LM138/LM338 5-Amp Adjustable Regulators

May 1998

LM138/LM338 5-Amp Adjustable Regulators

General Description
The LM138 series of adjustable 3-terminal positive voltage regulators is capable of supplying in excess of 5A over a 1.2V to 32V output range. They are exceptionally easy to use and require only 2 resistors to set the output voltage. Careful circuit design has resulted in outstanding load and line regulation comparable to many commercial power supplies. The LM138 family is supplied in a standard 3-lead transistor package. A unique feature of the LM138 family is time-dependent current limiting. The current limit circuitry allows peak currents of up to 12A to be drawn from the regulator for short periods of time. This allows the LM138 to be used with heavy transient loads and speeds start-up under full-load conditions. Under sustained loading conditions, the current limit decreases to a safe value protecting the regulator. Also included on the chip are thermal overload protection and safe area protection for the power transistor. Overload protection remains functional even if the adjustment pin is accidentally disconnected. Normally, no capacitors are needed unless the device is situated more than 6 inches from the input filter capacitors in which case an input bypass is needed. An output capacitor can be added to improve transient response, while bypassing the adjustment pin will increase the regulators ripple rejection. Besides replacing fixed regulators or discrete designs, the LM138 is useful in a wide variety of other applications. Since the regulator is floating and sees only the input-to-output differential voltage, supplies of several hundred volts can be regulated as long as the maximum input to output differential is not exceeded, i.e., do not short-circuit output to ground. The part numbers in the LM138 series which have a K suffix are packaged in a standard Steel TO-3 package, while those with a T suffix are packaged in a TO-220 plastic package. The LM138 is rated for 55C TJ +150C, and the LM338 is rated for 0C TJ +125C.

Features
n n n n n n n Guaranteed 7A peak output current Guaranteed 5A output current Adjustable output down to 1.2V Guaranteed thermal regulation Current limit constant with temperature P+ Product Enhancement tested Output is short-circuit protected

Applications
n Adjustable power supplies n Constant current regulators n Battery chargers

Connection Diagrams

(See Physical Dimension section for further information) (TO-220) Plastic Package

(TO-3 STEEL) Metal Can Package

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Front View Order Number LM338T See NS Package Number T03B

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Bottom View Order Number LM138K STEEL or LM338K STEEL See NS Package Number K02A

1999 National Semiconductor Corporation

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Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1)

If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/ Distributors for availability and specifications. (Note 4) Power Dissipation Input/Output Voltage Differential Storage Temperature Internally limited +40V, 0.3V 65C to +150C

Lead Temperature Metal Package (Soldering, 10 seconds) Plastic Package (Soldering, 4 seconds) ESD Tolerance

300C 260C TBD

Operating Temperature Range

LM138 LM338 55C TJ +150C 0C TJ +125C

Electrical Characteristics
Specifications with standard type face are for TJ = 25C, and those with boldface type apply over full Operating Temperature Range. Unless otherwise specified, VIN VOUT = 5V; and IOUT = 10 mA. (Note 2) Symbol VREF VRLINE VRLOAD Parameter Reference Voltage Line Regulation Load Regulation Thermal Regulation IADJ IADJ VR/T ILOAD(Min) ICL Adjustment Pin Current Adjustment Pin Current Change Temperature Stability Minimum Load Current Current Limit 10 mA IOUT 5A, 3V (VIN VOUT) 35V TMIN TJ TMAX VIN VOUT = 35V VIN VOUT 10V DC 0.5 ms Peak VIN VOUT = 30V VN RMS Output Noise, % of VOUT Ripple Rejection Ratio Long-Term Stability JC JA Thermal Resistance, Junction to Case Thermal Resistance, Junction to Ambient (No Heat Sink) K Package 35 C/W 10 Hz f 10 kHz VOUT = 10V, f = 120 Hz, CADJ = 0 F VOUT = 10V, f = 120 Hz, CADJ = 10 F TJ = 125C, 1000 Hrs K Package 60 5 7 8 12 1 0.003 60 75 0.3 1 1 1 A A A % dB dB % C/W 1 3.5 5 % mA Conditions Min 3V (VIN VOUT) 35V, 10 mA IOUT 5A, P 50W 3V (VIN VOUT) 35V (Note 3) 10 mA IOUT 5A (Note 3) 20 ms Pulse 0.005 0.02 0.1 0.3 0.002 45 0.2 0.01 0.04 0.3 0.6 0.01 100 5 %/V %/V % % %/W A A 1.19 LM138 Typ 1.24 Max 1.29 V Units

Electrical Characteristics
Symbol VREF VRLINE VRLOAD Parameter Reference Voltage Line Regulation Load Regulation Thermal Regulation IADJ IADJ Adjustment Pin Current Adjustment Pin Current Change 10 mA IOUT 5A, 3V (VIN VOUT) 35V
2

Conditions Min 3V (VIN VOUT) 35V, 10 mA IOUT 5A, P 50W 3V (VIN VOUT) 35V (Note 3) 10 mA IOUT 5A (Note 3) 20 ms Pulse 1.19

LM338 Typ 1.24 0.005 0.02 0.1 0.3 0.002 45 0.2 Max 1.29 0.03 0.06 0.5 1 0.02 100 5

Units V %/V %/V % % %/W A A

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Electrical Characteristics
Symbol VR/T ILOAD(Min) ICL Parameter Temperature Stability Minimum Load Current Current Limit

(Continued) Conditions Min TMIN TJ TMAX VIN VOUT = 35V VIN VOUT 10V DC 0.5 ms Peak VIN VOUT = 30V 5 7 8 12 1 0.003 60 60 75 0.3 1 1 4 35 50 A A A % dB dB % C/W C/W C/W C/W LM338 Typ 1 3.5 10 Max % mA Units

VN

RMS Output Noise, % of VOUT Ripple Rejection Ratio Long-Term Stability

10 Hz f 10 kHz VOUT = 10V, f = 120 Hz, CADJ = 0 F VOUT = 10V, f = 120 Hz, CADJ = 10 F TJ = 125C, 1000 hrs K Package T Package K Package T Package

JC JA

Thermal Resistance Junction to Case Thermal Resistance, Junction to Ambient (No Heat Sink)

Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for which the device is intended to be functional, but do not guarantee specific performance limits. For guaranteed specifications and test conditions, see the Electrical Characteristics. Note 2: These specifications are applicable for power dissipations up to 50W for the TO-3 (K) package and 25W for the TO-220 (T) package. Power dissipation is guaranteed at these values up to 15V input-output differential. Above 15V differential, power dissipation will be limited by internal protection circuitry. All limits (i.e., the numbers in the Min. and Max. columns) are guaranteed to Nationals AOQL (Average Outgoing Quality Level). Note 3: Regulation is measured at a constant junction temperature, using pulse testing with a low duty cycle. Changes in output voltage due to heating effects are covered under the specifications for thermal regulation. Note 4: Refer to RETS138K drawing for military specifications of LM138K.

Typical Performance Characteristics

Current Limit Current Limit Current Limit

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Load Regulation

Dropout Voltage

Adjustment Current

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Typical Performance Characteristics

Temperature Stability

(Continued) Minimum Operating Current

Output Impedance

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Ripple Rejection

Ripple Rejection

Ripple Rejection

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Line Transient Response

Load Transient Response

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Application Hints
In operation, the LM138 develops a nominal 1.25V reference voltage, VREF, between the output and adjustment terminal. The reference voltage is impressed across program resistor R1 and, since the voltage is constant, a constant current I1 then flows through the output set resistor R2, giving an output voltage of

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Application Hints

(Continued)

Load Regulation The LM138 is capable of providing extremely good load regulation but a few precautions are needed to obtain maximum performance. The current set resistor connected between the adjustment terminal and the output terminal (usually 240) should be tied directly to the output of the regulator (case) rather than near the load. This eliminates line drops from appearing effectively in series with the reference and degrading regulation. For example, a 15V regulator with 0.05 resistance between the regulator and load will have a load regulation due to line resistance of 0.05 x IL. If the set resistor is connected near the load the effective line resistance will be 0.05 (1 + R2/R1) or in this case, 11.5 times worse.

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Figure 2 shows the effect of resistance between the regulator and 240 set resistor.

FIGURE 1. Since the 50 A current from the adjustment terminal represents an error term, the LM138 was designed to minimize IADJ and make it very constant with line and load changes. To do this, all quiescent operating current is returned to the output establishing a minimum load current requirement. If there is insufficient load on the output, the output will rise. External Capacitors An input bypass capacitor is recommended. A 0.1 F disc or 1 F solid tantalum on the input is suitable input bypassing for almost all applications. The device is more sensitive to the absence of input bypassiing when adjustment or output capacitors are used but the above values will eliminate the possiblity of problems. The adjustment terminal can be bypassed to ground on the LM138 to improve ripple rejection. This bypass capacitor prevents ripple from being amplified as the output voltage is increased. With a 10 F bypass capacitor 75 dB ripple rejection is obtainable at any output level. Increases over 20 F do not appreciably improve the ripple rejection at frequencies above 120 Hz. If the bypass capacitor is used, it is sometimes necessary to include protection diodes to prevent the capacitor from discharging through internal low current paths and damaging the device. In general, the best type of capacitors to use are solid tantalum. Solid tantalum capacitors have low impedance even at high frequencies. Depending upon capacitor construction, it takes about 25 F in aluminum electrolytic to equal 1 F solid tantalum at high frequencies. Ceramic capacitors are also good at high frequencies; but some types have a large decrease in capacitance at frequencies around 0.5 MHz. For this reason, 0.01 F disc may seem to work better than a 0.1 F disc as a bypass. Although the LM138 is stable with no output capacitors, like any feedback circuit, certain values of external capacitance can cause excessive ringing. This occurs with values between 500 pF and 5000 pF. A 1 F solid tantalum (or 25 F aluminum electrolytic) on the output swamps this effect and insures stability.

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FIGURE 2. Regulator with Line Resistance in Output Lead With the TO-3 package, it is easy to minimize the resistance from the case to the set resistor, by using 2 separate leads to the case. The ground of R2 can be returned near the ground of the load to provide remote ground sensing and improve load regulation. Protection Diodes When external capacitors are used with any IC regulator it is sometimes necessary to add protection diodes to prevent the capacitors from discharging through low current points into the regulator. Most 20 F capacitors have low enough internal series resistance to deliver 20A spikes when shorted. Although the surge is short, there is enough energy to damage parts of the IC. When an output capacitor is connected to a regulator and the input is shorted, the output capacitor will discharge into the output of the regulator. The discharge current depends on the value of the capacitor, the output voltage of the regulator, and the rate of decrease of VIN. In the LM138 this discharge path is through a large junction that is able to sustain 25A surge with no problem. This is not true of other types of positive regulators. For output capacitors of 100 F or less at output of 15V or less, there is no need to use diodes. The bypass capacitor on the adjustment terminal can discharge through a low current junction. Discharge occurs when either the input or output is shorted. Internal to the LM138 is a 50 resistor which limits the peak discharge current. No protection is needed for output voltages of 25V or less and 10 F capacitance. Figure 3 shows an LM138 with protection diodes included for use with outputs greater than 25V and high values of output capacitance.

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Application Hints

(Continued)

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D1 protects against C1 D2 protects against C2

FIGURE 3. Regulator with Protection Diodes

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Typical Applications
Regulator and Voltage Reference

1.2V25V Adjustable Regulator

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Temperature Controller
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Full output current not available at high input-output voltages Optional improves transient response. Output capacitors in the range of 1 F to 1000 F of aluminum or tantalum electrolytic are commonly used to provide improved output impedance and rejection of transients. *Needed if device is more than 6 inches from filter capacitors.

**R1 = 240 for LM138. R1, R2 as an assembly can be ordered from Bourns: MIL part no. 7105A-AT2-502 COMM part no. 7105A-AT7-502

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Schematic Diagram
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Typical Applications
Precision Power Regulator with Low Temperature Coefficient

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* Adjust for 3.75 across R1

Slow Turn-On 15V Regulator

Adjustable Regulator with Improved Ripple Rejection

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Solid tantalum *Discharges C1 if output is shorted to ground **R1 = 240 for LM138

High Stability 10V Regulator

Digitally Selected Outputs

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*Sets maximum VOUT **R1 = 240 for LM138

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Typical Applications

(Continued) 15A Regulator

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* Minimum load 100 mA

5V Logic Regulator with Electronic Shutdown**

Light Controller

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** Minimum output 1.2V

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Typical Applications

(Continued) 0 to 22V Regulator

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* R1 = 240, R2 = 5k for LM138 Full output current not available at high input-output voltages

12V Battery Charger

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Typical Applications

(Continued) Precision Current Limiter

Adjustable Current Regulator

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5A Current Regulator

Tracking Preregulator

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Adjusting Multiple On-Card Regulators with Single Control*

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Minimum load 10 mA * All outputs within 100 mV

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Typical Applications

(Continued) Power Amplifier

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AV = 1, RF = 10k, CF = 100 pF AV = 10, RF = 100k, CF = 10 pF Bandwidth 100 kHz Distortion 0.1%

Simple 12V Battery Charger

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Use of RS allows low charging rates with fully charged battery. **The 1000 F is recommended to filter out input transients

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Typical Applications

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Adjustable 15A Regulator

Current Limited 6V Charger

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* Set max charge current to 3A ** THE 1000 F is recommended to filter out input transients.

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10A Regulator

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* Minimum load 100 mA

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Physical Dimensions

inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted

2 Lead TO-3 Metal Can Package (K) Order Number LM138K or LM338K STEEL NS Package Number K02A

3 Lead Molded TO-220 (T) Order Number LM338T NS Package Number T03B

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LM138/LM338 5-Amp Adjustable Regulators

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