2011 Minerals Yearbook

MANGANESE [ADVANCE RELEASE]

U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey

May 2013

Manganese
By Lisa A. Corathers
Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Connie Lopez, statistical assistant, and the world production tables were prepared by Glenn J. Wallace, international data coordinator. In 2011, U.S. manganese apparent consumption was estimated to be 699,000 metric tons (t) on a contained-weight basis, a slight decrease from the revised amount of 721,000 t in 2010 (table 1). Receipts of manganese ore to the U.S. Governments National Defense Stockpile (NDS) accounted for the decrease in apparent consumption. Manganese exports decreased by 47% to 19,700 t compared with those of 2010, based on the typical manganese contents of the materials as calculated in table 4. Manganese imports increased by 19% on a content basis to 899,000 t compared with those of 2010, based on U.S. Census Bureau data for manganese ore, ferromanganese, and silicomanganese, and the stochiometric ratios for manganese dioxide and manganese metal. In 2011, the annual average domestic contract price of ore decreased by 18% from that in 2010 (revised). The annual average international benchmark price of metallurgical-grade ore decreased by about 23%, based on quarterly contract prices between Australian producers and Japanese consumers in 2011. Average U.S. spot-market prices for high- and medium-carbon ferromanganese and silicomanganese decreased from those in 2010 by 7%, 16%, and 7%, respectively (table 1). The average spot market price for manganese metal increased by 12% from that in 2010. The DLA disposed of (sold) 13,154 t of high-carbon ferromanganese and added 301,047 t of metallurgical-grade manganese ore. As a result, the amount of manganese materials in the NDS at yearend 2011 increased by almost one-fourth (content basis) compared with that in 2010, leaving an inventory that was one-half the U.S. manganese apparent consumption in 2011. World production of manganese ore in 2011 increased by 6% each on a gross-weight and contained-weight basis compared with that in 2010. China and South Africa were the leading producers of manganese ore on a gross-weight and containedweight basis, respectively (table 8). Combined world production of ferromanganese and silicomanganese increased by 8% to 16.0 million metric tons (Mt) on a gross-weight basis compared with the revised amount in 2010 (table 9). China was the leading producer of these manganese ferroalloys. Manganese is essential to iron and steel production by virtue of its sulfur-fixing, deoxidizing, and alloying properties. Steelmaking, including its ironmaking component, accounted for most of the reported domestic manganese consumption, currently in the range of 77% to 90% of U.S. apparent consumption. Among a variety of other uses, manganese is a key component of certain widely used aluminum alloys and is used in oxide form in dry cell batteries. Legislation and Government Programs Air Quality, Emissions Limits.In June, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) amended the national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP) for plating and polishing area emission sources primarily to clarify that bench-scale activities are exempted (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011a, p. 35744). In December, EPA revised the NESHAP for prepared animal feeds (except cat and dog) manufacturing in which manganese compounds are added as essential nutrients to products. The revisions, in part, removed the 95% efficiency design requirement for cyclones used in pelleting processes at large, existing prepared-feeds plants and clarified the technology requirement for emissions control at bulk loadout locations (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011c, p. 80261). Toxic Substances Control Act, Significant New Use Rule (SNUR).In August, the EPA issued a final rule that required minimum 90-day premanufacture notice (PMN) for cobaltlithium-manganese-nickel oxide such as that used as battery cathode material. In addition to manufacturing, the PMN also applies to importers and processors of this material. The PMN would allow the EPA to evaluate the intended use and, if necessary, prohibit or limit that activity before it took place (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011b, p. 47996). Stockpile.The Annual Materials Plan (AMP) for fiscal year 2011 that the Defense Logistics Agency, DLA Strategic Materials issued on October 1, 2010, covered the period from October 1, 2010, through September 30, 2011. Under this AMP, the maximum disposal authority for manganese materials was 90,718 t each for metallurgical-grade manganese ore and highcarbon ferromanganese (Defense National Stockpile Center, 2011). The maximum disposal authority under an AMP is the maximum quantity of material that may be disposed in a given fiscal year as authorized by Congress; these may differ from the disposal authority quantities listed in table 2. For calendar year 2011, the DLA disposed of (sold) 13,154 t of high-carbon ferromanganese and added 301,047 t of metallurgical-grade manganese ore. The positive manganese ore inventory reflected material that was unobligated from a prior sale. The amount of high-carbon ferromanganese and metallurgical-grade manganese ore that was in the NDS at yearend was 356,000 t and 292,000 t, respectively (gross weight). The estimated manganese content of this combined material was 340,000 t, which was 24% more than the amount contained at yearend 2010.

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Exploration and Development American Manganese Inc. (White Rock, British Columbia, Canada) completed a revised National Instrument (NI) 43-101 resource study estimate of its Artillery Peak manganese project (Mohave County, AZ). Indicated resources were 220.9 Mt at an average grade of 2.84% manganese (above a 0.90% manganese cutoff grade). Inferred resources were 56.3 Mt at an average grade of 2.84% (above a 0.90% manganese cutoff grade). Pilot plant testing was conducted from August through December 2011, which determined the technical viability of using a hydrometallurgical process to produce electrolytic manganese metal (EMM) of more than 99% purity. On November 21, the company received its first environmental permit for the projecta storm water discharge permit from the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality. Starting in January 2012, the company planned to pilot test electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) production for use in lithium ion batteries (American Manganese, Inc., 2011ac). Production Ore and Concentrate.The only mine production of manganese in the United States consisted of small amounts of manganiferous material having a manganese content of less than 5%. This material was produced in South Carolina for use in coloring brick. Chemicals, Ferroalloys, and Metal.Production statistics for these materials were withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. Domestic producers of manganese ferroalloys, metal, and synthetic dioxide are listed in table 3. On February 14, Tronox Inc., a U.S. EMD producer, emerged from Chapter 11 bankruptcy after 4 years (Tronox Inc., 2011). EMD is used as a cathode material in some primary (throw-away) and secondary (rechargeable) batteries. In 2011, Eramet Marietta Inc. produced only ferromanganese (no silicomanganese) in two of three furnaces at its Marietta, OH, ferroalloys plant. Eramet Mariettas third furnace, Furnace No. 18, has remained idled since March 7, 2009, when it was damaged by a buildup of pressure (Platts Metals Week, 2011; Metal-Pages, 2012). American Metal Market (2012) reported that Felman, which markets silicomanganese produced from its Felman Production Inc. Letart, WV, plant, and from plants in Georgia, Romania, and Ukraine, accounted for 50% of the U.S. silicomanganese market. Consumption, Uses, and Stocks In 2011, U.S. manganese apparent consumption was estimated to be 699,000 t (table 1). Metallurgical applications account for most domestic manganese consumption, 85% to 90% of which has been for steelmaking. Reported consumption (gross weight) of ferromanganese and silicomanganese increased by 4% and 9%, respectively from that in 2010 (table 4). Reported manganese metal consumption in 2011 decreased by 6% compared with that in 2010. Because of incomplete reporting to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) voluntary consumption survey, the figures in this table represent relative rather than absolute quantities.
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Based on the apparent consumption of ferromanganese, manganese metal, and silicomanganese, on a gross-weight basis, manganese alloy unit consumption in steelmaking was about 6.8 kilograms per metric ton (kg/t) or about 2 times the reported consumption in 2011. This level was slightly less than the revised quantity of 6.9 kg/t estimated for 2010 and was predominantly a result of a decrease in ferromanganese apparent consumption. The decrease in the ferromanganese apparent consumption was attributable to a decrease in high-carbon ferromanganese shipments from the NDS in 2011 compared with those in 2010. Relatively small quantities of manganese were used for alloying with nonferrous metals, chiefly in the aluminum industry as manganese-aluminum briquettes that typically contained either 75% or 85% manganese. Manganese plays an important alloying role in aluminum applications to increase corrosion resistance. The most important use of aluminummanganese alloys is in the manufacture of beverage cans. Other uses include, but are not limited to, aircraft, automobiles, cookware, radiators, and roofing (Roskill Information Services Ltd., 2008, p. 195, 200). Comparatively small amounts of manganese were used domestically in animal feed, brick coloring, dry cell batteries, fertilizers, and manganese chemicals. These were among the many nonmetallurgical applications of manganese (Roskill Information Services Ltd., 2008, p. 206229). The source of manganese units for these applications was mainly manganese ore. In 2011, reported domestic consumption of manganese ore increased by 14% to 532,000 t, while corresponding yearend stocks increased by 27% to 214,000 t, compared with the revised amounts in 2010 (table 1). Apparent consumption of manganese ore on a gross-weight basis in 2011 was about 769,000 t, which excluded any manganese ore consumed directly by ironmaking and steelmaking plants. The USGS excludes reporting by these operations to avoid disclosing company proprietary information. The discrepancy between apparent and reported consumption represented incomplete reporting to the USGS voluntary consumption survey. Data on domestic consumption of manganese ore, exclusive of that consumed by the steel industry, are collected by means of the Manganese Ore and Products survey. In 2011, eight firms were canvassed that process ore or had processed ore in the past by such methods as grinding and roasting, or that consume it in the manufacture of dry cell batteries and manganese chemicals, ferroalloys, and metals. Of those eight companies, all consumed manganese ore in their processes in 2011. The collective consumption of these firms was considered to constitute all the manganese ore consumption in the United States, exclusive of that consumed by the steel industry. Full-year responses or a basis upon which to estimate the data were obtained from all of these firms for 2011. Prices There were significant decreases in annual average manganese material prices, except for that of manganese metal, in 2011 from those in 2010 because of abundant supplies on the U.S.

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK2011

market. The increase in the average manganese metal price was attributable to rising costs of manganese metal flake imports from China and South Africa and increased consumption in the domestic aluminum industry. Manganese Ore.The USGS estimated the annual U.S. average contract price of metallurgical-grade ore containing 46% to 48% manganese was $7.88 per metric ton unit (mtu). This was an 18% decrease compared with that in 2010, which followed the 23% decrease in the annual average international benchmark price for this grade of ore, as calculated from quarterly contract prices set between Japanese consumers and Australian producers (Australian Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, 2012, p. 29). The only spot market prices reported for manganese ore were for deliveries to China. In 2011, the average spot market price for metallurgical-grade ore containing 46% manganese based on weekly averages of Chinese cost and freight (CNF) transaction prices as reported by Ryans Notes was $4.84 per mtu; this was a 33% decrease from that of 2010. The range in CNF spot market prices per mtu were the highest in January at $6.50 to $6.80 and then trended downwards to finish the year at $4.65 to $4.75. The CNF prices remained relatively lower in 2011 than those in 2010 because of a dip in Chinese crude steel production and high manganese ore inventories at Chinese ports, which were reported to be more than 3.4 Mt at yearend (TEX Report, The, 2012b, d). The price of 1 metric ton of ore (gross weight) is obtained by multiplying the mtu price by the percentage manganese content of the ore; for example, by 46 when the manganese content is 46%. The ore market consisted of a number of submarkets because of differences in ore-quality requirements by end useferroalloy production, blast furnace ironmaking, and manufacture of manganese chemicals. Manganese Ferroalloys and Metal.Prices for manganese ferroalloys tend to vary in response to changes in demand by the steel and ferrous foundry industries, while those of manganese metal predominantly follow changes in demand by the aluminum industry. Manganese ferroalloy prices are also influenced by changes in the product mix of the worlds suppliers because different manganese ferroalloys are largely interchangeable with each other. Annual average import prices for manganese ferroalloys are given by Platts Metals Week. These prices are based on free market spot prices per unit of measurement, duty-paid in U.S. warehouse. Annual average import prices were $1,310.57 per gross (long) ton for high-carbon ferromanganese, 108.43 cents per pound for medium-carbon ferromanganese, and 59.70 cents per pound for silicomanganese. These prices were 7%, 16%, and 7% lower, respectively, than those of 2010. The annual average price for manganese metal is based on weekly averages of North American transaction prices published by Ryans Notes for bulk shipments of manganese metal, f.o.b. producing point or Chicago, IL, or Pittsburgh, PA, warehouse. The annual average North American transaction price for manganese metal was 181.79 cents per pound, which was a 12% increase compared with that of 2010. According to Platts Metals Week, the price range for highcarbon ferromanganese containing 78% manganese, per gross ton, began the year at $1,300 to $1,350 and ended the year

at $1,150 to $1,190, for a 12% net decrease. The price range, per pound of manganese, for medium-carbon ferromanganese with a manganese content of 80% to 85% and a nominal carbon content of 1.5% began the year at 117 to 119 cents and ended the year at 95 to 97 cents, for a net decrease of 19%. The price range, per pound of alloy, for imported silicomanganese with 2% carbon started the year at 59 to 62 cents and ended 2011 at 52 to 49 cents, for a 14% net decrease. The decreases in net prices for manganese alloys were attributable to ample availability on the domestic market coupled with a lessening need by China and Europe for these materials from the United States towards yearend. According to Ryans Notes North American transaction prices, the 2011 yearend price range of manganese metal flake shipments was 163 to 166 cents per pound, a net decrease of 8% from the price of 177 to 180 cents per pound at the beginning of the year. This net price decrease was apparently the result of an oversupply of manganese metal flake in the United States. Foreign Trade In the absence of domestic mine production and recycling for manganese, U.S. net import reliance, as a percentage of apparent consumption, was 100% for manganese, the same as it has been for the past 26 years. The ensuing comparisons of foreign trade data were made on the basis of gross weight. In 2011, U.S. exports of manganese dioxide increased, while exports of ferromanganese, manganese metal, manganese ore, and silicomanganese decreased compared with exports of these materials for 2010 (table 5). The biggest year-to-year change in export, on a volume basis, was that of ferromanganese; these were 76% lower than those in 2010. Canada accounted for 43% of U.S. ferromanganese exports, followed by Mexico with 30%. In 2011, U.S. imports of ferromanganese, manganese dioxide, manganese ore, potassium permanganate, and silicomanganese increased compared with those of 2010, while imports of manganese metal decreased (table 6). The most significant year-to-year change, on a volume basis, was for imports of manganese ore containing 47% or more manganese; these were 21% greater than those of 2010. Increases in this import category were especially notable for Gabon, with an increase of 114,400 t (50%). Antidumping Duty Administrative Reviews.Final antidumping duty rates assessed in 2011 on imports of manganese materials to the United States are summarized in table 7. 2011 Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) Review. Under the annual GSP review for 2011, the President of the United States issued a de minimis waiver for potassium permanganate imports from India, a beneficiary developing country (BDC) (Office of the United States Trade Representative, 2012a). A de minimis waiver may be granted to a BDC when total U.S. imports from all countries of a product are small. The United States is a net exporter of potassium permanganate; in 2011, U.S. net exports of potassium permanganate totaled 9,205 t. United States-World Trade Organization (WTO) Chinese Raw Material Export Dispute Settlement Proceedings.On July 5, a WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) agreed with the

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United States that Chinas curbs placed on exports of various materials in 2009, including a 20% tax on ferromanganese, manganese metal, and silicomanganese exports and a 15% tax on manganese ore exports, were inconsistent with Chinas WTO obligations. In January 2012, the WTO Appellate Body affirmed the DSB decision after China appealed. By doing so, the Appellate Body rejected Chinas attempts to portray the export restraints as conservation or environmental protection measures or measures taken to manage critical supply shortages (Office of the United States Trade Representative, 2011; 2012a). As of yearend 2012, China had yet to repeal these export taxes. World Industry Structure World manganese ore production was estimated by the USGS to be 16.0 Mt (contained manganese) in 2011, up 6% from the revised amount in 2010. Most (95%) manganese ore was produced in 12 countries. On a manganese-content basis, the leading producer countries of manganese ore were South Africa (21%), Australia (20%), China (18%), Gabon (12%), and Brazil (8%). Starting in 2008, Burma and Malaysia joined the ranks of significant manganese ore producers for the first time (table 8). World manganese ferroalloy production was estimated by the USGS to be 16.0 Mt (gross weight) in 2011, an increase of about 8% compared with the revised amount in 2010. On a gross weight basis, the leading producer countries of manganese ferroalloys were China (53%), India (10%), Ukraine (6%), South Africa (6%), Norway (4%), and the Republic of Korea (3%) (table 9). CRU International Ltd. estimated that world apparent consumption of manganese ferroalloys increased by 8% to 16.3 Mt in 2011 compared with that of 2010. Of that amount, 10.1 Mt was silicomanganese, 4.5 Mt was high-carbon ferromanganese, and 1.7 Mt was refined (medium- and lowcarbon) ferromanganese. World consumption was slightly more than CRUs estimate of world manganese ferroalloys production in 2011 (16.1 Mt). The International Manganese Institute (IMnI) estimated world manganese ore production to be 17.2 Mt (contained manganese), which was an increase of 12% from the IMnI estimate of 15.3 Mt in 2010. World apparent consumption of manganese ore was estimated by the IMnI to be 16.5 Mt in 2011 and 13.7 in 2010 (CRU Bulk Ferroalloys Monitor, 2012, p. 12; Mark Camaj, market analyst, International Manganese Institute, unpub. data, September 26, 2012). World Review New manganese materials projects scheduled for completion around the world from 2011 through 2015 are listed in table 10. In 2011, an additional 1.5 million metric tons per year (Mt/yr) of manganese ore and 345,000 t/yr of manganese ferroalloys capacity were planned. Additional manganese mine capacity was in India (630,000 t/yr), South Africa (400,000 t/yr), and Australia (150,000 t/yr). All of the new manganese ferroalloys capacity, mainly ferromanganese, was in the Republic of Korea. Brazil.Vale S.A. was the leading manganese ore and ferroalloy producer in Brazil. Vale produced 2.6 Mt of manganese ore in 2011, an increase of 39% from that of 2010. The Azul Mine in the Carajs region produced about 2.1 Mt of
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ore. Vales manganese ferroalloys plants produced 204,000 t, slightly less than that in 2010 (Vale S.A., 2012, p. 4). China.Chinese imports of manganese ore were at an alltime high of about 13.0 Mt (gross weight) in 2011, up 12% from those of 2010 (TEX Report, The, 2012b). This was 93% and 28% of the USGS estimated Chinese and total world production (gross weight), respectively, in 2011. The leading sources of Chinese manganese ore imports were Australia (4.37 Mt), South Africa (3.46 Mt), Gabon (1.45 Mt), Ghana (0.85 Mt), and Brazil (0.79 Mt). Most of the imported manganese ore was blended with lower-grade domestic manganese ore for the production of manganese ferroalloys and metal. China was the leading producer of manganese ferroalloys in the world, but it still had nominal imports of ferromanganese (31,800 t) and silicomanganese (11,100 t). The country exported 43% less ferromanganese in 2011 (30,800 t) than it did in 2010, and it exported significantly less silicomanganese (17,200 t, -76%) (TEX Report, The, 2012a). China, the leading producer of EMM in the world with about 162 companies, produced an alltime high of 1.48 Mt of EMM in 2011, an increase of 7% from that in 2010. In 2011, EMM consumption in China was 1.34 Mt, which was a 15% increase from that of 2010. Chinas EMM production capacity in 2011 was estimated to be 2.2 Mt/yr, or 98% of the world total; this excluded 198,000 t/yr of capacity that was offline owing to the permanent closure of 25 plants and revamp of 11 plants for environmental reasons. The country exported about 162,000 t of EMM in 2011, a decrease of 26% from that in 2010 (Tan, 2012, p. 2, 3, 9, 10). EMM exports to Japan, one of Chinas leading EMM importing countries, were down by 36% to 37,000 t in 2011 from those in 2010, as Japans steel industry began to use ultra low-carbon ferromanganese produced domestically as a substitute for some Chinese EMM (TEX Report, The, 2012c). In 2011, China was also the leading producer of EMD in the world, with total output of 229,000 t. This equated to 88% of the countrys annual production capacity held by 12 producers, which was 260,000 t. Chinas share of the active world EMD production capacity in 2011 (428,500 t) was about 61%, followed by the United States with 15%. Other countries with EMD capacity included Colombia, Greece, India, Japan, South Africa, and Spain. Chinas EMD exports decreased to 47,500 t in 2011 from 48,000 t in 2010 (Li, 2012, p. 6, 7, 29). France.Eramet SA reported a slight increase in worldwide manganese alloy output in 2011 to 805,000 t compared with that in 2010. The company owned manganese alloy plants in China, France, Norway, and the United States (Eramet SA, 2012, p. 34). Manganese ferroalloys production at Vale Rio Doce Manganese Europes Dunkerque plant was 131,000 t, about 6% less than that in 2010 owing to a nonscheduled maintenance stoppage in the third quarter (Vale S.A., 2012, p. 4). Korea, Republic of. In 2009, Dongbu Metal Co., Ltd. invented new technology to produce ultra low-carbon ferromanganese, which can be used as a substitute for Chinese EMM imports in certain high-manganese steel products. In 2011, POS-HiMetal (a subsidiary of Korean steel producer POSCO) began ultra low-carbon ferromanganese production based on Dongbu Metal technology at a new plant located near

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK2011

its Gwangyang Steelworks facility (POSCO, 2009; TEX Report, The, 2012c). Norway.Eramet announced it would reduce manganese ferroalloys production in Norway by 20% in the fourth quarter of 2011 by stopping high-carbon ferromanganese production at its Sauda plant (Ryans Notes, 2011). Manganese ferroalloy production at Vales Mo I Rana plant was 101,000 t, a 4% decrease from that of 2010 (Vale, S.A., 2012, p. 4). South Africa.Transnet SOC Ltd., South Africas state-run port and rail utility continued to evaluate options for expanding manganese rail line and shipping port capacities. Transnet was responsible for transporting manganese ores from mines located in the Kalahari Basin in the Northern Cape region by bulk rail to the Port Elizabeth and Durban. As an interim solution, Transnet planned to increase its Port Elizabeth rail line capacity to 5.5 Mt/yr by July 2012, while continuing to evaluate whether to locate a new 12-Mt/yr manganese facility at Port Ngqura or Port Saldanha by 201617. The manganese terminal at Port Elizabeth would then be vacated (Herbert, 2011, p. 12, 18, 2930). Spain.In June, Grupo FerroAtlntica S.L. (Ferroatlantica) stopped silicomanganese production at its three plants in Spain and its FerroVen plant in Venezuela, owing to low prices. Ferroatlantica had total silicomanganese production capacity of 240,000 t/yr in Spain; 115,000 t/yr at the Boo plant, 37,000 t/yr at the Cee plant, and 88,000 t/yr in Monzn. The companys Venezuelan silicomanganese production capacity in Puerto Ordaz was 22,000 t/yr (Metal-Pages, 2011; Grupo FerroAtlntica S.L., 2013). Ukraine.Ukraines total output of manganese concentrate decreased by 39% in 2011 to 971,500 t, compared with that of 2010. Manganese ferroalloy production also decreased in 2011 by 36% for ferromanganese and 10% for both electrothermic manganese metal and silicomanganese. Nikopol Ferroalloy plant produced 643,000 t of silicomanganese and 126,600 t of ferromanganese, down 9% and 40%, respectively. OAO Zaporozhsky Ferro-Alloy Works produced 136,600 t of silicomanganese, 53,900 t of ferromanganese, and 14,100 t of electrothermic manganese metal, down 10%, 22%, and 10%, respectively, from those in 2010. Silicomanganese production at the Stakhanov Ferroalloy plant decreased to 63,000 t, which was a 25% decrease from that in 2010 (Interfax Russia & CIS Metals and Mining Weekly, 2012). Outlook The trend of domestic and global consumption for manganese is expected to follow closely that of steel production, for which the annual growth rate in the United States has been typically in the range of 1% to 2%. Although growth rates for some nonmetallurgical components of manganese consumption, especially batteries, may be higher than for steel production, this situation should have only a minor effect on overall manganese demand. Details of the outlook for the steel industry are discussed in the Outlook section of the Iron and Steel chapter of the 2011 USGS Minerals Yearbook, volume I, Metals and Minerals. According to the World Steel Association (2012), raw steel production in 2011, compared with that in 2010, increased by 7.1% to 86.2 Mt in the United States and by 6.8% worldwide

to slightly more than 1.5 billion metric tons (Gt). Raw steel production in China, the leading world producer of raw steel, increased by 8.9% to about 696 Mt. MEPS (International) Ltd. (2012) forecast a 4% increase in world raw steel production to 1.6 Gt in 2012 from that in 2011. Manganese metal is used primarily by the aluminum industry followed by the steel industry. The outlook for the aluminum industry is discussed in the Outlook section of the Aluminum chapter of the 2011 USGS Minerals Yearbook, volume I, Metals and Minerals. EMD is used by the primary and secondary battery industries. As a rough indicator of future EMD consumption, U.S. demand for primary and secondary batteries was projected to increase by 4.8% annually through 2015 to $16.7 billion. Sales of secondary batteries in the United States were expected to increase at an annual rate of 5.7% through 2015. The value of global primary and secondary battery consumption was forecast to increase by 8.1% annually through 2016 to $132 billion, with U.S demand rising below the average global rate. Consumption of secondary batteries globally was expected to rise at a faster rate than that of primary types, because many common electric devises, such as mobile telephones and portable computers, use secondary batteries (Freedonia Group, Inc., The, 2011, 2012). References Cited
American Manganese Inc., 2011a, American Manganese begins pilot plant testing: White Rock, British Columbia, Canada, American Manganese Inc. news release, August 18, 2 p. (Accessed March 9, 2012, at http:// www.americanmanganeseinc.com/american-manganese-begins-pilot-planttesting/.) American Manganese Inc., 2011b, Clarification of resource estimates: White Rock, British Columbia, Canada, American Manganese Inc. news release, November 4, 2 p. (Accessed March 9, 2012, at http:// www.americanmanganeseinc.com/clarification-of-resource-estimates/.) American Manganese Inc., 2011c, Pilot plant update and year end status report: White Rock, British Columbia, Canada, American Manganese Inc. news release, December 21, 2 p. (Accessed September 7, 2012, at http:// www.americanmanganeseinc.com/pilot-plant-update-and-year-end-statusreport/.) American Metal Market, 2012, Silicomanganese tags said on road to recovery in 2012: American Metal Market, January 6. (Accessed January 7, 2012, via http://amm.com/.) Australian Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, 2012, Resources and energy statistics 2011December quarter 2011: Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia, Australian Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, August 3, 52 p. (Accessed January 24, 2013, at http://www.bree.gov.au/ documents/publications/res/RES-Dec-Qtr-2011.pdf.) CRU Bulk Ferroalloys Monitor, 2012, ManganeseManganese supply/demand balance: CRU Bulk Ferroalloys Monitor, April 26, 14 p. Defense National Stockpile Center, 2011, Annual materials plan for FY 2011: Fort Belvoir, VA, Defense National Stockpile Center news release, March 15, 1 p. Eramet SA, 2012, 2011 registration document: Paris, France, Eramet SA, March 29, 308 p. (Accessed February 14, 2013, at http://www.eramet.com/ sites/default/files/publications/pdf/doc_ref_eramet2011_uk.pdf.) Freedonia Group, Inc., The, 2011, BatteriesUS industry study with forecasts for 2015 & 2020: Cleveland, OH, The Freedonia Group study #2449 brochure, September, 8 p. (Accessed March 13, 2012, at http:// www.freedoniagroup.com/brochure/27xx/2781smwe.pdf.) Freedonia Group, Inc., The, 2012, World batteriesIndustry study with forecasts for 2016 & 2021: Cleveland, OH, The Freedonia Group study #2939 brochure, October, 8 p. (Accessed February 14, 2013, at http:// www.freedoniagroup.com/brochure/29xx/2939smwe.pdf.) Grupo FerroAtlntica S.L., 2013, Factory descriptions: Madrid, Spain, Grupo FerroAtlntica S.L. Web site description. (Accessed February 14, 2013, via http://www.ferroatlantica.es/index.php/en/.)

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Interfax Russia & CIS Metals and Mining Weekly, 2012, Ukraine cuts ferroalloy output 17% in 2011: Interfax Russia & CIS Metals and Mining Weekly, v. 22, issue 2, January 1319, p. 3435. Li, Tongqing, 2012, 2011 EMD market review and forecast: International Manganese Institute 9th Electrolytic Products Division Conference and 4th International Forum on Electrolytic Manganese Products, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, March 31, presentation, 34 p. MEPS (International) Ltd., 2012, MEPS forecasts global steel production at 1.6 billion tones in 2012: Sheffield, United Kingdom, MEPS Steel News, July 16. (Accessed September 14, 2012, at http://www.meps.co.uk/ GlobalSteelProductionNews.htm.) Metal-Pages, 2011, European silico-manganese price range widens: Metal-Pages, June 15. (Accessed July 26, 2011, via http://www.metal-pages. com/.) Metal-Pages, 2012, Eramet Marietta switches furnace to SiMn production: Metal-Pages, March 26. (Accessed February 11, 2013, via http:// www.metal-pages.com/.) Office of the United States Trade Representative, 2011, WTO panel finds against Chinas export restraints on raw materials: Washington, DC, Office of the U.S. Trade Representative press release, July 5. (Accessed July 9, 2012, at http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/press-releases/2011/july/ wto-panel-finds-against-chinas-export-restraints-raw.) Office of the United States Trade Representative, 2012b, USTR announces outcome of Generalized System of Preferences review: Washington, DC, Office of the U.S. Trade Representative press release, June 29. (Accessed August 31, 2012, at http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/press-releases/ 2012/july/ustr-announces-outcome-gsp-review.) Platts Metals Week, 2011, Eramet Marietta only producing FeMn: Platts Metals Week, v. 82, no. 27, July 4, p. 5. POSCO, 2009, POS-HiMetal launched: Seoul, Republic of Korea, POSCO press release, September 4. (Accessed February 20, 2013, via http:// www.posco.com.) Roskill Information Services Ltd., 2008, The economics of manganese (11th ed.): London, United Kingdom, Roskill Information Services Ltd., 444 p. Ryans Notes, 2011, Bulk ferroalloy prices under pressure: Ryans Notes, v. 17, no. 44, October 31, p. 1. Tan, Zhuzhong, 2012, Review and prospects of EMM industry in China: International Manganese Institute 9th Electrolytic Products Division Conference and 4th International Forum on Electrolytic Manganese Products, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, March 31, presentation, 35 p. TEX Report, The, 2012a, China 2011 ferroalloy exports down 26% Y-O-Y: The TEX Report, v. 44, no. 10389, February 14, p. 6. TEX Report, The, 2012b, China Mn ore 2011 imports record-high at 1,298 [sic] million tons: The TEX Report, v. 44, no. 10379, January 31, p. 67. TEX Report, The, 2012c, Manganese metalReview of 2011/outlook for 2012: The TEX Report, v. 44, no. 10141, February 3, p. 45. TEX Report, The, 2012d, Manganese oreReview of 2011/outlook for 2012: The TEX Report, v. 44, no. 10386, February 9, p. 4. Tronox Inc., 2011, Tronox emerges from Chapter 11: Oklahoma City, OK, Tronox Inc. news release, February 14, 1 p. (Accessed March 22, 2011, at http://www.tronox.com/reorganization/rorg_emerge/ news_Tronox_Emerges_Chpt_11.htm.)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011a, Amendments to national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants for area sourcesPlating and polishing: Federal Register, v. 76, no. 118, June 20, p. 35744-35753. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011b, Cobalt lithium manganese nickel oxideSignificant new use rule: Federal Register, v. 76, no. 152, August 8, p. 47996-48002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011c, National emission standards for hazardous air pollutantsArea source standards for prepared feeds manufacturingAmendments: Federal Register, v. 76, no. 247, December 23, p. 80261-80266. Vale S.A., 2012, Vale2011 production report: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Vale S.A. news release, February 15, 12 p. (Accessed February 14, 2013, at http://www.vale.com/EN/investors/home-press-releases/Press-Releases/ ReleaseDocuments/PREPORT4T11_i.pdf.) World Steel Association, 2012, World crude steel output increases by 6.8% in 2011: Brussels, Belgium, World Steel Association, January 23. (Accessed September 14, 2012, at http://www.worldsteel.org/ media=centre/press-releases/2012/2011-world-crude-steel-production.html.)

GENERAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION U.S. Geological Survey Publications Manganese. Ch. in Metal Prices in the United States Through 1998, 1999. Manganese. Ch. in Mineral Commodity Summaries, annual. Manganese. Ch. in United States Mineral Resources, Professional Paper 820, 1973. Manganese. International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report, Circular 930A, 1984. Manganese. Mineral Industry Surveys, monthly. Other Company news releases and reports. CRU Bulk Ferroalloys. International Manganese Institute. Manganese. Ch. in Mineral Facts and Problems, U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 675, 1985. Metal Bulletin Research Ferro-alloys Monthly. Mining & Metals Report. Interfax International Ltd., weekly. Platts Metals Week, weekly. Roskill Information Services Ltd. (London; last reported on manganese in 2008). Ryans Notes, weekly. United Nations commodity trade statistics.

47.6 [ADVANCE RELEASE]

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK2011

TaBLe 1 saLIenT Manganese sTaTIsTICs1 (Thousand metric tons, gross weight, unless otherwise specified) 2007 2008 2009 United states: Manganese ore (20% or more Mn): exports 29 48 15 Imports for consumption 602 571 269 351 464 422 Consumption2 190 255 115 stocks, December 31, consumers2 Ferromanganese: exports 29 23 24 Imports for consumption 315 448 153 Consumption 272 304 242 stocks, December 31, consumers and producers 31 27 31 979 844 451 Consumption, apparent, manganese content3 Price, average: dollars per gross ton 1,420.00 2,740.00 1,210.00 Ferromanganese, high-carbon4 cents per pound 104.98 213.13 100.52 Ferromanganese, medium-carbon4 do. 199.39 197.64 140.13 Manganese metal5 dollars per metric ton unit 3.10 12.15 7.95 Manganese ore price, c.i.f.6 cents per pound 76.72 100.87 50.72 silicomanganese4 World, production of manganese ore 34,500 r 37,900 r 33,500 r Revised. do. Ditto. 1 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits. 2 exclusive of iron and steel plants. 3 Based on estimates of average content for all significant components except imports, for which content is reported. 4 Platts Metals Week, dealer import prices based on annual averages. 5 Ryans notes north american transaction prices based on weekly averages. 6 Cost, insurance, and freight, U.s. ports. 2010 2011

14 489 468 168 19 326 292 32 721 1,400.00 129.09 162.60 9.64 64.27 43,900

1 552 532 214 5 348 303 25 699 1,310.00 108.43 181.79 7.88 59.70 46,600

r r

TaBLe 2 U.s. gOVeRnMenT naTIOnaL DeFense sTOCKPILe Manganese sTaTIsTICs In 20111, 2 (Metric tons, gross weight) Inventory, yearend Fiscal Calendar year year4 292,000 292,000 356,000 356,000 648,000 648,000 annual Materials Plan4 90,700 90,700 181,000 sales Calendar year --13,200 13,200 13,200 13,200 Inventory changes3 Fiscal Calendar year year4 301,000 301,000 -12,700 -12,700 288,000 288,000

Material Metallurgical ore High-carbon ferromanganese Total -- Zero. 1 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2 Includes stockpile- and nonstockpile-grade materials. 3 From previous year. 4 Twelve-month period ending september 30, 2011. source: Defense Logistics agency, DLa strategic Materials.

Fiscal year4

Manganese2011 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 47.7

TaBLe 3 DOMesTIC PRODUCeRs OF Manganese PRODUCTs In 2011 Products1 FeMn siMn MnO2 X X X X X X X

Company Plant location Energizer Holdings, Inc., Eveready Battery Co. Marietta, OH erachem Comilog, Inc. Baltimore, MD Do. new Johnsonville, Tn eramet Marietta, Inc. Marietta, OH Felman Productions Inc. Letart, WV Tronox Inc. Henderson, NV Do. Ditto. 1 FeMn, ferromanganese; SiMn, silicomanganese; MnO2, synthetic manganese dioxide.

Type of process electrolytic. Chemical. electrolytic. electric furnace. Do. electrolytic.

TaBLe 4 U.s. COnsUMPTIOn, BY enD Use, anD InDUsTRY sTOCKs OF Manganese FeRROaLLOYs anD MeTaL In 20111 (Metric tons, gross weight) Ferromanganese Medium and High carbon low carbon

end use

Total

silicomanganese

Manganese metal 1,370 -965 24 1,720 4,080 5 316 10,500 W 14,900 14,900 623

steel: Carbon 116,000 110,000 226,000 58,600 High-strength, low-alloy 20,000 10,500 30,500 6,360 stainless and heat-resisting 6,970 2,460 9,430 15,200 Full alloy 14,000 14,100 28,000 21,600 628 383 1,010 956 Unspecified2 Total 158,000 137,000 295,000 103,000 Cast irons 6,550 363 6,910 490 superalloys W W W -alloys (excluding alloy steels) 452 249 701 2,920 Miscellaneous and unspecified W W W W grand total 165,000 138,000 303,000 106,000 129,000 110,000 239,000 70,000 Total manganese content4 stocks, December 31, 2011, consumers and producers 10,600 14,000 24,600 21,700 W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data; included with Alloys (excluding alloy steels). -- Zero. 1 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2 Includes electrical and tool steel. 3 Internal evaluation indicates that silicomanganese consumption is considerably understated. 4 estimated based on typical percentages of manganese content.

47.8 [ADVANCE RELEASE]

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK2011

TaBLe 5 U.s. eXPORTs OF Manganese ORe, FeRROaLLOYs, MeTaL anD Manganese DIOXIDe, BY COUnTRY1 2010 Quantity, Value, gross weight f.a.s.2 (metric tons) (thousands) 2011 Quantity, Value, gross weight f.a.s.2 (metric tons) (thousands) $400 98 527 475 1,500 408 2,930 73 1,780 2,580 7,780 9,870 918 355 11,100 2,170 4,720 24 582 1,150 1,460 10,100 4,820 4,800 2,590 6,180 18,400

Country Ore and concentrates with 20% or more manganese:3 372 Canada 3,160 $366 91 China 8,790 2,190 408 Korea, Republic of 306 395 490 Other (18 countries) 1,700 r 3,040 r Total 13,900 5,990 1,360 Ferromanganese, all grades:4 139 Brazil 2,170 3,750 1,960 Canada 5,550 8,130 26 Chile 1,570 2,720 1,360 Mexico 9,610 12,700 1,030 Other (23 countries) 218 r 494 r Total 19,100 27,800 4,510 silicomanganese:4 7,450 Canada 2,150 4,590 659 Mexico 5,030 6,760 359 Other (9 countries) 2,180 1,720 Total 9,360 13,100 8,470 Metal, including alloys and waste and scrap:3 573 Canada 233 736 1,360 China 690 1,640 11 Hong Kong 849 3,530 267 India 626 1,450 505 Japan 311 683 661 Other (26 countries) 951 r 2,290 r Total 3,660 10,300 3,370 Manganese dioxide:4 1,510 Belgium 1,790 4,220 5,180 Canada 4,090 4,220 1,090 netherlands 453 1,700 3,120 Other (49 countries) 2,650 r 4,520 r Total 8,980 r 14,700 10,900 r Revised. 1 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2 Free alongside ship. 3 Countries listed imported more than 300 metric tons from the United states based on a 2-year average. 4 Countries listed imported more than 500 metric tons from the United states based on a 2-year average. source: U.s. Census Bureau.

Manganese2011 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 47.9

TaBLe 6 U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF MANGANESE ORE, FERROALLOYS, METAL, AND SELECTED CHEMICALS, BY COUNTRY1 2010 Quantity gross weight Mn content (metric tons) (metric tons) 2011 Quantity gross weight Mn content (metric tons) (metric tons)

Country Ore and concentrates with 20% or more manganese:2 all grades: australia Brazil China gabon georgia ghana Mexico Morocco south africa Other (3 countries) Total More than 20% but less than 47% manganese:2 australia Brazil gabon ghana Mexico south africa Other (2 countries) Total 47% or more manganese:2 australia Brazil China gabon georgia Morocco south africa Other (2 countries) Total Ferromanganese: all grades:3 australia China France Korea, Republic of Mexico norway south africa Ukraine Other (13 countries) Total 1% or less carbon: China Korea, Republic of Mexico norway south africa Other (3 countries) Total More than 1% but not more than 2% carbon: China Korea, Republic of Mexico norway south africa see footnotes at end of table.

Value, customs (thousands)

Value, customs (thousands)

86,400 6,780 707 246,000 12,400 36,600 2,920 1,540 95,400 -489,000 --16,800 36,600 2,920 77,400 -134,000 86,400 6,780 707 229,000 12,400 1,540 18,000 -355,000

65,200 3,440 481 125,000 8,610 10,300 1,050 791 40,100 -255,000 --7,480 10,300 1,050 30,300 -49,100 65,200 3,440 481 117,000 8,610 791 9,850 -206,000

$24,900 2,520 637 70,700 13,000 5,080 687 217 15,500 -133,000 --2,320 5,080 687 9,490 -17,600 24,900 2,520 637 68,300 13,000 217 6,010 -116,000

161,000 9,500 -361,000 --4,540 902 13,000 1,400 552,000 82,200 3,220 17,900 -4,540 13,000 652 122,000 78,600 6,280 -344,000 -902 20 743 430,000

70,500 4,750 -183,000 --1,640 454 5,530 588 266,000 32,300 1,480 7,950 -1,640 5,520 217 49,100 38,300 3,260 -175,000 -454 10 372 217,000

$34,500 3,530 -98,500 --1,060 317 6,700 329 145,000 15,700 1,150 3,070 -1,060 6,680 208 27,900 18,800 2,380 -95,400 -317 13 121 117,000

4,040 32,900 15,700 16,900 21,500 35,000 152,000 40,300 8,310 326,000 21,700 -10,200 3,810 23 3,800 39,500 11,100 12,400 11,300 18,500 31,200

3,140 28,000 11,200 13,500 17,200 28,000 118,000 31,600 6,350 257,000 19,000 -8,200 3,090 21 3,140 33,500 8,890 9,920 8,970 14,900 24,700

4,200 75,500 19,000 35,700 44,000 56,600 199,000 47,100 11,900 493,000 55,100 -21,100 7,830 70 8,740 92,800 20,300 27,100 22,900 34,600 55,000

9,030 17,500 2,600 33,600 19,500 24,200 208,000 31,100 3,170 348,000 17,200 222 8,960 6,480 20 1,600 34,500 262 31,500 10,600 7,920 24,200

6,990 15,400 1,770 26,900 15,800 19,300 161,000 24,200 2,620 274,000 15,200 200 7,260 5,220 16 1,450 29,300 221 25,400 8,500 6,410 19,500

8,950 47,500 3,110 59,000 36,500 36,400 251,000 34,400 6,460 483,000 46,900 727 17,000 11,900 46 4,480 81,000 583 56,200 19,500 13,900 41,400

47.10 [ADVANCE RELEASE]

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK2011

TaBLe 6Continued U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF MANGANESE ORE, FERROALLOYS, METAL, AND SELECTED CHEMICALS, BY COUNTRY1 2010 Quantity gross weight Mn content (metric tons) (metric tons) 2011 Quantity gross weight Mn content (metric tons) (metric tons)

Country FerromanganeseContinued: More than 1% but not more than 2% carbonContinued: Ukraine Other (6 countries) Total More than 2% but not more than 4% carbon: China south africa Other (2 countries) Total More than 4% carbon: australia France Korea, Republic of Mexico norway south africa Ukraine Other (10 countries) Total silicomanganese:3 australia georgia Mexico norway south africa spain Other (11 countries) Total Metal:2 Unwrought:4 China germany Hong Kong south africa Vietnam Other (8 countries) Total Other manganese, wrought, other (11 countries) Waste and scrap: Canada Other (4 countries) Total Manganese dioxide:2 Belgium Colombia Japan Mexico south africa Other (11 countries) Total Potassium permanganate:2 India Other (9 countries) Total see footnotes at end of table.

Value, customs (thousands)

Value, customs (thousands)

-1,270 85,900 60 180 51 291 4,040 15,700 1,500 8 12,700 120,000 40,300 6,190 201,000 31,200 79,200 12,500 38,300 122,000 5,560 7,730 297,000

-1,010 68,400 32 166 40 238 3,140 11,200 1,130 6 9,980 93,100 31,600 4,580 155,000 20,700 54,300 8,180 23,900 81,500 3,370 5,010 197,000

-2,650 163,000 114 464 51 629 4,200 19,000 1,800 15 14,200 144,000 47,100 7,260 237,000 32,700 98,100 14,700 61,600 145,000 10,900 17,700 381,000

392 40 74,900 -378 3 381 9,030 2,600 1,830 -9,820 183,000 30,700 1,530 239,000 44,800 100,000 12,700 33,500 143,000 4,880 8,930 348,000

342 32 60,300 -329 2 331 6,990 1,770 1,380 -7,680 141,000 23,900 1,140 184,000 29,800 69,500 8,290 21,000 94,900 2,950 5,430 232,000

783 122 133,000 -922 6 928 8,950 3,110 2,080 -10,600 208,000 33,600 1,860 268,000 45,500 120,000 13,900 55,300 163,000 9,810 9,800 417,000

25,900 852 916 5,450 1,230 305 34,600 617 698 88 786 197 680 7,220 8 13,100 739 21,900 690 400 1,090

XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX

64,400 2,650 2,510 18,300 3,010 976 91,800 3,110 300 138 438 435 1,310 16,000 14 36,400 964 55,100 2,140 1,200 3,330

26,900 233 100 5,940 680 384 34,200 369 687 17 704 484 600 9,000 1,010 16,600 692 28,400 1,570 131 1,700

XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX

82,100 867 319 23,200 2,010 1,630 110,000 1,320 312 26 338 582 1,150 20,100 941 44,600 769 68,200 4,780 421 5,200

Manganese2011 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 47.11

TaBLe 6Continued U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF MANGANESE ORE, FERROALLOYS, METAL, AND SELECTED CHEMICALS, BY COUNTRY1 Revised. XX not applicable. -- Zero. Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2 Countries listed exported more than 300 metric tons (gross weight) to the United states based on the 2-year average. 3 Countries listed exported more than 5,000 metric tons (gross weight) of total ferromanganese to the United states based on the 2-year average. 4 Imports of unwrought metal include flake, powder, and other.
1 r

Source: U.S. Census Bureau; data adjusted by the U.S. Geological Survey.

TaBLe 7 Manganese MaTeRIaLs: FInaL anTIDUMPIng DUTY RaTes assesseD In 2011, BY DaTe1 Country of origin Brazil Period of investigation 5-year review2

Date november 29

Imported material silicomanganese

China do. Do. do. Do. do. Ukraine do. Do., do. Ditto. 1 antindumping duties are assessed by the U.s. International Trade Commission. 2 Conducted on existing antidumping duty order by the International Trade administration of the U.s. Department of Commerce. source: Federal Register.

Producer and duty rate all imports (17.60%), except those from: Rio Doce Manganes s.a. and its subsidiary Companhia Paulista de Ferro-Ligas (64.93%) all imports (150.00%) all imports (163.00%)

47.12 [ADVANCE RELEASE]

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK2011

TaBLe 8 Manganese ORe: WORLD PRODUCTIOn, BY COUnTRY1, 2 (Thousand metric tons) Mn content, percentagee, 4

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 australia:5 gross weight 5,289 4,812 4,451 6,465 6,963 3753 2,540 2,320 2,140 3,100 3,200 Mn contente Brazil:6 gross weight 1,570 3,200 r 2,320 r 2,620 r 2,815 928 r 1,048 r 1,209 Mn content 3351 520 1,280 r Burma:7 gross weight 49 357 607 750 586 19 143 243 300 234 Mn content 40r China:e, 8, 9 gross weight 10,000 11,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 Mn content 2030 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 gabon: 3,201 7 4,070 7 gross weight 3,300 3,250 1,992 7 Mn content 4553 1,532 1,441 881 7 1,416 7 1,858 7 ghana:7 1,529 r gross weight 1,854 r 914 r 882 r 1,729 515 r 256 r 248 r 426 r 484 Mn contente 2834r India:7 gross weight 2,016 r 2,293 r 2,347 r 2,858 r 2,542 Mn content 1054 726 r 826 r 845 r 1,013 r 895 Kazakhstan, concentrate: 1,117 r 982 r 1,094 r 1,100 e gross weight 1,003 r 360 r 400 r 360 r 390 r 390 Mn contente 3536r Malaysia: gross weight 57 537 469 900 577 p e 3245 22 209 183 351 225 Mn content Mexico:10 423 11 472 330 485 468 gross weighte Mn content 3637 152 170 119 175 171 south africa:12 gross weight 5,996 6,807 4,579 r 7,172 r 8,600 e Mn content 3048+ 2,600 2,900 1,900 e 2,900 3,400 e Ukraine: gross weight 1,720 1,447 932 1,589 972 3035 580 492 317 r 540 330 Mn contente Other:e, 13 gross weight 1,270 r 1,700 r 1,660 r 2,260 r 2,170 Mn content XX 421 r 611 r 592 r 855 r 801 Total: 46,600 37,900 r 33,500 r 43,900 r gross weight 34,500 r r r r Mn content XX 12,000 13,200 11,200 15,100 r 16,000 e estimated. pPreliminary. rRevised. XX not applicable. 1 World totals and estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2 Table includes data available through October 16, 2012. Data pertain to concentrates or comparable shipping product, except that in a few instances the best data available appear to be for crude ore, possibly after some upgrading. 3 In addition to the countries listed, Cuba, Panama, and Pakistan may have produced manganese ore and (or) manganiferous ore, but available information is inadequate to make reliable estimates of output levels. 4 May be average content of each years production rather than for content of typical products. 5 Metallurgical ore. 6 Production of beneficiated ore as reported in Mineral Summary, Brasilia, Brazil, except where noted. Average content 43% Mn. 7 Reported by the International Manganese Institute. 8 Includes manganiferous ore. 9 The International Manganese Institute estimated Chinese manganese ore production, in gross weight and Mn content, respectively, to be, in metric tons, as follows: 200714,000,000 and 2,800,000; 200819,000,000 and 3,400,000; 200915,000,000 and 2,700,000; 201017,000,000 and 3,100,000; and 201123,000,000 and 4,140,000. 10 Calculated metal content includes allowance for assumed moisture content. Includes ore and sinter.

Country3

Manganese2011 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 47.13

TaBLe 8Continued Manganese ORe: WORLD PRODUCTIOn, BY COUnTRY1, 2

Reported figure. Mostly oxide nodules; may include smaller quantities of direct-shipping carbonate and oxide ores for metallurgical and battery operations. 13 Category represents the combined totals of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Chile, Cote dIvoire, Egypt, Greece, Hungary, Indonesia, Iran, Italy (from wastes), Morocco, Namibia, Romania, Russia (concentrate), Sudan, Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam, and Zambia.
TaBLe 9 FeRROManganese anD sILICOManganese: WORLD PRODUCTIOn, BY COUnTRY1, 2 (Metric tons, gross weight) Country3 argentina, electric furnace, silicomanganese australia, electric furnace:e Ferromanganese silicomanganese Total Bahrain, electric furnace:5 Ferromanganese silicomanganese Total Brazil, electric furnace:e Ferromanganese silicomanganese Total China:e Blast furnace, ferromanganese electric furnace: Ferromanganese silicomanganese Total, blast and electric furnaces egypt, electric furnace, ferromanganese5 France, electric furnace:5 Ferromanganese silicomanganese Total georgia, electric furnace:e Ferromanganese silicomanganese Total India, electric furnace:5, 7 Ferromanganese silicomanganese Total Indonesia, electric furnace:e Ferromanganese silicomanganese Total Italy, electric furnace:5 Ferromanganese silicomanganese Total Japan, electric furnace: Ferromanganese silicomanganese Total Kazakhstan, electric furnace, silicomanganese Korea, Republic of, electric furnace: Ferromanganese silicomanganese Total see footnotes at end of table. 2007 8,917 115,000 110,000 225,000 ---205,000 214,000 419,000 600,000 1,930,000 4,340,000 6,870,000 30,000 143,900 65,400 209,300 5,000 120,000 125,000 367,700 790,100 1,157,800 12,000 6,000 18,000 4,800 37,000 41,800 420,151 52,901 473,052 188,445 209,321 105,607 314,928
r r r r

2008 9,172 147,000 125,000 272,000 ---190,000 198,000 388,000 600,000 2,100,000 5,000,000 7,700,000 28,800 46,600 60,200 106,800 5,000 120,000 125,000 386,200 848,700 1,234,900 12,000 7,000 19,000 8,500 25,500 34,000 431,181 58,884 490,065 179,939 251,125 76,184 327,309
r r r

2009 6,644 87,000 74,000 161,000 5,700 6,500 12,200 75,000 79,000 154,000 350,000 2,070,000 5,430,000 7,850,000 26,300 46,000 54,100 100,100 4,500 112,016 116,516 399,100 875,500 1,274,600 12,000 7,000 19,000 5,500 17,000 22,500 361,375 49,205 410,580 200,374 216,400 151,100 367,500
r r r 4 4 4

2010 10,900 136,000 131,000 267,000 5,600 3,700 9,300 72,600 168,600 241,200 350,000 2,300,000 5,840,000 8,490,000 20,000 138,100 62,400 200,500 8,700 203,464 212,164 440,000 1,000,000 1,440,000 12,000 8,000 20,000 17,000 22,900 39,900 453,265 49,865 503,130 224,627 286,259 120,779 407,038

2011e 10,900 146,000 130,000 276,000 35,300 3,000 38,300

4 4 4

r, 4, 5 r, 4, 5 r, 4, 5

65,400 169,900 235,300 350,000 2,400,000 6,000,000 8,750,000 30,000 130,500 63,400 193,900 9,300 220,000 229,000 440,000 1,296,000 1,736,000 12,000 8,000 20,000 18,000 24,600 42,600 456,798 48,798 505,596 220,000 355,047 195,650 550,697

4, 5 4, 5 4, 5

r r r

r r r

4 4 4

4 4 4

r r r

r r r

4 4 4

4 4 4

r r

4 4 4

r r r

4 4 4

47.14 [ADVANCE RELEASE]

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK2011

TaBLe 9Continued FeRROManganese anD sILICOManganese: WORLD PRODUCTIOn, BY COUnTRY1, 2 (Metric tons, gross weight) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011e Country3 Macedonia, electric furnace: Ferromanganese -12,623 ---50,756 silicomanganese 70,472 54,931 -36,705 r Total 70,472 67,554 -36,705 r 50,756 Mexico, electric furnace:5 Ferromanganese 74,578 97,366 42,492 81,000 r 74,000 silicomanganese 109,286 114,320 85,065 132,500 r 139,000 Total 183,864 211,686 127,557 213,500 r 213,000 norway, electric furnace: 308,400 r 196,700 r 297,300 r 337,900 Ferromanganese 291,400 r r r r silicomanganese 305,600 262,400 231,300 248,700 r 266,000 Total 597,000 r 570,800 r 428,000 r 546,000 603,900 Poland: 2,000 Blast furnace, ferromanganese 2,100 8,500 1,700 2,000 e r electric furnace, silicomanganese 15,600 25,100 --- r -2,000 r, e 2,000 Total 17,700 33,600 1,700 r 26,868 4 10,000 -21,000 r 29,000 Romania, electric furnace, silicomanganesee e Russia: 171,600 4 160,000 Blast furnace, ferromanganese 120,000 110,000 88,000 4 147,900 4 150,000 electric furnace, silicomanganese 40,000 40,000 98,700 4 Total 160,000 150,000 186,700 4 319,500 4 310,000 saudi arabia, electric furnace: Ferromanganese 24,800 38,500 37,500 26,000 26,000 silicomanganese 50,400 57,700 60,000 61,300 96,000 Total 75,200 96,200 97,500 87,300 122,000 slovakia, electric furnace: 18,180 Ferromanganese 74,065 61,194 21,000 35,449 r silicomanganese 71,587 59,940 32,000 34,960 r 25,023 Total 145,652 121,134 53,000 70,409 r 43,203 south africa, electric furnace: 503,000 e 239,100 r 239,100 r 690,000 Ferromanganese 699,000 r, e r r r silicomanganese 298,400 237,100 135,100 274,400 r 313,600 Total 997,400 r, e 740,100 e 374,200 r 513,500 r 1,000,000 spain, electric furnace:e Ferromanganese 156,000 r 161,000 r 60,100 r 134,000 r 108,000 silicomanganese 154,000 r 158,000 r 59,200 r 132,000 r 164,000 319,000 r 119,300 r 266,000 r 272,000 Total 310,000 r Ukraine: -- e -Blast furnace, ferromanganese 26,700 16,000 -- e electric furnace: Ferromanganese 368,000 362,400 129,400 280,100 180,500 silicomanganese 1,281,000 894,900 741,900 940,400 843,500 Total, blast and electric furnaces 1,675,700 1,273,300 871,300 1,220,500 1,024,000 W W W W W United states, electric furnace, ferromanganese8 Venezuela, electric furnace:e Ferromanganese 20,000 r 20,000 r 15,800 r 5,300 r 12,000 r r r silicomanganese 52,000 52,000 45,800 16,500 r 24,000 72,000 r 61,600 r 21,800 r 36,000 Total 72,000 r grand total 14,400,000 r 14,600,000 r 13,000,000 r 15,400,000 r 16,500,000 Of which: Blast furnace, ferromanganese 749,000 735,000 440,000 524,000 512,000 electric furnace, excluding United states: 5,170,000 r 4,050,000 r 4,990,000 r 5,540,000 Ferromanganese 5,150,000 r r r r silicomanganese 8,510,000 8,670,000 8,550,000 9,890,000 r 10,500,000 16,000,000 Total 13,700,000 r 13,800,000 r 12,600,000 r 14,900,000 r e estimated. rRevised. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data; not included in Grand total. -- Zero. 1 World totals, U.S. data, and estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2 Table includes data available through December 13, 2012.

4 4

4 4 4

4 4 4

4 4 4

4 4 4

Manganese2011 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 47.15

TaBLe 9Continued FeRROManganese anD sILICOManganese: WORLD PRODUCTIOn, BY COUnTRY1, 2

In addition to those countries listed, ferromanganese may have been produced in Iran, but available information is inadequate to make reliable estimates of output levels. 4 Reported figure. 5 Reported by the International Manganese Institute. 6 Total manganese ferroalloys production as reported in the Mineral Summary, Brasilia, Brazil. 7 India manganese ferroalloys production reported on a calendar-year basis. 8 U.s. output of ferromanganese includes silicomanganese.

47.16 [ADVANCE RELEASE]

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK2011

TaBLe 10 MANGANESE MATERIALS: PROJECTS SCHEDULED FOR COMPLETION, BY YEAR, BY YEAREND 20151, 2, 3 (Metric tons, gross weight, unless otherwise specified) Incremental Total annual annual production production capacity capacity 150,000 1,000,000 na 24,000

Projected year of first Country production (state/province) 2011 australia (northern) 2011 China (Chongzuo, guangxi) 2011 Cote dIvoire (grand-Lahou) 2011 India (sundargarh, Orissa) 2011 Do.

Project and company Bootu Creek Manganese Mine OM Holdings Ltd. Pingle (formerly guangxi) eMM Plant guangxi Zhaohong Manganese Industry Co., Ltd. Lauzoua Mine Compagnie Minire du Littoral (CML) Patmunda Manganese Mine5 Orissa Manganese and Minerals Pvt. Ltd. siljora Kalimati Manganese & Iron Ore Mine Rungta Mines Ltd. 10 mines MOIL Ltd.6 Donghae Ferroalloys Plant Dongbu Metal Co., Ltd. gwangyang FeMn Plant POS-HiMetal Kalahari Manganese Mine United Manganese of Kalahari nicholas Downs (formerly Balfour Downs) Manganese Mine Mineral Resources Ltd. (50%) and Hancock Prospecting Pty. Ltd. (50%) eramet new guilin Ferroalloys Plant eramet s.a. Lauzoua Mine Compagnie Minire du Littoral (CML) Kingray Changsha eMM Plant Kingray new Materials science & Technology Co., Ltd. sinosteel Jilin Ferroalloys Plant sinosteel Jilin Ferroalloy Co., Ltd. Moanda Mine Compagnie Miniere de lOgooue (Comilog) s.a. Abhijeet Vizag Ferro-Alloys Plant abhijeet Ferrotech Ltd. Maithan Vizag Ferro-Alloys Plant Maithan alloys Limited Sarda Vizag Ferroalloys Plant sarda energy & Minerals Ltd. amit Ferroalloys Plant7 amit Ferro-alloys & steel Pvt. Ltd. siberian Mining and Metallurgical Company (sgMK) Manganese Mine siberian Mining and Metallurgical Company (sgMK) Machadodorp Ferroalloys Plant9 assmang Ltd.

Project type mine expansion new eMM plant

Manganese product4 Mn ore. eMM.

new mine mine expansion

na 210,000

300,000 360,000

Mn ore. Do.

do.

60,000

189,000

Do.

2011 2011

India Korea, Republic of (gangwon) Korea, Republic of (south Jeolla) south africa (northern Cape) australia (east Pilbara)

do. ferroalloys plant expansion new ferroalloys plant mine expansion do.

360,000 270,000

1,200,000 500,000

Do. HC FeMn, MC FeMn, LC FeMn, siMn. MC FeMn, LC FeMn. Mn ore. Do.

2011 2011 2012

na 400,000 370,000
r

75,000 2,200,000 720,000

2012r

2012e 2012

China (Chongzuo, guangxi) Cote dIvoire (grand-Lahou) China (Hunan) China (Jilin) gabon (Haut-Ogoou) India (andhra Pradesh) Do. Do. India (West Bengal) Russia (Kemerovo)

new ferroalloys plant

na

95,000 70,000 500,000 40,000

r r

mine expansion eMM plant expansion

200,000 30,000

HC FeMn, SiMn. MC FeMn, LC FeMn. Mn ore. eMM.

2012e 2012

new ferroalloys plant mine expansion

na 600,000
r

100,000 4,000,000

MC FeMn, LC FeMn. Mn ore.

2012 2012 2012 2012 2012

new ferroalloys plant do. do. do. new mine

na na na na na

290,000 96,400 100,000 95,000 600,000

HC FeMn, SiMn. Mn alloys. FeMn, siMn. FeMn, siMn. Mn ore.

south africa (Mpumalanga) see footnotes at end of table.

2012

ferroalloys plant conversion

100,000

175,000

HC FeMn.

Manganese2011 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 47.17

TaBLe 10Continued MANGANESE MATERIALS: PROJECTS SCHEDULED FOR COMPLETION, BY YEAR, BY YEAREND 20151, 2, 3 (Metric tons, gross weight, unless otherwise specified) Incremental Total annual annual production production capacity capacity 130,000 500,000

Projected year of first Country production (state/province) 2012 south africa (Meyerton) 2012 2012 south africa (northern Cape) Do.

2012

Zambia (Luapula) australia (northern Territory, Western australia) China (Chongzuo, guangxi) China (ningxia) gabon (Haut-Ogoou) gabon (MoyenOgoou) India (andhra Pradesh) India (Bhandara, Maharashtra) Indonesia (east nusa Tenggara, West Timor) Kazakhstan (aktobe) Malaysia (sarawak) Russia (Mezhdurechensk, Kemerovo) south africa (northern Cape) Do.

2013

Project and company Metalloys Ferroalloys Plant BHP Billiton Ltd. (60%) and Anglo american Corp. (40%) Kalahari Manganese Mine United Manganese of Kalahari Tshipi Kalahari Manganese Mine ntsimbintle Mining (Pty) Ltd. (50.1%) and Jupiter Mines (49.9%) Taurian Manganese Ltd. Mines10 Dharni sampda Private Ltd. group (formerly Taurian Resources Private Ltd.) groote eylandt Mining Company Pty. Ltd. BHP Billiton Ltd. (60%) and Anglo american Corp. (40%) Pingle (formerly guangxi) eMM Plant guangxi Zhaohong Manganese Industry Co., Ltd. ningxia Tianyuan eMM Plant ningxia Tianyuan Manganese Co., Ltd. Moanda Metallurgical Complex Compagnie Miniere de l'Ogooue (Comilog) s.a. MBembl Manganese Mine Compagnie Industrielle et Commerciale des Mines de Huazhou (CICMH) Maithan Vizag Ferro-Alloys Plant11 Maithan alloys Limited Chandrapur Plant steel authority of India Ltd. (saIL)12 Big george West Timor Mine Braken International Mining

Project type ferroalloys plant expansion mine expansion new mine

Manganese product4 HC FeMn.

400,000 na

2,700,000 200,000

Mn ore. Do.

do.

na

240,000

Do.

mine expansion

600,000

4,800,000

Do.

2013e

eMM plant expansion

36,000

60,000

eMM.

2013 2013

do. new eMM and ferroalloys plants new mine

600,000 na na na

800,000 65,000 20,000 800,000

Do. siMn. eMM. Mn ore.

2013r

2013e 2013

ferroalloys plant expansion do.

23,600 90,000
e

120,000 190,000
e

Mn alloys. FeMn, siMn.

2013

mine expansion

360,000

720,000

Mn ore.

2013 2013

2013r

aktobe Ferroalloys Plant eurasian natural Resources Corp. plc Pertama (formerly samalaju) Ferroalloys Plant13 Pertama Ferroalloy SDN BHD Usink Manganese Mine Filial Zakrytogo aktsionernogo Obshchestiva (ZAO) CHEK-SU.VK V Kalagadi Manganese Mine Kalagadi Manganese Pty. Ltd. Tshipi Kalahari Manganese Mine Tshipi Ntle Manganese Mining Pty. Ltd. Kudumane Manganese Mine Kudumane Manganese Resources Pty. Ltd.14 Various mines15 asia Minerals Ltd. (aML)

new ferroalloys plant do.

na na

400,000 175,000
r

HC FeMn. MC FeMn, LC FeMn, siMn. Mn ore.

new mine

na

400,000

r, e

2013r 2013 2013r

new mine-beneficiation na sinter complex mine expansion 2,200,000 new mine new mine na na

3,000,000 2,400,000 2,000,000 250,000

Mn ore (sinter). Mn ore. Do. Mn ore.

south africa (north West) 2013 Zambia (Central and Luapula) see footnotes at end of table.

47.18 [ADVANCE RELEASE]

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK2011

TaBLe 10Continued MANGANESE MATERIALS: PROJECTS SCHEDULED FOR COMPLETION, BY YEAR, BY YEAREND 20151, 2, 3 (Metric tons, gross weight, unless otherwise specified) Incremental Total annual annual production production Project and company Project type capacity capacity Hunan Dongfang EMM Plant eMM plant expansion 30,000 40,000 Hunan Dongfang (Orient) Mining Industry Ltd. Balaghat and Dongri Buzurg Mines mine expansions 500,000 r, e 1,700,000 6 MOIL Ltd.

Projected year of first Country production (state/province) 2014 China (Hunan) 2014 India (Balaghat, Madhya Pradesh; Bhandara, Maharashtra) 2014 India (Chhattisgarh) 2014 India (Visakhapatnam, andhra Pradesh) Indonesia (east nusa Tenggara, West Timor) Malaysia (Johor Bahru) Malaysia (sarawak) Mali (gao) Mexico (Hidalgo)

Manganese product4 eMM.

Mn ore.

Bhilai Ferro-alloys Plant MOIL Ltd. (50%) and steel authority of India Ltd. (saIL) (50%) Bobbili Ferro-alloys Plant MOIL Ltd. (50%) and Rashtriya Ispat nigam Ltd. (50%) Big george West Timor Mine Braken International Mining

new ferroalloys plant

na na na na

75,000 31,000 37,500 20,000

siMn. FeMn. siMn. FeMn.

do.

2014

mine expansion

2,280,000

3,000,000

Mn ore.

2014r 2014

2014r 2014r

2014r 2014r

south africa (eastern Cape) south africa (northern Cape)

2014

Zambia (Luapula) Kazakhstan (almaty) Malaysia (sarawak)

2015r 2015

Tanjung Langsat Project OM Materials (Johor) sdn Bhd Pertama (formerly samalaju) Ferroalloys Plant13 Pertama Ferroalloy SDN BHD ansongo Manganese Mine Mali Manganese s.a. Tajo naopa Manganese Mine Minera Autln Sociedad Annima Burstil de Capital Variable (saB de CV) Kalagadi Coega Ferroalloys Plant Kalagadi Manganese (Pty.) Ltd. Wessels Mine BHP Billiton Ltd. (44.4%), Anglo american Corp. (29.6%), ntsimbintle (9%), and others (17%) Taurian Manganese Ltd. Mines Dharni sampda Private Ltd. group (formerly Taurian Resources Private Ltd.) Tekeli eMM Plant electro Manganese and ThyssenKrupp ag sarawak Ferroalloys Plant17 OM Materials (sarawak) sdn Bhd

new ferroalloys and sintering plants new eMM plant16

na na na

300,000 66,000 50,000

Mn ore (sinter).e HC FeMn. eMM.

new mine mine expansion

na 200,000
e

100,000 500,000

Mn ore. Do.

do. do.

na 500,000

320,000 1,500,000

HC FeMn. Mn ore.

do.

480,000

720,000

Do.

new eMM plant new ferroalloys and sintering plants

na na na na na

30,000 300,000 204,000 61,000 400,000

eMM. Mn ore (sinter).18 siMn. HC FeMn. Mn ore.

new mine Zambia Various mines15 (Central and asia Minerals Ltd. (aML) Luapula) e estimated. rRevised. Do., do. Ditto. na not available. 1 estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits. 2 Projects in feasibility or later stages of development in 201112. actual startup dates may be postponed, owing to economic or other factors. additional projects might produce manganese materials by 2015, but not enough information was available to include them. 3 Includes projects having the following minimum tonnage capacities: 45,000 metric tons per year (t/yr) of manganese alloys or manganese ore; and 10,000 t/yr of electrolytic manganese dioxide or electrolytic manganese metal. 4 EMD Electrolytic manganese dioxide. EMM Electrolytic manganese metal. FeMn Ferromanganese. HC FeMn High-carbon ferromanganese. HC FeMn Low-carbon ferromanganese. MC FeMn Medium-carbon ferromanganese. Mn Manganese. SiMn Silicomanganese. 5 Includes five additional manganese mines situated in the region of sundargarth, Orissa. 2015

Manganese2011 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 47.19

TaBLe 10Continued MANGANESE MATERIALS: PROJECTS SCHEDULED FOR COMPLETION, BY YEAR, BY YEAREND 20151, 2, 3
6

MOIL Ltd. operates 10 mines, 6 of which are located in the nagpur and Bhandara Districts of Maharashtra and 4 in the Balaghat District of Madhya Pradesh. The company has not specified which mines would be affected by the planned capacity expansion. 7 The amit ferroalloys plant will have a ferromanganese production capacity of 55,400 t/yr and a silicomanganese production capacity of 39,600 t/yr. The plant will also have a ferrosilicon production capacity of 19,800 t/yr. 8 The siberian Mining and Metallurgical Company (sgMK) Manganese Mine will have the capacity to produce 120,000 t/yr of manganese concentrates from the total ore mined. 9 a total of three ferrochromium furnaces at the Machadodorp Ferroalloys Plant will be converted to high-carbon ferromanganese production by 2012. 10 Taurian Manganese Ltd. Zambian mines are located in Kabwe and Kapiri Mphoshi (Central Province) and Mansa (Luapula Province). 11 The Maithan Vizag ferroalloys plant also has the capacity to produce ferrosilicon. 12 steel authority of India Limited (saIL) became the new owner of the Chandrapur Ferroalloys Plant when it acquired Maharashtra elektrosmelt Ltd. on July 12, 2011. 13 The Pertama ferroalloys plant will also have the capacity to produce 112,000 t/yr of ferrosilicon by 2014. at 51%, asia Minerals Ltd. (aML) has the majority interest in the plant. 14 asia Minerals Ltd. (aML) controls 49% of Kudumane Manganese Resources Pty. Ltd. 15 asia Minerals Ltd. (aML) has Zambian mining and prospecting licenses in the Central Province (Kabwe, Kapiri, Mkushi, Mphoshi, and serenje) and the Luapula Province (Mansa). 16 The new Pertama EMM plant may also produce electrolytic manganese dioxide; total production capacity for EMD and EMM would be 50,000 t/yr. 17 The OM Materials sarawak ferroalloys plant will also have a ferrosilicon production capacity 300,000 t/yr. 18 Manganese ore feed to the sinter plant was expected to come from OM Holdings Ltd's wholly owned Bootu Creek (Australia) and joint-venture Tshipi Borwa (south africa) mines. Sources: Company annual reports, presentations, and press releases; unpublished personal communications; and trade publications.

47.20 [ADVANCE RELEASE]

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK2011