M337 (Complex Analysis)

2009 SOLUTIONS

Page 1

Question 1
(a)

7 4i 7 4i 2 i 14 4 8i 7i 10 15i
=
=
=
= 2 3i . (A1, Sec. 1, Par. 6)
2+ i
2+ i 2 i
2 2 + 12
5

(b)

2e -i /6 = 2( cos(
= 2

3
2

) + i sin ( 6 ) ) = 2( cos 6 i sin 6 )

i 12 =

3 i.

(c)

Using the result from part (b) we have

3 i 6 = 2e i / 6 6 = 2 6 e i = 64 .

(d)

i 2i = exp( 2iLog ( i ) ) .

) (

(A2, Sect. 5, Para. 3)

Log( i ) = log e i + iArg ( i )

(A2,Sect. 5, Para. 1)
= log e 1 + i / 2 = i / 2 .

So i 2i = exp( 2i * i / 2 ) = e .

(A2, Sect. 4, Para. 1)

M337 (Complex Analysis)

2009 SOLUTIONS

Page 2

Question 2
(a)

(b)(i)

C=A-B

A is a region.
(A3, Sect. 4, Para.6)
B is not a region as it is not open.
C is not a region as it is not connected.

(b)(ii)
A and C are not compact (A3, Sect. 5, Para. 5) as they are neither
closed nor bounded.
B is compact.

M337 (Complex Analysis)

2009 SOLUTIONS

Page 3

Question 3
(a)
(a)(i) The standard parametrization for the line segment is (A2, Sect. 2, Para. 3)
( t ) = (1 t ) ( 1) + ti = ( t 1) + it
(t [0, 1])
(a)(ii) Since is a smooth path and (Im z)2 is continuous along the path then (B1,
Sect. 2, Para. 1)
.
1
1
3 1
t
1+ i
2
2
/
2
( Im z ) dz = 0 ( Im ( t ) ) ( t ) dt = 0 t (1 + i ) dt = (1 + i ) 3 = 3
0
(b)
3 exp( z )
is continuous on the line then we can use the Estimation
3 + z5
Theorem (B1, Sect. 4, Para. 3) to obtain an upper estimate for the modulus of the
integral.
As f ( z ) =

The length of is L = i ( 1) =

2.

3 exp( z ) = 3 exp( Re z ) = 3 exp( Re z ) .

(A2, Sect. 4, Para. 2)

On , Re z 0 and hence 3 exp( z ) 3e = 3 .

0

Using the Backwards form of the Triangle Inequality (A1, Sect. 5, Para. 3c) then
3 + z5

3 - z5 =

3 z

Since no part of lies outside the closed disc {z : |z| 1} then on we have |z| 1.
Therefore
3 + z 5 3 15 = 2 .
Therefore M =

3e z
3

for z .
5
3+ z
2

Therefore by the Estimation Theorem an upper estimate for the modulus of the
integral is
3
ML =
2.
2

M337 (Complex Analysis)

2009 SOLUTIONS

Page 4

Question 4
Let R = {z: |z| < 1}.
(a)
cos 2 z + sin 2 z
is analytic on R, and C is a closed
( z i) 2
contour in R. So by Cauchys Theorem (B2, Sect. 1, Para. 4)
R is a simply-connected region,

cos 2 z + sin 2 z
dz = 0.
C
( z i) 2

(b)
R is a simply-connected region, C is a simple-closed contour in R,
cos 2 z + sin 2 z
f ( z) =
is analytic on R, and 0 is inside C. So using Cauchys Integral
z i
Formula (B2, Sect. 2, Para. 1) we have

cos 2 z + sin 2 z
dz =
z( z i )

f ( z)
cos 0 + sin 0
dz = 2 if ( 0) = 2 i
= 2 .
z -0
0 i

(c)
R is a simply-connected region, C is a simple-closed contour in R,
f ( z ) = cos 2 z + sin 2 z is analytic on R and and 0 is inside C. So using Cauchys n'th
Derivative Formula (B2, Sect. 3, Para. 1) we have

cos 2 z + sin 2 z
f ( z)
dz =
dz
2
C
C ( z - 0) 2
z
2 i (1)
=
f ( 0 ) = 2 i{ 2 sin 0 + 2 cos 0} = 4 i.
1!

M337 (Complex Analysis)

2009 SOLUTIONS

Page 5

Question 5
(a)
f has simple poles at z = 0, z = 3 and z = 1/3.
lim
lim
z2 + 1
( z 0) f ( z ) =
z 0
z 0 ( z 3)( 3 z 1)
0+ 1
1
=
= .
( 0 3)( 0 1) 3

Res ( f ,0 ) =

[[ C1, Sect. 1, Para. 1]]

lim
lim
z2 + 1
( z 3) f ( z ) =
z 3
z 3 z ( 3 z 1)
32 + 1
5
=
=
.
3 ( 9 1) 12

Res ( f ,3) =

lim
lim
z2 + 1
( z 1 / 3) f ( z ) =
z 1/ 3
z 1 / 3 z ( z 3) 3

Res ( f ,1 / 3) =
=

12
3
1 1
3 3

+1
1+ 9
5
=
= .
3) 3 3 27
12

(b)
I shall use the strategy given in C1, Sect. 2, Para. 2.

2
0

cos t
dt =
5 3 cos t
= i

(z + z ) 1
5 3 ( z + z ) iz dz
1

1
2

1
2

, where C is the unit circle {z : |z| = 1}.

z2 + 1
z2 + 1
dz
=
i
C z( z 3)( 3z 1) dz
10 z 3 z 2 3 z

The singularities of f(z) inside the unit circle C are at z = 0 and z = 1/3.
Therefore

2
0

cos t
dt = i * 2 i { Res ( f,0) + Res ( f, 13 )} = 2 ( 13
5 3 cos t

5
12

)= .
6

M337 (Complex Analysis)

2009 SOLUTIONS

Page 6

Question 6
(a)

The function f is analytic on the simply-connected region R = so Rouchs

theorem (C2, Sect. 2, Para. 4) can be used.

(a)(i) Let g1(z) = z7.

Using the Triangle Inequality (A1, Sect. 5, Para. 3) when z C1 then
| f(z) g1(z) | = |4z3 -2i | |4z3| + | -2i | = 32 + 2 < 27 = | g1(z) |.
Since C1 is a simple-closed contour in R then by Rouchs theorem f has the same
number of zeros as g1 inside the contour C1. Therefore f has 7 zeros inside C1.
(a)(ii) Let g2(z) = 4z3.
Using the Triangle Inequality when z C2 we have
| f(z) g2(z) | = |z7 - 2i | |z7| + | -2i | = 1 + 2 < 4 = | g2(z) |.
As C2 is a simple-closed contour in R then by Rouchs theorem f has the same
number of zeros as g2 inside the contour C2. Therefore f has 3 zeros inside C2.
(b)
From part(a) f(z) has 7 - 3 = 4 solutions in the set {z: 1 |z| < 2 }. Therefore we
have to find if there are any solutions on C2.
Since |z1 z2 zn| |z1| - |z2| - -|zn|,
(A1, Sect. 5, Para. 3(e))
then on C2
|z7 + 4z3 2i| = |4z3 + z7 2i| |4z3| - |z7| - |2i| = 4 - 1 - 2 > 0.
As f(z) is non-zero on C2 then there are exactly 4 solutions of f(z) = 0 in the set
{z: 1 < |z| < 2 }.

M337 (Complex Analysis)

2009 SOLUTIONS

Page 7

Question 7
(a)
q is a steady continuous 2-dimensional velocity function on the region and the
conjugate velocity function q (z) = z + i is analytic on . Therefore q is a model flow
on (Unit D2, Section 1, Para. 14 ).
(b)

The complex potential function is given by

'(z) = q (z) = z + i .
(D2, Sect. 2, Para. 1)
Therefore the complex potential function
.
2
z
( z) =
+ iz
2
The stream function (Unit D2, Section 2, Para. 4)
x 2 y 2 + i 2 xy

( x, y ) = Im ( z ) = Im
+ i ( x + iy ) = xy + x
2

A streamline through 1 is given by x ( y + 1) = (1,0 ) = 1 .

So x and y are related by the equation y = (1 / x ) 1 .
The direction of flow at 1 is given by the angle Arg q(1) = Arg 1 i = - /4

(c)
As q is a model flow velocity function on the region and lies in then the
circulation of q along is, using the result given in D2, Sect. 2, Para. 1,
Re (() ()), where and are the start and end points of .
As = 0 and = 2 then the required circulation is
22

Re
+ i 2 0 = 2.
2

M337 (Complex Analysis)

2009 SOLUTIONS

Page 8

Question 8
(a)
If is a fixed point of f then f() = 2 +4 + 2 = (D3, Sect. 1, Para 3).
As 2 + 3 + 2 = ( + 1)( + 2) = 0 then f(z) has fixed points at z = -1 and z = -2.
f '(z) = 2z + 4.
As |f '(-1)| = 2 > 1 then -1 is a repelling fixed point (D3, Sect. 1, Para. 5).
As f '(-2) = 0 then -2 is a super-attracting fixed point.

(b)(i)
c=

3
2

+ 12 i

[[ If you have added coordinates on the axes of the diagram of the Mandelbrot set then
you will see that c is not in the Mandelbrot set.]]
Pc ( 0 ) =

3
2

Pc2 ( 0 ) = (
As

3
2

+ 12 i ) + (
2

3
2

+ 12 i ) =

9
4

1
4

32 i

3
2

+ 12 i =

1
2

i.

( 12 i ) + ( 32 + 12 i ) = 14 1 i 32 + 12 i = 94 12 i.
Pc3 ( 0 ) > 2 then c does not lie in the Mandelbrot set (D3, Sect. 4, Para. 5).

P ( 0) =
3
c

+ 12 i .
2

(b)(ii)
c = 1 15 i
c + 1 = - 15 i <

1
4

. Therefore Pc has an attracting 2-cycle (D3, Sect. 4, Para. 9(b)).

Hence c belongs to the Mandelbrot set (D3, Sect. 4, Para. 8).

M337 (Complex Analysis)

2009 SOLUTIONS

Page 9

Question 9
(a)
(a)(i)

f ( z ) = 2 z + z = f ( x + iy ) = 2( x + iy ) + x 2 + y 2 = u ( x, y ) + iv( x, y ) ,
2

where u(x,y) = 2x + x + y , and v(x,y) = 2y.

(a)(ii)
f is defined on the region .
u
= 2 + 2x ,
x

u
= 2y ,
y

v
= 0,
x

v
= 2
y

If f is differentiable then the Cauchy-Riemann equations hold (A4, Sect. 2, Para. 1). If
they hold at (a, b) then
u
( a, b ) = 2 + 2a = 2 = v ( a, b ) , and
x
y
v
( a, b ) = 0 = 2b = u ( a, b )
x
y
Therefore the Cauchy-Riemann equations only hold at (0, 0).

As f is defined on the region , and the partial derivatives

u u v v
, , ,
x y x y

1. exist on
2. are continuous at (0, 0).
3. satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations at (0, 0)
then, by the Cauchy-Riemann Converse Theorem (A4, Sect. 2, Para. 3), f is
differentiable at 0.
As the Cauchy-Riemann equations only hold at (0, 0) then f is not differentiable on
any region surrounding 0. Therefore f is not analytic at 0. (A4, Sect. 1, Para. 3)
(a)(iii)
f / (0, 0) =

u
( 0,0) + i v ( 0,0) = 2
x
x

(A4, Sect. 2, Para. 3).

M337 (Complex Analysis)

2009 SOLUTIONS

Page 10

(b)(i)
g(z) is analytic on the region {0} (Unit A4, Section 3, Para. 4),
3i
and g ( z ) = 4 on {0}.
z
3i
= 3i 0 and g is analytic at i , then g is conformal at z = i.
i4
(Unit A4, Section 4, Para. 6)
As g ( i ) =

i / 2
= i.
(b)(ii) /2 is in the domain of 1 and 1 ( 2 ) = e
0 is in the domain of 2 and 2 ( 0 ) = i . Therefore 1 and 2 meet at the point i.

(b)(iii)

As g is analytic on - {0} and g/ (i) 0 then a small disc centred at i is

mapped approximately (Unit A4, Section 1, Para. 11) to a small disc centred at
g(i) = -1. The disc is rotated by Arg (g ' (i)) = Arg -3i = -/2, and scaled by a
factor | g ' (i)| = 3.
In the diagram below g(1) is the vertical line.

M337 (Complex Analysis)

2009 SOLUTIONS

Page 11

Question 10
(a)
f ( z) =

sin z
.
4
z ( z 3)

The singularities occur when the denominator of f is zero. Therefore there are
singularities at z = 0 and z = 3.
lim
( z 0) f ( z ) = sin 04 = 0 then the singularity at 0 is removable (Unit B4,
z 0
( 3)
Section 3, Para. 1(D)).
As

lim
( z 3) 4 f ( z ) = sin 3 0 then f has a pole of order 4 at 3. (Unit B4, Section
z 3
3
3, Para. 2(B)).
As

(b)(i) The Laurent Series for g(z) = sin (1/z) about 0 is

( 1) n

1
n= 0 ( 2n + 1) ! z

2n+ 1

1
1
1
1

+
3
5
z 3! z 5! z 7! z 7

The annulus of convergence is { z : 0 < |z| < }.

(b)(ii)

z 4 sin (1 z ) = z 3

z
1
1
+

+ =
3! 5! z 7! z 3

an z n .

n=

z4 sin(1/z) is analytic on the punctured disc - {0}.

As C is a circle with centre 0 then (Unit B4, Section 4, Para. 2)

1
1 i
sin dz = 2 i a 1 = 2 i =
.
z
5! 60

M337 (Complex Analysis)

2009 SOLUTIONS

Page 12

(c)(i)
The Taylor series (Unit B3, Section 3, Para. 5) around 0 for cosh z and
Log(1 + z) are

and

z2 z4
cos z = 1
+
+ ...
2! 4!
z2 z3 z 4
Log(1 + z ) = z
+

+ ...
2
3
4

for z ,
for |z| < 1.

h(z) = Log (cos z) = Log (1 + [cos z - 1]).

When z = 0 then (cos z - 1) = 0. Therefore we can expand the series about 0 using the
Composition Rule (Unit B3, Section 4, Para. 3) when |cos z - 1| < 1.
2

h(z)

z2 z4 z6
1 z2 z4

1 z2

+ ...
+
... +
+ ... + ...
=
3 2!
2! 4! 6!
2 2! 4!

2
1 1 1
1
z
1
1
+ z 6 +
+ ...
+ z 4

=
2
3
2
4! 2 ( 2!)
6! 2! 4! 3( 2!)
z2
1
1
1
1 1

+ z4
+ z6
+

=
+ ...
2
24 8
720 48 24
z2 z4 z6
=
( 1 + 15 30) + ...

+
2 12 720
z2 z4 z6
=

...
2 12 45

(c)(ii)
h ( z ) =

sin z
= tan z.
cos z

Therefore using the Differentiation Rule (Unit B3, Section 2, Para. 9) we have
tan z =

d z2 z4 z6
z3 2z5

+
+
+ = z +
+
+ ...
dz 2 12 45
3 15

M337 (Complex Analysis)

2009 SOLUTIONS

Page 13

Question 11
(a)
f ( z) =

cot z
16( z i 4 )( z +

has simple poles at z = i/4.

By the cover-up rule (Unit C1, Section 1, Para. 3)

cot ( i 4 ) cot ( i 4 )
Res( f , i 4 ) =
=
, and
16( i 4 + i 4 )
8i
cot ( i 4) cot ( i 4 )
Res( f , i 4 ) =
=
.
16( i 4 i 4 )
8i
Since sin(iz) = i sinh z and cos(iz) = cosh z then cot(iz) = - i coth(z).
(Unit A2, Section 4, Para. 7).

coth ( 4 )
and
8
coth ( 4 )
coth ( 4 )
Res( f , i 4 ) =
=
. (Unit A2, Section 4, Para. 6)
8
8

Therefore Res ( f , i 4 ) =

f(z) = g(z) / h(z) where g ( z ) =

cos z
and h(z) = sin z.
16 z 2 + 1

g and h are analytic at 0, h(0) = 0, and h/(0) = cos(0) = 0.

Therefore by the g/h rule (Unit C1, Section 1, Para. 2)
g ( 0) *1 1
Res( f,0) =
=
* = 1.
h ( 0 )
1
[You could also use Unit C1, Section 4, Para 1 last line]

M337 (Complex Analysis)

2009 SOLUTIONS

Page 14

(b)
The method given in Unit C1, Section 4, Para. 1 will be used.
f(z) = cot z * (z) where (z) = 1/(16z2 + 1).
is an even function which is analytic on except for simple poles at the nonintegral points z = i/4.
Let SN be the square contour with vertices at (N + )(1 i).
On SN we have |z| N + so, using the backwards form of the Triangle Inequality
(Unit A1, Section 5, Para. 2),
|16z2 + 1| | |16z2| - 1 | 16(N + )2 1 16N2.
On SN we also have cot z 2 (Unit C1, Section 4, Para. 2) so on SN
.
( 2)
f ( z)
16 N 2
The length of the contour SN is 4(2N + 1).
As f is continuous on the contour SN then by the Estimation Theorem (Unit B1,
Section 4, Para. 3) we have

Hence

SN

(2 +
f ( z ) dz
4( 2 N + 1) =
2
16 N
2N

lim
N

f ( z ) dz =
SN

1
N

0.

Therefore the conditions specified in Unit C1, Section 4, Para. 1 hold so

1
1
n= 1 16n 2 + 1 = 2 ( Res( f ,0) + Res( f , i / 4) + Res( f , i / 4) )
1 coth ( / 4 ) coth ( / 4 )
1

= 1

= + coth .
2
8
8
2 8
4

(c)

n=

1
1
+
1
+

2
2
n = 16n + 1
n = 1 16 n + 1

= 1 + 2
= coth .
2
4
4
n = 1 16 n + 1

1
=
2
16n + 1

M337 (Complex Analysis)

2009 SOLUTIONS

Page 15

Question 12
(a)
Using the formula for a transformation mapping points to the standard triple (D1,
Sect. 2, Para. 11) then the Mbius transformation f1 which maps 1, -i , and - 1 to the
standard triple of points 0, 1, and respectively is
f1 ( z ) =

( z 1) ( i + 1) = ( z 1) ( i + 1)( i 1) =
( z + 1) ( i 1) ( z + 1) ( i 1)( i 1)

iz i
z+ 1

(b)(i)

(b)(ii) Since f1 maps 1 to 0 and -1 to then the boundaries of R are mapped to

extended lines originating at the origin. As the angle between the boundaries meeting
at 1 is /2 and the mapping f1 is conformal then the angle between the extended
lines at the origin is also /2.
Since f1 maps 0 to -i then the straight boundary is mapped to the negative imaginaryaxis. As the other boundary is reached by an anti-clockwise rotation of /2 the other
boundary is the positive real axis.
Therefore the image of R under f1 is

M337 (Complex Analysis)

2009 SOLUTIONS

Page 16

(b)(iii) A conformal mapping from f(R) onto T is the power function w = g(z) = z2.
Since the combination of conformal mapping is also conformal then a conformal
mapping from R to S is
iz i iz i
f ( z ) = ( g f1 )( z ) = g
=

z + 1 z + 1

(b)(iv)
Since f -1 = (g o f1) 1 = (f1 1 o g -1 ) then using Unit D1, Section 2, Para. 6 we have
f 1 ( z ) = f1 1

( z) =

z 1/ 2 + i
z1/ 2 + i