperfection, without too hasty innovations, and without
affecting the simplicity
and economy belonging
to this
method.
There are some important modifications to the method just detailed, which it may not be amiss to give while on
this subject.
These modifications may be executed in two ways

first
it
the
consists in isolating the fecula of the potato, to
work
with malted barley or Indian corn ; by the other the separation of the fecula is avoided, by directly operating As the fabricaon potatoes simply divided by the rasp.
be useful to the reader, not only in in the second but method, a description will bo this, as is of such it, practised in Paris for the purpose given
tion of fecula will
110

This restriction
is
of distillation.
established
for
the
preparation of fecula, because it does not require, for distillation, the same care and management as when made
for
domestic purposes.
is
This preparation
fecula.
composed of two operations
first,
the rasping of potatoes; second, the separation of their
choose to
list,
Even sometimes, when the distiller does not make his own fecula, he buys it from the fecuit
who submits
to a third operation
that of draining.
of.
These various operations
will
now be spoken
RASPING.
As a matter of course, the object of this operation is to tear the tissue of the vegetable, the cells of which contain the fecula
is
which
it
produces, so that the better the
divided, the better the rasping will have been vegetable executed, and by these means a greater quantity of fecula
To this effect, the potatoes are submitwill be obtained. ted to the action of a rasp, already described, and which,
though
it
be the best
has not been brought to perfection, appears to made use of.

after this operation,
Immediately
mences.
the following com-
SEPARATION OF THE FECULA.

For
this purpose, a large sieve of horse-hair, 2 feet in
diameter and 1 foot in depth, is made use of. It is placed above a tub on two cross-pieces, and then tilled with a
quantity of pulp, equal to about two- thirds of its contents. This pulp is strongly rubbed between the hands, while a
POTATOES
SEPARATION OF FECULA.
117
continuous stream of water, proportionate to the dimensions For a sieve of 2 of the sieve, is running in the latter.
feet in diameter and 1 in depth, the water may be introduced through a pipe of 4 or 5 millimetres in diameter. This water, by means of the movement which the pulp the undergoes, penetrates the latter, and runs through
sieve into the tub, carrying the fecula

dissolution.
away
in a state of
This operation
is
continued until the water running
through the sieve is clear and not impregnated with fecula. Then the pulp is thrown aside for the purpose of feeding
cattle,
and it is replaced by other, which is in the same manner deprived of its fecula. From 2500 kilogrammes of good potatoes 500 kilogrammes of fecula, supposed to
be dry, are obtained, or 7.50 kilogrammes of drained which then bears the name of raw fecula. The
fecula,
latter is to the
former
2, so that
3 kilogrammes of
give 2 kilogrammes of dry; 13 hectolitres of pulp, or husks of potato, are moreover obtained,
will
raw fecula
which contain about the same quantity of water as the
raw potatoes
of water.
that
is,
three-fourths of their weight; so
that those 13 hectolitres of pulp retain about
975
litres
far not so
may by good as that resulting from the distillation of pastes, which is well boiled and nourishing. It might be possible to obviate these inconveniences,
it is
This pulp
be given to cattle, but
in a distillery,
wash that
is left
by boiling the pulp with the hot spentin the still after distillation. There is
in-
a more suitable disposition of the sieve than that just

dicated, and
it is
thought
necessary to notice
it
here.
It
consists in filling at once with water the tub destined to
118

is
receive the fecula; the sieve
suspended on the upper part
of the tub with ropes, so as to be immersed in the water; a to-and-fro movement is given to it, by which means
the pulp is freed from its fecula, which falls to the bottom of the tub. After this operation, the pulp is entirely ex-
hausted by merely sprinkling a small quantity of water over it. This is but a modified disposition, which is
mode
thought useful, and which does not in the least alter the of working. The fecula, thus separated from the
pulp, sinks, after an hour's rest, to the bottom of the tub, when the depth of the tub does not exceed 60 or 70 centimetres,
and forms a thick and
solid sediment.
Holes
made
in the sides of the tub are then
opened ; that nearis left
est the top of the
sediment included.
off,
The water runs

If the latter
is to
and the fecula
in the
bottom
be made in solid pieces,
it is
drained in
the following manner.
DRAINING.
For
use
of.
this purpose,
It
is
wooden
an apparatus called a drainer is made chest, open on one side, widening
in the shape of a cone toward the opening.
The
sides
and bottom of
holes
;
this chest are filled with
linen or
the exterior part is hemp. This drainer must be placed above the tub destined to receive the water that is to be drained ;
is
an infinity of small covered with a cloth of strong
the fecula
of twenty-four hours
it
then placed in the drainer, and in the course it loses all the superfluous water which
is
retained,
it is
and
found,
it is
true, in a state of humidity,
but
sufficiently solid to be transported without
being
POTATOES
PROCESS OF MASHING.
119
made
into paste.
When
is
drained, the drainer

this purpose,
is
the fecula is thought sufficiently turned over on a table used for

it
and there
is
broken into pieces.
This
operation the fabrication of fecula

spirits.
only necessary, as
is
already observed, when
not connected with that of
distillers
This has been done at Paris, for instance, where buy their fecula from the starch-makers.
many From
a given quantity of potatoes,
obtained.
No more
is
20 per cent, of dry fecula is can be reckoned upon, for the ope-
ration of rasping
not perfect enough to produce the
result indicated in the chemical analysis.
PROCESS SPOKEN OF IN THE FIRST MODIFICATION.

For a tub of 12
hectolitres, intended to contain only
11
hectolitres of matter,
fecula,
all
from 80 to 85 kilogrammes of dry or from 120 to 125 kilogrammes of raw fecula, or
tolitres of
is
the fecula resulting from good potatoes, are
400 kilogrammes or 5J hecmade use of. This quantity
to
its
deposited in the tub with a portion of cold water, so as form a tolerably clear paste that is, with about twice
',
weight of water.
this
But great
care should be taken to
mixture, because without this precaution the fecula, which is much heavier than water, would promptstir
ly precipitate itself to the bottom of the tub,
and there
brought
form a hard sediment, which

to a state of suspension.
is
with great
difficulty
This state of suspension

part of the operation.
necessary for a subsequent Every thing being thus disposed,

is
120
and the necessary agitation having been given to the mass, from 500 to 600 litres of boiling water are gradually let into the tub ; and before the whole of this hot
water
thick,
is
in the latter, the
mixture has already become

into
and has been converted
what
is
called paste.
This paste has at first a milky appearance, but when the 600 litres of water are thoroughly mixed with it, the heat produced by them soon causes it to be remarkably clear
and transparent. At this period the fecula is ready for being mashed, which is done by adding to it from 20 to
25 kilogrammes of malted barley or Indian

rately steeped.
corn, sepa-
In this instance the action of the malt
is
as conspicu-
ous as in the mashing of rice ; and in ten minutes, time requisite to mix the malt with the paste, the latter is completely fluidified.
It is then left to subside for three or
four hours, as in the mashing of corn, and after this time

It is now the liquor has acquired a very sweet taste. with water, so as to have 11 hectolitres
sufficient to dilute it
of this
The advantage of matter ready for fermentation. mode of working over that generally followed in
this country is easily perceived.
liquid, after having fermented, is found to be very and the sediment, which is composed of the husks of the corn and of a little portion of leaven, is very small.
fluid,
The
may not be useless to remark, that in this case the malted barley should be ground into fine flour, and not merely broken, because its action on the fecula is thus
It
more
energetic,
more
perfect,
and more rapid.
The wash
obtained by these means, and made with the given proportions of water and matter, marks about five areometri-
POTATOES
cal degrees
;
PROCESS OF MASHING.
121
it
1 litre of good yeast is sufficient to bring
to fermentation.
PROCESS SPOKEN OF IN THE SECOND MODIFICATION.
The special object of this second modification is to avoid the labour occasioned by isolation of the fecula from the pulp. The following is
economy is made use
:
the
way of
practising
it
with advantage and
A double-bottomed
of.
tub, of about 8 hectolitres,
From 10
to
12 kilogrammes of chaff are
spread on the first bottom, and the pulp, as it is produced from the raw potatoes, placed upon it ; say, that obtained
from 400 kilogrammes or5j hectolitres of potatoes. There it is drained for half an hour ; and thus a portion of water,
naturally connected with
its
composition,
off
is
extracted
without trouble.
The
latter is
drawn
by means of the
cock communicating with the space between the two botThe mixture is then stirred, while from 400 to toms.
500 kilogrammes of boiling water are gradually

the whole mass
is
let in
now thickened
this
change
is
caused
by the conversion of the fecula into paste. This mixture is then mashed with 25 kilogrammes of
malt, previously steeped, and the liquid
for three or four hours.
is left
to subside
let into
It is then drained
and
the fermenting-back, which contains 11 hectolitres. What is left is well drained for a quarter of an hour ; then 2
hectolitres of boiling water are again let in.
This mixrest to the
ture
is
agitated, drained,
and taken with the
formenting-back.
This lowers the temperature of the
and exhaust the paste completely, the liquid. whole surface of the sediment on the bottom of the tub if
cool
ll
To
122
sprinkled with 1 or 2 hectolitres of cold water, which ar^ drained and let into the fermenting-back with the othe* In operating thus, the husks left on the double extracts.
bottom are
sufficiently exhausted; they only retain, after an hour's draining, three-fourths of their weight in liquid, slightly charged with fermentable matter, which might be
neglected in a well-conducted distillery, where the feeding of cattle is an object. But, at all events, if the loss of
liquid
tirely
was thought of any moment, the pulp might be enexhausted by means of a cylindrical press.
Full half of the weight of the drained pulp might be obtained in liquid, but a simple draining is sufficient, and the practice of pressing the residue should only be resorted
to
in cases where a smaller quantity of water has been used for mashing than has just been recommended. In this way of working, the fermentable matter being necessarily left to itself for a certain space of time,
and often
requiring to be taken from one tub to the other, is tolerably well cooled, and gains, toward the end of the operaThere are, tion, a suitable temperature for fermentation.
then, three ways of saccharifying the fecula of potatoes by means of malted barley or Indian corn.
It requires very little reflection to
see that the
first
mode
ter of
is
evidently inferior to the other two.

it
In
fact,
under whatever light
be considered, whether as a mat-
economy
in labour and combustibles, or with re-
spect to the quality or quantity of the spirituous produce, It is it will never bear comparison to the other two.
necessary that the potatoes should be boiled by steam, This steam is to be produced and this is indispensable.
on purpose, and occasions expenses in
fuel.
POTATOES
PROCESS OF MASHING.
123
In the other two ways no combustibles are wanted to

convert the fecula into paste proper to be mashed, and by working as heretofore advised for the mashing of
grain
tion,
;
that
is,
to boil the
it
matter intended for fermenta-
whether
left
spent-wash
toes
be isolated fecula or pulp, with the In one case, the potaafter distillation.
;
must be broken between two cylinders other cases, it is sufficient to rasp them ; and
in the
two
this opera-
tion is not expensive, considering the great quantity that can be rasped by two men. In the first case, the matter submitted to the still is
heavy and pasty;

brought
to
requires more combustibles to be ebullition, and more expense is occasioned

it
through the necessity of continually agitating it; and, without speaking of the bursting of the apparatus which it might cause, the spirit produced from it is always more
or less charged with
empyreuma.
In the other cases, the
matter
is
perfectly fluid, does not require any precaution

it,
to be taken in distilling
spirit.
and gives a better flavoured
superiority belongs, then, evidently, to the two last modifications that have been proposed ; and, of
The
those two, there can be no hesitation in declaring the latter to be the best. 100 kilogrammes of potatoes may
thus produce from 50 to 55

spirit, as
all
litres of spirit at
75.
This
fruit,
potato
spirit,
has a small taste of the

it
which
is
not pleasant, but of which
can be freed by
careful rectification.
124
ARRACK, OR SPIRITS OF
RICE contains no
sugar, and
its
RICE.
composition appears to
be essentially farinaceous. Carolina rice contains from 83 to 85 per cent, of its weight of fecula, or starch. To
produce arrack from pure rice, it would be necessary to malt the latter, and, for this purpose, to submit it to all
the operations connected with malting
;
that
is, it
should
be steeped, malted, dried, and ground into
flour.
The
only difference that would exist between this process and

that of malting grain would be, that rice requires
more time
to be sufficiently steeped
and malted.
much As for
the rest of the operations, they are exactly the same. Rice, being thus brought to the state of ground malt,
may undergo
it
a very good spirituous fermentation, whether be mashed and fermented in the state of lob, or whether
its
farinaceous principles be extracted by
means of the
double-bottomed tub.
The distiller might adopt either of those two methods, according as he wishes to distil either heavy matter or As to the method of such as is exempt from sediment.
fermenting rice prepared by either of those two processes, it is absolutely the same as in the fermentation of corn.
The mashing requires made use tity of water

spirituous produce
;
of has the
the quanthe same temperature same influence over the
mentable properties of
it
the only difference between the ferrice and those of other corn is in
it
the impossibility of causing
to
paring
by mashing.
However,
ferment by solely preit might be sufficient
ARRACK, OR SPIRITS OF RICE.
125
only to malt a certain portion of the rice destined for distillation, and to mix it in the proportion of one-fourth or one-third of malted rice to three-fourths or two-thirds
be equally another method of predisposing rice It is to fermentation, which has been found successful. founded on the property which malted barley possesses of
of unmalted;
the fermentation would thus

is
complete.
There
saccharifying the grain that is mashed with it. Supposing that 80 kilogrammes of rice are
to
be
worked, they are

flour.
first
reduced into
fine
and well-divided
This
it
is
and there
is
thrown into a tub of about 12 hectolitres, diluted with 80 kilogrammes of water,
such in temperature as to cause the thermometer, after

the mixture has been well agitated and brought to a uni-
form mass,
to rise to
77
or
80.
This mixture
is left to
subside for about half an hour, while 20 kilogrammes of malt, ground into fine flour, are separately steeped and
well diluted in an equal weight of water at
100.
The
mixture of
rice
having been
is
left to itself
during the time
indicated above, the tub

is let
uncovered, and boiling water

while the mixture
into
it
until the
mass becomes thicker and has the

;
consistence of a dense lob
all this
is
agitated until the thermometer has risen to
180.
Then
the mashing commences ; it is effected by throwing into the tub the portion of malt separately steeped.
The mixture
it
is
then agitated in
all directions to
render
homogeneous, and to establish a perfect contact between the malted barley and the rice. When this condition is
evidently
fulfilled,
the tub
is
covered up again, and the
wort
is left
period a
At this phenomenon worthy of remark takes place the

to subside for three or four hours.
:
XI*
126
mixture has undergone a total change, and the tub, which a few hours before contained a compact and pasty matter,
now
presents a liquid completely fluid, slightly sweet and saccharine ; and there is only a small sediment formed at
the bottom, which is composed of the husks of the grain and of the rice, and also of a few lumps, from one or the other of these vegetables, that have escaped decomposition.
It is
now
sufficient to
it
water, so as to bring
to
lengthen the liquid out with cold 44 density, and to the tempera-
ture proper for fermentation.
This proceeds well through all its stages, and gives a vinous liquor, which is distilled without difficulty ] the sediment being so small and of so little strength, that it
may be
shows the
neglected without any prejudice. This operation utility of malt in the fermentation of corn in
every light ; and it is here evident that it possesses the property of converting the fecula, reduced into a paste by boiling water, into a kind of soluble matter which
has
all
is
then,
This mode, the properties belonging to sugar. rice it has of in the distillation ; practicable very
the invaluable advantage of giving greater

ducts, while
it
and
fluid.
better pro-
renders the wash perfectly
SPIRITS OF BEET-ROOT.
127
SPIRITS OF BEET-ROOT.
WHEN
that
it
wo know
that a vegetable
body has
in
it
sac-
charum, or sugar, we must take that as

there
is
sufficient evidence
possesses fermentable properties; and of course a possibility of drawing spirits from it. The
is
sugar of the beet-root
identical with that of the cane

it is
when
it
is
refined
consequently,
quite as fine and
as good,
and does not cost the farmer much of an outlay.

solid sugar in the beet-root, as all other
The production of
vegetable
Some
products, is subject to agricultural chances. years are more favourable to it than others ; but an
intelligent manufacturer, thoroughly acquainted with his

art, will
always escape great losses in a more or less

for instance, that a
for-
tunate way.
So
it
is,
manufacturer of beet-root
sugar, finding in unfavourable years that the small quantity of sugar which the vegetable gives him would not
defray his expenses of fabrication, meets with a precious The choice of resource in submitting it to distillation. the beet-root, either to make sugar or produce spirit, is
not more indifferent in one case than the other.

exists a great variety of them, all of
There
distin-
which are
guished by the colour of their peel and that Df their

pulp.
The white, the yellow beet-root, and that which is white inside and red outside, are preferable to all others. Whatever be the colour of the root, it is essential to appropriate
it
to the soil, to cultivate it in a
fit
and proper
128
to use the seeds of degenerate species has Experience proved the streaky beet-root to be the least productive, and it must of course be rejected as
manner, and not
much
by
as possible.
The
beet-root thrives in
mixed
soils
this is
meant such
as are not too mobile nor too argil-
laceous, neither too calcareous nor too sandy.
The
soil
should not be too
damp nor
too dry.
It
grows
well after all sorts of manures, sparingly distributed; however, strawy manures and the stalling of herds are
more proper for it. It is generally sown in the month of April, and gathered toward the end of September or
as the beet-roots are
As soon beginning of October, according to the climate. drawn out of the ground, they are necked and put up where the frost cannot injure them, in
cellars or in pits dug four or five feet deep, covered after-, ward with a layer of earth from one to one and a half foot Then they are taken as wanted, and their in thickness.
is expressed by means of a rasp, which will now be described; this being, therefore, the most suitable place, we will now speak of
juice
THE BEET-RASP.
This
is
made
as follows
frame made of oak, built
an oblong form, mounted on four legs from top to bottom by cross-pieces, conjoined together
strongly, having
stitute
mechanism ; nearly
wooden
cylinder,
is
the assemblage bearing the various parts of the all of them disposed on the length of
the upper cross-pieces.
made
Those parts are composed of a Its plain and suitably prepared.
diameter
cumference
is
18 inches, and its breadth 8 inches; its cirarmed with 80 saw-blades, 7 inches long
THE BEET-RASP.
129
On
is
one of the extremities of the axis of the cylinder
an iron pinion, furnished with 16 teeth, working those of a wheel, also of iron, and having 120 teeth ; a handle
of 18 inches
is fixed
wheel.
Under
this cylinder is placed a
on each extremity of the axis of this kind of tank, inas to send the pulp obtained into
tlined in such a
manner
a bucket filling the functions of a recipient ; on the same face of the frame, and before the circumference of the
cylinder,
shutter, which
by manner
adjusted on a mobile centre a Jdnd of wooden receives, from the axis of the pinion and the aid of swing-gates, a to-and-fro motion, in such a
is
as alternately to open and close the interval left between the cylinder and that same shutter for the pas-
sage of the beets or potatoes. Nevertheless, the opening is limited by means of a bar, on which the shutter rests in its back motion.
little
All
the parts of this machine, exceeding the frame, are enveloped in a box, surmounted by a hopper yielding about a From this kind of cage it quintal of potatoes or beets.
results that the
trituration is effected, very properly, 2500 kilogrammes* without splashing or loss of matter. of beets or potatoes may be reduced in twelve hours by
this rasp,
worked by only two men.

is
The pulp
lared
lical press
:
then placed in bags, which are to be

to the action of a
pil-
and submitted
this
screwing or hydrau-
is preferable to any other, the possesses By these means greatest force. a quantity of the juice is obtained proportionate to the
kind of press
because
it
energy of the machine made use
of.
With
a cylindrical
kilogramme
is
about two pounds.
130
mounted and well conducted, it is possible to obtain a quantity of juice equivalent to 75 per cent, of the raw beet-root. To effect this it is necessary to wet the residue of the first extract, and to submit it again to
press, well
the action of the press.

presses, 65, 70,
With screwing
or hydraulic
and even 80 per
cent, of the juice can
the engine, or the

roots.
be obtained in one operation, according to the power of more or less aqueous qualities of the
may mark from 5

It
solid,
This juice, supposing no water to have been used, to 9 Beaume, according to years and
cane, two kinds of sugar
the species of fruit.

contains, like the
one
and the other liquid ; that is, one that can be crysIt contains, besides, tallized, and the other molasses. water, leaven, and some extractive substances, one of
which gives
is
to the beet-root that acrid taste
by which
it
distinguished, and
also the property of attacking the
throats of those
who
eat
it
this is
not entirely removed
even by the operation of boiling, as many persons can This substance might communicate to the spirits testify.
of beet-roots
its
noxious
taste,
was
it
not corrected by the
operation of rectification, which has already been spoken The liquid separated by means of the press may be of.
put immediately to fermentation ; leaven enters into its composition, and soon begins to work. good soil may to of beet-roots per from 100,000 pounds 80,000 produce
hectare.
The molasses
of beet-roots, as before observed, has not
been applied to any other use than that of distillation. This results from its peculiar bad taste, which is the
cause of
its
being rejected by the trade.
In
fact, it can-
THE BEET-RASP.
not be delivered for consumption in
like the molasses
131
the state
it is in,
from the sugar-houses ; there is nothing of which the former partakes less than of that luscious
savour of the latter ; and this
is
the only difference exist-
ing between the raw sugar of the beet-root and that of the cane, both of which are identical after being purified
of their molasses.
The molasses of
beet-roots takes with
it all
the acridity
of the root; and, morever, it happens very often to have a strong taste of salt, caused by the nitrate of potash, or saltpetre, which the beet-root contains in large quantities.
The molasses of
beet-roots produces
more
spirit
the sugar-cane molasses. Its taste, it is true, resembles less that of rum, and always keeps a particular aroma ; but it is one agreeable to the palate, and might,
than
perhaps, with certain precautions, be rendered more identical with that of the rum made from sugar-cane molasses. The method made use of for distilling this spirit is con-
ducted as follows
this is a
method followed
:
in preparing
beet-root molasses for a good fermentation
100
litres* of
molasses are mixed with 100

all
litres of boiling water.
When
has been well blended, the back is covered, and the mixture left to itself for twelve hours. Then 2 hectolitres of boiling
water are added, the mass mixed well,
and
At this period repose for twelve hours more. proceed to the fermentation; and, to effect this, dilute the whole mass with warm and cold water, so as to bring
left to
to the temperature required, and to give areometrical degrees density.

it
it
from 5
to
litre is
about two wine-pints.
132

1 hectolitre of
From
80
litres
hectolitres of well-fermented wash,
sjrup you can obtain 20 or 24 which renders about
of spirits at 19
Beaume.
This quantity
differs
from those reported in various works some saying more could be produced, and others, that not so much might be looked for under any circumstances. The medium has
been taken here, which
is
more likely
to.
to
be right than
either of the extremes alluded
The only way

fering
is
to account for the results so widely diffact,
by the admission of the

fit
which
is
very proit
bable, that
by exhausting the molasses much more,

for distillation
;
is
rendered less
while another operates on molasses richer in sugar, less exhausted, and with a It is better knowledge of that particular kind of work.
necessary to observe that the produce of spirits mentioned before is owing to the process which has just been described for fermenting it. Moreover, the reader must be
warned that one of the advantages attached to this method of operating results from the use of the spent-wash.
wash, leaving the
This occasions an economy in fuel, as the caloric of the still in a boiling state, is in this inBesides, there are found
stance appropriated to good use.
in the use of the spent-wash all the benefits
which have
been before developed in speaking of the transformation

of sugar into alcohol. It has often been found of advantage to put grain to this
mixture, at the rate of from 5 to 7 kilogrammes per 100 This grain, when broken and consistlitres of molasses.
of malt to 80 of rye, ing of a mixture of 20 kilogrammes and renders it gives more impetus to the fermentation,
more complete.
SPIRIT OF CHERRIES.
KIRSCH-WASSER, OR THE SPIRITS OF CHERRIES.

THERE
known by
is
the
a kind of spirits, prepared from cherries, name of kirsch-ivasser. The name comes
from the German, and is composed of two words signifyThis liquor is made to the ing "water of cherries."
greatest
extent in
Switzerland
and
cherry-trees are very
common
that
Germany, where consumed in France
comes from the neighbourhood of the ForH Noire. The In the month way of preparing the worts is as follows
:
of July or August, when cherries have arrived at maturity, no trouble is taken to pick them, and they are
brought down by means of poles, which is decidedly a bad practice, because it damages the trees ; and the cherries, leaves,
and small branches
all
fall
down
together,
which, gathered by children, are deposited in a trough, without any precaution, so that the spoiled and good ones
are all mixed together. This trough represents a cylinder more wide than deep, and yielding according to the extent of the fabrication.
It is placed
which
rest
above the fermenting-back on two girders, on the borders of the back, and are joined toThis
gether by two cross-pieces of the same thickness.
trough being half or three-quarters full, men, women, and even, children place themselves around it, and proceed to the pressing of the cherries with their hands, so This cannot be done peras to set the juice at liberty.
fectly, as it
may
well be supposed, by squeezing the cher12
134
ries

between their hands, or by rubbing them against the
sides of the trough.
The juice runs then into the fermenting-back through the interstices of the trough, while skins, stalks, and The stones are then added to the stones are left behind.
It was thought is left to ferment. time that it was necessary to break the stones, from which the " kirsch" derives its characteristic flavour
liquid,
and the wort
for a long
and aroma,
to obtain this effect ; but experience has, in a conclusive manner, demonstrated that this practice is useless,
and that the worts from cherries fermented with the

an equally good-fla-
stones, either entire or broken, give
voured kirsch.
of
Kirsch being only consumed as a liquor, the fabrication it is not very extensive, and the wine producing it is
still
put to the
lasts
from six
immediately after the fermentation, which Leaven is put with this to eight days.
wort.
numbers of what
In some parts of the United States there are immense are called " wild-cherry trees/' which
There can be no doubt bear a large quantity of fruit. but they could be made useful in the same way as other
cherries; and, from
fine spirit
my
knowledge of them, I think a

the fruit by the process worthy of a trial.
could be
of.
made from
just spoken
At
least, it is well
APPLE BRANDY.
135
OF SOME OF THE PRODUCTS OF THIS COUNTRY WHICH AFFORD SPIRITS BY DISTILLATION.

THIS country abounds
in
many
upon
fruits, roots,
tables that will yield spirit
distillation.
It
and vegewould be
useless to give a separate process for every one of those
substances, as similar substances require a similar mode of treatment. This, it is hoped, will be a sufficient hint
to any -one who may wish to experiment on a particular kind of fruit, vegetable, &c. And first will be spoken
of
CIDER SPIRITS, OR APPLE BRANDY.

In many parts of the United States large quantities of apples are raised, which cannot be made use of to advantage in any other way, and it therefore becomes an object to the farmer to distil them. The process is worked thus :
The
ripest
apples, after being assorted,

first,
so as to
work the
are then ground, either in the
common way,
or with a mill constructed similar to the tanner's bark-mill;

after
which they are pressed
in a large, powerful screw-
press as long as any juice can be obtained. The cider is then put into large cisterns or vats pre-
pared for the purpose, where it undergoes a fermentation, and is fit for the still in from six to twelve days, according
to the weather.
Some distillers preserve

into casks,
the pomace of the
pressing, put
it
and cover
it
with water, until
136
it

it is
undergoes a fermentation, when

distilled.
again pressed out,
and the cider
work and so many
This, however, requires so much casks, that in a busy season it is

;
scarcely worth attending to may be done.
but when fruit
is
scarce, it
Many
persons are in the habit of grinding the apples,
and then throwing them into casks, where they undergo a fermentation, after which the whole mass is committed
to the still.
tained in this
Though a greater quantity is said to be way than any other, it is a bad plan, as
ob-
the
brandy is certain to possess that peculiar empyreumatic The operation taste which renders it very unpalatable.
is
also
more
tedious, and,
upon the whole, the
least pro-
fitable.
To judge of the progress of fermentation, run a stick down in the centre of the cask ; if, upon drawing it out,
it is
mentation
it is
accompanied with a bubbling, hissing noise, the feris not over ; but if no such noise is observable,
then
fit
for the still.

it
To
those
who
are desirous of
following this plan,
is
advised, as the best
method of
filled
avoiding an empyreuma,
that the
still
be one-third
with water, which must be made to boil before putting in The spirit made from cider is in every rethe pomace.
spect better than that
made from pomace.
PEACH BRANDY
Peaches grow in great abundance in nearly every par* of the United States, but more abundantly and of a better The flavour of peaches quality in the Southern States.
is
fruit in the world. equal, if not superior, to that of any
PEACH BRANDY.
137
Upon
distillation
agreeable, which
is
they yield a spirit remarkably fine and made use of very much in the mixing
of liquors.
are similar.
The methods
By
of treating peaches and apples the fruit is thrown into a large some,
trough, where
pletely mashed
it is
pounded with large

then pressed out
pestles until
com-
and a hogshead ; ; of pure juice, obtained in this way, will yield from 10 to 12 gallons of the best brandy. As the pomace cannot be completely pressed, it is thrown into casks, diluted with
it is
water, and, after sufficient fermentation, again pressed,
and immediately distilled. Another method, and the

of peaches are distilled,
is
best,
where a large quantity
to grind
them
in a suitable
mill, which, by mashing the stone and kernel, is said to impart an agreeable bitter to the spirit. In this state it
is
fermented, and, with the addition of a small quantity

still.
of water, committed to the
Others press
is
it
after
the
all
manner of pressing
other modes.
apples, which
far preferable to
OF THE PREPARATION AND DISTILLATION OF RUM.

IT is necessary to remark, in the beginning, that in the still-house, as well as the boiling-house, the greatest The vats, at the beginning of Cleanliness is requisite.
the crop, ought to be well washed out, with both warm and cold water, to divest them of any sour stuff which
may have accumulated
or adhered to their bottoms and
12*
138

were
last in
sides since they
use; and
if
every vat, just
before the
first
setting, or
little
be rinsed with a
mixing the liquor in it, were to rum, the distiller would be well
In sitting the repaid for this small outlay and trouble. first round of liquor, a greater proportion of skimming from the sugar-pans must be used than will afterward
be necessary, as the distiller has no good
little
lees,
and very
molasses,
to
add
to
the mass;
and, besides, the
skimmings some time hence
at this time are not so rich as they will be
in
March, April, or May, which are

will succeed well in the be-
thought the best yielding months.
The following proportions

ginning
:
For every 100 gallons your vat contains, put 45 gallons of skimmings, and 5 gallons of molasses to 50
When you have got good lees, or regallons of water. turns, as they are often called, mix equal quantities of
skimmings, lees, and water, and for every 100 gallons add 10 gallons of molasses. When the mill is going,
and therefore you have no skimmings, mix equal parts of lees and water, and for every 100 gallons add 20 gallons
liquor set in these proportions the expect to obtain from 10 to 15 per cent, of proof-rum, and twice as much low wines. But the quantity of spirit will depend greatly on the
of molasses.
-From
distiller
may
quality of the ingredients, and in some measure on the
weather; therefore, an intelligent

proportions accordingly.
flavour or essential
distiller will
Rum
differs
vary his from what is sim-
ply called sugar-spirit, as it contains more of the natural oil of the sugar-cane ; a great deal of raw juice, and even parts of the cane itself, being often
fermented in the liquor or solution of which the rum
ia
DISTILLATION OF RUM.
139
For this reason it is generally thought that prepared. the rum derives its flavour from the cane itself. Some,
indeed, are of opinion that the oily flavour of the rum proceeds from the large quantity of fat used in boiling This fat, of course, will give a rancid flavour the sugar.
to the spirit in distillations of the sugar-liquors, or wash,
from the refining sugar-houses; but the flavour of rum.
this is
nothing like
Great quantities of rum are made at Jamaica, and other places in or near the same latitude ; the method of When a sufficient stock of materials is making it is this
:
got together, they add water to them, and ferment them in the common way, though the fermentation is always
carried on very slowly at
first,
of the season for making

yeast to
rum
because, at the beginning in the islands, they want
make it work ; but after this they, by degrees, a sufficient quantity of the ferment, which rises procure a head to the liquor in the operation ; and thus as up they
are able afterward to ferment and
make
their
rum with
great deal of expedition, and in very large quantities. When the wash is fully fermented, or to a due degree of
acidity, the distillation is carried
and the
spirit is
reduced to
on in the common way, made up proof, though sometimes it is a much greater degree of strength, nearly apit is
proaching to that of alcohol, or spirits of wine ; and then called " double-distilled" rum.
There can be no doubt that

the spirit, and bring
it
it
would be easy
to rectify
to a
it,
much
than
it is
usual to find
if it
greater degree of purity did not bring over in the
distillation so large a quantity of the gross oil,
which
is
often so disagreeable that the
rum must be
suffered to lie
140

it
by
if
a long time to mellow before
can be used; whereas.
well rectified, its flavour would be
much
less rancid,
and
consequently much more agreeable to the palate. It has been ascertained that the best state to keep rum, both for exportation and other uses, is doubtless in that
of alcohol, or rectified spirits.
In this manner
it
it
would
be contained in half the bulk

let
down
to the
common
usually is, proof strength with water,
and might be
when
necessary.
PROCESS MADE USE OF IN GREAT BRITAIN
AND IRELAND FOR FERMENTING AND

TILLING MOLASSES.
DIS-
THIS process will be found well adapted to the use of those of our citizens who are not living in the sugar-growIt is conducted as follows They set the ing regions. backs in the former (Great Britain) by adding 2 gallons of water and 1 of molasses; to which (in both places)
:
tney add about 1 gallon of barm or yeast to 200, and sometimes 300, of molasses so mixed. These they blend, with a large birch-broom, uniformly together; this they
call setting.
This must be attended to once or twice a day, and the
head stirred in or more barm added occasionally ; or the air partially excluded to keep it warm, if it works slow,
and admitted
the backs
fully, if
must be
In three or four days raised, by adding (in Great Britain) 2

it
works
fast.
DISTILLING MOLASSES.
Ml
gallons of water more to each gallon of molasses set ; and in Ireland the same j consequently, they work their wash
one-fifth stronger in
Great Britain than in Ireland
and
when they wish

their
to evade the
wash
still
duty of excise, they work but this materially hurts the stronger,
quality of the produce. In the winter time, the water added to the backs should
are raised with, which
be heated to a degree below blood warm, that the backs may be done by heating some
it,
water scalding hot, not boiling

as
in
one of the
stills,
and
the filling-can as will heat the redrawing mainder of the cold water to the degree wanted. When
in
much
the intended portion of water is added to each back, the same proportion of barm is to be added as at setting, and
all
blended together with the broom;
this
is
termed
raising.
The same,
setting,
or rather more, attention

if
and barm added,
necessary.
must be paid after The third stage
of fermentation
is cutting, which is performed four, five, or even six days after raising, but is seldom deferred so It is done by adding about 1 ounce of jalap-root, long.
in fine powder, to every

in in
800 or 1000 weight of molasses half and as much more to the same quantities summer, winter, with the same proportion of barm, or yeast, as
and raising, which must be blended together This is called cutting the backs, which,
at setting
with the yeast.

indeed,
it
crest of the flowers or
very effectually does cutting down the head or barm which the intestine motion of
ef-
the fermentation threw up, and communicating a very
fectual ferment-essence through the whole fluid mass, very
distinguishable at the top of the fluid to the sight, and
142

;
also to the ear
the hissing of which can
now be
distinctly
heard by those who are near. As this tumultuous motion and hissing noise lessens, the operation draws to a close and when they can be no
:
longer distinguished, which
is
days after cutting, the fermentation is
generally in three or four over, and the fer-
mented wash
set
is
to
anew,
as before
be emptied into the still, and the backs This fermented wash, directed.
it,
distilled as
long as a glass of
fire
thrown upon the
still-
from a lighted paper or candle, is called low wines, or spirits of the first extraction. These low wines are kept for three distillations, which quantity
head, will burn or take
generally
fills
the
still,
which
is
called doubling, or second
extraction, and are drawn
off as directed previously.
This
ard,
if
is
spirit,
called proof-spirit.
lowered with water to the hydrometer standAfter the setting of the backs,
an addition of barm does not bring on a sensible fermentation through the whole, a five-gallon can of warm spent-wash, added to every 200 gallons of the fermentingwash, will in general bring on the desired degree of fermentation; if not, about half the quantity of jalap usually used in cutting the backs must be added now, and the
other half at cutting the backs.
in frosty weather, the part of the still-house
In winter, particularly where the
fermentation
is
going on must be heated to the tempera-
ture of temperate on the thermometer, which will much This may be done by the heat of facilitate the process.
the
stills
at
work
in winter
and the excess of heat from

con-
them
in
summer may be counterbalanced by windows

draw a current of
air across the still-house.
trived to
FLAVOURING AND COLOURING OF
SPIRITS.
113
RAISIN SPIRITS.
FROM raisins is extracted a spirit, after proper ferIn order to extract this mentation, bearing this name. in a proper quantity of infused must be raisins the spirit, When the fermentation is comwater and fermented.
pleted, the
whole
is
to be
thrown into the
still,
and
spirits
extracted by a strong fire. The reason why a strong fire is here directed is, because by that means a greater quantity
of the essential oil will
rit,
come over the helm with the
spi-
which
will
render
is
it
pose; for this spirit

inalt
the distiller's purgenerally used to mix with common

fitter for
much
goods
and
it is
surprising
how
far it will
go in this
respect, 10 gallons of it being often sufficient to give a determining flavour and agreeable vinosity to a whole
piece of malt spirit.
FLAVOURING AND COLOURING OF SPIRITS

THE sweet spirits of nitre, either strong or dulcified, is the substance generally used by distillers for the flavouring of spirits, to deprive them of their lixivkms taste
As regards the colouring of spirits, that of French brandy has been held up as the acme of The extract ot oak has been proposed; but perfection.
after rectification.
after all, the
the use of
common
most practical means found by experience is treacle and burnt sugar, though it has
144

to
been said that neither of these will succeed when put

the test of the vitriolic solution.
quantity of oak-bark shavings, deposited for some time in spirits of wine, will form a dilute tincture of oak; this may be added to colour spirits, instead of burnt sugar.
1 pint of parched or burnt
wheat
will give
an agreeable
colour
flavour.
to
barrel
of whisky,
and
will
improve
the
PROCESS FOR MAKING
RUM SHRUB.
To effect this, take 65 or 70 gallons of rum, from 7 tc 8 gallons of lemon-juice, 6 or 7 gallons of orange-juice, (both fresh expressed from the fruit,) orange-wine 30 gallons, 2 pounds of the rind of fresh lemon-peel, and 1
pound of the rind of fresh orange-peel, (both pared off as thin as possible, and previously steeped for a few days in Fill up the the rum,) and 100 pounds of loaf-sugar.
cask, of
120 or 130
gallons,
rouse them well together.

to suit
with pure spring- water ; If not sweet enough, sweeten
you; if too sweet, add more lemon-juice. Dissolve your sugar in part of the water used for making up your shrub ; let it stand till fine, set up on end, with a cock near the bottom.
ELDER JUICE.
145
PROCESS FOR MAKING BRANDY SHRUB.

Take from 75 to THIS is done in the following way 80 gallons of brandy, 8 or 10 gallons of lemon-juice, 8 gallons of orange-juice, 4 pounds of thin rind of fresh
:
lemon-peel, and 2 pounds of orange-peel, fresh, (both pared as thin as may be,) and add them to the brandy
thing; with 4 ounces of terra-japonica, 1 hundredof loaf-sugar or clayed sugar, dissolved in part of weight the water used for making up, added with the above inthe
first
Fill up with good clear gredients to the brandy, &c. water, set the cask on end, with a cock near the bottom,
and
let it
stand
till fine.
Shrub may be made
in a similar
manner with whisky,
apple brandy, peach brandy, &e., with similar ingredients in the before-mentioned proportions. The quantity can be increased or reduced to suit the operator, by duly proportioning the ingredients to the quantity of spirits employed.
ELDER
To make
this
all
JUICE.
let
article,
you must
your berries be
the stalks (which are numerous) be fully ripe, clean picked from them. Then, if you have a press for drawing all the juice from them, have ready four haircloths
and
somewhat broader than the

13
press,
and put one
146
THE COMPLETE PRACTICAL
DISTILLER.-
layer above another, having a hair-cloth between every layer, which must be laid very thin and pressed, first a
little,
can get
then more, till your press be drawn as close as you it ; then take out the berries, and press all you
the lumps
have in like manner.

break out
all
Then take the pressed berries, and ; put them into an open vessel,
and put on them as much liquid as will just cover them Let them infuse so for seven or eight days ; then press it
to it the rest, or keep it separately for and present use, put your best juice into a cask proper for it to be kept in ; and put 1 gallon of malt spirits, not rec-
out,
and either add
every 20 gallons of elder juice, which will effectually preserve it from becoming sour for two or three
tified, to
years.
METHOD OF MAKING CHEERY BRANDY.

ways of making this liquor, which demand. Some press out the juice of the great cherries, and having dulcified it with sugar, add as much
are several
is
THERE
in
spirit to it as the
goods will bear, or the price

for.
it
is
in-
tended to be sold
But
the
common method
is
to
put the cherries, clean picked, into a cask with a proper quantity of proof-spirit; and after standing about eighteen
and two-thirds of the
days, the goods are drawn off into another cask for sale, first quantity of spirits poured into
the cask upon the cherries.

to extract the
This is to stand one month, whole virtue from the cherries ; after which
EAU DE LUCE.
it is
147
to take
drawn
off as before,
and the cherries pressed,
out the spirit they had absorbed.
The proportion
observed; the general rule
of cherries and spirit is not very nicely is that the cask be half-filled
with cherries, and then fill up with proof-spirits. Some add to every 20 gallons of spirit half an ounce of
cinnamon, 1 ounce of cloves, and about 3 pounds of sugar, by which the flavour of the goods is considerably increased.
But, in order to save expenses, not only the spices and sugar are generally omitted, but also a great part of the cherries, and the deficiency supplied by the juice of
elder-berries.
Your own
reason, therefore,
it,
and your
taste, or the price
you intend to ask for

your ingredients.
must
direct
you
in the selection of
By
wish,
the
same method you can make raspberry brandy
should the colour of the article not be so deep as you it can be made more so by the addition of a little
cherry brandy, elder juice, or other colouring substance, such as logwood, &c.
EAU DE
THE
process
LUCE.
for making this is simple and easy of Take of the oil of amber 1 ounce, of highlyexecution. rectified spirits of wine 4 pounds put them into a bottle,
;
and
let
them remain there
five days,
shaking the bottle

spirit
oil.
occasionally during the time,

will be strongly
by which means the
impregnated with the
Then put
into
148
this impregnated spirit 4 ounces of choice amber, finely thus you have a powdered, and let it digest three days rich The tincture amber. tincture of being thus very
;
made, take of the strongest spirits of sal-ammoniac 16 pounds, and add to the foregoing tincture, together with
You will 8 pounds of highly rectified spirits of wine. thus obtain the celebrated " Eau de Luce" which is so
much
in use in all cases of fainting, lowness of spirits,
giddiness, headache, &c.
IRISH USQUEBAUGH.
THIS
saffron.
is
Take of nutmegs,
a very celebrated cordial, the basis of which is cloves, and cinnamon, of each
2 ounces; of the seeds of anise, caraway, and coriander, each 4 ounces; liquorice-root, sliced, half a pound. Bruise the seeds and spices, and put them, together with the
liquorice, into the
still,
;
2 gallons of water
distil
with 11 gallons of proof-spirit and with a pretty brisk fire till the
as soon as
feints begin to rise.
But
work, fasten to the nose of the

saffron, tied
it
worm 2
and
your still begins to ounces of English
up and extract
in a cloth, that the liquor

all
its
may run through
tincture
in order to do this,
you should often press the
When
This
the operation
is
with your fingers. finished, dulcify the spirits with

saffron
distillation in the fol-
fine sugar.
may
be prepared without
:
lowing manner
Take of
raisins, stoned,
5 po nds
figs,
IMPERIAL RATAFIA.
sliced,
149
Ij pound; cinnamon, half a pound; nutmegs, 3 ounces; cloves and mace, of each 1 ounce; liquorice, 2 pounds ; saffron, 4 ounces. Bruise the spices, slice the and pull the saffron in pieces ; digest these ingredients eight days in 10 gallons of proof-spirit, in a Then filter the liquor, and add tc vessel close stopped.
liquorice,
it
2 gallons of canary wine and half an ounce of the
tinc-
ture of verdigris.
PROCESS OF MAKING NECTAR.

imperial gallons of the of an of cassia oil, and an equal a ounce ratafia," quarter quantity of the oil of caraway seeds, dissolved in half a
as to
THIS may be made with 15
"
pint of spirits of wine, and made up with orange wine, so fill up the cask. This process is for making 20
if
gallons.
Sweeten, sugar in the glass.
wanted, by adding a small lump of
IMPERIAL RATAFIA.
TAKE
three-quarters of a
pound of the kernels of
peaches, nectarines, and apricots, bruised; 3 pounds of bitter almonds, bruised ; half a gallon of rectified spirits of wine, in which dissolve half an ounce of compound es-
sence of ambergris
12 gallons of pure molasses

13*
spirit,
150
and
as
many
20
;
gallons of rose-water as will
make up
the
ratafia to
gallons.
Steep the kernels and almonds for

off for use.
ten days
then draw
This quantity will take 10 pounds of loaf-sugar to sweeten it ; but as some may not like j I so, it had better
be sweetened by a few gallons at a tim
J,
as
it is
wanted.
METHOD OF MAKING LOY^ GE CORDIAL.

THIS
cordial,
which has been in use

:
for a long time,
can be made thus

valerian, celery,
sential oil of
Take of the
fresh roots of lovage,

es-
and sweet-fennel, each 4 ounces; of
caraway and savin, each 1 ounce ; spirits of wine, 1 pint; 12 gallons of proof-spirits; loaf-sugar, 12 Steep the roots and seed in the spirits fourteen pounds.
Dissolve the
oils in
days.
them
other
to the undulcified spirit cordial
the spirits of wine, and add drawn off from the
ingredients;
fine, if
dissolve the sugar in the water for
making up ;
necessary, with aluin.
PROCESS OF MAKING CITRON CORDIAL.

TAKE
of
Smyrna
figs,
;
Infuse for one week
draw
14 pounds ; spirits, 12 gallons. the clear spioff, and add to

of orange and lemon, each 1
rituous infusion essence
FRENCH NOYAU.
151
ounce, dissolved in a pint of spirits of wine; half a pound of dried lemon, and 4 ounces of orange-peel; 6 or 7 Make up, as before, with clean, pounds of loaf-sugar.
nice water.
CINNAMON CORDIAL
THIS very agreeable compound is useful in families, being often sufficient to arrest sickness at the stomach, Take 1 drachm of oil of casIt is thus made &c. &c.
"
sia, dissolved with sugar and spirits of wine; 1J gallon of spirits; cardamom-seed, husked, 1 ounce; orange and
Fine with half a lemon-peel, dried, of each 1 ounce. of sweeten to alum-water taste with loaf-sugar, ; your pint
not exceeding 2 pounds, and make up 2 gallons measure with the water you dissolve the sugar in. This cordial
can be coloured,
if desired,
with burnt-sugar.
FRENCH NOYAU.
TAKE of fine French brandy 1} gallon; 6 ounces of the best fresh prunes; 2 ounces of celery; 3 ounces of the kernels of apricots, nectarines, and peaches, and 1 ounce of bitter almonds, all gently bruised ; essence of
orange-peel and lemon-peel, of each half a drachm, dissolved in spirits of wine ; half a pound of loaf-sugar. Let
152

off,
the clear noyau as
the whole stand fourteen days ; then draw much rose-water as will
will be near half a gallon.
and add
it
to
make
up
to
2 gallons, which
PEPPERMINT CORDIAL.
As
make
rits
this
it
is
easily and cheaply
made, every family should
for their
own consumption.
Take of
rectified spi-
13 gallons; 12 pounds of loaf-sugar ; 1 pint of spirits of wine; 15 pennyweights (troy) of oil of peppermint;
fill up the cask, (20 gallons ;) on end after the whole has been up well roused, and a cock for drawing off placed in it.
water, as
much
as will
set
which should be
PROCESS OF MAKING ANISEED CORDIAL,

of spirits 14 gallons ; spirits of wine, 1 pint ; pounds of loaf-sugar ; 1 J ounce of oil of aniDissolve the of finely powdered alum. 2 ounces seed; for the water used in of one making up, and part sugar
TAKE
from 6
to 8
the alum in the remainder, and proceed as directed in the making up of peppermint cordial. Aniseed cordial does
not bear to be reduced below one in

oil will
separate
when
too
much
five, as part of the lowered, and render the
goods quite unsightly indeed.
FRENCH VINEGAR.
153
METHOD OF MAKING CARAWAY CORDIAL.

THIS is done by taking of oil of caraway 1 ounce ; oil of cassia, 20 drops; essence of orange-peel, 5 drops, and the same quantity of essence of lemon; 13 gallons of Make it up and fine down spirit; 8 pounds of loaf-sugar.
as directed for aniseed cordial.
FRENCH VINEGAR.
which is detained for this purpose is mixed in a tun with a quantity of wine-lees, and the whole large into cloth sacks placed within a large transferred being
iron-bound vat, the liquid matter
is
WINE
extended through the
sacks by superincumbent pressure. What passes through is put into large casks set upright, having a small aperture at their tops. In these it is exposed to the heat of
the sun in summer, or to that of a stove in winter.
should then
If the heat Fermentation comes on in a few days. rise too high, it is lowered by cool air and
the addition of fresh wine.
The
art of
making good
wine-vinegar consists in the skilful regulation of the fer-
mentative temperature.
rally completed in a fortnight

is requisite.
In summer, the process is genein winter, double the time ;
The vinegar is then run off into barrels conIt is clarified in taining several chips of birch-wood.
about two weeks
;
and, to be
fit
for the
market, must be
kept in close casks.
154
MODE OF MAKING ENGLISH VINEGAR

THIS
is
generally
made from
malt.
By mashing
with
water, 100 gallons of wort
are extracted, in less than two
hours, from 1 bushel of malt.

to the temperature of
When
the liquor has fallen
75
laid
Fahr., 4 gallons of the yeast of

it
beer are added.

into casks,
After thirty-six hours
is
racked
off
which are
on their
sides,
with their bung-holes loosely covered, to mer, but in winter they are arranged in a stove-room.
and exposed, the sun in sum-
In three months this vinegar

ture of the sugar of lead.
use, however, the process is
is
To make
ready for the manufacvinegar for domestic

different.
somewhat
The
above liquor
casks placed upright, hava false with holes, fixed at about a foot cover, pierced ing from their bottom. On this a considerable quantity of
is
racked
off into
rope, or the refuse from the
makers of British wine,
or,
The otherwise, a quantity of low-priced raisins, is laid. liquor is turned into another barrel every twenty-four
hours, in which time
it
has begun to grow warm.

is
Some-
times, indeed, the vinegar
fully fermented as above,
without the rope, which

cate the flavour.
is added at the end to communiGood vinegar can be made from a weak
syrup of 18 ounces of sugar to every gallon of water; Vineyeast and rye are to be used as above described.
gar obtained by the preceding methods has more or less of a brown colour, and a peculiar but rather grateful
DISTILLATION OF SIMPLE WATERS.
155
SOME GENERAL DIRECTIONS FOR THE DISTILLATION OF SIMPLE WATERS.

IT must constantly be borne in mind that plants and the parts which are to be used ought to be fresh gathered. Where they are directed fresh, such only must be employed
;
they
but some are allowed to be used dry, as in this state may easily be procured at all times of the year,
though more elegant waters might be obtained from them

while quite green. Having bruised the substances a thereon thrice their quantity of spring-water. little, pour
The
quantity, however, according as the plants

ordinary.
may be diminished or added to, may be more or less juicy than
When
fresh and juicy herbs are to be distilled,
thrice their weight of water will be quite sufficient, but
In general, dry ones require a much greater quantity. there should be so much water that, after all intended to
left to
be distilled has come over, there may be liquor enough prevent the matter from burning to the still. Formerly, some vegetables were slightly fermented with
Should any the ordinary yeast previous to distillation. of on the surface the oil swim of water, they are drops
carefully
better,
spirit
skimmed off. That the waters may be kept the about one-twentieth part of their weight of proofmay be added to each after they are distilled.
is
Such
a short but accurate and complete sketch of
the distillation of simple waters.
106
OF THE STILLS USED FOR SIMPLE WATERS.

There are not a great many instruments used for this comthose chiefly in use are of two kinds
cold
still
purpose;
monly called the hot still, or alembic, and the The waters drawn from plants by the cold still
are
much
more fragrant, and more fully impregnated with their virtues, than those drawn by the hot still, or alembic. A pewter body is suspended in the The method is this the head of the still fitted to the and the of alembic, body
:
pewter body
into this
tilled are put, the
alembic
body the ingredients to be disfilled with -water, and the stillof the refrigerator.
head luted
to the
worm
The same
by putting the ingredients into a and placing it in a bath heat, or balneum glass alembic, The cold still is much the best adapted to draw maride.
object would be fulfilled
off
the virtues of simples which are valued for their fine
flavour
for
when green, which is subject to be lost in drying; when you want to extract from plants a spirit so light
and
volatile as not to subsist in open air any longer than while the plant continues in its growth, it is certainly the best method to remove the plant from its native soil into
some proper instrument, where, as it parts can be collected and preserved.
dies, these volatile
Such an instrument
is
what
is
called the cold
still,
where the drying of the plant or flower is only forwarded by a moderate warmth, and all that rises is collected and
As the method of performing the operation preserved. the cold still is the very same, whatever plant or by flower is used, the following instance of procuring a water
DISTILLATION OF SIMPLE WATERS.

from rosemary will be
practitioner in the
all
its
157
sufficient to instruct the young manner of conducting the process in Take of rosemary, fresh gathered in cases whatever perfection, with the morning dew on it, and lay it
:
slightly
still
and unbruised upon the plate or bottom of the
cover the plate with its conical head, and apply a ; to the nose of it. receiver glass Make a small fire of charcoal under the plate, continu-
ing
it
as long as
any liquor comes over into the

off the
receiver.
still-head
When
nothing more comes over, take
and remove the

ceed as before
sively
till
;
plant, putting fresh in its stead,
and pro-
continue to repeat the operation succesa sufficient quantity of water is procured. Let
this distilled
water be kept at rest in clean bottles, close
stopped, for
it will
some days, in a cold place. By this means become limpid and powerfully impregnated with
In this water is conthe taste and smell of the plant. tained the liquor of dew, consisting of its own proper parts, which are not without difficulty separated from the
plant,
and cleave
to it
even in drying.
This dew
also,
by sticking
to the outside, receives the liquid parts of
the plant, which, being elaborated the day before, and exhaled in the night, are hereby detained, so that they
concrete together into one external liquid, which

viscid, as appears in
is
often
manna, boney, &c,
158
CINNAMON WATER.
TAKE
till it
them together
of cinnamon 1 pound; water, 1} gallon. Steep for two days, and then distil off the water
ceases to run milky.
PEPPERMINT WATER.
TAKE
much
by
of peppermint leaves, dry, 1J pound; water, as
as will prevent the leaves
from burning.
Draw
off
distillation 1 gallon.
DAMASK-ROSE WATER.
TAKE
of damask-roses, fresh gathered, 6 pounds ; waDistil prevent the roses from burning.
ter, sufficient to
off 1 gallon of the water.
ORANGE-FLOWER WATER.
TAKE
water.
Draw
2 pounds of orange-flowers, and 24 quarts of over 3 pints.
SIMPLE LAVENDER WATER,
159
ORANGE WINE.
THIS delightful beverage is prepared in the following Take 12 oranges, and pare them very thin ; strain the juice, so that none of the seeds go in with it.
manner
Then
take 6 pounds of loaf-sugar, and the whites of 2
eggs, well beaten; put these into 3 gallons of springAs the water, and let it gently boil for half an hour.
scum
rind.
rises,
take
it
off;
then add the orange-juice and
and
Three* or four spoonfuls of yeast must also be put in, let it stand in a pan or pail for four or five days ;
it
then put
into the cask,
and
it
let
it
stand for three or
four weeks, but do not stop
close for the first week.
When
Stop
nearly
fine,
draw
it off
into another cask,

little
and add
to it a quart of white
it
close,
and in
Cognac brandy. a month or six weeks it will be iii
wine and a
fine condition,
ready for use.
SIMPLE LAVENDER WATER.

FOR many
easily
years this has been a great favourite
it ig
made
in the following
way
Take 14 pounds of
lavender-flowers; 10J gallons of rectified spirits of wine; and 1 gallon of water. Draw off 10 gallons with a gentle
fire, or,
which
is
much
better, the sand-bath.
160
COMPOUND LAVENDER WATER.

SOME persons much prefer this to the simple lavender Take of simple It is made thus water just spoken of. lavender water, 2 gallons ; of Hungary water, 1 gallon ;
:
cinnamon and nutmegs, of each 3 ounces; red sanders,

1 ounce.
Digest the whole three days in a gentle heat,

filter it for
and then
use.
Some add
saffron,
musk, and
ambergris, of each half a scruple.
HUNGARY WATER.
TAKE of the flowery tops, with the leaves and flowers of rosemary, 14 pounds; rectified spirit, 11 J gallons; Distil off 10 gallons with a moderate water, 1 gallon.
If you perform this operation in balneum marise, fire. your Hungary water will be much finer than if drawn by
the
common
is
alembic.
This
called
Hungary
water, not because
" Kossuth"
came
to this country, (who, by-the-by,
would have done
as well if he
had stayed on the other

being
first
side of the water,)
but from
its
made
for a princess of that
kingdom.
DISTILLATION OF SPIRITUOUS WATERS.
161
SOME GENERAL DIRECTIONS FOR THE DISTILLATION OF SPIRITUOUS WATERS.

IT has been ascertained that the plants and their parts ought to be moderately and newly dried, except such as After the ingredients are ordered to be fresh gathered.
have been steeped in the spirit for the time prescribed, will be sufficient to prevent a burnt flaThe liquor which comes over first vour, or rather more.
add as much as
in the distillation
title
of
"
spirit/'
is kept to itself, by some, under the and the other runnings, which prove
milky, fined
down by
art.
But
it is
better to
mix
all
the
runnings together, without fining them, that the waters may possess the virtues of the plant entire ; which is a
circumstance to be more regarded than their fineness or In the distillation of these waters, the genusightliness.
ine brandy obtained from wine is directed.
is
Where
this
not to be had, take instead of that proof-spirit half its quantity of a well-rectified spirit, prepared from any other fermented liquors.
and then add spring-water the both to make up quantity ordered to be drawn enough,
In
this steep the ingredients,
off,
and
to
gant waters
prevent burning. By this method more elemay be obtained than when any of the com-
mon
of.
proof-spirits,
even that of wine

spirits
itself,
are
made
use
some flavour from the matter from which they are extracted; and of this flavour, which adheres chiefly to the phlegm or watery
All vinous
receive
U*
162
part,
they cannot be divested without separating the phlegm, and reducing them to the rectified state of spirits
of wine.
JESSAMINE WATER.
IT
is
well
known
that there are several species of jessa-
mine, but the sort intended in this instance is what gardeners call Spanish White, or Catalonian Jessamine ; this is one
It of the most beautiful of all the species of jessamine. made as follows: Take of Spanish jessamine-flowers, 12 ounces ; essence of citron or bergamot, 8 drops ; fine
;
is
proof-spirit, 1 gallon
water, 2 quarts.
Digest two days
in a close vessel, after

cify with
which draw
off 1 gallon,
and dul-
fine loaf-sugar.
EAU DE BEAUTE.
THE name
of this water
is
taken from
its
use in washIt is
ing the face and giving an agreeable smell.
drawn
from thyme and marjoram, which gives
it
a very elegant
odour. Take of the flowery tops of thyme and marjoram, each 1 pound; proof-spirits, 5 quarts; water, 1 quart Draw off by means of a sand-bath till the feints begin to
rise,
and keep
it
close stopped for use.
SOME REMiRKS ON THE USES OF FEINTS, AND THEIR GENERAL CHARACTER.

work the receiver has been ordered
IT will be observed that in the foregoing part of this to be removed as soon
as the feints begin to rise, as the goods
would otherwise
It is not, howcontract a disagreeable taste and smell. ever, to be understood that these feints are to be thrown
away, nor the working of the still to be immediately Therefore, as soon as you can find the clear stopped.
colour of the goods begin to change to a bluish or whitish colour, remove the receiver, and place another under the nose of the worm, and continue the distillation as long as the liquor running from the worm is spirituous, which
be known by pouring a" little of it on the still-head, and applying a lighted candle to it; for if it is spirituous
may
it
will burn,
but
it
will not otherwise.
the feints will no longer burn on the still-head, out the fire, and pour the spirits into a cask provided put for that purpose ; and when, from repeated distillations,
When
you have procured a

let
the
still
sufficient quantity of these feints, be charged with them almost to the top ; then
throw into the
still 4 pounds of salt, and draw off as you would any other charge as long as the spirit extracted is of sufficient strength ; after which the receiver is to be
removed, and the

It
feints saved
by themselves
as before.
may
;
be remarked that the spirits thus extracted
from the
as fresh
feints will serve in several compositions as well
but they are generally used in aniseed cordials,
164
because the jredominant taste of the aniseeds will entirely
cover what they had before acquired from other ingredients. Such are the points to be taken notice of on this
subject.
RULES FOR DETERMINING THE RELATIVE VALUE AND STRENGTH OF SPIRITS.

THE following requisites are necessary to be obtained before this can be done in a satisfactory manner: The
specific gravities of a certain
number
of mixtures of alcoas that
hol
and water must be taken so near each other
the intermediate specific gravities may perceptibly differ from those deduced from the supposition of a mere mixture of the fluids ; the expansions or variations of specific
gravity in these mixtures must be determined at different temperatures; some easy method must be contrived for
determining the presence and quantity of saccharine or oleaginous matter which the spirits may hold in solution,
and the
such solution on the specific gravity; the and, lastly, specific gravity of the fluid must be ascertained by a proper floating instrument, with a graduated
effect of
stem or set of weights, or, which may be more convenient, with both. They will be well suited for answering the
purpose of the operator.
SPECIAL DISTILLATIONS.
165
OBSERVATIONS ON DISTILLATIONS OF A SPECIAL CHARACTER, AND ON THE SELECTION OF APPARATUS MOST USEFUL.
THERE are numerous vegetables capable of furnishing elements for fermentation, and we may say that special In another part distillations are equally as numerous.
of this
work
it
must have been remarked that the nature
of the wine operated upon, and the taste which it is necessary to give to the spirits, may command some particular
tastes
mode of working to be followed, according as the and flavours are to be removed or left in the proStill,
if
duce.
the
system upon which the means of
correcting or preserving are founded has been well conceived,

it
must
infallibly
have been remarked that these

is,
that ; belong mechanical operations the object of which is

to
the process
of rectification
to
all
to give to
alcohol a greater concentration. It is evident that the object of improved apparatus being to effect the rectification of spirits with greater
economy, in
this respect the choice of apparatus is not

difficulty,
attended with
and that such as present the

is to
most economical advantages must be preferred. In fact, if the object of those improved systems
produce they are equally proper for the preparation of lower standard.
at once spirits at the highest strength required,

spirits at
It is thus that an improved apparatus may be used for the purpose of preparing three-six and proof goods with
166
advantage; and if in the first case its economical superiority over simple apparatus is greater than ill the
second,
its
advantages in the latter case are of sufficient

it
moment
tus
to render
preferable.
The
reader's attention
will not be directed

;
and there
is
any further to the choice of apparajustification in thinking that a sufficient

if
and unexceptionable guide has been

economical questions,
consideration which
to be influenced
may
offered in regard to there did not exist a powerful sometimes cause the distiller not
by the question of economy
in the choice
of apparatus.
also that of grain,
For instance, such is that of the and of potatoes
distillation of lees, as
in the natural state.

distinc-
This, particularly, would cause an admission of a tion in distillation, and consequently the latter
livided into two kinds, the
"distillation of fluid matter
half-fluid, half-solid matter.
first
will
be
of which will be called
"
the second, distillation of
Each kind
rately,
of these distillations will be treated of sepa-
and
to each of
them
will be assigned the apparatus
and modifications that may be thought applicable.
which
In relation to the distillation of fluid matter, it is that is effected on wines containing little or no original
substances in suspension, although they may retain a more or less considerable quantity of the latter in dissolution
;
such are the wines of the grape, of molasses, of
saccharified fecula, of beer,
and other extracts of grain.

offer the least difficulty
These kinds of wine are those that

to distillation.
It
;
may be
at once
effected in
ling apparatus
so that, in this case, that
any kind of which
distilis
the
most perfect may
be chosen, without the
167
Apprehension of inconvenience resulting from the state of the wine.

It is evident that nothing but
some considerations de-
pending on the fitness of the workmen could now prevent the distiller from making use of improved apparatus,
which always requires more intelligence and more care than that which is less complicated. There
is
which the
spirits are to
no doubt, though, but that in all cases in be drawn off at a high strength,
or to be corrected
by
rectification, the distiller
would
find
an advantage in being at the expense of employing intelligent workmen to conduct the process of a better machine.
The economy then
in combustibles
and
in labour ac-
quired by such machine would amply indemnify the manufacturer for the higher price occasioned by the employment of more careful and intelligent workmen, particularly if
the distillery is of some extent. In other cases, where proof goods are only made, where the wine operated upon is rich, and where taste and fla-
vour are not

it
to
be corrected by rectification, in such cases
might be possible that the distiller would not find the same advantage in making use of improved apparatus,
particularly in establishments so small as not to admit
of the system of continuity; then a simple condensing apparatus would be sufficient besides, these discussions
:
The manufacbelong more immediately to the distiller. turer having once determined upon the choice of the apparatus he means to use, he has only to combine his operations, so as to give to his produce all the qualities requisite for
consumption^ and
to regulate his
way of work-
ing according
to the state of the
wine he operates upon.
168
It
is

thus that each time the distiller wishes to give to much of the flavour of the fruit and of the
his spirit as
wine as possible, he should not distil it at a stronger degree than is required for consumption. He should draw the spirit as high as possible in all
other cases
;
and
if
such
spirit,
lowered with water down
to proof, has not quality enough, this proof
must again
This
be submitted to the
operation will
still,
to be
more concentrated.
always be practicable with the continuous because apparatus, every thing in this system will tend to
favour
it.
It has
been seen, in
fact, in this
system of
distillation,
that the only difficulty which presented itself sometimes was occasioned by the wine being so rich as to be urable
condense its own vapours; for, all things equal, the proportion of water should always be greater, according as the spirit is to be drawn off at a low strength. But as it is important here to draw the spirit at the
to
highest standard possible, whether one or two, or even three, operations are resorted to, it will be conceived that
with respect to condensation it will be found here the most favourable in support of the operation. The conrich a trary would take place if, in operating on too
wine by means of the continuous apparatus, the were only to be drawn at 19 or 22 ; * to preserve
spirits
all
the
good quality.
* As
the thermometers of
Reaumur and Fahrenheit
are occasionally
referred to in the course of this

distillation, therefore, in
work and others upon the subject of
order to establish a correspondence between convert the degrees of the former into those of the latter, and to multiply the degree of Reaumur by 9, divide the product by 4,
them, and
to
it is evident, then, that if water
1GO
to wine,
were added
for the purpose of rendering its distillation possible, the
greater the quantity of water that is added the more obnoxious this addition will be to the quality of the spirits.
ratus,
If a fermented liquor were distilled by the simple appaand it were necessary to improve the alcohol by
it is
the operations of rectification,

fication
evident that this rectispirits
must be
effected
by means of passing the
repeatedly through the
still.
Let
it
be supposed that in a similar case the

gives
it
first recti-
fication
part of
its
products at thirty and some
degrees j
tion of strong spirit
would be advantageous to separate this porfrom that which runs afterward at a
lower degree. The combustibles necessary for the boiling and vaporization of this alcohol, if it were brought back to the still
with the
feints,
would be saved
in such case these feints
are rectified separately.

this
it is
It is true, that in
working in
way necessary not to give over after each operation, but to work continuously, because there is always,
is
at each rectification, a quantity of spirituous liquor left
which
too small to
le
sugar fabric of M.
make one charge. Due de Raguse,
In the beet-root
at Ch,tillon-sur-
the quotient add 32 ; the sum expresses the corresponding degree on the scale of Fahrenheit. Secondly, to convert the degrees of Fahrenheit into those of Reaumur, from the degrees of Fahrenheit subtract
32, multiply the remainder by 4, and divide the product by 9; the quotient will be the degree according to the scale of Reaumur; and BO on for the rest. This little explanation will prove of very great service to the reader, not only as regards distilling, but in other things
also.
15
170

molasses
is
Seine, where the
submitted to
distillation,
they work nearly in the way which has just been spoken of, and that with the only view of improving the quality
of
the
produce.
or
above 23
24
inferior degree;
spirit which runs at a strength separated from that which runs at an and these two productions, separately
is
The
conducted, form two different qualities, proceeding from the same run, of which that which is obtained at the
highest standard, and lowered

best.
down with
water,
is
the
It is
now
which belongs entirely

In
fact,
is
easy to account for that variation in quality to the influence of rectification.
beet-root
molasses contains an essential
oil
which
tion
disagreeable, or which,
by
its
nature, favours
the formation of empyreumatic oil in the act of distillaan acid is thus formed in the fermentation, and ;
these causes of defect in quality,
less
it is
removed according
as the alcohol is
it is
known, are more or more or less
cleared from the water with which
mixed
in the
wine.
The
special distillations are so
various substances which might be the object of numerous, and the proportions
of alcohol they might render are submitted to such ex ceptions and such modifications, that it would be difficult
to give
an exact and complete index of them.
residue or spent-wash of fluid matter is not applied perhaps to any use. The only substances which it might
retain, besides
The
some calcareous
salts of little
importance,
are
undecomposed sugar, a or less extractive matter.

tion, the
gummy substance, When speaking of

is
and more
fermenta-
process was indicated that
to be followed to
171
which
deprive the spent-wash, as much as possible, of the sugar it retains after the first operation, and to effect this
to the advantage of the alcohol.
This mode, which is only practicable in distilleries in which the preparation of wine is continuous, would almost
leave in the spent-wash the only substances which do not directly concur to the formation of alcohol ; and in general this
spent-wash
it
is
However,
in
might be possible
wasted on leaving the still. to turn it to advantage,
many
instances, as
manure
and
if
the acids which
they retain did not suit the nature of the soil for
which
they were intended, they might be neutralized by means of lime. It is a fact that the organized substances which
it
retains
It
would be most useful
to vegetation.
would be necessary to calculate, in such application, whether the effects of such a manure would sufficiently
indemnify the farmer for his expenses in carriage and in labour which it would occasion I am of the opinion
:
that
it
would
not.
will
Some remarks
solid nature
now
be
half-fluid, half-solid matter.
made on the distillation of Wines of a semi-fluid, semiThe most remarkable, and
may
be very numerous, though, in fact, they
are less so than fluid wines.
those which, by their importance, solicit a more particular attention, are lees or ground wines, worts of grain and
of potatoes, which have not been niashed by extraction. Every means of perfection applied to any of these
wines
is
applicable to all of them, arid in this respect

will be said
is
we
the
might generalize what

on
the
on this subject; but,

difference,
other
side,
there
this
that
easily
wines of grain and of potatoes
may more
and
172
with greater advantage be transformed into fluid winea
than
lees.
call forth
This consideration will
the necessity of treat-
ing separately on the distillation of these wines, and on the apparatus suitable to them. In regard to lees, it has already been seen that these wines proceed from the fermentation of the waste of the
raisin,
either resulting
such as the stalks, skins, and kernels, with water, from wine with which they have already
fermented, or proceeding from the separation of the must by means of the press.
in this state, particularly
The fermentable matter which this waste still contains when it has already undergone
is
fermentation,
by the
press,
and which, being
evidently that which has been separated still enclosed in the cells
of the fruit, has thus escaped alcoholic decomposition. This fact again proves what has been said before on the imperfection of the operation of pressing; and, indeed, if this operation could be executed with the same
degree of practical perfection which is obtained in a great number of other manufacturing operations, the preparation of piquette
and of lees-wines might, without prejudice,

grounds
be neglected.
It is true, that in this case the distillation of
or lees could not be dispensed with ; for, admitting even the perfection of the operations of pressing, it would be necessary to separate the alcohol which the grounds still
contain in tolerably large quantities, when, after having fermented with the must, they are separated from it by the press.
But
if
the difficulty were thus not completely removed,
it
173
instances.
wouid, at
least,
is
be attenuated
in
many
The
difficulty
is
which
attached to the distillation of lees-wmea
the solid substances which they retain in a state of
suspension.
These substances, which are denser than the wine, precipitate themselves to the bottom of the vessels in which
they are deposited
;
and
if
these vessels are
stills
exposed
to stick
to the direct action of the fire, they cause
them
and adhere strongly

ical bodies,
to the
give birth to all the products of the
bottom, where they burn and combustion of organoil is
among which
the empyreumatic
in large
quantities.
The
influence of this oil on spirituous liquors
is
too
Several means have been imagined to prevent this accident. Experience has taught, for instance,
well known.
lees-wines has gained the temperature of ebuland when vapour is formed in a continuous manner on the bottom of the still, its rising, occasioned by the
that
when
lition,
ascensive agitation, is an obstacle to the precipitation of iolid matters, and of course to their torrefaction.
is easily conceived, and it is prenot in want of being further developed. In consequence of this observation, a vertical bar has been
This phenomenon
it is
sumed
established in the centre of the
still,
and by these means

it.
a chain has been
made
to
sweep the bottom of
However,
is
it
has been ascertained that this precaution
not always efficacious, and that during the distillation workman might happen to be neglectful in alimenting the furnace, so as to maintain the still in a complete
the
movement
of ebullition ; the solid matter, not being any longer suspended, precipitates itself to the bottom of the
15*
174
still,

and provokes the accident which has just been menMany authors have proposed the balneum marias
:
tioned.
for the distillation of lees
this
mode would be good with

economy would
distilla-
respect to
its
effects, if
the question of
admit
it.
It has already been
shown why
this
system of
tion is really not admissible.
By
these
means the em
pyreumatic taste would be avoided, but the taste of lees, which is not caused by torrefaction, as will soon be shown,
would not be obviated

It has also
at all.
been proposed to transmit through metallic surfaces the heat of steam, but this mode has the same
weak
marise
sides,
;
so
it
with respect to economy, as the balneum must entirely be abandoned. It would not
and
be the case in the distillation of lees by mixed vapours, this mode. is, perhaps, the only one practicable to obtain
from
lees all the alcohol they can produce,
and of
but
preventing, at the
same time,
torrefaction.
It consists in placing the lees in a
wooden
vessel,
better in a metal one, in which they are to be heated
means of a steam-pipe,
rard.
similar to that
stills
by which establishes a
of
communication between the two
Adam
and Be-
To
this effect, a steam-boiler, a still for the lees, a
condenser, and a worm would be wanted in a continuous work , the lees would be brought to the boiling point in the condenser, and would offer the advantages attached to
this disposition.
The number of
lees-stills
might be
in-
creased to two, or even three, by
making them of small
dimensions and placing them one above the other ; but this would be the utmost of complications which might,
without inconvenience, be adopted in this kind of work.
175
The
this
steam-boiler
it
should be supplied constantly with
water, and
must be perceived that in consequence of this system would require, in each operation, exigence
the combustibles necessary to boil the water requisite for the distillation of the lees ; these lees are rendered poorer
heated, for vapour of water which fills this function can only produce this effect through its condensation in the mass, by uniting with it until the ebullition com-
when
mences, when this vapour determines the analysis. It is true that with three stills the expenses would not be so considerable ; but evidently they would always be
supplementary
This mode
it
to those
which are attached
to the distilla-
tion of fluid wines
by the same process. of distillation is thus recommended to those
concerns, if it were only to deprive the pressed lees, obtained by the means that will be indicated, from the
alcohol which they retain after the operation of pressing. If more complicated apparatus were made use of for the
purpose of distilling lees, such, for instance, which, like the continuous apparatus, force the wine through numerous circulations before
it
arrives to ebullition,
it
would
be
difficult, not to say impossible, to obtain good results; the solid substances would keep in the angles of the ap-
paratus, obstruct the conduits, and present a vast
number
of similar difficulties, which experience gives us no hope of removing. The other mode which has been proposed
for the distillation .pf lees is this
:
It consists in assimi-
lating these wines to those that

first
separating by
are perfectly fluid, by all the liquid they conprecipitation

solid residues to the action
tain,
and by submitting the
of an energetic press.
176
THE COMPLETE PRACTICAL DISTILLER,
This mode would be precious, and free from any objections, if the
lees
collected in
the press did not retain,
after this operation, a considerable quantity of alcohol,
which could not be well extracted by

ceive the cause of this fact,
it
distillation.
To con-
will be sufficient to consider
the
mode
or alcohol
in
of acting of organical bodies charged with water fruits, for instance, that have been preserved
;
brandy
after a certain time these
fruits
imbibe the
alcohol of the brandy and emit the water. The cause of this phenomenon is not well known, but the fact exists, and has no doubt attracted the notice of
the reader.
In
fact,
fruits
preserved in
alcohol
have always a
in which they have greater alcoholic taste than the liquor been preserved this has been the cause of its being com:
" fruits drink The same phespirits." monly said that nomenon takes place in all wines which have fermented with solid substances these contain always more alcohol,
:
in proportion to their weight in
and volume, than the liquid
which they are formed.
When
rated
ably substances
the solid substances of the lees are merely sepathe press, the production of spirits is considerby lessened by not submitting to distillation the
which retain
:
the
alcoftol
in
the
greatest
proportion
this fact has
been verified by comparative
experiments on grain and potatoes.
On
in quality,
the other side, the spirit thus produced gains much and the cause of this acquisition is easily ex-
plained by the results of numerous inquiries

subject.
on that
The
distillation of the skins of the raisins, in
which the
17 7
essential oil is seated which gives the lees taste, properly Thus, it speaking, is, in fact, avoided by these means. would be necessary, in the choice of the method to be followed in the distillation of lees, to discuss whether, on
one
side, the acquisition of quality obtained, with the loss of a certain portion of alcohol, is not more advantageous to the interests of the distiller than to obtain the whole
of the alcohol, subject to the infectious taste of the lees
of empyreuma, and, moreover, with the danger of all the difficulties attached to the distillation of half-fluid, halfsolid substances.
It is
thought that the

it
first
of these two propositions

;
unites the most causes in
its
favour
and
this opinion is
the better founded, as
may
be possible, by adopting the
method which
which
it
it
embraces, to remove the only weak side

lees
presents.
Suppose a given quantity of
transformed into fluid
wines by separating the solid substances by means of the the fluid matter should first be distilled by the press
:
same apparatus and the same processes as wine, in the class of which these operations would thus place it; *nd, besides, the solid substances migb*. be distilled by means
of the steam of water, with the disposition which has bên
recommended
as useful in treating lees.
It is thus that
two qualities of
spirits
would be obtained
one of which would scarcely difor from that of fluid
which
wines, and the other bearing all th"? teste of the lees, of it might be freed by rectification. This mode conciliates sufficiently, it
is
thought, the efono^s *f buecess
to attract the attention of distillers of !e^s ; ?KK? is in perfect
harmony with
the principles heretofore set f<?*tk
178
With regard to the recommendation which has been made to saturate the acid of the lees with chalk, it is considered to be good; but the use of chalk
there,
it
is
at
an end
would seem, and does not

oil.
in the least contribute

solid substances of
it,
to neutralize the essential

lees,
The
when
dried and burned, give a product which
called "lees ashes;" this operation is a true incineration,
the products of which are gathered. Among these products, which are all of a calcareous nature, the tartrate
acid of potash
is
found in large quantities, and
it
is
to
this body, useful to arts, that lees ashes
owe
their value.
It is very often that the residues of the distillation of
lees are used as

is
manure, and
this agent of reproduction
tolerably appreciated in the vineyards.
In fact, it is a true consumption, in the place of production, which assigns to this mode of working all the advantages which it offers to science and to agricultural
purposes. The observations on this article will be brought to a close by giving an extract, made by M. Gay-Lussac, out
of a memorial of M. Aubergier on the spirits of lees. This extract, which is taken from the " Annales de Chimie et de Physique/' will give further information on what
distilla-
has been said previously concerning the special

tion of lees
:
" Until the present day, it has been thought that the flavour and the acid and penetrating taste of lees-brandiea
were owing to a certain oil, which, according to some, was formed during the process of distillation, and according to others, existed already formed in the kernels of the
raisins
17 i)
'According to the observations of M. Aubergier, it would appear that this oil is seated in the ;ikin of the rai
sin itself, and,
is
from the
facts
which he
relates, his opinion
likely to be true.
Kernels
distilled with
alcohol or
water have given a liquor of an agreeable taste. " The stalks have produced, by distillation, a liquor slightly alcoholized, having neither the taste nor the fla-
vour of lees-brandy. But the envelope of the raisin, separated from the kernels and from the stalks, when
submitted to distillation, after having been fermented, have given a spirit in all respects similar to that of lees.
Thus
it
ments that the

lees-brandy
appears clearly demonstrated by these experiseat of the oil, which communicates to the
its
bad
qualities, is in the skin of the raisin.
M. Aubergier has succeeded

tifying lees-spirit at a
in obtaining this oil
by
rec-
moderate heat.
" The
first
much
been
free
less acridity rectified
portions of alcohol which came over had than those that followed on having
:
from
it
a second time, they were almost entirely but repeated rectifications could not give it
so agreeable a taste as that possessed
by the
spirit pro-
duced from wine.

operation, reunited
The
and
latter portions of liquid in

distilled, gave,
each
at first,
alcohol,
which the addition of water did not render troubled, and which contained but little oil. " The which were afterward obtained were
portions
transparent, but they became troubled when mixed with water ; the third portion, which remained milky until the
end of the operation, had on its face a light couch of oil, although it marked 23 Beaume. " This last produce having been mixed with the second,
60
and a suitable quantity of water having been added to bring them down to 15, the liquor became immediately
opacous, and a quarter of an hour after it was covered with a quantity of oil 150 litres have produced more than 30 grammes of this oil. This oil has the following
:
characteristics
is
extremely limpid and colourless the moment it separated from the alcohol, but the light gives it, a few
It is
after,
"
moments
"
taste
tion,
a slight lemon colour.

;
It is very fluid
its
flavour
is
penetrating, and
its
very acrid
the
and disagreeable.
Submitted
to distilla-
first portions that are volatilized keep their but the product soon acquires an empyreumatic aroma; taste, which, M. Aubergier suspects, is caused by a small
portion of fixed
oil
proper to the kernel of the raisin; the
liquor left in the retort takes at the same time the colour of lemon, which increases during the operations, and
leaves at last a very light coal/' To the above, M. Gay-Lussac adds the following note
not necessary, to explain this fact, to resort to the presence of a fixed oil in that which is drawn from
is
" It
lees-spirit;
for the latter, although
it
taste
and
flavour, is
nevertheless
much
:
has a very acrid less volatile than
essential oils."
Then proceeds
"
It
the subject thus
combines with water in the proportion of cne thousandth part, and gives to it the particular flavour and
acridity.
"
When
in ebullition
it
dissolves sulphur, which
is
pre-
cipitated by cooling, and with alkalies it forms soap. " The oil is so penetrating and so acrid that one drop of
it is
181
sufficient to
infect
100
litres
of the best I randy.
M. Aubergier remarks,
from the various
fruits
that the spirits that are
drawn
fla-
owe
their particular taste
and
vour to a volatile and oily principle, generally found in the surface of each fruit, and that, by taking this surface
away, they would almost
all
be alike
that by thus de-
priving apples, pears, plums, apricots, peaches, and even

barlei/j of their envelopes, spirits would be drawn from these vegetables almost entirely free from the flavour in-
herent to them."
To
"
this
M. Gay-Lussac adds
a note as follows
Many persons attribute the taste and flavour of leesspirit to distillation itself, during which the lees stick to
the sides of the
still,
which causes them
to
be carbonized.
"One
is, is,
thing which confirms the influence of this fact that that when lees are distilled by the new process
are obtained.
spirits
by the steam of water However,

contain
a
spirits of a
it
much
better quality
is
not less certain that leesoil,
peculiar
essential
odorous,
very
acrid, altering their quality very
much, and on which M.
This oil, by Aubergier has made interesting remarks. its flavour, its acridity, and its property of not staining paper, and of not being converted into soap by alkalies,
must be
its
classed
among
the
number of
essential oils
but
property of being little soluble in alcohol, of burning without smoke, and of being much less volatile than the
rest of the essential oils,
which I have
verified
it
on the
sample obtained by M. Aubergier, prove that
has some
analogy with fat oils/' It may not be amiss to say a few words concerning the " semi-fluid, semi-solid wines of corn and potatoes." Ever}
16
182
THE COMPLETE PRACTICAL DISTILLED
thing that has been said on the special distillation of lees,

to it, is also applicable to the wines or worts of potatoes and of grain. To this case are again attached all the inconveniences attending its application to the distillation of lees.
and on the apparatus suitable
In fact, the dangers of torrefaction depend, in this case, on the workmen, which is not a sufficient guarantee for their disappearance, and they may often be reproduced.
The
the
taste of
empyreuma
exists thus always
more or
less
intensely in spirituous products,
and these
fruits.
retain, besides,
bad
taste
and flavour of the

in
It
would appeal,
fact, as if these
peculiar and dis-
tinctive variations did belong to
oil, which must principally reside in the husks of the grain and of the potatoes, and which is still incorporated in the spi-
an essential
rituous produce
more or
less intensely, according as these
substances have been introduced

quantities in the fermentation
It
in
smaller or larger
and
distillation.
may
thus be conceived that the most efficacious coris
recting
mode
that which has already been
recommended,
and which consists
in fermenting nothing but very fluid
It has not been the object, in discussing this extracts. matter, to introduce innovations prejudicial to the established mode of working distilleries which could not
aimed
adopt them without injuring their interests the point at has been to signalize the causes of the different
:
and the means of conquering them. The condensing apparatus already mentioned is that which is most generally made use of in the distillation of
qualities of spirits,
corn and potatoes. To a manufacturer
who wished
to establish a corn or
distillery
183
in a country
it
brandy
such a
is
consumed,
where a good quality of would be useful to proceed in
way as to give to the product the least taste of those vegetables possible; the object of working in this way would not be to identify the new liquor with that
which
known and preferred, but it would, at least, be a making great step toward it. The experience of the Parisian distillers is an instance
is
of this case.
In countries where large quantities of corn
and potato
is
spirits are distilled,
some
sort of essential oil
always incorporated with the liquor, which masks, if not the -tastes, at least the peculiar flavours which tl.<j
fruits
and the various processes of

essential oil
;
distillation give to the
produce.
The
which
it
is
most generally used
is
that
of juniper-berries
is
mixed
in the still with the low
wines in smaller or larger proportions, according as the spirituous product is to have a weaker or stronger taste
of
it.
This causes the corn

is
spirit,
of which so large a quantity
Belgium and in the North of France, to be called by the name of " geneva :" this name is given to the spirit even when it does not possess any aromatic
consumed
in
Instead of the juniper-berry, they odorous substances, such as aniseed, wild oranges, &c., which are mixed with the low wines in
flavour whatever.
often
use
other
the last rectification.
to the various operations tending to
Similar means would thus contribute to give less utility improve the quality
of the spirits. The distillation of grain and of potatoes is often combined with the feeding of cattle } and if, in
184

exist distilleries that do not dispose of
it is
it
some towns, there

it
their spent- wash in that way,

to feeders,
who
in general hold
it
;
because they can in great esteem.
sell
Cattle are very fond of
it
nourishes well, and keeps
them
tities,
in a
good and not too hot ; but

it
state of health, if given in

to use it as a
moderate quan-
of producing flesh,
powerful means should be mixed with linseed-cake,
which makes the spent-wash a very effectual food. Oxen may by these means be well fed in three months, and
fhey will look remarkably well indeed.
REMARKS ON AN INSTRUMENT INTENDED

FOR TESTING WINES.
FOR a long time it was a desideratum at Paris to discover some easy mode of ascertaining the quantity of alcohol, or pure spirit, in wines destined for distillation.
Some time in the year 1810 a patent was granted by the French government for an areometer, that was to answer the intended purpose by being plunged into the
wines that were to be tried, with an addition of carbonate
of lime.
This, however, not bearing the test of experience,
to nothing, to
came
to
and
it
was found necessary

Descroizilles
to
have recourse
resolved
distillation.
M.
therefore
attempt the construction of a small alembic, heated by

spirits of wine.
INSTRUMENT FOR TESTING WINES.

The point most embarrassing was the
cooling, necessary to
185
refrigeration, or
condense the vapours. The common mode required a vessel larger than the whole of the new intended apparatus ; in this, only a little water was want-
However, this difficulty being got over, it was found practicable, with a small lamp, to obtain a sufficient quantity of brandy in the course of half an hour.
ing.
glass vessel
simple operation, was
which served as a recipient, by a very filled with a mixture in arithmetical
proportion with the different wines contained in a

of tuns of various capacities.
number
This instrument, which would admit of the distillation

of even a glass of wine, and afford the product in half an
hour, was found to be such that
it
pleasure
ple
many
times in a day.
It
might be repeated at was observed that peo-
who had orange-trees, and who could only collect a few of the flowers, had now an opportunity of amusing themselves in drawing distilled waters.
They had nothing more
to
do than to put the water

to lay the flowers
into the little alembic,
and then
upon
the two gratings, across which the water
was
to pass in a
vapour in order
ling rose
to
be condensed in the receiver.

distil-
People might also make similar experiments in

water, mint,
peppermint, &c.
At
the
same
time
it
was observed that a great number of exotic vegequalities
tables cultivated in green-houses contained volatile oils
and aromatic
scarcely
known
till
a short time
since, because their leaves, flowers, seeds, roots, and barks were too small to be distilled in the ordinary manner but, with this little alembic for the trial of wines, re;
peated distillations might be made at the different epochs
186
of the growth of these articles, and their products duly
estimated.
Besides, as physicians often
recommend
distilled waters,
sometimes not
in
to
be had, some ounces were now obtained
an hour.
Further, in any course of chemistry this
Uttle alembic could be

stant,
mounted upon a table in an inaround which the professors might be sitting, and
easily afford its products in the course of a lecture, besides
serving as a kind of demonstrator with the greatest despatch.
best tin,
This apparatus in miniature, being constructed of the is of an agreeable form, and unites in itself all
it
*he facilities for the operation for which

It
is
intended.
\
requires no wrapping in paper,
no
luting, &c.
all
the joints, though, are very exactly closed, and few instruments are better adapted. Young persons who may
little instruction may now indulge the wish to arts of distillation, perfuming, or the making the study of sweet waters, and of chemistry in general. Nearly the
have very
whole of the parts may be enveloped in linen cloth, in which they may be rolled up in a minute with as much
ease as safety in securing
them from coming
in contact
with each other.
They
are frequently enclosed in an oblong sack, which
in its turn is put into a cylindrical tin box, sixteen inches
long and about three and a half in diameter. Even the cover of this box is an essential part of the The weight of the apparatus is not whole apparatus.
more than
full
six
pounds and a
half, including a tin vessel
of alcohol.
CORDIALS AND COMPOUNDS.
187
SOME GENERAL DIRECTIONS FOR THE PREPARATION OF VARIOUS CORDIALS, COMPOUNDS,

&o.
THE perfection of this grand branch of distillation depends upon the observance of the following rules, easy to be observed and practised The artist must always be
:
careful to use a well-cleaned spirit, or one freed from its

cordial is nothing the essential oil of with spirit impregnated the ingredient, it becomes necessary that this spirit should
oil.
own
essential
For
as a
compound
more than a
have deposited
its
own.
Let the time of previous diges-
tion be proportioned to the tenacity of the ingredients, or
the ponderosity of their oil. Thus, cloves and cinnamon require a longer digestion before they are distilled than calamus aromaticus or
Drange-peel.
instance, in
Sometimes cohobation
is
making
oil of
the strong
cinnamon
necessary ; for cordial, because
the essential
that
cinnamon
is
so extremely
ponderous
bring over the helm with the spirit Let the strength of the fire be prowithout cohobation.
it is difficult
to
portioned to the ponderosity of the

raised with the spirit.
oil
intended to be
much
Thus, for instance, the strong cinnamon cordial requires greater degree of heat than those from lax vegefinest parts of the essential
balm, &c. Let a due proportion of the oil be united with the spirit
tables, as mint,
the grosser and less fra-
grant parts of the oil not giving the spirit so agreeable a
188
flavour,

and
at the same time rendering it thick and unThis sightly. may, in a great measure, be effected hy out the feints, and making up to proof with fine, leaving
soft water in their stead. These four rules, carefully observed, will render this extensive part of distillation very perfect indeed.
Nor
,
will there
be any occasion for the use of burntisinglass, &c. to fine
alum white of eggs,

for
down
cordials,
they will presently be fine, sweet, and pleasant tasted, without any further trouble. Cordials and compounds
now made to suit the peculiar taste of almost every individual; the art has been brought to
of various kinds are
great perfection.
OF SOME OF THE PLANS RESORTED TO FOR ADULTERATING BRANDY.

IT
is
truly lamentable to see
how
far
men
will allow
themselves to be carried from the honourable and upright course which they should pursue, for the purpose of
amassing wealth
It is well
demonstrated in the case
now under
consideration, in which persons will put into brandy and other liquors such things as are poisonous,
it
knowing the deadly influence

use
it.
will exert
on those
who
The
first
of these sophistications
is
performed by the
j,ddition of
other fermentable matter to the must before
ADULTERATION OF BRANDY.
189
in proportion to the increase of the spirit
the fermentation takes place, which increases the quantity produced by the
matter so added.
The quantity of ardent spirit being thus augmented in order to render it wholesome, it is therefore less corrected.
ine,
This kind of brandy is evidently inferior to the genuand in a certain degree recedes from those distilled
spirits
which are reckoned

is
safe
and wholesome.
Another
method
by adding
spirits of malt, already distilled, to
the wine or fermented must, these being the cheapest;
but they must have been previously rectified for this purpose,, and indeed for making any palatable spirituous
liquors whatever.
The depravity of this kind of brandy than the first, as it comes over in the
so
is
still
still
greater nearly as
much
it.
will
of course exert
ardent spirit mixed with the brandy ; and it its noxious qualities on those who
drink
Some
simple
far
rectified spirit
persons adulterate brandy by the addition of or by counterfeit brandy ; but the

is
most general method
by putting a counterfeit kind
to the genuine.
This counterfeit brandy is made of malt spirits, first rectified, and then dulcified by redistillation of acids. The rectification of malt spirit, in order to make brandy, is always necessary, on account of its being impregnated with a proportion of empyreumatic oil in the first distillawhich oil is called the " feints."
tion,
commonly
These give a very disgusting

spirits distilled.
taste
and smell
for
to
the
The substance much used

is
keeping
down
the feints
a medicinal preparation, called lapis
190

Its effects, with the redistillation, bring the
it
Cnfesnalis.
ardent spirit to that state in which

ious qualities, and, though
it is
abounds with nox-
freed of the feints, has a
great effect upon
its
wholesomeness.
is made by adding lime to pearlor other ash, potash, any vegetable alkaline salt, dissolved
This lapis infernalis
it till
then drawing the clear fluid, and evaporating ; a dry mass remains. The acid used in the preparation of counterfeit brandy is commonly called " spirit
in water
rectified spirit, raises
of nitre," or aqua-fords^ which, when combined with the a flavour and taste much resembling
those of brandy ; but if a certain proportion of water be mixed with such brandy, a separation of the ardent spirit and acid immediately follows. The noxious effects of these
on the health of those who drink
this
kind of brandy are
frequently lamentable in the extreme, for it makes a complete wreck of their mental and physical powers ; all of
which blame
is
to be attached to those
who
adulterate the
brandy
too,
purpose of becoming rich, though in doing so they make dreadful havoc of human beings, and those,
for the
who most
of
all
others contribute to their success in

it,
business, for they
consume
being led astray by an evil
passion. But in regard to the effects of deleterious substances on
the
system, I have spoken at length in another " Detection of Fraud and written work, by me, entitled
human
Protection of Health," published in Philadelphia in 1852, to which the reader is respectfully referred
SULPHURIC ETHER.
191
PROCESS FOR MAKING LIME WATER.

Take 8 is conducted after the following plan it into a or of unslaked lime tub, and ; pail pounds put an 3 it : in about on it of water to dissolve pour quarts
:
THIS
hour after add 3 gallons more of water, and

for twenty-four hours.
let it
stand
Then pour
and
it is
the fine off into a cask,

It
and put a cock

is
in
it,
always ready for use.
the impression of some persons that lime water is not healthy, but it is now pretty generally admitted that it is
very good for
many
things in a medicinal point of view.
PROCESS OF MAKING SULPHURIC ETHER.

THIS very
Take of
oil
useful medicinal preparation, which

is
is
ex:
tensively used at the present day,
made
as follows
of vitriol and rectified spirits of wine, each
32 ounces.
Pour the
spirit into a glass retort that will

it
;
bear the sudden heat, and pour the acid at once upon
mix them gradually and
cautiously together
by gently
shaking the retort, and immediately distil by a sand heat prepared beforehand for that purpose, the recipient being placed in a vessel of snow or water.
The
fire
should be so regulated that the liquor
may
192
boil
till

16 ounces are
distilled,
when
the retort
is
to
be
removed.
To the
distilled liquor
common
caustic,
and
distil again,
add 2 drachms of the stronger from a very high retort,
with a very gentle
fire,
the recipient being placed, as be-
fore, in a refrigeratory.
Continue the
distillation
till
10 ounces are drawn

and repeat the
off.
To the acid residuum,

16 ounces of
lation,
after the distillation, if
you pour
distil-
rectified spirit of wine,
more
etherial liquor
may
be obtained, and this
The preparation process may be repeated several times. of this singular fluid has long been confined to a few hands; for, though several processes have been published
for obtaining
it,
the success of most of
them
is
precarious,
to the
and some of them are accompanied with danger

operator.
Where
when
is it
thod as before directed for
the dulcified spirit only is the object, the meit succeeds to perfection ; but is made with a view to the other, a variation
necessary, for only a small quantity of ether can be There, the distilseparated from the spirit so prepared.
lation
is
here, the
fire
performed with an equable and gentle heat; should be hastily raised, so as to make the
of ether liquor boil, for on this circumstance the produce most the is Etber volatile, lightest, principally depends.
and inflammable of
all
known
liquids.
rectified
spirit of
It is lighter than the
most highly
drop let fall on wine, in proportion of about 7 to 8. the hand evaporates almost in an instant, scarcely rendering the part moist. It does not mix but in small quantity with water, spi-
SULPHURIC ETHER.
rit of
193
acids
sins,
wine, alkaline lixivia, volatile alkaline spirits, or but is a powerful dissolvent for oils, balsams, re-
and other analogous substances.

fluid, is diffused
It has a fragrant odour, which, in

volatility of the
Its medicinal virtues are, too,
consequence of the through a large space. well known ; it acts on the
nervous system with great power, rendering the person entirely insensible if taken by inhalation; and when
taken into the stomach, in combination with other substances, has a soothing influence, easing pain and procuring rest.
It is -an excellent
remedy
for headache,
used in combi-
nation as follows
Take of Sulphuric ether " Chloroform

Cologne
1 ounce, i
J
"
"
"
Laudanum
1 tea-spoonful.
Some
and
of this mixture should be put into a saucer or other

;
suitable vessel
laid
then linen cloths should be soaked in
it
on the temples, or whatever part of the head
may
be affected.
It is also a pleasant disinfecting agent, used in the sick-
chamber
there
is
cloths dipped in it and laid over any part where pain will have a grateful influence, temporary if not permanent, and thus give time for the exhibition of other
:
remedies with a view to removing the cause or causes of the particular affection. It can be taken internally in doses of from 5 to 40 drops, according to the age of the
patient or the exigency of the case
in a
17
;
it
should be taken
mixture of wine and water, and swallowed
imme
191

from the
vial, as it cxhaleaf
diately after being dropped
very soon after being exposed to the atmosphere.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR MAKING INFUSIONS, SPIRITUOUS TINCTURES, Ac.

Tins constitutes an important part of the business for who are engaged in distilling or otherwise dealing Rectified spirits of wine is the direct menspirits.
oils
those
in
struum of the resins and essential

entirely
of vegetables, and
extracts
these
active
principles
from various
vegetable matters, which yield
them
to
water either not
It dissolves likewise the sweet at all or only in part. saccharine matter of vegetables, and generally those parts of animal bodies in which their peculiar smells and tastes
reside.
The virtues of many vegetables are extracted almost equally by water and rectified spirit; but in the watery and spirituous tinctures of them there is this difference,
that the active parts in the watery extractions are blended with a large proportion of inert gummy matter, on which,
menstruum in a great measure derectified while spirit extracts them almost pure pends,
their solubility in this
from gum.
Hence, when the spirituous tinctures are mixed with

watery liquors, a part of what the spirit had taken up from the subject generally separates and subsides, on
TONIC AND ALTERATIVE CORDIAL.
195
account of its having been freed from that matter which, being blended with it in the original vegetable, made it
soluble in water.
However, this is not universal, for the active parts of some vegetables, when extracted by rectified spirit, are
not precipitated by water, being almost equally dissoluble both menstrua. Rectified spirit may be tinged by vegetables of all colours, except blue.
in
The
little
leaves of plants in general, which give out butof their natural colour to watery liquors, communi-
cate to the spirit the for the.
whole of their green tincture, which,

proves
elegant,
most
part,
though not very
durable.
TONIC AND ALTERATIVE CORDIAL.

THIS extremely
very cheap, and
useful and tonic
at the
:
prepared as follows ounces Curacoa oranges, 1 ounce

:
compound, which is same time easy to be made, is Take of gentian-root, sliced, 2

;
Virginia snake-root,
;
half an ounce
pints. strain
cochineal, 10 grains
let steep
This must be
for three days,
French brandy, 2 and then
through a cloth.
this a table-spoonful
Of
may be
taken, three times a
It strengthens the day, in a wine-glassful of cold water. of the increases and invigorates stomach, digestive powers the appetite, and arouses the secretions generally, but
more
particularly that ef the liver.
196
THE COMPLETE PRACTICAL DISTfLLEB.
AEOMATIC BITTERS.
ANOTHER
just spoken
of, will
preparation, somewhat similar to the one here be given ; it is superior to the
There are substances in this former in several respects. to make it more agreeable are intended which compound
to the taste,
and
at the
same time more generous

It is thus prepared
:
in its
influence on the stomach.
Take
of gentian-root, sliced, 2 ounces; columbo-root, bruised, half an ounce ; bark of wild-cherry, bruised, 1 ounce ; yellow rind of Seville orange-peel, dried, 1 ounce ; car-
damom-seeds, freed from the husk and bruised, half an ounce ] French brandy, 3 pints. Digest without heat,
and
strain off the bitters.
A
will
have a wonderful
table-spoonful three times a day, just before eating, effect on weak and debilitated con-
stitutions.
PROCESS FOR MAKING A DIURETIC AND STOMACHIC COMPOUND.

BY
the term "diuretic/'
we mean
a substance that
on the system through the medium of the kid neys, and thus carry off much effete and offensive matter. Take This compound is made in the following manner a bottle that holds 2 or 3 quarts ; put into it 2 pints of
will act
:
good brandy, and add the following seeds, well beaten
TINCTURE OF MUSK.
:
197
2 grains of angelica, 1 ounce of together in a mortar drachm of fennel, the same of aniseed, and 15 grains of juniper-berries ; add to these the juice of 2
coriander, 1
citrons, with the dried peels,
and 1 pound of sugar.

in the bottle for four or five
it
The whole must be infused
days ; and do not forget to shake
frequently during the
time, for the purpose of melting the sugar tbe virtues of the seeds.
and extracting
Afterward strain the liquor through a cloth, to purify ; then put it up in bottles, and keep it well stopped, to preThis preparation is useful in vent it from deteriorating. cases of vomiting, pain in the stomach caused by eating
which did not agree with the person, of the stomach, difficulty of breathing, and various other little ailings of a similar character.
article of food
colic, acidity
some
The dose
is
one or two tea-spoonfuls, taken ID a wine-
glassful of cold water.
PROCESS FOR MAKING TINCTURE OF MUSK.

MUSK is a substance which, in itself, is peculiar; some persons are excessively fond of it as a perfume, while others cannot tolerate it under any circumstances in fact,
being so very offensive to them that they cannot remain room where it is. I suppose, though, that in some form or other, most persons are fond of musk for toilet
in a
purposes.
wish to use
The following it to make a
directions will enable those

tincture
who
tp
which they can use
17*
198

own particular taste, as regards strength, &c. musk and white sugar-candy, each 1 drachm;
:
>
suit their
Take
of
rub them well together in a marble mortar, adding by degrees, during the rubbing, 5 ounces of rectified spirit Put the whole into a matrass or flask, digest of wine.
for three
sence,
days in a gentle heat, and pour off the clear eswhich must be kept stopped close in a bottle. This tincture may be added to the ordinary " cologne
water," which will much improve its odour, or it may be sprinkled in the inside of trunks for the purpose of scenting the clothes
cles as
;
it
can also be added to such toilet
arti-
may seem
fit
or desirable to the person using it
APPENDIX.
PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS FOR DISTILLING.
FROM THE FREXC1I OF

BREWER AND
TH. FLINZ,
DISTILLER.
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS..
object of distillation is to obtain from solid matters as corn, beet roots, potatoes, and vegetable products genertherefore it becomes important ally, a spirituous liquid to establish precise rules by which we may arrive at the
;
THE
best results.
The crude materials

operations
:
are submitted to four essential
I.
MACERATION
II.
FERMENTATION
DISTILLATION RECTIFICATION.
;
III.
IV.
With this object, we shall examine the different operations of the distiller, and shall dwell on those points which are often neglected or overlooked in distilleries. use the Centigrade thermometer for our indications of temperature.
known from time immemorial, is not in itself very difficult. However, experience proves that the operation is the more successful and lucrative as there has been more exactness applied during its various Our duty is therefore to point out with exactitude stages. the best way to obtain the most advantageous percentage.
The
art of distilling,
We
199
200
APPENDIX.
PART
FIRST.
I.
MACERATION.
Maceration consists in submitting a solid body to the action of a liquid, in order to disengage one or several of the constituent principles of the primitive substance. Generally, the solid substance is a mixture of rye and malt (we shall give the preparation of malt further on) and the liquid is water at a certain degree of temperature. The object is to produce the saccharification, that is to say, the formation of the saccharine principle.
;
of rye and malt," although would be more correct. Nevertheless we keep the word rye, because on account of its relatively low price, it is the most generally employed. Exactness in the mode of operation requires all our
said
We
have
'
"a mixture
"
the term
fleshy fruits
attention.
needless to say that, in order to work advantageously, absolutely necessary that the vessel, beck, vat or tun should be clean and in good order. Modus operandi. Take one part of malt and four of rye, finely ground, generally we use 15 to 17 Kilogrammes 33 to 37.5 ft>s. avoirdupois of the ground mixture per 3.5 cubic feet of the capacity of the vat, in hectolitre in sumwinter; and from 12 to 13 kilog. 26.5 to 28.6 flbs. mer. These proportions, of course, are approximative and should be modified according to the temperature, the seaThe grain and son, and the experience of the operator. malt should be well mixed. Put this mixture into the vat where there is already about 1.5 litre or kilogramme of water 1.5 quart for each kilogramme about 2 Ibs. of the ground mixture. The temperature of the water is from 60 to 70 C. 140 to 158 Ft. This quantity of water is also an approximation, because the power of absorption The operavaries greatly with the various kinds of flour. tor can add as much water as he thinks necessary, provided that the paste be firm and consistent, and at the same When the mixture of water time, thoroughly moistened. and flour is completed, its temperature is about 40 (J. 104 Ft.
It
is
it is
APPENDIX.
201
Allow the mixture to stand from 15 to 20 minutes, during- which time, lactic acid will be formed; then add boiling water in the proportion of about half a litre (1 pint) for each kilogramme (about 2 fbs.) of the first mixture.
the paste has become thoroughly mixed, again add boiling water in the proportion of about 1 to 1.5 litre (1 to 1.5 quart) for each kilog. (2 ft>s.) of flour. At each addition of water, the operator must be careful to note the temperature of the mixture, which should remain between 60 and (57 C. (140 and 152.6 Ft.) and never above 70 C. (158 Ft.), for, should it exceed the latter temperature, the operation would not be successful on account of the too rapid formation of sugar. After the third addition of water, the vessel is covered, and the whole allowed to rest for about fifteen minutes, in order to obtain a uniform temperature in the mass then,
;
When
the mixture is thoroughly worked for five minutes, arid again left covered for about half an hour, so as to allow the saccharification to become perfected. Afterwards, the whole mass is cooled by the addition of
clear spent wash, (distilled residue.) draught of air is made to pass through the room, and, if there Is a ventilator, cold air is blown upon the surface of the mixture during the operation. The temperature of the paste is to be decreased in a ratio with the temperature of the liquids which If the liquid, whether spent are intended to fill the vats. wash or water, marks 10 C. (50 Ft.), the temperature of the paste should be lowered down to 50 C. (122 Ft.) if the former marks 15 0. (59 Ft.), the latter will have to be put down to 45 C. (113 Ft.); and so on, for each higher degree of the liquid to be added, the temperature of the paste is to be previously lowered one degree. Care must be taken if it requires a work of twenty-four hours, to keep the whole at a temperature between 30^ and 31 C. (86 to 88 Ft.), for, should it be below 30 C
;
(86 Ft.) 'the fermentation will not be perfect; and, on the other hand, a temperature above 31 (J. (88 Ft.) will produce a large loss of carbonic acid gas, and there is dangei that acetic fermentation will occur. The vat having been filled, and the mixture being at a temperature of 31 C. (88 Ft.), the mass is stirred until the paste is uniformly and thoroughly distributed. Then we add one-fourth or half a kilogramme (0.5 to 1 flb.J of
202
APPENDIX.
brewer's yeast, or dry yeast of Holland, or from two to three litres (2 to 3 quarts) of artificial yeast per hectolitre (3.5 cubic feet) of the capacity of the vat.
TT.
FERMENTATION.
As this operation is mysterious in its action, and begins and ends by itself, when the preceding maceration has been properly conducted, we shall confine ourselves to the enumeration of the various kinds of fermentation. At the same time, we shall indicate the characteristics by which
we may
reverse.
ascertain
five
when
the operation proceeds well or the

:
There are
kinds of fermentation
;
Foaming fermentation Vinous fermentation; Alcoholic

fermentation; Acetic fermentation; Putrid fermentation. shall briefly examine each of these I. Foaming fermentation, also called saccharine fermentation, transforms into sugar the substances which during the maceration were not thoroughly converted into
We
The operation will require a greater or less length sugar. of time according to the more or less complete saccharification during the maceration. II. Yinous fermentation is the stage of transition between foaming fermentation and
III. Alcoholic fermentation, which transforms into alcohol the product of the preceding fermentations. Alcoholic fermentation is thorough when the densimeter of Gay-Lussac marks 0. after In Belgium, the liquors seldom mark as low as twenty-four hours there always remains a certain proportion of und-ecomposed sugar, and the distillation may be proceeded with when the densimeter marks 5. If the fermentation were allowed to continue long enough for the densimeter to indicate 0, there would be imminent danger of
;
IV. Acetic fermentation, the result of which would be the production of vinegar, and which itself may give rise to V. Putrid fermentation, the name of which is sufficient to indicate the result. This putrid as well as the acetic fermentation, instead of succeeding the alcoholic fermentation, may, by want of
APPENDIX.
203
cleanliness of the vat and utensils, or by an impure spent wash, occur immediately after or simultaneously with the
This always occasions great loss, vinous fermentation. not only in the quantity, but also in the quality of the
When the fermentation is at its height, we must prevent the matter running over. For this purpose, take one part of lard and one of green soap, and with this mixture smear the inside and top edges of the vat at the same time touch the top part of the scum or foam with a wooden stick smeared with the above mixture. Nevertheless, we must use this remedy only when there is danger of running over, because we may injure the fermentation by
;
products.
stopping
it.
CONDUCT OF THE FERMENTING OPERATION.
Four
or six
hours after the yeast has been put into the vat, a crust or cap appears at the surface and cracks at several places. At this moment the vat must be uncovered. The foaming fermentation has just begun. More and more openings appear in the cap, and a sort of motion takes place in the vat, while more or less muddy bubbles appear.
the saccharification proceeds by the are they plainly grayish white, then the operation is incomplete on the other hand, a clear and white color is a sign that the saccharification is too much advanced. This fermentation lasts from four to six hours, the length of time depending, however, on the degree of saccharification already attained by the previous operation. The vinous fermentation immediately succeeds the foammust note, however, that, when ing fermentation. the maceration has been well conducted and the saccharification nearly completed from a pure mash made in good proportions, the foaming fermentation will not take place, and the vinous one will be the first seen, thus producing a saving of three to four hours time. The vinous fermentation is manifested by a production of bubbles smaller than the preceding ones, and yellowish This fermentation is more tumultuous than the in color. At the former, and crackling noises are heard in the vat. same time Carbonic acid escapes, and the production of this gas is the more rapid as the temperature of the liquid is greater. This vinous fermentation lasts about six hours.
color of these bubbles
:
;
We may judge
how
We
204
APPENDIX.
It is at the beginning of this fermentation that we must prevent the contents from running over. The operation proceeds well when a cap or crust is formed on the sides of the- vat. During the vinous fermentation there are generally three or four tumultuous motions by which the contents may run over. Then another crust is formed at the surface, of a thickness of from two to five centimeters (1 to 2 This crust indicates inches), and even exceeding that. the end of the vinous and the beginning of the alcoholic
fermentation.
There is sometimes a production of alcohol during the vinous fermentation, in which case, this becomes blended with the alcoholic fermentation. The latter lasts about
six hours. Since so
tions, it
much
time
is
required for the various fermentalost
becomes important that time should not be
during the maceration. The end of the alcoholic fermentation is indicated by the cap or crust diminishing in thickness, then falling to the bottom, and the liquid becomes clear and calm at the surface. By inhaling the vapors, a vinous and sharp sensation
is felt.
It is necessary that the vat should be covered during
the whole of the alcoholic fermentation. The fermenting substances becoming naturally heated during the operation, we will remind our readers, that their temperature, at the beginning, is best ranging between 30 and 31 <J. (86 and 88 Ft.). In a well conducted operation, we will obtain from 8 to 8.5 litres (2.11 to 2.24 gallons) of 50 per cent, of alcohol per hectolitre (3.53 cubic feet) of liquid in the vat, or 58 to 60 litres (15.32 to 15.85 gallons) of the same alcohol per 100
kilogrammes (220.55
Ibs.)
of
mixed
flour.*
III.
DISTILLATION.
This operation consists in separating the alcohol from the substances which are not volatile. To effect this, we use
* The gallon is the U. cohol contains 50 volumes
S. ol
gallon of 231 c. inches; and the 50 per cent, pure alcohol for 50 volumes* of water.
al-
APPENDIX.
205
an alembic heated, whether by the direct action of the tire, or by steam, or what is still better, a distilling- column which always requires steam. The latter apparatus gives a great economy of time, and with it we need not fear the burning of the substances at the bottom of the alembic, which often occurs when the tire is directly applied. Another advantage of the distilling column is that we
1
avoid the agitation of the matters, otherwise necessary, until the whole is at the point of ebullition, in order to prevent the burning. This last occurrence, indeed, not only diminishes the quantity of the products, but also their quality, by imparting to them a disagreeable taste,
which
it is difficult
therefore recommend a distilling column made of from 13 to 17 compartments, where the steam enters at the bottom, while the wash (beer) is introduced at the top.
We
to dispel.
The operator will begin by heating the empty column with steam, until the condensed water runs out in a stream of the size of a quill. Then, the wash or beer is introduced
at the top
by means
of a forcing
pump.
In those works where the operator has not at his disposal the apparatus for direct distillation and rectification, the best products are obtained when the cocks for the introduction of the wash and of the steam are so regulated that a constant stream of low wines marking from 30 to 35 of the alcohometer,* is obtained. On the other hand, with apparatus intended for distilling and rectifying at the same time, it may be advantageous to produce high wines marking from 55 to 70 of the alcohometer.f
IV.
RECTIFICATION.
This operation is intended to remove all the essential oils and foreign substances remaining in the phlegms, and thus to obtain the alcohol in the greatest state of purity. We employ an alembic heated by the direct action of
* The alcohometer mostly used in Belgium and France is that of Gay-Lussac, giving the decree or percentage of pure alcohol in volumes. There is very difference between the alcohometers of Tralles and Gay-Lussac. f The low or high wines of the first distilliation, and which need to be rectified, are sometimes culled J'hlegms.
little
18
206
APPENDIX.
the fire, or preferably by steam circulating through a coil, In the latter case the temperature is easily regulated. It is advantageous to mix the phlegms to be rectified with one or two litres (1 to 2 quarts) of oak charcoal, recently burned, and, if the charcoal has been left exposed a long time, to submit it to a red heat in a closed vessel, and, when cold, to pulverize it. Bonoblack or animal charcoal is better than wooden charcoal. may also add to the phlegms a half litre (1 pint) of freshly bruised juniper-berries. These proportions of charcoal and berries correspond to three or five hectolitres (10.59 to 17.65 cubic feet) of Geneva liquor, to be obtained, according to the taste and aroma of the phlegms. The same as for the distillation proper, the operation is begun slowly, and the heat gradually raised until the liquors run off in a regular and continuous stream. The first runnings have generally an ethereal odor, are not clear, and their taste is disagreeable therefore, the operator must collect, according to the size of the apparatus, the first seven to twenty litres (7 to 20 quarts) running out, which must be added to the phlegms or wines of the next operation. He should do the same at the "end of the operation, when the product marks only 45, because a bad taste will again appear. All the liquors below 45 are also kept for a subsequent operation, and the rectification is ended when the products mark only 11 or 10 of the
We
alcohometer.
The apparatus where the distillation and rectification proceed at the same time presents the advantages over those where these two operations are separated, that in the latter case there is always a loss of two to five per cent., and that by rectifying directly, the running liquors may be obtained at the same degree, let us say 50 whereas by a separate rectification, the products mark too high a degree at the beginning, and run low at the end of the It becomes, therefore, necessary to add a operation. certain quantity of water in order to reduce it to the standard of 50, which practice is very often injurious to
;
the taste of the liquors
APPENDIX.
207
PAET SECOND.
SPECIAL OBSERVATIONS.
I.
BUILDINGS?.
p.Areful to
desired to establish a distillery we must be choose a healthy place with plenty of free space around it; and if it becomes necessary to use old buildings, it is absolutely necessary to drain and purify the place, so that, in the future, no cause of local urihealthiness may hinder or disturb the operations. The "buildings themselves should be so constructed or transformed, that it will always be possible to allow draughts of air to circulate through the works. The disposition of the various parts of the building must l>o both compact and suitable; that is the boilers, the machinery, and the distilling apparatus be near each other in the central portion the fermenting vats on one hand, and the mills and store-rooms on the other, to form the sides. In well constructed works, the rectified Geneva runs directly from the cooling-worm into casks, barrels or other special reservoirs in the store-room, so that, without pumping it again, it may be put directly into the barrels intended for delivery. The distilling column and the cooling-worm should be five metres (about 16 feet) above the ground. With this
it is
;
AVhen
arrangement, a syphon
is
employed
to
draw
off
the spent
wash
or slop into a settling vat, from whence the clear liquors may be decanted, while the solid residue is allowed to fall into other reservoirs to be used for feeding cattle. The clear and settled spent wash is easily decanted into other coolers by means of spouts, and, at the proper time,
is
used
in the
macerating and fermenting
vat.
Such an arrangement of vats renders only two pumps One for water, the other for the beer while necessary in other distilleries where this disposition is not followed,
:
eight or even ten
pumps
are employed.
208
APPENDIX.
II.
the utensils which belong to the distillery of copper, to insure cleanliness in the Iron is objectionable on account of the rust. operations. It is needless to add that the greatest cleanliness in everything is indispensable in distilleries. Therefore the copper utensils should be the subject of constant attena rule,
all
As
should be
made
The cooling vats are preferably made of copper. But when wooden vats are employed, and the works are in
tion.
operation, it is sufficient now and then, to whitewash the inside of the vats with a thin milk of lime, which is allowed to remain for half an hour, and is afterwards carefully rinsed out with pure water. When a stoppage occurs, the inside of the coolers arid other vats receives a thick coat of lime, and the vessels are also filled with water which is renewed every ten days. strict observance of these rules of cleanliness will secure the operator from the occurrence of acetic and putrid fermentations. also recommend the washing, now and then, of all the wooden utensils with a solution of bicarbonate of soda, which neutralizes all the acids impregnating the wooden substances. This same solution is also advantageous for cleaning those recesses and parts of the works which are difficult of access, and are, therefore, neglected in the
We
ordinary washings.
III.
MACERATION.
Those substances, in which the sugar is, if we are allowed the expression, kept suspended in a free state, such as honey, molasses, and the juice of beet-roots, carIt is rots, plums, apricots, etc., require no maceration. sufficient to dissolve the sugar in water hot enough to obtain a temperature of 30 to 31 C. (86 to 88 Ft.), which is necessary for starting the fermentation for an operation which requires 24 hours. Water is added in sufficient quantity to have the whole mass marking 5 of the hydrometer for syrups, which
APPENDIX.
209
corresponds to 50 of the densimeter of Gay-Lussac. Indeed the most dense liquid which may be distilled, that is to say water saturated with sugar, marks 40 of the of the Gay-Lussac's hydrometer for syrups, or 400 densimeter.
The
etc.,
juice of fruits, beet-roots, carrots, plums, apricots,

:
be obtained in two different ways raw fruits are rasped, and then pressed. (6.) After boiling in water, the fruits are pressed. The maceration of potatoes requires a previous steaming of the tubercle, which is then mashed in an appropriate maThe malt is put first into the vat, in the proporchine. tion of one part of malt to four of potatoes then the hitter,
may
(a.)
The-
just mashed, are added slowly and gradually so as to give time to the man who manipulates the mass, to make a thorough and intimate mixture. The remainder of the operation is exactly as we have explained for the maceration of corn and rye. Beets, carrots, etc., may, as regards the maceration, be treated like potatoes, but the proportion of malt is much
smaller
IV.
FERMENTATION, DISTILLATION AND RECTIFICATION.
For cooling and diluting the substances in course of niceration, we employ clear spent wash, (clear part of slops,) the residuum of beer, the water of breweries, or, if none of these liquids are at our disposal, pure water. Spent wash is never used unless in admixture with one
half, or at least one-third, of
pure water. There are two principal reasons why we prefer the spent wash to the other liquors first, because having absorbed the oxygen of the air it helps the fermentation second, because it marks generally several degrees of the densimeter, which shows that it still contains a certain quantity of sugar, which is thus put to account. Experience also proves that the starch suspended in the spent wasji helps
; ;
the fermentation.
The fermentation of syrup, honey, and of saccharine substances, in general, does not differ from that of corn, the theory of which has already been explained. When for the distillation proper, we introduce into the
210
APPENDIX.
alembic or the distilling column the fermented substances, these should be previously well stirred, in order to obtain that is to say, we should endeavor to a uniform mixture have the solid portions, which have a tendency to fall to the bottom of the vessels, kept as much as possible, in
;
suspension in the mass of liquid. If the rectified products are intended to be sold as pure alcohol, the first arid last runnings, as we have already said, should be kept apart, until a sufficient quantity has been gathered for a special rectification. But, there again, the last runnings will have a bad taste therefore, we must be careful to collect all the liquids with an objectionable flavor and which can be sold for the manufacture of
:
varnishes.
V.
Brewer's yeast, when new, is preferable to that of Holland, because the former contains certain principles or acids which aid the fermentation.
These active principles are generally to be found
in
much
greater quantity in the vegetables of northern countries than in those of southern regions and it is one of the reasons why the fermentation is more easy and ra;
pid in northern than in southern countries, if comparative experiments are executed with local products. If it is difficult to obtain sufficient brewer's yeast, we may employ Holland yeast. But, in order to obtain results as advantageous as with the former, we recommend to add, for each kilogramme (about 2 Ibs.) of Holland yeast, one litre (about 1 quart) of a decoction of hops, made by boiling one kilogramme (2 Ibs.) of hops in ten litres (10 quarts) of water for five or six hours. The evaporated water must be replaced by the addition of water, in order always to have the same quantity of water boiling. This mixture of yeast and decoction of hops may be made two or three days in advance. This method of treating Holland yeast presents many and important advantages the yeast may be kept for several days the strength of the fermenting principles is increased, and the essence of hops imparts to the product
:
;
a very pleasant aromatic taste.
APPENDIX.
If these
211
may
to macerate, and to this
two kinds of yeast cannot be had, the distiller substitute an artificial one prepared as follows One part of malt and two parts of wheat flour are allowed
:
mixture we
find
it
advantageous
to add a small proportion of hops. follow, on a small scale, the method which we have explained for the maceration hut we will operate at a temperature somewhat lower, from 5 to 10 0. (9 to 18 Ft.). The mixture itself ought to be more consistent, arid the When the paste is thoroughly mixed, thicker, the better. it is allowed to stand about 15 minutes, then it is worked
We
occasionally, without adding any liquid, until its temperature lias been lowered to 35 C. (95 Ft.) after which the paste is worked no longer, and is kept in an uncovered vessel in a moderately hot room. After twelve or twenty-four hours, fermentation sets in spontaneously, and lasts from two to three days, according to the climate and the quantity of matter operated upon. The whole mass has been transformed into yeast when the fermentation appears to have done its work. The proportion of artificial yeast is about four or five times that of brewer's yeast. However, there is nothing
;
absolute in this proportion which will be modified by the operator according to his own experience. In order to save time, and when it is necessary frequently to prepare artificial yeast, a portion of the yeast already made may be used to hasten the fermentation of the new mixture.
YI.
in the artificial germinawith water, receives the barley which is well stirred so as to allow the bad grains to raise and float on the top, where they may be removed with a skimmer. In summer, the water must be changed every twelve hours; in winter once in twenty-four hours is sufficient. The barley is sufficiently softened and penetrated by water after twenty-four to thirty hours in summer, and forty-eight to sixty hours in winter. In order to ascertain if the barley is sufficiently steeped,
The preparation of malt consists
tion of barley.
vat, half filled
212
;
APPENDIX.
we take a grain of it if it bends easily under the nail with out breaking we may consider it as being in a proper state, The water is removed from the back, and the steeped
barley
is
allowed to remain there for lour or six hours in
summer, and ten or twelve hours in winter. The barley is then removed from the back and spread on the malting
floor in layers of 10 centimeters deep (4 inches) in winter, 5 centimeters (2 inches) in summer. In winter it is shovelled every twelve hours, and in summer, every
and only
six hours. The barley is thus worked until it begins to present a point (thus showing the phenomenon of germination, when the embryo sets forth two gerras or roots), at which time it is spread in layers of 7 to 8 centimeters thick (3 inches) in warm weather, and 10 to 12 centimeters (4 to 5 inches) in cold. by putting the hand into the layer, we feel a temperature of from 20 to 25 0. (68 to 77 Ft.), and more firmness of the grains, and when, simultaneously, a kind of dew appears at the surface of the layers, it is time to shovel the grain, taking care that the grains on the inside should take a new position on the top or bottom of
When
the layer, and conversely.
must spread the barley

each grain
as
At each shovelful, the operator much as possible, thus putting
in contact with the air which favors the conSeven or eight tinuation of this* artificial vegetation. hours after this first operation, the new layer presents the same phenomena, and requires another turning over. This is done three times, after the same signs have presented themselves. The layer of the third operation is allowed to rest for six to twelve hours, according to the temperature. The barley will have acquired all the qualities of malt, when, by opening the back part of a grain, we find inside the vegetable germ having three-fourths the length of the grain itself. superior product presents also five or six filaments which are each twice as long as the grain. The grain is then spread out in a well ventilated place, and part of it may go immediately to the malt-kiln. What is waiting to be dried is spread and turned at least twice a day. The malt kiln should be heated slowly at the beginning, in order not to produce a horny malt, the sugar of which The portion of malt in course Is dissolved with difficulty.
APPENDIX.
213
of drying" should be turned upside down and conversely, When the gram every hour, or at least every other hour. is easily broken, and leaves by friction streaks like those of chalk, then the grain is sufficiently dried. We will remark that, if the malt is not intended for immediate use, the greater the lapse of time before its employment, the longer should it be dried and in such case, the temperature of the kiln may be raised to from 40 to 45 C. (104 to 113 Ft.). After being- kiln dried, the malt is bruised by some mechanical contrivance in order to break the germs and separate them from the grains. If we desire to use the malt immediately, we may separate the germs while the malt is still warm but if it is to be kept for a certain length of time, the germs may be left^to be removed only before use. A malt intended for distilleries will be found sufficiently good when, before being kiln dried, the vegetable germ has only half the length of the grain itself. Instead of barley, rye, wheat, oats, etc., may be employed for the manufacture of a malt intended for distill; ;
ing purposes.
VII.
PRESERVATION OF SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS.
Every one knows that spirituous liquors of a certain

age are more highly esteemed than those recently made. Therefore, when an old product is scarce, it becomes advantageous to impart to a new one the qualities of the former, that is to say, an artificial ageing which cannot be distinguished from the true one. For this purpose, instead of keeping the liquors in
which are generally made for saving room, they must be put into barrels or casks. The wooden staves remove the essential oils which impair the flavor, and the operation is aided in the following manner The filled barrels are put into a room, the temperature
cisterns,
:
is raised to from 20 to 30 0. (68 to 86 Ft,). the liquid has reached this temperature, the room and its contents are allowed to cool off. This heating and In this cooling is repeated, even three to five times. manner, we obtain in the course of a fortnight, a product
of
which
When
214
APPENDIX.
similar in quality to that which has been kept one year in store-rooms. The bung hole of the barrels remains open during the whole time of the operation, and the loss occasioned by this mode of working is equal to that suffered by one year of ordinary storage, that is to say nearly two per cent, of the whole.
VIII.
RAW
It is generally
in
MATERIALS.
acknowledged that the grains harvested are better than those of Africa, and in general, that the productions of the north are, for our purThe pose, preferable to those of the centre and south. products harvested on sandy and light soils are better than the corresponding ones grown on rich ground so much so, that with equal weights, experience proves that the former give a product from 5 to 10 per cent, greater than the latter, and this is equally true for distilleries or breweries. The cause is due to an active principle which favors fermentation in distilleries, gives a better taste and flavor
Champagne
to beer,
and renders
it
more easy
to keep.
INDEX.
PAGE
Acetic Fermentation
Adulterating Brandy Advantages of Continuous

lation
202 188
Distil-
Cherry Brandy, Process

ing Cider Spirits Cinnamon Cordial
for
Mak146 135 151 158 15C 75 143
Alcoholic Fermentation
Alembic
Alterative Cordial
American "Apparatus
Aniseed Cordial
36 202 46 195 44
157
17, 40
Cinnamon Water
Citron Cordial Coals Coloring Spirits Common Process of Malt Distilling
Apparatus Apparatus
for
in
Distillation
American and Eng44

of.
Compound Lavender Water

Compounds,
Distillation
of.
91 160
187 17
lish Distilleries
Apparatus, Selection
Appendix Apple Brandy Areometer Aromatic Bitters Arrack Aubergier on Spirit of Lees
165 199 135 184 196 124 179

46,
Condensers Condenser, Wine-warming
Conduct of Fermentation Continuous Distillation

Cooler
Cordial, Aniseed Cordial, Caraway Cordial, Cinnamon Cordial, Citron Cordial, Lovage Cordial, Peppermint Cordial, Tonic and Alterative
Balneum Marise
Barley, Advantage
of.
Beet Rasp Beet-Root Molasses

Beet-Root, Spirits
Bitters,
of.
Aromatic Blackamoor's Head Bra n dies, To prevent Deterioration of.
174 76 128 170 127 196 47 95
Corne d'Aboudance Corn for Distilling Cucurbit
30 203 26 31, 47 152 153 151 150 150 152 195 2? 64 47 158 9
95 30
187 199 11
Damask-Rose Water
Description of a Distillery Deterioration of Brandies, Prevention of
Difficulties in Distilling
188 Brandy, Adulteration of. 146 Brandy, Cherry etc 93 Brandy, Distilling, 147 Brandy, Raspberry Process for MakBrandy Shrub,
ing
Brewer's Yeast
Brewing Hollands Gin

Buildings for Distilling
Capital
145 210 101 207 47 153

,
Directions for Cordials, etc Directions for Distilling Directions to a Distiller

Distillation
17, 204,
Caraway Cordial
Cellars...
Chaff.
9 77
Distillation, Continuous Distillation of Common Gin Distillation of Molasses Distillation of Distillation of Simple Waters
209 26 106 140

137 155 165 11
Rum
Charge of a
still
of.
Cherries, Spirits
12 183
Distillations, Special Distiller, Directions to
Disti'lery, Description of.
215
216
Distillery, Fire in Distilling Brandy Distilling Column Distilling, Directions for Distilling, Malt
INDEX.
PAGE
13 93
27
PAGB 184 Instrument for Testing Wines Instrument to Prevent Inequal58 Heat in Distillation of ity
Irish
Diuretic
Compound
Double Distilled Drying

Dulcifying
Rum
.-.
Dutch Geneva
199 91 196 139 74 15 98 162

147 18 145
Usquebaugh
148
Jamaica Rum Jessamine Water

Juice,
how Obtained
139 162 209 133

190 159 160 172 178
191 11 150 13
200, 208
Kirsch-Wasser
Lapis Tnfernalis
Eau de Beaute Eau de Luce

Egg-plate Elder Juice
Lavender Water Lavender Water, Compound

Lees Lees Ashes
Empyreumatic
Oil
English Apparatus English Method English Vinegar Ether, Sulphuric Explanation of Egg-plate
Fecula, Separation Feints
of.
173 44
81
Lime Water Lob

Lovage Cordial Luting
Maceration Male Malt Distilling Malt Whisky Malting
154 191 18
116 12, 24 163 Feints, their Uses, etc Fermentation 70, 84, 202, 209 Ferments 84 14 Fining 13 Fire in a Distillery 143 Flavoring Spirits Fluid Matter, Distillation of 166 202 Foaming Fermentation French Method 79 French Noyau 151 French Process of Distilling and 93 Prepai'ing Brandy French Vinegar 153 Fuel for Drying 75
181 Gay-Lussac on Spirit of Lees General Directions for Cordials,etc. 187
Gin, Common Gin, Hollands
Mashing Mashing of Potatoes

Materials,
Raw
Method, English Method, French Mode of Operating

-Root Beet-1 ola Molasses, Distillation
,
of.
Musk, Tincture
Noyau, French
of.
211 91 96 63 67 114 214 81 79 32, 39 170 140 197
Nectar, Process for
Making
149 151
64
165 173 32 158 159
Oats for Distilling Observations on Special Distillations

Oil,
106 101
63
Empyreumatic
Grain used in Distilling Grapes Gravity of Worts
93 11
47
Operating, Mode of. Orange-flower Water
Orange Wine Peach Brandy Peppermint Cordial Peppermint Water

Piquette
Potatoes, Mashing of Potatoes, Reduction of. Potatoes, Spirit of. Preparation of Cordials, etc
Head
Hippocrates'
Bag
Hollands Hollands Gin Holland Yeast
Hungary Water
Imperial Ratafia
16 98 101 210 160

149
37 58
Improved Apparatus Inequality of Heat Prevented

Infusions Instructions
sions, etc
Preparing Brandy
136 152 158 172 114 112 106 187 93
194
for
Making
Infu-
194
Preservation of Spirituous Li213 quors Prevention of Deterioration of 95 Brandies
INDEX.
PAGE
Prevention of Inequality of Heat. Process of Malting
58 63 202
217
PAGE
Rules Value
for
Spirits,
Strength and
164 213 161 65 12
17, 27, 51, 52
Putrid Fermentation
Raisin Spirits Rasp, Beet Raspberry Brandy Rasping Potatoes Ratafia, Imperial
Spirituous Liquors, Preservation

of.
143 128 147 116 149 Raw Materials 214 Receiver 45, 47 14 Recovering Rectification 29, 89, 205, 209 Rectification into Hollands Gin ... 103 Rectifier 28 Reduction of Potatoes 112 31 Refrigerator 47 Refrigeratory 32 Regulator 24 Repasses Reservoir 32 Retorts/ 45 124 Rice, Spirits of 157 Rosemary Water Rules for Determining the Relative Value and Strength of 164 Spirits Rum 137 Rum Shrub, Process for Making... 144 64 Rye for Distilling
Saccharification
Spirituous Waters
Steeping
Still,
Charge
of.
Stills Stills for
Simple Waters Stomachic Compound Strength of Spirits, Rules Sulphuric Ether
for
156 191 164 191

18 23 184 194 197 195
Tampot
Tantern
Testing Wines Tinctures Tincture of Musk Tonic and Alterative Cordial
Uses of Feints
Usquebaugh, Irish
Utensils for Distilling
163 148 208

164 154 153 202
Value of
Spirits,
Rules for
Vinegar, English Vinegar, French
Vinous Fermentation
Water, Water, Water, Water, Water, Water, Water,
Cinnamon
Compound Lavender
Damask-Rose
Sand Bath
Season for Malting
Selection of Apparatus Separation of Fecula
Shrub, Brandy Shrub, Rum Simple Lavender Water Simple Waters, Distillation
Special Distillations Spirit of Potatoes Spirits
of.
Spirits, Flavoring and Coloring of, Spirits of Beet-Root Spirits of Cherries Spirits of Corn Spirits of Raisins Spirits of Rice
68 48 74 165 116 145 144 159 155 165 106 12 143 127 133 63 143 124
Hungary
Jessamine Lavender
158 160 158 160 162 159

"191
Lime
of Cherries
Water
Water, Orange-flower Water, Peppermint Water, Rosemary Waters, Simple Waters, Spirituous
Wheat
for Distilling
Whisky, Malt Wine, Orange
Wine-warming Condenser Wines for Distillation

Wines, Testing of. Worts, Gravity of. Yeast
133 158 158 157 155 161 64 96 159 30 93 184

11
210
19
CATALOGUE
OF
PRACTICAL
Al
IFTJIBLZSIIIEID
BY
CO.,
IEKRY CAREY BAIED &

Industrial Publishers
and
Booksellers,
NO. 81O
43fr-
WALNUT
STREET,
by
mail, free of
Any
of the
Books comprised in
this Catalogne will be sent
postage, at the publication price,
Descriptive Catalogue, 96 pages, 8vo>, will be sent, free of postage, to one who will furnish the publisher with his address,
any
ARLOT. A Complete Guide
for
Coach Painters.
;
Translated from the French of M. ARLOT, Coach Painter for eleven years Foreman of Painting to M. Eherler, Coach Maker, Paris. By A. A. FESQUET, Chemist arid Engineer. To which is added an Appendix, containing Information respecting the Materials and the Practice of Coach and Car Painting and Varnishing in the United States and Great Britain. 12mo $1.25
ARMENGAUD, AMOROUX, Practical

sign,
Companion
and JOHNSON. The Draughtsman's Book of Industrial Deand Machinist's and Engineer's Drawing
:
Forming a Complete Course of Mechanical Engineering and Architectural Drawing. From the French of M. Armengaud the elder, Prof, of Design in the Conservatoire of Arts and Industry, Paris, and MM. the and Armengaud younger, Amoroux, Civil Engfneers. Rewritten and arranged with additional matter and plates, selections from and examples of the most useful and generally employed mechanism of the day. By WILLIAM JOHNSON, Assoc. lust. C. E., Editor of " The Practical Mechanic's Journal." Illustrated by 50 folio steel plates, and 50 wood-cuts. A new edition, 4to $10.00
1
HENRY CAREY
A
Treatise in
;
BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
:
ARRO WSMITH.
:
Paper-Hanger's Companion
;
tematically laid down with Copious Directions Preparatory to Papering Preventives against the Effect of Damp on Walls the Various Cements and Pastes Adapted to the Several Purposes of the Trade Observations and Directions for the Panelling and Ornamenting of Kooms, etc. By JAMES ARROWSMITH, Author of "Analysis of Dra$1.25 pery," etc. 12mo., cloth
;
which the Practical Operations of the Trade are Sys-
ASHTON. The Theory and Practice of

Sample
:
the Art of Designing Panry Cotton and Woollen Cloths from
Giving full Instructions for Reducing Drafts, as well as the Methods of Spooling and Making out Harness for Cross Drafts, and Finding any Required Reed, with Calculations and Tables of Yarn. By
FREDERICK
T.
Illustrations.
ASHTON, Designer, West One volume, 4to
Pittsfield,
Mass.
With 52
$10.00
BAIRD.
Letters on the Crisis, the Currency and the Credit System. 05 By HENRY CAREY BAIRD. Pamphlet
-Protection of Home Labor and Home Productions necessary to the Prosperity of the Ameri-
BAIRD.
can Farmer.
By HENRY CAREY BAIRD.
8vo.,
paper
10
BAIRD. Some
Two
cal
of the Fallacies of British Free-Trade
Revenue Reform.
Letters to Arthur Latham Perry, Professor of History and Politiin Williams College. By HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 05 Pamphlet
Economy
BAIRD. The Rights of American Producers, and the Wrongs of British Free-Trade Revenue Reform.
By HENRY CAREY BAIRD. Pamphlet
05
:
BAIRD. Standard Wages Computing Tables

An Improvement
in all former Methods of Computation, so arranged that wages for days, hours, or fractions of hours, at a specified rate per or ascertained at a glance. By T. SPANGLER BAIRD. be hour, day may $5.00 Oblong folio
BAIRD. The American Cotton

ger's
and Carder's Guide
Spinner, and Mana;
A Practical Treatise on
Cotton Spinning giving the Dimensions and with Speed of Machinery, Draught and Twist Calculations, etc. notices of recent Improvements: together with Rules and Examples for making changes iii the sizes and numbers of Roving and Yarn. Compiled from the papers of the late ROBERT H. BAIRD. 12mo. $1.50
;
HENRY CAREY
BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
:
BAKER. Long-Span Railway Bridges

;
Comprising Investigations of the Comparative Theoretical and Practical Advantages of the various Adopted or Proposed Type Systems of Construction with numerous Formulae and Tables. By B. BAKER.
12mo
$2.00
:
BATJERMAN. A Treatise on the
Metallurgy of Iron
Containing Outlines of the History of Iron Manufacture, Methods of Assay, and Analysis of Iron Ores, Processes of Manufacture of Iron and Steel, etc., etc. By H. BAUERMAN, F. G. S., Associate of the Royal School of Mines. First American Edition, Revised and Enlarged. With an Appendix on the Martin Process for Making Steel, from the Report of ABRAM S. HEWITT, U. S. Commissioner to the Universal Exposition at Paris, 1867. Illustrated. 12mo. $2.00
.
BEANS. A
Treatise tion of Railways. By E. W. BEANS, C. E.
on Railway Curves and the LocaIllustrated.
12mo.
:
Tucks.
$1.50
BELL. Carpentry Made Easy

Or,
The Science and Art of Framing on a New and Improved System. With Specific Instructions for Building Balloon Frames, Barn Frames, Mill Frames, Warehouses, Church Spires, etc. Comprising also a
System of Bridge Building, with Bills, Estimates of Cost, and valuable Tables. Illustrated by 38 plates, comprising nearly 200 figures. By WILLIAM E. BELL, Architect and Practical Builder. 8vo. $5.00
.
BELL. Chemical Phenomena of Iron Smelting

An
Experimental and Practical Examination of the Circumstances which determine the Capacity of the Blast Furnace, the Temperature of the Air, and the proper Condition of the Materials to be operated . . $6.00 upon. By I. LOWTHIAN BELL. Illustrated. 8vo.
BEMROSE. Manual
With
of
Wood
Carving
Practical Illustrations for Learners of the Art, and Original and Selected Designs. By WILLIAM BEMROSE, Jr. With an Introduction by LLEWELLYN JEWITT, F. S. A., etc. With 128 Illustrations. 4to., cloth $3.00
BICKNELL.
Village Builder, and Supplement
Elevations and Plans for Cottages, Villas, Suburban Residences, Farm Houses, Stables and Carriage Houses. Store Fronts, School Houses, Churches, Court Houses, and a model Jail also, Exterior and Interior details for Public and Private Buildings, with approved Forms of Contracts and Specifications, including Prices of Building Materials and Labor at Boston, Mass., and St. Louis, Mo. Containing 75 plates drawn to scale; showing the style and cost of building in different sections of the country, being an original work comprising the designs of twenty leading architects, representing the New Eng. $10.00 land, Middle, Western, and Southwestern States. 4to.
;
HENRY CAREY
BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
BLENKAKN.
To which
ports.
neering, and in
8vo.
Practical Specifications of Works executed in Architecture, Civil and Mechanical Engi-
Road Making and Sewering
are added a series of practically useful Agreements and ReBy JOHN BLENKARN. Illustrated by 15 large folding plates. $9.00
J3LINN.
A Practical Workshop Companion for Tin, Sheet-Iron, and Copperplate Workers

:
< ;
Containing Rules for describing various kinds of Patterns used by Tin, Sheet-Iron, and Copper-plate Workers; Practical Geometry'; Mensuration of Surfaces and Solids; Tables f the Weights of Metals, Tables of Areas and Circumferences of Circles; Lead Pipe, etc. By Japan, Varnishes, Lackers, Cements, Compositions, etc., etc. LEROY J. BLINN, Master Mechanic. With over 100 Illustrations.
12mo
$2.50
BOOTH. Marble Worker's Manual:

Containing Practical Information respecting Marbles in general, their and Polishing Veneering of Marble Mosaics Composition and Use of Artificial Marble, Stuccos, Cements, Receipts, Translated from the French by M. L. BOOTH. Secrets, etc., etc. With an Appendix concerning American Marbles. 12mo., cloth. $1.50
Cutting, Working,
;
; :
BOOTH AND MOKFIT.

its
mistry, Practical and Theoretical
The Encyclopedia of Che:
Embracing application to the Arts, Metallurgy, Mineralogy, Geology, Medicine, and Pharmacy. By JAMES C. BOOTH, Melter and Refiner in the United States Mint, Professor of Applied Chemistry in the Franklin Institute, etc., assisted by CAMPBELL MORFIT, author of "Chemical Manipulations," etc. Seventh edition. Royal 8vo., 978 pages, with numerous wood-cuts and other illustrations. . $5.00
BOX.
etc.
Practical Treatise on Heat:

to the
As applied
for the Use of Engineers, Architects, of " Practical Hydraulics." Illustrated $5.00 by 14 plates containing 114 figures. 12mo
Useful Arts
By THOMAS Box, author
BOX.
A
Practical Hydraulics
and Tables 12mo
Series of Rules
THOMAS Box.
for the use of Engineers, etc.
By
$2.50
BROWN.
Embracing
lics,
Five
:
Hundred
and
Seven
Mechanical
'
Movements
all those which are most important in Dynamics, HydrauHydrostatics, Pneumatics, Steam Engines, Mill and other Gearand including ing, Presses, Horology, and Miscellaneous Machinery many movements never before published, and several of which have of the only recently come into use. By HENRY T. BROWN, Editor " . . $1.00 American Artisan." In one volume, 12mo.
;
.
HENRY CAREY
BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
BUCKMASTEB. The
sics
:
Elements of Mechanical Phy-
J. C. BUCKMASTER, late Student in the Government School of Mines Certified Teacher of Science by the Department of Science and Art Examiner in Chemistry and Physics in the Royal College of Preceptors and late Lecturer in Chemistry and Physics of the Royal Polytechnic Institute. Illustrated with numerous engravings. In one volume, 12mo $1.50
; ;
Bv
BULLOCK. The American Cottage

A
Builder
Drainage, Painting, and Landscape Gardening. By JOHN " BULLOCK, The RudiArchitect, Civil Engineer, Mechanician, and Editor of ments of Architecture and Building," etc., etc. Illustrated by 75 en$3.50 gravings. In one volume, 8vo
Series of Designs, Plans, and Specifications, from $200 to $20,000, for Homes for the People; together with Warming, Ventilation,
BULLOCK.
Building
:
The Budiments of Architecture and
For the use of Architects, Builders, Draughtsmen, Machinists, EngiEdited by JOHN BULLOCK, author of "The neers, and Mechanics. American Cottage Builder." Illustrated by 250 engravings. In one
volume, 8vo
$3.50
BURGH.
Showing
Practical Illustrations of
:
Land and Marine

Pres-
Engines
in detail the
Modern Improvements of High and Low

folio,
sure, Surface Condensation, and Super-heating, together wit,i Land and Marine Boilers. By N. P. BURGH, Engineer. Illustrated by
20 plates, double elephant
with text
$21.00
BTJBGH.
Practical Bules for the Proportions Ox Modern Engines and Boilers for Land and Marine
Engineer.
Purposes. By X. P. BURGH,
12mo
$1.53
BUBGH. The
By N.
P.
Slide- Valve Practically Considered.

Engineer.
BURGH,
Completely
illustrated.
12rao.
$2.00
BYLES. Sophisms of Free Trade and Popular cal Economy Examined.

By
a BARRISTER (Sir
First
Pleas).
Politi-
JOHN BARNARD BYLES, Judge of Common American from the Ninth English Edition, as published
In one volume, 12mo.
$1.2.3
by the Manchester Reciprocity Association.
P YBW. The Complete Practical Brewer

Or
Plain, Accurate, and Thorough Instructions in the Art of Brewing Beer, Ale, Porter, including the Process of making Bavarian Beer, all the Small Beers, such as Root-beer, Ginger-pop, Sarsaparillabeer, Mead, Spruce Beer, etc., etc. Adapted to the use of Public Brewers and Private Families. By M. LA FAYETTE BYRN, D. With illustrations. 12mo $1.25
HENRY CAREY
BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
:
BYBN. The Complete Practical Distiller
Comprising the most perfect and exact Theoretical and Practical Description of the Art of Distillation and Rectification ; including all of the most recent improvements in distilling apparatus; instructions for preparing spirits from the numerous vegetables, fruits, etc. ; directions for the distillation and preparation of all kinds of brandies and other spirits, spirituous and other compounds, etc., etc. By M. LA FA YETTE BYRN, M. D. Eighth Edition. To which are added, Practical Directions for Distilling, from the French of Th. Fling, Brewer and Distiller. 12mo. $1.50
BYRNE. Handbook
Engineer
:
for the Artisan, Mechanic,
and
Comprising the Grinding and Sharpening of Cutting Tools, Abrasive Work, Gem and Glass Engraving, Varnishing and Lackering, Apparatus, Materials and Processes for Grinding and Polishing, etc. By OLIVER BYRNE. Illustrated by 185 wood en$5.00 gravings. In one volume, 8vo
Processes, Lapidary
BYRNE.
neers
:
Pocket Book for Railroad and
Civil Engi-
Containing New, Exact, and Concise Methods for Laying out Railroad Curves, Switches, Frog Angles, and Crossings; the Staking out of work; Levelling; the Calculation of Cuttings; Embankments; Earth-work, etc. By "OLIVER BYRNE. 18mo., full bound, pocket. book form. $1.75
BYRNE. The Practical Model

8vo., nearly 600
Calculator
For the Engineer, Mechanic, Manufacturer of Engine Work, Naval Architect, Miner, and Millwright. By OLIVER BYRNE. 1 volume,
pages
$4.50
BYRNE. The
Practical Metal- Worker's Assistant:
The Processes Dependent on the Ductility of the Metals Soldering and the most Improved Processes and Tools employed by Metalworkers. With the Application of the Art of Electro-Metallurgy to Manufacturing Processes collected from Original Sources, and from
;
the
of Holtzapffel, Bergeron, Leupold, Plumier, Napier, OLIVER BYRNE. A new, Scoffern, Clay, Fairbairn, and others. By and improved edition, to which is added An Appendix, conrevised,
Works
taining
CASTINGS, and IMPROVEMENTS IN BESSEMER STEEL. By A. A. FESQUET, Chemist and Engineer. With over 600 Engravings, illus$7.00 trating every Branch of the Subject. 8vo
PERCY, M.
THE MANUFACTURE OF RUSSIAN SHEET-IRON. By JOHN MALLEABLE IROND., F.R.S. THE MANUFACTURE OF
Cabinet Maker's
Album
of Furniture:
Comprising a Collection of Designs for Furniture. Illustrated by 48 $3.50 Large and Beautifully Engraved Plates. In one vol., oblong
HENRY CAREY
BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
CALLINGHAM.
ing:
Sign Writing and Glass EmbossBy JAMES

$1.50
CALLINGHAM.
Complete Practical Illustrated Manual of the Art. In one volume, 12mo

:
CAMPIN. A
neering
Practical Treatise on Mechanical Engi-
Comprising Metallurgy, Moulding, Casting, Forging, Tools, Workshop Machinery, Mechanical Manipulation, Manufacture of Steamengines, etc., etc. With an Appendix on the Analysis of Iron and Iron Ores. By FRANCIS CAMPIN, C. E. To which are added, Observations on the Construction of Steam Boilers, and Remarks upon Furnaces used for Smoke Prevention with a Chapter on Explosions. By 11. Armstrong, C. E., and John Bourne. Rules for Calculating the Change Wheels for Screws on a Turning Lathe, and for a Wheelcutting Machine. By J. LA NlCCA. Management of Steel, Including Forging, Hardening, Tempering, Annealing, Shrinking, and Expansion. And the Case-hardening of Iron. By G. EDE. 8vo. Illustrated with 29 plates and 100 wood engravings $6.00
;
CAMPIN. The
Practice of Hand-Turning in
:
Wood,
in Metal as may be required in the Practice of Turning Wood, Ivory, etc. Also, an Appendix on Ornamental Turning. By FRANCIS CAMPIN with Numerous Illustrations. $3.00 12mo., cloth
;
Ivory, Shell, etc. With Instructions for Turning such works
CAREY. The Works

Commercial.
of Henry C. Carey FINANCIAL CRISES, their Causes and Effects. 8vo. paper HARMONY OF INTERESTS: Agricultural, Manufacturing,
:
..
25
and
$1.50
8vo., cloth
MANUAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE.

ciples of Social Science."
MISCELLANEOUS WORKS
"Money," "Letters
to
to the President,"
By KATE McKEAN. 1 vol. 12mo. $2.25 " of Interests," comprising " Harmony "
:
Condensed from Carey's " Prin-
Financial" Crises,"
The
Outdo England Without Fighting Her," "Resources of Way the Union," "The Public Debt," "Contraction or Expansion?" " Review of the Decade 1857-'67," " Reconstruction," etc., etc.
Two
vols., 8vo., cloth
AND FUTURE. 8vo $2.50 PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL SCIENCE. 3 vols., 8vo., cloth $10.00 THE SLAVE-TRADE, DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN Why it Ex$2.00 ists, and How it may be Extinguished (1853). 8vo., cloth LETTERS ON INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT (1867) 50
PAST, PRESENT,
; . .
THE UNITY OF LAW

Social, Mental,
As Exhibited
and Moral
Cloth
in the Relations of Physical, Science (1872). In one volume, 8vo.,
pp. xxiii., 433.
$3.50
CHAPMAN. A Treatise
As
on Ropemaking
Practised in private and public Rope yards, with a Description of the Manufacture, Rules, Tables of Weights, etc., adapted to the
Trades, Shipping, Mining, Railways, Builders, etc.
CHAPMAN.
24mo
By ROBERT
$1.50
HENRY CAREY
BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
:
COLBURN. The
Locomotive Engine
Including a Description of its Structure, Rules for Estimating its Capabilities, and Practical Observations on its Construction and Management. By ZEKAH COLBUKN. Illustrated. A new edition. 12mo. $1.25
CBAIK.
Miller.
The
Practical
American Millwright and
By DAVID CRAIK, Millwright. Illustrated gravings, and two folding plates. 8vo
......
Stair Builders'
by numerous wood
en$5.00
:
BE GRAFF.
;
The Geometrical
Guide
Being a Plain Practical System of Hand-Railing, embracing all its necessary Details, and Geometrically Illustrated by 22 Si eel Engravings together with the use of the most approved principles of Practical Geometry. $5.00 By SIMON DE GRAFF, Architect. 4to.
.
KONINCK.-DIETZ. A Practical Manual of

mical Analysis and Assaying
INCK, Dr.
Sc.,
:
Che-
As applied to the Manufacture of Iron from its Ores, and to Cast Iron, Wrought Iron, and Steel, as found in Commerce. By L. L. DE KON-
and E. DIETZ, Engineer. Edited with Notes, by ROBERT F.R.S., F.S.G., M.I.C.E., etc. American Edition, Edited with Notes and an Appendix on Iron Ores, by A. A. FESQUET, Chemist and Engineer. One volume, 12mo. $2.50
MALLET,
.....
.
DUNCAN.
Practical Surveyor's Guide: Containing the necessary information to make any person,
.
of common
ANDREW DUNCAN. Illustrated. 12mo., cloth. $1.25 DTJPLAIS. A Treatise on the Manufacture and Dis.
capacity, a finished land surveyor without the aid of a teacher.
By
tillation of Alcoholic Liquors : Comprising Accurate and Complete Details in Regard to Alcohol from Wine, Molasses, Beets, Grain, Rice, Potatoes, Sorghum, Asphodel, with the Distillation and Rectification of Brandy, WhisFruits, etc. key, Rum, Gin, Swiss Absinthe, etc., the Preparation of Aromatic WaOils or Essences, Sugars, Syrups, Aromatic Tinctures, Volatile ters, Liqueurs, Cordial Wines, Effervescing Wines, etc., the Aging of Brandy and the Improvement of Spirits, with Copious Directions and Tables Translated for Testing and Reducing Spirituous Liquors, etc., etc. and Edited from the French of MM. DUPLAIS, Aine et Jeune. By M. McKENNlE, M.D. To which are added the United States Internal Revenue Regulations for the Assessment and Collection of Taxes on Distilled Spirits. Illustrated by fourteen folding plates and several
;
wood
engravings.
743 pp., 8vo
.......
:
$10.00
DUSSAUCE. A
General Treatise on the Manufacture of Every Description of Soap
Comprising the Chemistry of the Art, with Remarks on Alkalies, Saponifiable Fatty Bodies, the apparatus necessary in a Soap Factory, Practical Instructions in the manufacture of the various kinds of Soap, the assay of Soaps, etc., etc. Edited from Notes of Larme, Fontenelle, Malapayre, Dufour, and others, with large and important additions by Prof. H. DUSSAUCE, Chemist. Illustrated. In one vol., 8vo. $17.50
.
HENRY CAREY
BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
l>
DUSSAUCE. A
of Vinegar
:
General Treatise on the Manufacture
Theoretical and Practical. Comprising the various Methods, by the Slo\v and the Quick Processes, with Alcohol, Wine, Grain, Malt, Cider, Molasses, and Beets as well as the Fabrication of Wood Vinegar, etc., eic. . $5.00 By Prof. H. DUSSAUCE. In one volume, 8vo.
; .
DUSSAUCE. A New and Complete

Comprising
all
Treatise on the
:
Arts of Tanning, Currying, and Leather Dressing
the Discoveries and Improvements made in France, Great Britain, and the United States. Edited from Notes and Documents of Messrs. Sallerou, Grouvelle, Duval, Dessables, Labarraque,
Payen, Rene, De Fontenelle, Malapeyre, etc., etc. By Prof. H. DUS$25.00 SAUCE, Chemist. Illustrated by 212 wood engravings. 8vo.
DUSSAUCE. A Practical Guide

Being a
for the
Perfumer
Treatise on Perfumery, the most favorable to the Beauty without being injurious to the Health, comprising a Description of the substances used in Perfumery, the Formulae of more than 1000 Preparations-, such as Cosmetics, Perfumed Oils, Tooth Powders, Waters, Extracts, Tinctures, Infusions, Spirits, Vinaigres, Essential Oils, Pastels, Creams, Soaps, and many new Hygienic Products not hitherto described. Edited from Notes and Documents of Messrs. Debay, Lanel, etc. With additions by Prof. H. DUSSAUCE, Chemist. 12mo.
New
DUSSAUCE.
Practical Treatise on the Fabrication of Matches, Gun Cotton, and Fulminating Powders. $3.00 By Prof. H. DUSSAUCE. 12mo
Containing upwards of 200 Receipts for making Colors, on the most approved principles, for all the various styles and fabrics now in existence with the Scouring Process, and plain Directions for Preparing, . $1.25 Washing-off, and Finishing the Goods. In one vol., 12mo.
;
Dyer and Color-maker's Companion:
EASTON. A
cloth
Practical Treatise on Street or HorseIllustrated
power Railways.
Bv ALEXANDER EASTON, C.E.
by 23
plates.
8vo.,
$3.00
:
ELDER,.
Questions of the Day $3.00 Social. By Dr. WILLIAM ELDER. 8vo. FAIRBAIRN. The Principles of Mechanism and Machinery of Transmission
Economic and
.
r heels, and Pulleys, Comprising the Principles of Mechanism, Strength and Proportions of Shafts, Coupling of Shafts, and Engaging and Disengaging Gear. By Sir WILLIAM FAIRBAIRN, C.E., LL.1X,
F.R.S., F.G.S.
one volume, 12mo
In Beautifully illustrated by over 150 wood-cuts. $2.50
FORSYTH. Book
and other Monuments
of Designs for Headstones, Mural,

:
Containing 78 Designs.
by CHARLES BOUTELL, M. A.
By JAMES FORSYTH. With an

4to., cloth
Introduction $5.00
10
HENRY CAREY
BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
GIBSON. The American Dyer: A Practical Treatise on the Coloring of

Cloth, in three parts.
;
Wool, Cotton, Yarn and
Part First gives a descriptive account of the Dye Stuffs if of vegetable origin, where produced, how cultivated, ami how prepared for use; if chemical, their composition, specific gravities, and general adaptability, how adulterated, and how to dePart Second is devoted to the Coloring of tect the adulterations, etc. Wool, giving recipes for one hundred and twenty-nine different colors or shades, and is supplied with sixty colored samples of Wool. Part Third is devoted to the Coloring of Raw Cotton or Cotton Waste, for mixing with Wool Colors in the Manufacture of all kinds of Fabrics,
gives recipes for thirty-eight different colors or shades, and is supplied with twenty-four colored samples of Cotton Waste. Also, recipes for
Coloring Beavers, Doeskins, and Flannels, with remarks upon Anigiving recipes for fifteen different colors or shades, and nine samples of Aniline Colors that will stand both the Fulling and Scouring process. Also, recipes for Aniline Colors on Cotton Thread, and recipes for Common Colors on Cotton Yarns. Embracing in all over two hundred recipes for Colors and Shades, and ninety-four samples of Colored Wool and Cotton Waste, etc. By RICHARD H. GIBSON, Practical Dyer and Chemist. In one volume, 8vo. $6.00
lines,
. .
GILBAE-T. History and Principles of Banking
Practical Treatise.
London and Westminster Bank.

8vo., 600 pages,
By JAMES W. GILBART,
With
late
Manager of the
In one volume,
$5.00
additions.
sheep
Gothic Album
for Cabinet
Makers
by 23 large and beautifully engraved
Comprising a Collection of Designs for Gothic Furniture. Illustrated $2.00 plates. Oblong
.
GRANT.
Beet.
Beet-root Sugar and Cultivation of the

GRANT.
By
E. B.
12mo
$1.25
GRE GOB,Y.
Adapted
Civil Engineers.
Mathematics for Practical
Men
to the Pursuits of Surveyors, Architects, Mechanics, and By OLINTHUS GREGORY. 8vo., plates, cloth $3.0fl
GBJSWOLD.
Railroad Engineer's Pocket Compan:
ion for the Field

Comprising Rules
;
and Angles, Tangential Distances and Angles, and all Necessary Tables for Engineers also the art of Levelling from Preliminary Survey to the Construction of Railroads, intended Expressly for the Young Engineer, together with Numerous Valuable Rules and Examples. By W. GRISWOLD. 12mo., tucks $1.75
for Calculating Deflection Distances
GUTJNEB..
By M.
L.
Studies of Blast Furnace Phenomena. GRUNER, President of the General Council of Mines of
. .
France, and lately Professor of Metallurgy at the Ecole des Mines. Translated, with the Author's sanction, with an Appendix, by L. D. B. $2.50 Gordon, F. R. S. E., F. 0, S. Illustrated. 8vo.
.
HENRY CAREY
BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
GUETTIER.
Metallic Alloys:
Chemical and Physical Properties?, and Uses. Translated from the French of A. GUETTIER, Engineer and Director of Foundries, author " of La Fouderie en France," etc., etc. By A. A. FESQUET, Chemist and Engineer. In one volume, 12mo $3.00
to their their Preparation,- Composition,
Being a Practical Guide
HARRIS. Gas
Cherry
Superintendent's Pocket Companion. HARRIS & BROTHER, Gas Meter Manufacturers, 1115 and 1117 By
Street, Philadelphia.
Full bound in pocket-book form
$1.00
Hats and Felting:
Practical Treatise on their Manufacture. By a Practical Hatter. Illustrated by Drawings of Machinery, etc. 8vo. . . . $1.25
HOFMANN. A
Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of Paper in all its Branches. By CARL HOFMANN. Late Superintendent of paper mills in Germany and the United States recently manager of the Public Ledger
;
Paper Mills, near Elkton, Md. Illustrated by 110 wood engravings, and five large folding plates. In one volume, 4to., cloth; 398
pages
$15.00
HUGHES. American
ant.
Miller and Millwright's Assistedition.
By WM. CARTER HUGHES. A new
In one
vol.,
12mo. $1.50
HURST. A Hand-Book
and others engaged in Building:
for Architectural Surveyors
Containing Formulae useful in Designing Builder's work, Table of Weights, of the materials used in Building, Memoranda connected with Builders' work, Mensuration, the Practice of Builders' Measurement, Contracts of Labor, Valuation of Property, Summary of the Practice in Dilapidation, etc., etc. By J. F. HURST, C. E. Second $2.00 edition, pocket-book form, full bound
JERVIS. Railway Property A Treatise on the Construction and

;
Management of Railways ; designed to afford useful knowledge, in the popular style, to the holders of this class of property as well as Railway Managers, Officers, and Agents. By JOHN B. JERVIS, late Chief Engineer of the Hudson River Railroad, Croton Aqueduct, etc. In one vol., 12mo., cloth $2.00
JOHNSTON.
Limestones, and Manures. By J. F, W. JOHNSTON. 12mo
Instructions for the Analysis of Soils,
12
HENRY CAREY
For the Use of Beginners,
to
BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
of Practical Gauging
is
:
KEENE. A Hand-Book
added, A Chapter on Distills tion, describing the process in operation at the Custom House foi the of wines. ascertaining strength By JAMES B. KEENE, of H. M. Customs. 8vo. $1.25
which
KELLEY.
8vo
Speeches, Addresses, and Letters on Industrial and Financial Questions. By Hon. WILLIAM D. KELLEY, M. C. In one volume, 544 pages,
$3.00
KENTISH. A
And
ber,
Treatise on a
;
Box
of Instruments,
the Slide Rule with the Theory of Trigonometry and Logarithms, including Practical Geometry, Surveying, Measuring of Tim
Cask and Malt Gauging, Heights, and 'Distances. KENTISH. In one volume. 12mo
By THOMAS
$1.25
KOBELL. ERNI.
A short Method
Mineralogy Simplified
of Determining and Classifying Minerals, by means of simple Chemical Experiments in the Wet Way. Translated from last the German Edition of F. VON KOBELL, with an Introduction to M. D., Blow-pipe Analysis and other additions. By HENRI ERNI, " Coal Oil late Chief Chemist, Department of Agriculture, author of and Petroleum." In one volume, 12mo. . . . $2.50
.
LANDRIN. A
Comprising
its
Treatise on Steel
Theory, Metallurgy, Properties, Practical Working, and Use. By M. H. C. LANDRIN, Jr., Civil Engineer. Translated from the French, with Notes, by A. A. FESQUET, Chemist and Engineer. With an Appendix on the Bessemer and the Martin Processes for Manufacturing Steel, from the Report of Abram S. Hewitt, United States Commissioner to the Universal Exposition, Paris, 1867. In one $3.00 volume, 12mo.
LABKIN. The
Guide
:
Practical Brass and Iron Pounder's
Concise Treatise on Brass Founding, Moulding, the Metals and their Alloys, etc. to which are added Recent Improvements in the Manufacture of Iron, Steel by the Bessemer Process, etc., etc. By JAMES LARK IN, late Conductor of the Brass Foundry Department in Reany, Fifth edition, revised, Neafie & Go's. Penn Works, Philadelphia. . with Extensive additions. In one volume, 12mo. $2.25
:
.
LEA VITT.
Pacts about Peat as an Article cf Fuel

its
Origin and Compos tion, the Localities in which it is found, the Methods of Preparation and Manufacture, and the various Uses to which it is applicable ; together with many other matters of Practical and Scientific Interest. To which is added a chapter on the Utilization of Coal Dust with Peat for the Production of an Excellent Fuel at Moderate Cost, specially adapted for Steam Service. . . . $1.75 By T. H. LEAVITT. Third edition. 12mo.
With Remarks upon
HENRY CAREY
LEROTJX,
to Spii
BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
13
C. A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of Worsteds and Carded Yarns Com pi

:
and Fi. _ and Manufacturing Carded Yarns. Translated from the French of CHARLES LEROUX, Mechanical Engineer, and Superintendent of a Spinning Mill, by HORATIO PAINE, M. D., and A. A. FESQUET, Chemist and Engineer. Illustrated by 12 large Plates. To which is added an Appendix, containing extracts from the Reports of the International Jury, and of the Artisans selected by the Committee appoi pointed orsted by the Council of the Society of Arts, London, on Woollen and Wor Machinery and Fabrics, as exhibited in the Paris Universal Exposition, 1867.
8vo., cloth
.........
......
:
$5.00
LESLIE
"
(Miss).
Complete Cookery:
Directions for Cookery in its Various Branches. By Miss LESLIE. 60th thousand. Thoroughly revised, with the addition of New ReIn one volume, 12mo., cloth $1.50 ceipts.
LESLIE LESLIE
(Miss). Ladies' House Book A Manual of Domestic Economy. 20th revised edition.
12mo., cloth.
(Miss).
Two Hundred
Receipts in French
Cookery.
Cloth, 12mo.
LIBBER.
Assayer's Guide
Or, Practical Directions to Assayers, Miners, and Smelters, for the Tests and Assays, by Heat and by Wet Processes, for the Ores of all the principal Metals, of Gold and Silver Coins and Alloys, and of , . $1.25 Coal, etc. By OSCAR M. LIEBER. 12mo., cloth.
LOTH. The
A
Practical Stair Builder:
Complete Treatise on the Art of Building Stairs and Hand-Rails, Designed for Carpenters, Builders, and Stair-Builders. Illustrated
with Thirty Original Plates.

Stair-Builder.
One
By C. large 4to. volume.
EDWARD LOTH,
....
Professional $10.00
LOVE. The Art
of Dyeing, Cleaning, Scouring, and Finishing, on the Most Approved English and
French Methods:
Color or Fabric of Silk, Satin, or Damask. By THOMAS LOVE, a Scourer. Second American Edition, to which are added General Instructions for the Use of Aniline Colors. In one $5.00 volume, 8vo., 343 pages.
Being Practical Instructions in Dyeing Silks, Woollens, and Cottons, Feathers, Chips, Straw, etc. Scouring and Cleaning Bed and WindowCurtains, Carpets, Rugs, etc. French and English Cleaning, any
Working Dyer and
.......
14
HENRY CAREY
BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
MAIN
and BROWN. Questions on Subjects Connected with the Marine Steam-Engine And Examination Papers with Hints for their Solution. By THOMAS J. MAIN, Professor of Mathematics, Royal Naval College, and THOMAS $1.50 BROWN, Chief Engineer, R. N. 12mo", cloth.
:
:
MAIN
and meter
:
BROWN.
The Indicator and Dynamo-
With their Practical Applications to the Steam-Engine. By THOMAS J. MAIN, M. A. F. R., Assistant Professor Royal Naval College, Portsmouth, and
THOMAS BROWN,
N., attached to the Royal Naval College. Fourth London Edition. 8vo.
Assoc. Inst. C. E., Chief Engineer, R. Illustrated. From the $1.50
MAIN
and
BROWN.
J.
The Marine Steam-Engine.

;
Assistant S. Mathematical Professor at the Royal Naval College, Portsmouth, and THOMAS BROWN, Assoc. Inst. C. E., Chief Engineer R. N. Attached to the Royal Naval ColAuthors of " Questions connected with the Marine Steam-Enlege. " Indicator and Dynamometer." With numerous Illusgine," and the In one volume, Svo trations. $5.00
By THOMAS
MAIN, F. R.
MARTIN.
Screw-Cutting Tables, for the Use of Me:
chanical Engineers
Showing the Proper Arrangement of Wheels for Cutting the Threads of Screws of any required Pitch with a Table for Making the Universal Gas-Pipe Thread and Taps. By W. A. MARTIN, Engineer.
;
Svo
50
Mechanics' (Amateur) Workshop:

and concise directions for the manipulaWood and Metals, including Casting, Forging, Brazing, Sol" Lathe and and its Uses." dering, Carpentry. By the author of the Third edition. Illustrated. Svo $3.00
tion of
A treatise containing plain
MOLESWORTH.
neers.
Pocket-B9ok of Useful Formulae and Memoranda for Civil and Mechanical Engi-
L. MOLESWORTH, Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Chief Resident Engineer of the Ceylon Railway. Second In one volume, full American, from the Tenth London Edition.
By GUILFORD
bound
in pocket-book form
$2.00
NAPIER. A System of Chemistry Applied to

By JAMES NAPIER,
tion.
Dyeing.
F. C. S.
A New
and Thoroughly Revised Edi-
Completely brought up to the present state of the Science, including the Chemistry of Coal Tar Colors, by A. A. FESQUET, Chemist and Engineer. With an Appendix on Dyeing and Calico Printing, as shown at the Universal Exposition, Paris, 1867. Illustrated. In one $5.00 Volume, 8vo., 422 pages
HENRY CAREY
BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
:
15
NAPIER. Manual of
Electro-Metallurgy
Including the Application of the Art to Manufacturing Processes. By JAMES N APIEK. Fourth American, from the Fourth London edition, revised and enlarged. Illustrated by engravings. In one vol., 8vo. $2.00
NASON.
Table of Reactions for Qualitative Chemical
Analysis.
By HENRY B. NASON, Professor of Chemistry in the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York. Illustrated by Colors. 63
.
NEWBERY.
every style
Gleanings
:
from Ornamental Art of
in the British, South Kensington, Indian, Crystal Palace, and M;her Museums, the Exhibitions of 1851 and 1862, and the best English and Foreign works. In a series of one hundred
Drawn from Examples

drawn
exquisitely
ROBERT NEWBERY.
Containing
Plates, containing 4to
many hundred
examples.
By
:
$12.50
NICHOLSON. A Manual of the

Gilding, and Finishing. Paper. By JAMES B. NICHOLSON.
Art of Bookbinding
1-Jmo., cloth.
full instructions in the different
Branches of Forwarding, Also, the Art of Marbling Book-edges and

Illustrated.
$2.25
NICHOLSON. The
A Complete
NICHOLSON.
Carpenter's
New
Guide:
Book of Lines for Carpenters and Joiners. By PETER The whole carefully and thoroughly revised by H. K, and DAVIS, containing numerous new and improved and original Designs for Roofs, Domes, etc. By SAMUEL SLOAN, Architect. Illustrated by 80 plates. 4to.
NORRIS. A Hand-book
and Machinists:
;
for
Locomotive Engineers
Comprising the Proportions and Calculations for Constructing Locomotives Manner of Setting Valves Tables of Squares, Cubes, Areas, etc., etc. By SKPTIMUS NORRIS, Civil and Mechanical Engineer. New edition. Illustrated. 12mo., cloth $1.50
;
NYSTROM. On
Technological Education, and the Construction of Ships and Screw Propellers For Naval and Marine Engineers. By JOHN W. NYSTROM, late Act:
ing Chief Engineer, U. S. N. Second* edition, revised with additional matter. Illustrated by seven engravings. 12mo. $1.50
. .
O'NEILL.
ing:
in the Art of
A Dictionary of
Dyeing and Calico Print;
Containing a brief account of all the Substances and Processes in use Dyeing and Printing Textile Fabrics with Practical Receipts and Scientific Information. By CHARLES O'NEILL, AnaFellow of the Chemical Society of London Member lytical Chemist of the Literary and Philosophical Society r f Manchester Author of "Chemistry of Calico Printing and I>yeiiig." To which is added an Essay on Coal Tar Colors and their application to Dyeing and Calico Printing. By A. A. FESQUET, Chemist and Engineer. With an Appendix on Dyeing and Calico Printing, as shown at the Universal . $5.00 Exposition, Paris, 1867. In one volume, 8vo., 491 pages.
;
16
HENRY CAREY
BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
:
ORT ON.
Underground Treasures How and Where to Find Them. A Key for the Ready Determination
of all the Useful Minerals within the United States.
Illustrated,
ORTON, A. M.
12mo
By JAMES
$1.50
O3BORN. American Mines and Mining:

Theoretically and Practically Considered. Illustrated by numerous engravings. 8vo.
By
Prof.
H.
S.
OSBORN.
(In preparation.)
:
OSBORN. The
Metallurgy of Iron and Steel

;
Theoretical and Practical in all its Branches with special reference to American Materials and Processes. By H. S. OSBORN, LL. D., Professor of Mining and Metallurgy in Lafayette College, Easton,
Illustrated by numerous large folding plates and Pennsylvania. $15.00 wood-engravings. 8vo.
OVERMAN. The
Manufacture of Steel
Containing the Practice and Principles of Working and Making Steel. A Handbook for Blacksmiths and Workers in Steel and Iron, Wagon Makers, Die Sinkers, Cutlers, and Manufacturers of Files and Hardware, of Steel and Iron, and for Men of Science and"Art. By FREDERICK OVERMAN, Mining Engineer, Author of the Manufacture of Iron," etc. A new, enlarged, and revised Edition. By A. A. FESQUET, Chemist and Engineer $1.50
OVERMAN. The
Guide
:
Moulder and Pounder's Pocket
A Treatise on Moulding and Founding in Green-sand, Dry-sand, Loam,

and Cement; the Moulding of Machine Frames, Mill-gear, Hollowware, Ornaments, Trinkets, Bells, and Statues Description of Moulds Plaster of Paris, Sulphur, for Iron, Bronze, Brass, and other Metals Wax, and other articles commonly used in Casting the Construction of Melting Furnaces, the Melting and Founding of Metals the Composition of Alloys and their Nature. With an Appendix containing Receipts for Alloys, Bronze, Varnishes and Colors for Castings also, Tables on the Strength and other qualities of Cast Metals. By FREDERICK OVERMAN, Mining Engineer, Author of "The Manufacture
;
of Iron."
With
42 Illustrations.
12mo
:
$2.00
Painter, Gilder,
and Varnisher's Companion
Containing Rules and Regulations in everything relating to the Arts of Painting, Gilding, Varnishing, Glass-Staining, Graining, Marbling, Sign-Writing, Gilding on Glass, and Coach Painting and Varnishing Tests for the Detection of Adulterations in Oils, Colors, etc. and a Statement of the Diseases to which Painters are peculiarly liable, with the Simplest and Best Remedies. Sixteenth Edition. Revised, with an Appendix. Containing Colors and Coloring - Theoretical and Practical. Comprising descriptions of a great variety of Additional Pigments, their Qualities and Uses, to which are added, Dryers, and Modes and Operations of Painting, etc. Together with Chevreul's
;
;
Principles of
Harmony and
Contrast of Colors.
12mo., cloth.
$1.50
HENRY CAREY
Guide. By HENRY PALLETT.
BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
17
PALLETT. The Miller's, Millwright's, and Engineer's

Illustrated.
$3.00
PERCY. The Manufacture
of Russian Sheet-Iron.
By JOHN PERCY, M.D., F.R.S., Lecturer on Metallurgy at the Royal School of Mines, and to The Advanced Class of Artillery Officers at the Royal Artillery Institution, Woolwich Author of " Metallurgy." With Illustrations. 8vo., paper 50 cts.
;
PERKINS. Gas and

Practical Treatise on Gas
Ventilation.
and Ventilation. With Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking by Gas. Including Scientific to Helps Engineer-students and others. With Illustrated Diagrams. $1.25 By E. E. PERKINS. 12mo., cloth
PERKINS
and
STOWE. A New Guide

:
to the Sheet-
iron and Boiler Plate Roller
Containing a Series of Tables showing the Weight of Slabs and Piles to produce Boiler Plates, and of the Weight of Piles and the Sizes of Bars to produce Sheet-iron; the Thickness of the Bar Gauge in
decimals
;
the Weight per foot, and the Thickness on the Bar or Wire Gauge of the fractional parts of an inch ; the Weight per sheet, and the Thickness on the Wire Gauge of Sheet-iron of various dimensions to weigh 112 Ibs. per bundle; and the conversion of Short Weight into Long Weight, and Long Weight into Short. Estimated and collected by G. H. PERKINS and J. G. STOWE $2.50
PHILLIPS and DARLINGTON. Records

and Metallurgy;
Or Facts and Memoranda
School of Mines, France,
for the use of the
etc.,
of Mining
By J. ARTHUR PHILLIPS, Mining

by numerous engravings.
Mine Agent and Smelter. Engineer, Graduate of the Imperial
and
JOHN DARLINGTON.
.
Illustrated
.
$1.50
PROTEAUX.
aiid
Practical Guide for the Manufacture of Paper and Boards. By A. PROTEAUX, Civil Engineer, and Graduate of the School of Arts
Manufactures, and Director of Thiers' Paper Mill, Puy-de-D6me. Translated from the French, additions, by L. S. LE NORMAND. with Notes, by HORATIO PAINE, A. B., M. D. To which is added a from Wood in the United on of the Manufacture Chapter Paper u American Artisan." IllusStates, by HENRY T. BROWN, of the trated by six plates, containing Drawings of Haw Materials, Machi$10.00 nery, Plans of Paper-Mills, etc., etc. 8vo
With
REG3STAULT. Elements of Chemistry.

By M. V. REGNAULT.
BETTON, M.
and Refiner
D.,
Translated from the French by T.
and
IT. S. Mint, and WM. L. FABER, Metallurgist and Mining Engineer. Illustrated by nearly 700 wood engravings. Comprising . . 1500 $7.50 pages. In two volumes, 8vo., cloth. . nearly
edited, with Notes,
by JAMES
C.
FORREST BOOTH, Melter
18
HENRY CAREY
BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
REID.
A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of Portland Cement: By HENRY REID, C. E. To which is added a Translation of M. A, Lipowitz's Work, describing a New Method adopted in Germany for Manufacturing that Cement, by W. F. REID. Illustrated by plates
and wood engravings.
8vo
$5.00
KIFFAULT, VERGNAUD, and

nishes.
TOUSSAINT.-A
Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of Var-
By MM. RIFFAULT, VERGNAUD, and TOUSSAINT. Revised and Edited by M. F. MALEPEYRE and Dr. EMIL WINCKLER. Illustrated.
In one volume, Svo.
(In preparation.)
RIFFATJLT,
Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of Colors for Painting

:
VERGNAUD,
M
and
TOUSSAINT. A
Containing the best Formulae and the Processes the Newest and in most General Use. By M. RIFFAULT, VERGNAUD, and TOUSSAINT. Revised and Edited by M. F. MALEPEYRE and Dr. EMIL WINCKLER. Translated from the French by A. A. FESQUET, Chemist and Engineer. Illustrated by Engravings. In one volume, 650 pages, Svo.
$7.50
ROBINSON.
How
Explosions of Steam Boilers:

By
J.
they are Caused, and how they may be Prevented. ROBINSON, Steam Engineer. 12mo
R.
$1.25
ROPER. A Catechism
of
High Pressure or Non:
Condensing Steam-Engines
Including the Modelling, Constructing, Running, and Management of Steam Engines and Steam Boilers. With Illustrations. By STEPHEN ROPER, Engineer. Full bound tucks $2.00
. .
ROSELEUR.
A
Galvanoplastic Manipulations
Practical Guide for the Gold
Galvanoplastic Operator. ROSELEUR, Chemist, Professor of the Galvanoplastic Art, Manufactu* rer of Chemicals, Gold and Silver Electro-plater. By A. A. FESQUET, Chemist and Engineer. Illustrated by over 127 Engravings on wood. $6.00 8vo., 495 pages ^3^ This Treatise is the fullest and by far the best on this subject ever published in the United States.
and Silver Electro-plater and the Translated from the French of ALFRED
SCHINZ. Researches on
Furnace. By CHARLES SCHINZ.
the Action of the
Blast
Translated from the German with the special and MORITZ MULpermission of the Author by WILLIAM H. LER. With an Appendix written by the Author expressly for this edition. Illustrated by seven plates, containing 28 figures. In one $4.00 volume, 12mo.
MAW
HENRY CAREY
BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
:
19
SHAW.
Civil Architecture
Being a Complete Theoretical and Practical System of Building, containing the Fundamental Principles of the Art. By EDWAED SHAW, Architect. To which is added a Treatise ou Gothic Architecture, etc. By THOMAS W. SILLOWAY and GEORGE M. HARDING, Architects. The whole illustrated by One Hundred and Two quarto plates finely Eleventh Edition. 4to., cloth. $10.00 engraved on copper.
.
SHUNK. A
Practical Treatise on Railway Curves for Young Engineers. $2.00 By WILLIAM F. SHUNK, Civil Engineer. 12mo.
and Location,
SLOAN. American Houses

A variety of
Original Designs for Rural Buildings. Illustrated by 26 colored Engravings, with Descriptive References. By SAMUEL SLOAN, " Model $1.50 Architect," etc., etc. 8vo. Architect, author of the
SMEATON.
Builder's Pocket Companion:
Containing the Elements of Building, Surveying, and Architecture; with Practical Rules and Instructions connected with the subject. By A. C. SMEATON, Civil Engineer, etc. In one volume, 12mo. $1.50
SMITH. A Manual
E. Index.
By
PESHINE SMITH.
12mo., cloth
of Political Economy. A new Edition, to which is added a
full
$1.25
SMITH. Parks and

Or
Gardens.
Pleasure Grounds:
J.
Practical Notes on Country Residences, Villas, Public Parks,
By CHARLES H.
etc., etc.
and SMITH, Landscape Gardener and

$2.25
Garden Architect,
12mo.
SMITH. The
Dyer's Instructor:
:
Comprising Practical Instructions in the Art of Dyeing Silk, Cotton, Wool, and Worsted, and Woollen Goods containing nearly 800 Receipts. To which is added a Treatise on the Art of Padding and the Printing of Silk Warps, Skeins, and Handkerchiefs, and the various Mordants and Colors for the different styles of such work. $3.00 By DAVID SMITH, Pattern Dyer. 12mo., cloth. .
;
SMITH. The
Dyer's Instructor:
Comprising Practical Instructions in the Art of Dyeing Silk, Cotton, Wool, and Worsted and Woollen Goods. Third Edition, with many additional Receipts for Dyeing the New Alkaline Blues and Night
Greens, with
Dyed Patterns
affixed.
12uio., pp. 394, cloth.
$10.50
STEWART. The American
System.
Speeches on the Tariff Question, and on Internal Improvements, principally delivered in the House of Representatives of the United States, By ANDREW STEWART, late M. C. from Pennsylvania. With a Portrait, and a Biographical Sketch. In one volume, 8vo., 407 pages. $3.00
20
HENRY CAREY
panion
:
BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
Upholsterer's
STOKES. Cabinet-maker's and
Com-
holstery, with Familiar Instructions, illustrated by Examples for attaining a Proficiency in the Art of Drawing, as applicable to Cabi-
Comprising the Rudiments and Principles of Cabinet-making and Up-
net-work ; the Processes of Veneering, Inlaying, and Buhl-work ; the Art of Dyeing and Staining Wood, Bone, Tortoise Shell, etc. Directions for Lackering, Japanning, and Varnishing; to make French Polish ; to prepare the Best Glues, Cements, and Compositions, and a number of Receipts particularly useful for workmen generally. By J. STOKES. In one volume, 12mo. With Illustrations. . $1.25
Strength and other Properties of Metals
Reports of Experiments on the Strength and other Properties of Metals for Cannon. With a Description of the Machines for testing Metals, and of the Classification of Cannon in service. By Officers of the Ordnance Department U. S. Army. By authority of the Secretary of War. Illustrated by 25 large steel plates. In one volume, 4to. $10.00
.
SULLIVAN.
By
Sir EDWARD Social Reforms."
Protection to Native Industry.

In one volume, 8vo
" SULLIVAN, Baronet, author of Ten Chapters on

$1.50
Tables Showing the Weight of Round, Square, and

Flat Bar Iron, Steel,
Cloth
:
etc.,
63
By Measurement.
TAYLOR.
Statistics of Coal
Including Mineral Bituminous Substances employed in Arts and Manufactures; with their Geographical, Geological, and Commercial Distribution and Amount of Production and Consumption on the American Continent. With Incidental Statistics of the Iron Manufacture. By II. C. TAYLOR. Second edition, revised by S. S. HALDEM AN. Illustrated by five Maps and many wood engravings. 8vo.,
cloth
$10.00
TEMPLETON. The
With
Practical Examinator on Steam

:
and the Steam-Engine
Instructive References relative thereto, arranged for the Use of Engineers, Students, and others. By WM. TEMPLETON, Engineer. 12mo $1.25
THOMAS. The Modern

By
R.
Practice of Photography. W. THOMAS, F. C. S. 8vo., cloth 75 THOMSON. Freight Charges Calculator. $1.25 By ANDREW THOMSON, Freight Agent. 24mo.
.
TURNING:
Frame.
4to
Specimens of Fancy Turning Executed on the Hand or Foot Lathe:

By an Amateur.
Eccentric Chucks, and Elliptical Cutting Illustrated by 30 exquisite Photographs. $3.00
With Geometric, Oval, and
HENRY CAREY
BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
21
Turner's (The) Companion:

Containing Instructions in Concentric, Elliptic, and Eccentric Turning also various Plates of Chucks, Tools, and Instruments and Directions for using the Eccentric Cutter, Drill, Vertical Cutter, and Circular Rest with Patterns and Instructions for working them. new edition iu one volume, 12mo. $1.50
: ;
UKBIN. BRULL. A
Iron and Steel. By ED. URBIN, Engineer
Practical Guide for Puddling
A COMPARISON OF THE RESISTING PROPERTIES OF IRON AND STEEL.
of Arts and Manufactures. Prize Essay read before the Association of Engineers, Graduate of the School of of at the of 1 To is added 865-6. which Mines, Liege, Belgium, Meeting
By A. BRULL. Translated from the French by A. A. FESQUET, Chemist and Engineer. In one volume, 8vo $1.00
VAILE. Galvanized Iron
Cornice- Worker's Manual:
Containing Instructions in Laying out the Different Mitres, and Making Patterns for all kinds of Plain and Circular Work. Also, Tables of Weights, Areas and Circumferences of Circles, and other Mattelcalculated to Benefit the Trade. By CHARLES A. VAILE, Superin" tendent Richmond Cornice Works," Richmond, Indiana. Illustrated by 21 Plates. In one volume, 4to $5.00
VILLE. The School
of Chemical Manures
Or, Elementary Principles in the Use of Fertilizing Agents. From the French of M. GEORGE VILLE, by A. A. FESQUET, Chemist and Engineer. With Illustrations. In one volume, 12 mo. . . $1.25
VOGDES. The Architect's and Builder's Pocket Companion and Price Book:
Consisting of a Short but Comprehensive Epitome of Decimals, Duodecimals, Geometry and Mensuration ; with Tables of U. S. Measures, Sizes, Weights, Strengths, etc., of Iron, Wood, Stone, and various other Materials, Quantities of Materials in Given Sizes, and Dimensions of Wood, Brick, and Stone and a full and complete Bill of Prices for Carpenter's Work also, Rules for Computing and Valuing Brick and Brick Work, Stone Work, Painting, Plastering, etc. By FRANK W. VOGDES, Architect. Illustrated. Full bound in pocketbook form $2.00
;
;
Bound
in cloth.
1.50
WARN. The
Sheet-Metal Worker's Instructor:

;
For Zinc, Sheet-Iron, Copper, and Tin-Plate Workers, etc. Containing a selection of Geometrical Problems also, Practical and Simple
Rules for describing the various Patterns required in the different branches of the above Trades. By REUBEN H. WARN, Practical TinInstrucplate Worker. To which is added an Appendix, containing tions for Boiler Making, Mensuration of Surfaces and Solids, Rules foi and of Iron of different Steel, Tables Figures Calculating the Weights of the Weights of Iron, Steel, etc. Illustrated by 32 Plates and 37 $3.00 Wood Engravings. 8vo.
22
HENRY CAKEY
BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
WATSON. A Manual
of the Hand-Lathe:
Comprising Concise Directions for working Metals of all kinds, Ivory, Bone and Precious Woods; Dyeing, Coloring, and French Polishing; Inlaying by Veneers, and various methods practised to produce Elaborate work with Dispatch, and at Small Expense. By EGBERT P. " " WATSON, late of The Scientific American," Author of The Modern
Practice of American Machinists and Engineers."
Illustrated
.
by 78
$1.50
Engravings.
WATSON. The Modern

chinists
Practice of American
Ma-
and Engineers:
;
Including the Construction, Application, and Use of Drills, Lathe Tools, Cutters for Boring Cylinders, and Hollow Work Generally, with the most Economical Speed for the same the Results verified by Actual Practice at the Lathe, the Vice, and on the Floor. Together with Workshop Management, Economy of Manufacture, the SteamGears, Belting, etc., etc. By EGBERT P. WATSON, Engine, Boilers, " Illustrated by 86 Engravings. In Scientific American." late of the one volume, 12mo $2.50
WATSON. The Theory and

With
Weaving by Hand and Power
Practice of the Art of

:
Calculations and Tables for the use of those connected with the Trade. By JOHN WATSON, Manufacturer and Practical Machine Maker. Illustrated by large Drawings of the best Power Looms. 8vo. $7.50
WEATHERLY.
Goods.
12mo
gar, Crystallizing,
Treatise on the Art of Boiling SuLozenge-making, Comfits, Gum

$2.00
WILL.
By
Tables for Qualitative Chemical Analysis.

HEINRICH WILL,
of Giessen, Germany.
Professor
Translated by CHARLES F. HIMES, Ph. D., Professor of tion. . . . ral Science, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa.
Seventh ediNatu$1.50
WILLIAMS. On Heat and Steam:

Embracing New Views of Vaporization, Condensation, and Explosions. $3.50 By CHARLES WYE WILLIAMS, A. I. C. E. Illustrated. 8vo.
WOHLER,. A Hand-Book
By
F.
of Mineral Analysis.
WOHLER,
gen.
Edited by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy,
Professor of Chemistry in the University of GottinHENRY B. NASON, Professor of Chemistry in the
New
York.
Illustrated.
one volume, 12mo
In $3 00
WORSSAM. On
Mechanical Saws:
1869.
.
From the Transactions of the Society of Engineers, WORSSAM, Jr. Illustrated by 18 large plates. 8vo.
By
.
S.
W.
$5.00
HENRY CAREY
BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
23
RECENT ADDITIONS TO OUR

AUERBACH.
ufacture,
:
LIST,
Anthracen Its Constitution, Properties, Manand Derivatives, including Artificial Alizarin, Anthrapurpurin, with their applications in Dyeing and Printing. By G. AUERBACH. Translated and edited by WM. CROOKES, F. R. S.
8vo
$5.00
BECKETT.
Treatise on Clocks,
Bart.
Watches and
Bells.
.
By SIR EDMUND BECKETT,
Illustrated.
12mo.
$1.75
BARLOW.
Several
The History and

Illustrations.
Principles of 8vo
Weaving, by Hand
$10.00
and by Power.
Hundred
BOURNE.
Recent Improvements in the Steam Engine. By JOHN BOURNE, C. E. Illustrated. 16mo. CLARK. Fuel Its Combustion and Economy.
.
$1.50
By By
D.
KINNEAR CLARK,
C. E.
144 Engravings.
12mo.
$1.50
CRISTIANI.
Perfumery and Kindred Arts.

8vo.
R. S. CRISTIANI.
$5.00
COLLENS. The Eden

12mo.
of Labor, or the Christian Utopia.

$1.25
Paper, $1.00; Cloth,
CUPPER. The
Illustrated
Universal Stair Builder.

plates.
4to.
by 29
$2.50
COOLEY. A
By
A. J.
Complete Practical Treatise on Perfumery. COOLEY. 12nio.

.
$1.50
DAVIDSON. A
ing,
Practical
Manual
of
:
House
Painting, Grain-
With
9 Colored Illustrations of
Marbling and Sign Writing Woods and Marbles, and many Wood
12mo.
$3.00
Engravings.
EDWARDS. A
and Linen
:
Catechism of the Marine Steam Engine. By EMORY EDWARDS. Illustrated. 12mo.

. . .
$2.00
HASERICK. The
Secrets of 'he Art of Dyeing
Wool, Cotton,
Including Bleaching and Coloring Wool and Cotton Hosiery and Random Yarns. By E. C. HASERICK. Illustrated by 323 Dyed Patterns of the Yarns or Fabrics. 8vo $25.00
HENRY. The
By
J. T.
Early and Later History of Petroleum.

Illustrated.
HENRY.
8vo
$4.50
24
HENRY CAREY
BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
KELLOGG. A New
Monetary System. By ED. KELLOGG. Fifth Edition. Edited by PUTNAM. 12mo. Paper, $1.00; CJoth,
Repairer's
MARY ....
KELLOGG
$1.50
KEMLO. Watch
Illustrated.
Hand-Book.
$1.25
12mo.
MORRIS. Easy
Rules
for the
means of the Prismoidal Formula. $1.50 By ELWOOD MORRIS, C. E. 8vo. McCULLOCH. Distillation, Brewing and Malting. $1.00 By J. C. McCULLOCH. 12mo NEVILLE. Hydraulic Tables, Co- Efficients, and Formulae for Finding the Discharge of Water from Orifices, Notches, Weirs, Pipes, and Rivers.
Illustrated.
Measurement of Earthworks by
12mo
$5.00
NICOLLS. The Railway Builder. A Hand-book for Estimating the Probable

book Form
Construction and Equipment.
By WM.
J.
Cost of American Railway NICOLLS, C. E. Pocket$2.00
NORMANDY.
Analysis.
The
Ph. D.
Commercial
12mo
Hand-book
of
Chemical
$5.00
By H. M. NOAD,
PROCTOR. A
for
Pocket-Book of Useful Tables and Formulae

. .
.
Marine Engineers.
$2.00
:
By FRANK PROCTOR. Pocket-book Form. ROSE. The Complete Practical Machinist

Dies,
Embracing Lathe Work, Vise Work, Drills and Drilling, Taps and Hardening and Tempering, the Making and Use of Tools, etc., etc. $2.50 By JOSHUA ROSE. 130 Illustrations. 12mo.
.
.
SLOAN. Homestead
Architecture. By SAMUEL SLOAN, Architect. 200 Engravings. SYME. Outlines of an Industrial Science.
8vo.
$3.50
WARE.
By DAVID SYME. 12mo The Coachmaker's

Fully Illustrated.
8vo.
$2.00
Illustrated
Hand-Book.
$3.00
WIGHTWICK.
WILSON.
12mo
Hints to Young Architects. Numerous Wood Cuts. 12mo

First Principles of Political
$2.00
Economy.
$1.50
WILSON. A
struction,
Steam Boilers, and Economical Working.

Treatise on
Illustrated.
their Strength,
Con$2.50
By ROBT. WILSOK.
12mo
TUR N *1 TOM*.
CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT 202 Mom Library
GENERAL LIBRARY
U.C.
BERKELEY

Complete Practical Distilling

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Complete Practical Distilling

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Complete Practical Distilling

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

*

THE MOST PERFECT AND EXACT THEORETICAL AND

ART OF DISTILLATION AND RECTIFICATION;

GRADUATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK.

TO WHICH ARE ADDED,

FROM THE FRENO

HENRY CAREY BAIRD

Entered according to Act of Congress,

the year 1870, by

the Eastern District of

PREFACE TO THE EIGHTH EDITION.

publisher desires to express an acknowledg-his

appreciation of the success with which

the book has met in the past, and of its growing

popularity at the present time.

TIONS FOR DISTILLING, which has recently appeared

This, he confidently believes, will be found direct

many and such

the least objectionable.

the best information

can gain, no work has appeared on this subject

that in the following pages the reader will

Directions to the Distiller

and the Apparatuses made use

Of the Process of Malting, French Method English Method

Making Dutch Geneva Brewing Hollands Gin

Process for Kectification into Hollands Gin.

Apparatus made use of

Reduction of the Potatoes

Separation of the Fecula

Draining Arrack, or Spirits of Rice. Spirits of Beet-Roots The Beet Rasp

Cider Spirits, or Apple Brandy

Flavoring and Coloring of Spirits Process for Making Rum Shrub

Process for Making Brandy Shrub

Method of Making Cherry Brandy Eau de Luce

Process of Making Nectar

Making Lovage Cordial Making Citron Cordial

Directions for the Distillation of Simple

Directions for the Distillation of Spirit-

uous Waters Jessamine Water

Eau de Beaute" Some Remarks on

Rules for Determining the Relative Value and Strength

Observations on Distillations of a Special Character,

Directions for the Preparation of various

of the Plans resorted to for the purpose of

Adulterating Brandy Process for Making Lime Water

arid Alterative Cordial

Process for Making a Diuretic and Stomachic

pound for Making Tincture

Maceration IY. Fermentation, Y. Yeast YI. Malt

VII. Preservation of Spirituous Liquors

the establishment of a distillery on a grand incumbent on those concerned

preparation necessary to facilitate their

The space destined

for a distillery should of course be

by whatever means water may be obtained,

be necessary to be secured against the possibility of a

the wine, previous to

as the distillery above

occupy the same space under it. It has been observed