Digital Systems

UNIT I

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BEEE101 UNIT III Digital Systems Nithya /VITCC

Analog Quantities
Most natural quantities that we see are analog and vary continuously. Analog systems can generally handle higher power than digital systems.
Temperature (F) 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 Time of day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4
A .M .

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
P.M .

Digital systems can process, store, and transmit data more efficiently but can only assign discrete values to each point.
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Analog and Digital Systems

Many systems use a mix of analog and digital electronics to take advantage of each technology. A typical CD player accepts digital data from the CD drive and converts it to an analog signal for amplification.
CD drive

10110011101 Digital data

Digital-to-analog converter

Linear amplifier Analog reproduction of music audio signal

Speaker Sound waves

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BEEE101 UNIT III Digital Systems Nithya /VITCC

Binary Digits and Logic Levels

Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states, which are represented by two different voltage levels called HIGH and LOW. The voltages represent numbers in the binary system.
VH(max)

In binary, a single number is called a bit (for binary digit). A bit can have the value of either a 0 or a 1, depending on if the voltage is HIGH or LOW.

HIGH
VH(min)

Invalid
VL(max)

LOW
VL(min)

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BEEE101 UNIT III Digital Systems Nithya /VITCC

Digital Waveforms
Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH levels. A positive going pulse is one that goes from a normally LOW logic level to a HIGH level and then back again. Digital waveforms are made up of a series of pulses.
HIGH Rising or leading edge LOW Falling or trailing edge HIGH Falling or leading edge LOW Rising or trailing edge

t0

t1

t0

t1

(a) Positivegoing pulse

(b) Negativegoing pulse

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BEEE101 UNIT III Digital Systems Nithya /VITCC

Timing Diagrams
A timing diagram is used to show the relationship between two or more digital waveforms,
Clock

A B C

A diagram like this can be observed directly on a logic analyzer.

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Serial and Parallel Data

Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or parallel transfer.
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0

t0
Computer

t1

t2

t3

t 4 t5

t6

t7
Modem

1
Com puter

0 1 1 0 0 1 0

Printer

t0

t1

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BEEE101 UNIT III Digital Systems Nithya /VITCC

General statement
In general , Analog is Continuous Digital is Discrete or step by step

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BEEE101 UNIT III Digital Systems Nithya /VITCC

Advantages of Digital Systems

Easier to design. Exact values of voltage or current are not important, only the range (HIGH or LOW) in which they fall. Information storage is easy. Accuracy is good ( Like 4.95789 V) Precision is good.
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Advantage contd.,
Operation can be programmed easily. Digital circuits are less affected by noise. More digital circuitry can be fabricated on IC chips so that cost is less

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BEEE101 UNIT III Digital Systems Nithya /VITCC

Types of Digital Systems

Basically four types , they are 1. Decimal (0,1,2,3,9 ) 2. Binary(0 and 1 only ) 3. Octal (0,1,2,3,7) 4. Hexa Decimal( 0, 1,2,3,..F)

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BEEE101 UNIT III Digital Systems Nithya /VITCC

Decimal Numbers
The position of each digit in a weighted number system is assigned a weight based on the base or radix of the system. The radix of decimal numbers is ten, because only ten symbols (0 through 9) are used to represent any number. The column weights of decimal numbers are powers of ten that increase from right to left beginning with 100 =1: 105 104 103 102 101 100. For fractional decimal numbers, the column weights are negative powers of ten that decrease from left to right: 102 101 100. 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4
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Decimal Numbers
Decimal numbers can be expressed as the sum of the products of each digit times the column value for that digit. Thus, the number 9240 can be expressed as (9 x 103) + (2 x 102) + (4 x 101) + (0 x 100) or 9 x 1,000 + 2 x 100 + 4 x 10 + 0 x 1
Express the number 480.52 as the sum of values of each digit.

480.52 = (4 x 102) + (8 x 101) + (0 x 100) + (5 x 10-1) +(2 x 10-2)

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BEEE101 UNIT III Digital Systems Nithya /VITCC

Binary Systems
In this system any number is represented using digits: 0 and 1 only , Ex : In computers all calculations are done internally using binary Combinations of 0 and 1 only like 110102 , 11100.102 Base 2 , Powers of 2n It can be called as High or Low , True or False , Yes or No , On and Off and 1 and 0.

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BEEE101 UNIT III Digital Systems Nithya /VITCC

Binary Numbers
A binary counting sequence for numbers from zero to fifteen is shown. Notice the pattern of zeros and ones in each column. Digital counters frequently have this same pattern of digits:
Counter 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 Decoder

Decimal Number

Binary Number

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

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Octal Numbers
Octal is also a weighted number system. The column weights are powers of 8, which increase from right to left.
Column weights
8 {512
3

Decimal

Octal

Binary

82 81 64 8

80 . 1 .

Express 37028 in decimal. Start by writing the column weights: 512 64 8 1 3 7 0 28 3(512) + 7(64) +0(8) +2(1) = 198610
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

Hexadecimal Numbers
Hexadecimal uses sixteen characters to represent numbers: the numbers 0 through 9 and the alphabetic characters A through F. Large binary number can easily be converted to hexadecimal by grouping bits 4 at a time and writing the equivalent hexadecimal character.
Express 1001 0110 0000 11102 in hexadecimal: Group the binary number by 4-bits starting from the right. Thus, 960E
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Decimal Hexadecimal Binary

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

Hexadecimal Numbers
Hexadecimal is a weighted number system. The column weights are powers of 16, which increase from right to left.
Column weights
16 16 16 16 . {4096 256 16 1 .
3 2 1 0

Decimal Hexadecimal Binary

Express 1A2F16 in decimal. Start by writing the column weights: 4096 256 16 1 1 A 2 F16 1(4096) + 10(256) +2(16) +15(1) =
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670310

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

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Conversion Decimal to Binary

Successive Division Method Example 1 : 34
2 2 2 2 2 34 17 - 0 8 -1 4 -0 2- 0 1-0

(34)10 = (100010)2
MSB LSB

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Conversion Decimal to Binary contd.,

Successive Division Method : Example 2 : (0. 625 ) 10 = ( ? )2 Step 1 : 0.625 X 2 = 1. 250 Step 2 : 0.250 X 2 = 0 .500 Step 3 : 0.500 X 2 = 1 .000 (0.625 ) 10 = ( 0.101)2

carry
1 0 1

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Decimal to Octal Conversion

Example 1 : 37 8 37
4-5 (37)10 = ( 45)8

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BEEE101 UNIT III Digital Systems Nithya /VITCC

Decimal to Octal Conversion Contd.,

Example 2 : (0. 220 )10 0. 220 x 8 = 1.76 0.76 x 8 = 6.08 0.08 x 8 = 0.64

1 6 0

(0.220)10 = ( 0.160)8

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BEEE101 UNIT III Digital Systems Nithya /VITCC

Decimal System Contd.,

Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion : Example 1 : ( 3580 ) 10 = ( ? )16
16 16 16

3580
223 - 12 13 - 15 13 = D 15 = F 12 = C

Ans ( 3580 )10 = ( DFC ) 16 Problem 1. ( 457 ) 10 = ( ? ) 16 Problem 2 .( 3208 ) 10 = ( ? )16

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Decimal System Contd.,

Example 2 : (0. 452 ) 10 = ( ? )16 0. 452 x 16 = 7.232 0.232 x 16 = 3.712 0.712 x 16 = 11.392 7 3 B

(0. 452 ) 10 = ( 73B )16

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Binary to Other Conversions

Binary to Decimal : Ex : 1 10 0 0 1 0
0X 20 = 0 1X 21 = 2 0X 22 = 0 0X 23 = 0 0X 24 = 0

1 X 2 5 = 32 34
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Conversion contd.,
Ex 2 : 100010.1 0 1
1 X 2 -3 = 0.125 0 X 2 -2 = 0 1 X 2 -1 = 0.5 0X 1X 0X 0X 0X 1X
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20 21 22 23 24 25

= = = = = =

0 2 0 0 0 32 34

(100010.101)2 = (34.625)10

BEEE101 UNIT III Digital Systems Nithya /VITCC

Binary to Octal Conversion

Convert (1111011110101)2 = (? )8 Step 1 : Divide into 3 Groups from the LSB 11 ,111,011,110, 101 Step 2 : Express each group in decimal 3 7 3 6 5 Step 3 : Therefore (1111011110101)2 = ( 37 , 365 ) 8

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BEEE101 UNIT III Digital Systems Nithya /VITCC

Binary to Hexa Conversion :

Example 1 : (10 0101. 0111 1000) 2 = ( ? ) 16 Step 1 : Given is 10 0101 . 0111 1000 Step 2 : Group into 2 5 7 8 4- bit from LSB Step 3: Ans : (100101.0111 1000) 2 = ( 25 . 78 ) 16

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BEEE101 UNIT III Digital Systems Nithya /VITCC

Octal to Decimal Conversion

Example 1 : (45)8 = ( ? ) 10 Step 1 : Convert into Binary 4 5 100 101 Step 2 : Convert Binary into decimal , 1 0 0 1 0 1
1X 20 = 1

0X 21 = 0 1X 2 2 = 4

0X 23 = 0 0X 24
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= 0

1 X 2 5 = 32 37

Octal to Binary Conversion

Convert ( 3764) 8 = ( ? )2 Step 1 : Copy the Octal number 3
Step 2 : Convert each to Binary 011

6
110

7
111

4
100

Step 3 : Therefore , (3674 ) 8 = ( 11,110,111,100)2

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BEEE101 UNIT III Digital Systems Nithya /VITCC

Hexa to Decimal System

Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion: Example 1 : C F 3 D . 2 4 1
1 X 16 -3 = 4 X 16 -2 = 2 X 16 -1 = D X 16 0 = 3 X 16 1 = F X 16 2 = 0.0002 0.0156 0.124 13 48 3840

C X 163 = 49152 53053.1398

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Hexa to Binary Conversion

Hexadecimal to Binary : Example 1 : A 3 F E Step 1 : A 3 Step 2 : Directly 1010 write the 4 bit form

F 0011

E 1111 1110

( A 3 F E) 16 = ( 1010 0011 1111 1110)2

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Hexa to Binary Conversion

Hexadecimal to Binary : Example 2 : A 3 F E . FC Ans : A 3 F E . F C 1010 0011 1111 1110 1111 1100 (A 3 F E . FC )16 = (1010 00111111 1110 . 11111100)2 Problems : 1. (C5F9 )16 = ( ? )2 2. (25D . 7B)16 = ( ? ) 2
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