1.

Stand up from a sitting position First, when the doorbell is heard, the sense directs a signal to your brain which controls the nervous system. Than to stand up you must fire the signal from your brain to your feet and legs and torso down the vertebral column through spinal cord. This happens by the cerebellum sending motor input to the motor fibers and continues to the cerebral cortex. The cerebellum controls the muscle coordination while maintaining balance and equilibrium. It is where the subconscious and conscious work together. The inferior cerebellar peduncle ascends and descends signals to and from the spinal cord. Most of the signals that happen run through the descending tracts because they carry motor information to the body, and to the lower limbs via the anterior (ventral) nerve roots. The direct descending tracts also called the pyramidal pathways convey information for the cerebral cortex of the brain to the skeletal muscle which is the reason for voluntary movement. This happens because the Corticospinal tract motor impulses to the muscles of the limbs and trunk. Lateral fibers control fine movements while anterior fibers control large movements. This all happens in collaboration with the indirect descending tract known as the extrapyramidal pathways. The indirect tracts send information from the brainstem to various effects, causing involuntary movement. They are responsible for the maintenance of muscle tone, balance, posture, and the orientation of the head and limbs. The Tectospinal tract sends motor impulses to the muscles of the head and trunk in response to visual or auditory stimuli and controls the neck and lower back. This is important when one uses their lower back to push off the chair. Vestibulospinal tract sends motor impulses to the muscles of the limbs, neck, and back. This is important for maintaining upright posture. The Lateral reticulospinal tract and the Medial reticulospinal tract are responsible for motor impulses to the muscles of the trunk and limbs. It is needed for maintaining posture when the body is in motion while standing up. The main nerves of the leg are the sacral and coccygeal plexuses (L4-S4). They collaborate with the L4-L5 lumbosacral trunk, making up the lumbosacral plexus. The common fibular nerve made up of smaller divisions of sciatic nerves that have signals that travel in the pelvis and thigh while coupled with the tibial nerve. This takes cares of the signals that travel together from the pelvis to the sciatic foramen, underneath the piriformis and run down the back of the leg to the popliteal fossa where they split. The common fibular nerve travels laterally around the fibula and enter the fibularis longus, where it divides into deep and superficial branches. It senses the knee, foot and ankle joins as well as the skin over the anterior, lateral and posterior leg areas, as well as the foot and toes. The tibial nerve also works the same way except it reaches the ankle, divides in two: the medial and later plantar nerves, and enter the sole of the foot. Hence, it sense the knee and foot joints, and well as the skin covering this area. In order for the gluteus maximus to send the muscle contraction it signals the superior gluteal nerve, and the inferior gluteal nerve. The pudendal nerve sends the signals for contraction to the muscles in the genital area. When one is about to get up it usually requires the person to swing their head and body forward. This is provided by the Atlanto-occipital joint. The intervertebral joints assist with the flexion/ extension. One then places their feet firmly on the ground while pushing off their feet. This is made possible by the joints in between the metatarsals and the phalanges called the Tarsometatarsal joints and the Intertarsal joints which help in the gliding and inversion and

eversion of the foot necessary for standing up. The most important necessity is the tarsal bones that provide the heel, or the calcaneus, as well as all the other connected bones which are intertwined with the Talocrural joint that provides the ability for plantar flexion of the foot. The fibula and the tibula provide the structure, but without the joint of the proximal tibiofibular joint for slight gliding there is difficulty. Along with that is the distal tibiofibular joint that provides a slight rotation during dorsiflexion of the foot so when you plant your foot it all falls into place. There is perhaps some gliding provided by the sacroiliac joints between the pelvis while one is moving up from their chair. The knee joint complex is one necessary for this movement. It is formed by two joints: the femoropatellar joint and the femorotibial joint. They provide the hinge and gliding effect for the knee as well as the flexion and extension needed for one to stand. The synovial membrane extends superiorly from the upper border of the patella between the femur and quadriceps tendon, to form the supratella bursa. It is reflected forward to cover the cruciate ligaments which are located outside the synovial cavity. The support comes from the knee joint being attached to the tibial condyles and two fibrocartilaginous discs called the medial and lateral menisci. The knees strong intracapsular (anterior and posterior cruciate) and extracapsular ligaments (tibial and fibular collateral) also provide support. The next joint up that is essential in getting the body up from a chair is the hip joint. It is formed by the spherical head of the femurand is a cup-shaped depression of the hip bone which provides a limited range of movement. It is a ball and socket join and is necessary for the flexion and extension of the hip which are both used when standing up. The joint is enclosed in strong fibrous capsule. It gets its support from the socket of the hip bone deepend by a ring of cartilage called the acetabular labrum while being reinforced by three ligaments: the lliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments. The symphysis joint, also classified as amphiarthrotic joint of the lower back would be essential for getting the body off the chair. It is covered in hyaline cartilage and fused with flat disc of fibrocartilage. They absorb shock and are resilient to being compressed while one stands up. All these taken for granted signals of nerves as well as movements of the joints help Joe stand up from his chair.

2. While standing upright, turn around 180 degrees to face opposite direction Turning the body around 180 degrees involves muscles of the body from head to toe. When rotating ones head the muscles involved are the Scalenes, Splenius cervicis, Splenius capitis, and Semispenalis capitis. The turning of the head is done with the help of the accessory nerves. The vertebral column is rotated by the external and internal obliques ,which turns the trunk of the body; the Iliocostalis cervicis; Semispenalis cervicis, Semispenalis thoracis, and Multifidus. The nerves used to innervate these muscles of the abdomin are the Iliohypogastric and Ilioinguinal nerves. The Infraspinatus muscle is used when we begin turning our body, which happens with the leading of one shoulder. The rotation of the lower limbs are achieved by the Iliacus and Psoasa major and Gluteus (by abducting the hip), the Semitendinosus (used in internal rotation at hip), and the Sartorius (by rotating the femurs). The femoral nerve innervates movement of hip and femur muscles. This is what I have gotten for step 2. I still don't know about stepping to achieve this 180 degree turn or not. For Step 2, while turning of the lower limbs, I would also

incorporate: Piriformis & Obturator internus and externus (rotates femur) Vastus lateralis and medialis (extends knee while turning) Maybe something like: The Iliacus, Psoasa major, and Gluteus assist in the rotation of the lower limbs by abducting the hip. The Semitendinosus is used in internal rotation at the hip, and the Sartorius, Piriformis, and Obturator help rotate the femur. While picking up the feet to rotate the body, the Vastus lateralis and medialis help extend the knee. Last, the femoral nerve innervates movement of hip and femur muscles. 3. Take several steps forward As Matt is taking several steps forward in step 3, his movements can be divided into multiple categories. The gait cycle describes the alternating movement of the lower limbs, is divided into multiple phases, and results in forward locomotion, or walking. The heel of the leading leg

touches the ground, the foot is then flat on the ground, the second limb swings, passing the torso and is then slowed down and positioned for a heel strike. During the heel strike, the knee join is flexed by the Quadriceps Femoris, the hip joint is flexed by the Gluteus Maximus, Gluteus Medius and the Gluteus Minimus, while the foot is supinated. The mid stance occurs when the foot is flat on the ground, supporting the weight of the body. The ankle joint is dorsiflexed, the knee joint is extended, the hip joint is in neutral position and the foot is in slight pronation. When transitioning from the heel strike to the mid stance, the muscles involved are the Gluteus Medius and Minimus, Quadriceps Femoris, which extends the knee, the Gastrocnemius and Soleus, which dorsiflex the ankle and Tibialis anterior and posterior, which invert the tarsals. From mid stance to toe off, which describes the phase in which only the big toe of the forward leg is in contact with the ground, the hip is extended, the knee and the ankle are flexed by the Gastrocnemius and the tarsals are everted by the Fibularis Longus and Adductor Brevis. The swinging following limb is then brought forward under, and eventual passes the torso and brought into position for a heel strike. During this process the ankle joint is in a neutral position, while the knee joint is flexed by the Gastrocnemius and the hip by the Iliopsoas, and Adductor Longus, Adductor Brevis, and Adductor Magnus, and the foot is in slight pronation. Although the arms do not participate in creating the movement for
walking, arms as they swing when a person walks, adds balance to the locomotion and even the speed of walking. When a person swings his arms in an opposing direction of his lower limbs, he reduces the "angular momentum" that is created by walking, and balances himself. This involves the elbow joint to go into flexion and then back. 4. Reach forward and grasp a door knob To reach and grasp a door handle, Matt first uses the proprioceptors in his joints and muscles to know where his arm is in relation to the rest of his body. His ocularmotive nerves move the eye to locate and perceive the doorknob, his retinas and ocular nerves receive the image of the doorknob and communicate the location of the doorknob to the cerebellum. The mandate for movement is sent down the descending tract of the spinal cord to the shoulder and arm. Movement begins with the elevation and rotation of the glenohumeral joint. This action uses the biceps tendon and some of the rotator cuff muscles, the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor. The humerolunar joint extends and the humeroradial joint pronates the forearm so the

hand reaches the doorknob with the palm facing downwards. Upon finding the doorknob, the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis extend the thumb away from the index finger and the abductor pollicis brevis abducts the thumb so that the fingers encircle the doorknob. The palmaris longus flexes as the palm hits the doorknob, then relaxes as the fingers close around it. The flexor digitorum profundus of each finger flexes so that each finger closes around the doorknob, and the flexor pollicis longus flexes so that the thumb closes around the bottom part of the doorknob. The encapsulated nerve endings beneath the skin of the fingers and palm sense pressure and communicate to the brain how tightly the hand is gripping the doorknob. 5. Turn a door knob 180 degrees clockwise The process of turning the door at 180 degrees clockwise is known as supination; the palm is rotated upwards when the forearm is rotated 180 degrees to turn the door knob. The radioulnar joint allows for pronation and supination. The following muscles are involved in supination: Supinator and Biceps brachii. The posterior interosseous nerve, which is part of the deep branch of the radial nerve, innervates the supinator muscle. The biceps brachii is innervated by the Musculocutaneous nerve. The nerves innervating these muscles originate from the C5 and C6 roots. 6. Sit down in a chair When sitting his muscles must do work to counteract gravity and other forces as his body moves through space. Some proportion of his body weight is transferred to the floor through his feet and the backrest. The Lumbar region, which is the lower spine located between the diaphragm and sacrum (which is fixed to the pelvis), reduces pressure between the vertebrae. So when he sits, the forward rotation of his pelvis helps him sustain an upright trunk position. When Matt sits it causes compression at the ischial tuberosities. Assuming he is sitting in an anterior position since his next move was placing pizza on plates, his center of mass is in front of the ischial tuberosities. The hamstrings with the quadriceps are working simultaneously with the pelvis. The primary muscle doing work while Matt is sitting down are his hamstrings, which influence posture. The hamstrings connect from the bottom of the pelvis to the upper tibia and contract when his knees are bending. The hamstrings have tendons that connect in different places around the knee joint that help with mobility. His quadriceps tendon is connecting the large quadriceps muscle of the thigh to the patella, and goes over the patella to converge with the patella tendon; connecting the patella to the tibia. So when Matt sits the muscles are retracting. His gluteus maximus, which is the biggest muscle on the backside, helps control his satiability while his body is being lowered. 7. Raise a grasped piece of pizza from a plate to mouth

8. Bite, chew and then swallow a portion of the pizza