Completed Do's & Don'ts in Building Construction

In Building Construction
Prepared By: BAHAGIAN FORENSIK (STRUKTUR & JAMBATAN) CAWANGAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM, STRUKTUR & JAMBATAN IBU PEJABAT JKR MALAYSIA
DO'S & DON'TS

TABLE OF CONTENT
Introduction Dos & Donts A B C D E Defects at Building Joint (Expansion Joint) Apron Settlement & Cracks Plaster Cracks at External Column Plaster Cracks on Beam Cracks on Brick Wall 1) 2) 3) 4) F G Plaster Cracks at Wall Intersection At Joint Between Brick Wall & Concrete Structures At Edge of Window & Door Frame / Wall Opening Cracks on Internal Wall / Partition Wall
Page
3 4 5 6
8 9 10 11 12
Damage to Cement Screed Concrete Spalling 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Concrete Spalling at Base of Column Concrete Spalling & Corrosion of Reinforcement at Slab Soffit Corrosion of Reinforcement in Aggressive Environment Concrete Spalling and Corrosion of Reinforcement at Slab Soffit (Insufficient Cover) Corrosion of Reinforcement Due to Internal Factors
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
H I
Roof Failure Differential Settlement Structural Cracks
CAWANGAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM, STRUKTUR DAN JAMBATAN IBU PEJABAT JKR MALAYSIA
Page 1
DO'S & DON'TS

INTRODUCTION
This document/booklet is a compilation of several examples of building defects frequently found and guidelines of what should be followed and what should be avoided (Dos and Donts). Contents of this document may need to be further improved, corrected and added from time to time from the observations on the structure of the building. Figures in this document are examples defects that occur on the building structure which requires repair works. All construction works shall conform in all respects to JKR Standard Specifications for Building Works 2005. Materials and workmanship shall be in accordance to the Drawings and Specifications and to the approval of the S.O.
Page 2
DO'S & DON'TS

Defects at Building Joint (Expansion Joint)
Commonly happens at joints between staircase/connecting corridor and classroom block where no proper expansion joint is constructed.
a)
Provide proper expansion joint, e.g. joint filler and sealant between staircase and main block. Design staircase and main block as a monolithic structure.
b)
a)
Do not plaster over expansion joint.
Page 3
DO'S & DON'TS

Apron Settlement & Cracks
Cracks and settlement in apron occur when there is differential settlement due to insufficient compaction and/or ground movement
a)
Compact fill material and hardcore properly according to specifications. Provide expansion joint for every 6m on non-suspended apron. Design apron as a suspended slab for weak subgrade.
b)
c)
a)
Do not put any structure e.g. brick wall, brick box-up for column on nonsuspended apron.
Page 4
DO'S & DON'TS

Plaster Cracks at External Column
Where RWDP is concealed in brick boxed up, plaster cracks occur because of different base / foundation types.
a)
Provide wall ties of dowel or fish tail with exmet at every 4 courses for brick wall.
a)
Do not lay brick box-up column on non-suspended apron.
Page 5
DO'S & DON'TS

Plaster Cracks on Beam
Plaster cracks on concrete elements due to use of materials or / and applications not according to specifications.
a)
Warrant materials and workmanship according to specifications Ensure proper site supervision for plastering work.
b)
a)
Avoid having plaster thickness of more than 16mm for brick wall and 12mm for smooth surface.
Page 6
DO'S & DON'TS

At joint between brick wall & concrete structures
At Wall Intersection
Cracks on Brick Wall
On internal wall or partition wall
At edge of window & door frame / wall opening
Page 7
DO'S & DON'TS

Plaster Cracks at Wall Intersection
Plaster cracks at wall intersection is caused by improper bonding.
a)
Provide proper bond at all intersections of brick walls.
Page 8
DO'S & DON'TS

Plaster Cracks at Joint Between Brick Wall & Concrete Structures
Cracks occur due to insufficient or improper position of wall ties / exmet at intersection.
a)
Provide wall ties of dowel or fish tail with exmet at every 4 courses for brick wall for column-wall connection. Provide exmet for beamwall connection.
b)
Page 9
DO'S & DON'TS

Cracks at Wall Edge of Window & Door Frame / Wall Opening
Cracks occur due to lack or no proper support for brick walls above openings.
a)
Provide RC lintol for large opening.
a)
Do not place bricks on window or door frame for support.
Page 10
DO'S & DON'TS

Cracks on Internal Wall or Partition Wall
Improper support for internal / partition walls.
a)
Provide beam to support line load from the brick wall. Use lightweight material or cemboard wall as internal wall or partition wall. Design for adequate slab capacity to take wall load.
b)
c)
a)
Do not construct internal/ partition walls on nonsuspended slab.
Page 11
DO'S & DON'TS

Damage to Cement Screed
Damage to cement screed at floor and staircase due to poor workmanship and / or improper mixture.
a)
Ensure proper materials and method of applications for screeding according to specifications. Do proper site supervisions for screeding works.
b)
Page 12
DO'S & DON'TS

Inadequate insitu concrete cover Water leakage at wet area
Aggressive environment
Concrete Spalling & Corrosion of Reinforcement
Construction Method
Chloride in concrete mix
Page 13
DO'S & DON'TS

Concrete Spalling at Base of Column
Improper method of concrete construction.
a)
Practice good concreting with proper method of placing, vibrating and curing. Pour cement slurry before concreting column.
b)
a)
Do not drop the fresh concrete from a height exceeding 1.5 metre.
Page 14
DO'S & DON'TS

Concrete Spalling & Corrosion of Reinforcement at Slab Soffit
Corrosion of rebar and concrete spalling due to water leakage in toilet areas and flat roof.
a)
Ensure waterproofing works are supervised according to the specifications. Do water ponding test after waterproofing works have been done. Ensure all tiling works in toilet area do not damage any water proofing layer.
b)
c)
a)
Do not make any construction joint or cold joint during concreting at toilet area. Do not punch for piping or M&E purpose any waterproofing system that has already been constructed.
b)
Page 15
DO'S & DON'TS

Corrosion of Reinforcement in Aggressive Environment
Corrosion likely to occur in areas exposed to aggressive environment. (For example areas with high chloride ions, ASR attack & exposure to fire)
a)
Ensure concreting is done according to the design and specifications. Check the cover of concrete elements according to drawings and specifications. Do regular maintenance.
b)
c)
a)
Do not use sub-standard quality spacer blocks.
Page 16
DO'S & DON'TS

Concrete Spalling & Corrosion of Reinforcement at Slab Soffit
Inadequate cover in concrete structure.
a)
Ensure cover for slab is adequate according to specifications and drawings. Develop and promote the use of performance-based specification for in-situ cover monitoring and control.
b)
a)
Do not use sub-standard quality spacer blocks.
Page 17
DO'S & DON'TS

Corrosion of Reinforcement Due to Internal Factors
Corrosion due to chloride content in concrete mix.
a)
Use high grade concrete accordingly, e.g. Grade 30 or higher Do stringent check on quality of fresh concrete during concreting work.
b)
a)
Do not use untreated sea sand.
Page 18
DO'S & DON'TS

Roof Failure
Roof truss failure due to materials & handling.
a)
Do stringent check on quality of material as specified in specifications. Warrant materials, system used and workmanship accordingly.
b)
a)
Do not construct without approved drawing & specifications.
Page 19
DO'S & DON'TS

Differential Settlement Structural Cracks
Cracks occur at connection of different components supported by different types of foundations.
a)
Design foundations according to code requirements. Construct foundations according to specifications and drawings.
b)
a)
Do not change types of foundation on site without proper consultation.
Page 20

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In Building Construction

DO'S & DON'TS

Roof Failure Differential Settlement Structural Cracks

DO'S & DON'TS

DO'S & DON'TS

Defects at Building Joint (Expansion Joint)

Do not plaster over expansion joint.

DO'S & DON'TS

Apron Settlement & Cracks

DO'S & DON'TS

Plaster Cracks at External Column

Do not lay brick box-up column on non-suspended apron.

DO'S & DON'TS

Plaster Cracks on Beam

DO'S & DON'TS

At joint between brick wall & concrete structures

Cracks on Brick Wall

On internal wall or partition wall

At edge of window & door frame / wall opening

DO'S & DON'TS

Plaster Cracks at Wall Intersection

Plaster cracks at wall intersection is caused by improper bonding.

Provide proper bond at all intersections of brick walls.

DO'S & DON'TS

Plaster Cracks at Joint Between Brick Wall & Concrete Structures

DO'S & DON'TS

Cracks at Wall Edge of Window & Door Frame / Wall Opening

Provide RC lintol for large opening.

Do not place bricks on window or door frame for support.

DO'S & DON'TS

Cracks on Internal Wall or Partition Wall

Improper support for internal / partition walls.

Do not construct internal/ partition walls on nonsuspended slab.

DO'S & DON'TS

Damage to Cement Screed

DO'S & DON'TS

Inadequate insitu concrete cover Water leakage at wet area

Concrete Spalling & Corrosion of Reinforcement

Chloride in concrete mix

DO'S & DON'TS

Concrete Spalling at Base of Column

Improper method of concrete construction.

DO'S & DON'TS

Concrete Spalling & Corrosion of Reinforcement at Slab Soffit

DO'S & DON'TS

Corrosion of Reinforcement in Aggressive Environment

Do not use sub-standard quality spacer blocks.

DO'S & DON'TS

Concrete Spalling & Corrosion of Reinforcement at Slab Soffit

Inadequate cover in concrete structure.

Do not use sub-standard quality spacer blocks.

DO'S & DON'TS

Corrosion of Reinforcement Due to Internal Factors

Corrosion due to chloride content in concrete mix.

Do not use untreated sea sand.

DO'S & DON'TS

Roof truss failure due to materials & handling.

Do not construct without approved drawing & specifications.