4.

1 Thermal Equilibrium
The measure of the degree of hotness of an object. Measured in SI unit Kelvin, K. A hot object is at a higher temperature than a cold object. Heat Form of energy, measured in Joules, J Heat is transferred from hotter object (higher temperature) to colder object (lower temperature) When an object is heated, it will absorb heat energy and the temperature will increase. When an object is cooled, it will release heat energy and the temperature will decrease. Thermal contact Two objects are in thermal contact when heat energy can be transferred between them. Heat transfer When two objects with different degrees of hotness come into thermal contact, heat energy is transferred between the two objects. Mechanism of Thermal Equilibrium Temperature

How can a thermometer be calibrated?

A temperature scale is obtained by choosing two temperatures, called the fixed point. Definition of ice point and steam point Fixed point Lower point: Ice Point Upper point: steam point Definition The temperature of pure melting ice Value 0C

The temperature of steam from water that is boiling under standard atmospheric pressure.

100C

When the two fixed points have been marked on the stem of the thermometer, the range between them is divided equally into 100 divisions or degrees. The thermometer now has a scale.

Energy is transferred at a faster rate from the hotter object to the colder object. Energy is also transferred from the colder object to the hotter one, but at a slower rate. There is a net flow of energy from the hotter object to the colder object.

The hotter object cools down while the colder object warms up. After some time, energy is transferred at the same rate between the two objects. There is no net heat transfer between the objects. The two objects are said to be in thermal equilibrium. Thermal When two objects are in thermal equilibrium, there is no net Equilibrium flow of heat between them. Two objects in thermal equilibrium have the same temperature. Example of thermal equilibrium Wet towel A wet towel is placed on the forehead of a person who has high fever. Initially the temperature of the cloth is lower than the body temperature of the person. Heat energy is transferred from the forehead to the towel until thermal equilibrium is reached. The towel is rinsed in tap water and the procedure is repeated. In this way heat energy is removed from the person. Cooling drinks A hot drink can be cooled by adding a few ice cubes to the drink. Heat from the hot drink is transferred to the colder ice until thermal equilibrium between the ice and water is reached. The final temperatures of the drink equal the final temperature of ices. Liquid-in-glass Thermometer The characteristic of the liquid used in liquid-in-glass thermometer be easily seen expand and contract rapidly over a wide range of temperature/ expand uniformly when heated not stick to the glass wall of the capillary tube. How a liquid-in-glass thermometer works? The bulb of the thermometer contains a fixed mass of mercury. The volume of the mercury increases when it absorbs heat. The mercury expands and rises in the capillary tube. The length of the mercury column in the capillary tube indicates the magnitude of the temperature.

Explain the working principle of a thermometer When the thermometer is placed in contact with hot water, heat is transferred from hot water to the thermometer. Thermal equilibrium between the thermometer and hot water is reached when the net rate of heat transfer is zero. The thermometer and the water are at the same temperature. At this point, the thermometer reading shows the temperature What are characteristics of mercury that makes it suitable as a liquid-in-glass thermometer? It is a good conductor of heat it has a high boiling point, 357C it expands uniformly when heated It is opaque (does not allow light to pass through) and it can be seen easily. Mercury freezes at a temperature of - 39C and it is therefore not suitable for measuring temperatures below this temperature, such at the North Pole. How to increase the sensitivity of a mercury thermometer? Thin capillary tube A glass bulb with thinner wall Large bulb

Exercise
1. Which of the following statements about heat is not true? A. It is the energy that flows from a hot region to a cold region. B. It is the internal energy of a body. C. It is the degree of hotness of a body. 2. Which of the following statements are not true about two bodies in thermal equilibrium? A. There is no net flow of heat between the two bodies. B. The two bodies have the same temperature C. There is no transfer of heat between the two bodies, 3. Which of the following statement about lower-fixed- point in calibration of a thermometer is not true? A. It is equal to zero degrees Celsius (C). B. It is equal to 0 K. C. It is the temperature in which pure ice melts at standard atmospheric

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4. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of mercury used in a liquid-in-glass thermometer? A. It does not wet glass. B. It is opaque to light. C. It has a high boiling point. D. It has a large specific heat capacity. 5. Which of the following methods is a method that can increase the sensitivity of a mercury thermometer? A. Decrease the bore diameter of the capillary tube. B. Increase the diameter of the bulb of the thermometer so that it can C. Increase the length of the thermometer. 6. Thermal equilibrium is reached when A. temperature of P = temperature of Q B. force on P = force on Q C. density of P = density of Q D. volume of Q displaced = volume of P 7. Thermal equilibrium between two objects mean A. both objects are at the stable phase at the same temperature B. net heat is zero C. there is heat transfer from one object to another object. D. one object is cooler than the other object. 8. The figure shows two metal blocks. Which the following statement is false? A. P and Q are in thermal contact B. P and Q are in thermal equilibrium C. Energy is transferred from P to Q D. Energy is transferred from Q to P 9. When does the energy go when a cup of hot tea cools? A. It warms the surroundings B. It warms the water of the tea C. It turns into heat energy and disappears. 10. Which of the following temperature corresponds to zero on the Kelvin scale? A. 2730 C B. 00C C. -2730 C D. 1000 C 11. How can the sensitivity of a liquid- in glass thermometer be increased? A. Using a liquid which is a better conductor of heat B. Using a capillary tube with a narrower bore. C. Using a longer capillary tube D. Using a thinner-walked bulb 12. Which instrument is most suitable for measuring a rapidly changing temperature? A. Alcohol-in glass thermometer B. Thermocouple C. Mercury-in-glass thermometer D. Platinum resistance thermometer 13. When shaking hands with Anwar, Kent Hui niticed that Anwars hand was cold. However, Anwar felt that Kent Hui hand was warm. Why did Anwar and Kent Hui not feel the same sensation? A. Both hands in contact are in thermal equilibrium. B. Heat is flowing from Kent Huis hand to Anawrs hand C. Heat is following from Anwars hand to Kent Hui hand. 14. The diagram shows a metal sphere P at 80o is immersed in a cooler liquid Q. Thermal equilibrium is reached when A. temperature of P = temperature of Q B. mass of Q displaced = mass of P C. volume of Q displaced = volume of P D. specific heat capacity of P = specific heat capacity of Q 15. The diagram shows a thermometer.

Which modification will increase the sensitivity of the thermometer? A. Using a longer capillary tube B. Using a glass stem with a ticker wall C. Using a bulb with a thicker wall D. Using a narrow bore of capillary tube 16. Which liquid A, B, C and D, can be used to make a liquid-in-glass thermometer to measure temperatures from -50oC to 50oC? Liquid A B C D Freezing point/ oC -115 -39 0 17 Boilling point/ oC 78 357 100 118

17. The diagram shows two copper blocks, L and M, touching each other. The initial temperatures of L and M are 50oC and 30oC respectively. Which statement is correct when L and M are at thermal equilibrium? A. Temperature of L is higher than M B. The quantity of heat in L is the same as in M C. Rate of change in temperature of L is bigger than that of M D. Net rate of heat flow between L and M is zero 18. The melting point and the boiling point of substance P are 45C and 120C respectively. Which of the following shows the correct states of substance P at 38C and 120C? At 38C A B C D Solid Liquid Solid Solid and liquid At 120C Liquid and gas Liquid and gas Gas Gas

19. Diagram shows a metal sphere at temperature of 90oC immersed in a liquid at temperature of 40oC. What is the temperature of the metal sphere when thermal equilibrium is achieved between the sphere and the liquid? A. More than 90oC B. Same as room temperature of 37 oC C. Less than 40 oC D. between 40 oC and 90 oC 20. Diagram shows hot water being added to cold water.

Which of the following statement is correct if there are no heat losses to the surroundings? A. Heat loss by hot water is less than heat gained by cold water. B. Heat loss by hot water is greater than heat gained by cold water. C. Heat loss by hot water is equal to heat gain by cold water. 21. What is the concept used in the measurement of human body temperature using a thermometer? A. Specific heat capacity B. Specific latent heat C. Thermal equilibrium D. Thermal convection 22. The length of the mercury column at the ice point and steam point are 5.0 cm and 40.0cm respectively. When the thermometer is immersed in the liquid P, the length of the mercury column is 23.0 cm. What is the temperature of the liquid P? 23. The length of the mercury column at the steam point and ice point and are 65.0 cm and 5.0cm respectively. When the thermometer is immersed in the liquid Q, the length of the mercury column is 27.0 cm. What is the temperature of the liquid Q? 24. The distance between 00C and 1000C is 28.0 cm. When the thermometer is put into a beaker of water, the length of mercury column is 24.5cm above the lower fixed point. What is the temperature of the water? 25. The distance between 00C and 1000C is 25 cm. When the thermometer is put into a beaker of water, the length of mercury column is 16cm above the lower fixed point. What is the temperature of the water? What is the length of mercury column from the bulb at temperatures i) 300C ii) 450C iii) 750C 26. Luqman uses an aluminium can, a drinking straw and some plasticine to make a simple thermometer as shown in figure below. He pours a liquid with linear expansion into the can. a) Suggest a kind of liquid that expands linearly. b) He chooses two fixed points of Celsius scale to calibrate his thermometer. State them c) If the measurement length of the liquid inside the straw at the temperature of the lower fixed point and the upper fixed point are 5cm and 16 cm respectively, find the length of the liquid at 82.50C. d) Why should he use a drinking straw of small diameter? e) What kind of action should he take if he wants to increase the sensitivity of his thermometer? 27. Diagram shows a mercury thermometer which has not been calibrated

Thermometer

Liquid used

Glass walled bulb

Diameter of capillary tube big

Glassbore stem thick and curved

Crosssection

mercury

thin

mercury

thick

small

thin and plane

mercury

thin

small

thin and curve

alcohol

thick

big

thick and plane thick and curved

alcohol

thin

small

alcohol

thick

small

thin and plane

Additional information: Freezing point of mercury = -390C Freezing point of alcohol = -1120C

Boiling point of mercury = 3600C Boiling point of alcohol = 780C

d) Based on the table above (i) Explain the suitable characteristics of the thermometer so that it can be used to measure temperature at the North Pole. (ii) Decide which thermometer is most suitable to be taken for your research and give reasons. e) A thermometer which is not calibrated has a mercury column of length 8.0 cm when the temperature is 00C and 20.0 cm when the temperature is 1000C. The mercury column is 5.0 cm when put in liquid X. (i) Determine the temperature of liquid X in Kelvin (ii) State a thermometric property used when making of a thermometer.

a) b) c) d)

What do you mean by heat and temperature? State the physical change in the mercury when the temperature increases. Why is mercury used in the thermometer? The length of the mercury column in the thermometer is 2.6 cm at 0 0C and 22.6 cm at 100 0C. (i) What is the difference in the lengths of the mercury columns at 0 0C and at 100 0C? (ii) When the thermometer is placed in hot oil, the length of the mercury column is 16.9 cm. Calculate the temperature of the hot oil.

28. You are representing the country in carrying out a research project on the weather at the North Pole. The surrounding temperature is between -400C to 80C. One item of the equipment to be taken for your research is a thermometer. a) State the principle used in a liquid-glass thermometer. b) State how a liquid-glass thermometer can be used to measure the body temperature of a sick person. Explain heat transfer that takes place at each stage of measurement. c) The table shows the characteristics of six types of thermometer P, Q, R, S, T and U.