Os Erj Legacy Operations Manual

OPERATIONS MANUAL FLT CREW TRAINING
PROJECT OPEN SKY ERJ-135/140/145 and Legacy
TAXI, TAKEOFF, CLIMB, CRUISE, DESCENT & LANDING
By Warren C. Daniel Project Open Sky Flight Dynamics Designer www.ProjectOpen Sky.com [email protected] Copyright: Project Open Sky 2002 - 2007 This freeware manual may not be sold under any circumstances. Non-compliance will be met with legal action.
Disclaimer This manual is not provided from, endorsed by, or affiliated with Embraer S. A., or any other manufacturer or airline in any way. Any exact similarities between this manual and Project Open Sky aircraft to actually aircraft, procedures, or airline carriers are strictly coincidental. All copyrights, trademarks, and servicemarks remain the property of their respective owners. No affiliation between Project Open Sky and any other company is implied or inferred. The procedures contained within are this authors interpretation of generic flight operations. These procedures are not always accurate in all situations. All diagrams have been recreated to mimic actual procedures or scenarios, however, are not taken from actual materials whatsoever. All diagrams are recreations of true documentation, modeled and re-edited to look as realistic as possible. Procedures are not always accurate. This manual is not intended for real world flight.
Project Open Sky aircraft are intended as a freeware add-on for Microsoft Flight Simulator 2004 and Flight Simulator X.
Copyright: Project Open Sky 2002 - 2007 This freeware manual may not be sold under any circumstances. Non-compliance will be met with legal action.
Project Open Sky Embraer Regional Jet ERJ/Legacy-Series Version 2007.9.3 FSX and FS2004 Compatible Model Designer Nick Wilkinson Exterior Jacob Kubique VC Flight Dynamics Designer Warren C. Daniel Brandon Henry Texture Designer Samy Fay (Masters) Jacob Kubique and Corey Ford (VC) Test Pilots Project Open Sky Members
PREFACE
This manual serves as a reference for operating procedures and training maneuvers. The flight profiles show the basic recommended configuration during flight. The maneuvers should normally be accomplished as illustrated. However, due to airport traffic, ATC distance separation requirements, and radar vectoring, modifications may be necessary. Exercise good judgment.
PRINCIPLE DIMENSION AND AREAS Embraer ERJ-135/140/145 and Legacy Aircraft Reference Manual
ERJ-135 / 140
ERJ-145 EP/ER/EU/MP/MK/LR/LU
ERJ-145 XR
Performance Typical Cruise Speed: M.74 - Normal Cruise M.80 - High Speed Cruise Copyright: Project Open Sky 2002 - 2007 This freeware manual may not be sold under any circumstances. Non-compliance will be met with legal action. 7
TAXI
1) Prior to departure, plan the trip with the takeoff and landing field required lengths. Airport takeoff or landing distances must be equal to or longer than the required lengths. An ERJ-145XR at elevation 1790 ft requires a takeoff runway of 7199 ft. Allowing for the proper takeoff distance gives the pilot the ability to stop the aircraft on the runway at or below V1, in the event of a rejected takeoff. On landing, the required landing distances are as follows:
Required Runway Length Landing - Flaps 22 Distance Required (at Sea Level) 7071 6950 6829 6709 6591 6685 6558 6431
Copyright: Project Open Sky 2002 - 2007 This freeware manual may not be sold under any circumstances. Non-compliance will be met with legal action. 8
Weight (in lbs) 53000 52000 51000 50000 49000 48000 47000 46000
45000 44000 43000 42000 41000 40000 39000 38000 37000 36000 35000 34000 33000
6307 6183 6063 5943 5822 5701 5584 5469 5355 5242 5127 5009 4891
Required Runway Length Landing - Flaps 45 Distance Required (at Sea Level) 5382 5305 5229 5152 5076 5042 4960 4878 4797 4716 4634 4553 4474 4394 4319 4248 4176 4103 4029 3950 3871
Copyright: Project Open Sky 2002 - 2007 This freeware manual may not be sold under any circumstances. Non-compliance will be met with legal action. 9
Weight (in lbs) 53000 52000 51000 50000 49000 48000 47000 46000 45000 44000 43000 42000 41000 40000 39000 38000 37000 36000 35000 34000 33000
2) Consider the flap takeoff position prior to departure. Taking off at flaps 9 degrees allows for better climbout performance. However, takeoff at flaps position 18 degrees allows for lower V1 and V2 value and the airplane lifting off from the ground. However, climbout performance is lessened, causing obstacle clearance to become more difficult.
3) Set takeoff flaps for 9 or 18 degrees. Takeoff speeds are as follows:
Flaps 9 Weight 53131 53000 52000 51000 50000 49000 48000 47000 46000 45000 44000 43000 42000 41000 40000 39000 38000
Takeoff Speeds v1/vR/v2 142/142/145 142/142/145 140/140/144 139/139/143 138/138/141 137/137/140 135/135/139 134/134/137 132/132/136 130/130/134 129/129/134 128/128/133 126/126/132 122/122/129 120/120/127 119/119/126 117/117/124 Tgt45 146 146 144 143 142 141 140 139 138 136 135 134 133 131 130 129 127 vFS 179 179 178 176 174 173 171 169 168 166 164 162 161 159 157 155 153
10
37000 36000 35000 34000 33000 32000 31000 30000 29000 28000
115/115/123 113/113/121 110/110/119 108/108/118 106/106/116 104/104/114 102/102/112 100/100/110 99/99/109 97/97/107
126 124 123 121 120 118 116 114 112 111
151 149 147 145 143 141 139 137 134 132
Flaps 18 Weight 53131 53000 52000 51000 50000 49000 48000 47000 46000 45000 44000 43000 42000 41000 40000 39000 38000 37000 36000 35000 34000 33000 32000 31000 30000
Takeoff Speeds v1/vR/v2 136/136/138 136/136/138 135/135/137 134/134/136 132/132/135 131/131/134 129/129/132 128/128/131 126/126/130 125/125/129 123/123/127 121/121/126 120/120/125 118/118/123 116/116/122 115/115//121 113/113/119 111/111/118 109/109/116 107/107/115 105/105/113 103/103/112 101/101/110 99/99/108 99/99/108 Tgt45 146 146 144 143 142 141 140 139 138 136 135 134 133 131 130 129 127 126 124 123 121 120 118 116 114 vFS 179 179 178 176 174 173 171 169 168 166 164 162 161 159 157 155 153 151 149 147 145 143 141 139 137
11
29000 28000
99/99/108 100/100/109
112 111
134 132
4) The nose wheel steering and the engine thrust are used to taxi the airplane. 5) Make sure you have the necessary clearance when you go near a parked airplane or other structures. 6) When the APU in the taxi airplane or the parked airplane is on you must have a minimum clearance of 50 feet between the APU exhaust port and the adjacent airplane's wingtip (fuel vent). 7) The taxi speed must not be more than approximately 30 knots. Speeds more than 30 knots added to long taxi distances would cause heat to collect in the tires. Recommended speed is 20 knots. Beware of changing indicated air speed numbers due to tailwinds during taxi. 8) Before making a turn, decrease the speed of the airplane to a speed of approximately 8 to 12 knots. Make all turns at a slow taxi speed to prevent tire skids. 9) Do not try to turn the airplane until it has started to move. 10) Make sure you know the taxi turning radius. 11) Monitor the wingtips and the horizontal stabilizer carefully for clearance with buildings, equipment, and other airplanes. 12) When a left or right engine is used to help make a turn, use only the minimum power possible. 13) Do not let the airplane stop during a turn. 14) Do not use the brakes to help during a turn. When you use the brakes during a turn, they will cause the main and nose landing gear tires to wear. 15) When it is possible, complete the taxi in a straight-line roll for a minimum of 10 feet. NOTE: This will remove the torsional stresses in the landing gear components, and in the tires. 16) Use the Inertial Reference System (IRS) in the ground speed (GS) mode to monitor the taxi speed. 17) If the airplane taxi speed is too fast (with the engines at idle), operate the brakes slowly and smoothly for a short time. NOTE: This will decrease the taxi speed. 18) If the taxi speed increases again, operate the brakes as you did in the step before. 19) Always use the largest radius possible when you turn the airplane. NOTE: This will decrease the side loads on the landing gear, and the tire wear will be decreased. 20) Extra care must be given to turn the aircraft due to the fuselage length and wingspan. A minimum distance from the edge of the pavement must be maintained to reverse the aircrafts direction.
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21) Operate the brakes to stop the airplane. 22) Set the parking brake after the airplane has stopped. 23) To conserve fuel for long taxi periods, or ramp holding, one-engined taxi is recommended.
13
TAKEOFF
1) Maximum demonstrated crosswind component for takeoff and landing is 30 knots. 2) Restart 2
nd
engine if on single-engine taxi.
3) Align aircraft with runway centerline. 4) Increase power to approximately 60% N1 for 5 10 seconds. 5) Watch EICAS indicator for engine problems or aircraft alarms. 6) Increase power smoothly to pre-determined N1 speeds based on aircraft takeoff weight, (87% - 96% N1). This can either be done manually or using the autothrottle with the autopilot engaged. 7) At Vr, rotate aircraft 10 degrees upwards. (See Appendix A for speed reference cards.) 8) Hold nose at +10 degrees until positive rate of climb is confirmed, then raise landing gear after V2. 9) Set initial climbout target speed to Vfs (see target speed above in takeoff vspeed charts). Minimum climb speed is v2. Accelerate to Vfs:
14
10) Maintain +1800 fpm climb to 1500 FT. Accelerate through vFS with flap retraction..
11) Increase speed to 240 knots and in accordance with ATC instructions (max 250 KTS below 10,000 FT). 12) For full maneuverability beneath 10,000 FT, flaps must be fully retracted with aircraft at minimum safe airspeed.
CLIMB
1) Once climb thrust or airspeed is set, the autopilot will compensate for environmental condition changes automatically during the climb. 2) Climb profile is 240 KIAS to 10,000 ft, then 270 KIAS (290 KIAS for 145XR / Legacy) to 14,000 ft. Maintain 270 (290) KIAS to 17,400 ft, and then .56M (.60M) above 17,400 ft to initial cruise level. At cruise level, then accelerate to long-range cruise .74M. 3) It is recommended that the aircraft be flown manually up to 15,000 FT, weather and ATC traffic conditions permitting. However, in high traffic conditions, to easy the workload of the pilot, the autopilot MCP altitude intervention may be engaged above a minimum altitude of 80 FT with the landing gear up. 4) Climb settings use a 10 20% derate of thrust up to 10,000 FT, then increases linearly to max thrust at 30,000 FT. 5) For enroute climb, climb at a rate of 1800 FPM, pursuant to ATC and traffic conditions. If there are no altitude or airspeed restrictions, accelerate to the recommended speed. The sooner the aircraft can be accelerated to the proper climb speed, the more fuel and time efficient the flight. Typical time to climb performance is as follows: Copyright: Project Open Sky 2002 - 2007 This freeware manual may not be sold under any circumstances. Non-compliance will be met with legal action. 15
Weight (lbs) 54,000 52,000 50,000 48,000 46,000 44,000 42,000 40,000 38,000 36,000
Fuel Required (lbs) 1977 1786 1648 1515 1408 1314 1228 1150 1078 1011
Distance (nm) 189 167 151 138 127 118 109 102 95 89
Time (min) 33 29 26 24 22 21 19 18 17 15
6) As engine and wing icing may occur during the climb and descent, the engine anti-icing system should be in the AUTO or ON position whenever icing is possible. NOTE: Failure to do so may result in engine stall, overheating, or engine damage. 7) For normal economy climb, follow ATC speed restrictions of 250 KTS below 10,000 FT. If permitted by ATC and no speed restriction below 10,000 FT, increase speed to 270 KTS. Above 10,000 FT, climb at 270 KTS or .56 MACH. Climb speed table is as follows:
ALTITUDE Sea Level to 10,000 FT Above 10,000 FT
SPEED 250 KTS 270 KTS/.56 MACH
8) Max climb speed is 270 knots / ,56M until reaching initial cruise altitude, then switching to.74 MACH after reaching initial cruise altitude. 9) For engine out climb, speed and performance various with gross weight and altitude, however 250 knots at 1000 1500 FPM may be used.
16
10) Set standard barometer above airport transition level (depends on local airport geography).
17
CRUISE
1) Cruise at .74 MACH. 2) Hi-speed cruise at .80 @ fuel burn penalty. 3) Typical cruise altitude 20,000s flight levels, up to a typical max altitude of 37,000 ft. 4) Long range cruise after crossover at cruise level is at .749M. General rule, with plane at cruise flight level, N1 should be 87.7% N1 to 89.7% N1, which will result in the proper cruise speed at or below .749M: At cruise at 37,000 ft, ISA + degrees C = 10, SAT degrees C = -47: Weight (lbs) 54,000 52,000 50,000 48,000 46,000 N1 93.6 93.5 92.6 91.1 89.7 F Flow 1246 1255 1176 1118 1060 IAS 241 247 239 233 227 TAS 438 447 434 424 415
At cruise 31,000 ft, ISA + degrees C = 0, SAT degrees C = -46 (cruise .749M) 54,000 88.9 1435 275 436 Copyright: Project Open Sky 2002 - 2007 This freeware manual may not be sold under any circumstances. Non-compliance will be met with legal action. 18
52,000 50,000 48,000 46,000
88.8 88.8 88.7 88.7
1438 1441 1444 1447
277 280 282 284
442 442 445 449
Note: 37,000 ft, at weight 46,000 lbs, both engines running: N1/TAS/FF = 91/430/2175 Note: 37,000 ft, at weight 35,000 lbs, both engines running: N1/TAS/FF = 86/389/1800
5) Headwinds will increase engine power, reduce cruise speed and decrease range. 6) Tailwinds will decrease engine power, increase cruise speed and increase range. 7) Follow previously entered FMC waypoints. 8) Fuel Freeze -- Extended operation at cruise altitude will lower fuel temperature. Fuel cools at a rate of 3 degrees C per hour, with a max of 12 degrees C in extreme conditions. Fuel temperatures tend to follow TAT (total air temperature). To raise fuel temperature/TAT, a combination of factors can be employed: Descend into warmer air. Deviate to warmer air. Increase Mach speed. Copyright: Project Open Sky 2002 - 2007 This freeware manual may not be sold under any circumstances. Non-compliance will be met with legal action. 19
An increase of 0.01 MACH will increase TAT by 0.5 0.7 degrees C. 9) Increased fuel burn can result from: - High ITT - Lower cruiser altitude than originally planned. - More than 2,000 FT above the optimum calculated altitude. - Speed faster or slower than .74 MACH cruise. - Strong headwind. - Unbalanced fuel. - Improper aircraft trim. 10) Fuel penalties are: 2000 FT above optimum 3 percent increase in fuel usage 4000 FT below optimum 5 percent increase in fuel usage 8000 FT below optimum 12 percent increase in fuel usage M.01 above M.74 3 percent increase in fuel usage High speed cruise of M.80 19% increased fuel usage
11) In the case of engine out cruise, it may be necessary to descend. 12) Trim aircraft for proper elevator alignment. 13) In case of engine out cruise, trim rudder for directional alignment. 14) Deviate from flight plan for weather, turbulence, or traffic as necessary after receiving clearance from ATC.
20
15) Cruise pitch angle is approx 1 degree nose up.
21
DESCENT
1) Descend at pre-determined TOD (Top of Decent) 2) Descend at 270 KT / .56M (290 KT / M.60 145XR/Legacy) above 10,000 FT. 3) Use speedbrakes or thrust to minimize vertical path error. 4) Proper descent planning is necessary to ensure proper speed and altitude at the arrival point. Distance required for descent is 3NM/1000FT. Descent rates are as follows:
Intended Speed
Decent Rate CLEAN WITH SPEEDBRAKES 5500 FPM 3600 FPM 2200 FPM
.56 MACH/270 KTS 250 KTS VREF 22 + 80 KTS
2300 FPM 1400 FPM 1100 FPM
5) Plan to descend so that aircraft is at approximately 10,000 FT above ground level, 250 KTS, 30 miles from airport. Copyright: Project Open Sky 2002 - 2007 This freeware manual may not be sold under any circumstances. Non-compliance will be met with legal action. 22
6) Using speedbrakes will reduce the times and distances by half. 7) Arm speedbrakes on initial descent. 8) Set airport altimeter below transition level. 9) Avoid using the landing gear for drag above 180-200 KTS to avoid damage to doors or passenger discomfort. 10) Recommended approach planning, ATC and airport rules permitting: 210 KTS below 10,000 FT, 30 miles from airport. 180-190 KTS, 23 miles from airport. 170 KTS, 16 17 miles from airport. VREF, 5 7 miles from airport.
11) In case of rapid descend due to depressurization, bring aircraft down to a safe altitude as smoothly as possible. Using the autopilot is recommended. Check for structural damage. Avoid high load maneuvering. 12) Stall recovery can be accomplished by lowering the aircrafts nose and increasing power at once to gain airspeed. Beware of terrain. Accelerate to VREF 30 + 80 KTS. Do not retract gear until confirmed stall recovery and positive rate of climb. Keep nose at 5 degrees above the horizon or less. 13) If deployed, do not retract slats during the recovery, as it will result in altitude loss. 14) In the event of engine out approach, approach at VREF+5 @ flaps 22. 15) Under normal conditions land at VREF @ flaps 45. Landing speeds are as follows:
Landing 22 Weight 53131 53000 52000 51000 50000 49000 48000 47000 46000 45000 44000 43000 42000
Landing Speeds vFS 179 179 178 176 174 173 171 169 168 166 164 163 161 Vref22 146 146 145 144 142 141 140 138 137 135 134 133 131 Target 179 179 178 176 174 173 171 169 168 166 164 162 161
23
41000 40000 39000 38000 37000 36000 35000 34000 33000 32000 31000 30000 29000 28000
159 157 155 153 151 149 147 145 143 141 139 137 134 132
130 128 127 125 123 122 120 119 117 115 113 111 109 107
159 157 155 153 151 149 147 145 143 141 139 137 134 132
Landing 45 Weight 53131 53000 52000 51000 50000 49000 48000 47000 46000 45000 44000 43000 42000 41000 40000 39000 38000 37000 36000 35000 34000
Landing Speeds vFS 179 179 178 176 174 173 171 169 168 166 164 163 161 159 157 155 153 151 149 147 145 Vref45 141 141 139 138 137 136 135 134 133 131 130 129 128 126 125 124 122 121 119 118 116 Target 179 179 178 176 174 173 171 169 168 166 164 162 161 159 157 155 153 151 149 147 145
24
33000 32000 31000 30000 29000 28000
143 141 139 137 134 132
115 113 111 109 107 106
143 141 139 137 134 132
16) The Project Open Sky ERJ is a CATII aircraft, meaning the aircraft is capable of landing on autopilot in conditions where ceiling is down to 50ft AGL.
17) ILS Approach - During initial maneuvering for the approach, extend flaps to 9 and slow to 180kts. When the localizer is alive, extend flaps to 18 when slowing through 170kts. At one dot below glideslope intercept, extend the landing gear and flaps to 22. Begin slowing to final approach speed. At the final approach fix, extend flaps to 45 and slow to Target vref speed. Be stabilized by 1000 feet above field level. This means, gear down, flaps 45 and engines spooled. Plan to cross the runway threshold at Vref. 18) Visual Approach - Similar to the ILS approach. The major difference is that aircraft must be stabilized by 500 feet above field level, as opposed to 1000 feet. Copyright: Project Open Sky 2002 - 2007 This freeware manual may not be sold under any circumstances. Non-compliance will be met with legal action. 25
19) Land the aircraft. At average gross weights, at full flaps @ VREF, the ERJ will have a 1 degree nose up pitch. When landing the aircraft, flare as necessary. 20) Disengage reverse thrust at 80 knots. 21) The ERJ / Legacy series DOES NOT HAVE auto-braking. Smoothly operate the brakes manually. 22) Turn off onto high-speed taxiways at 30 knots or less. 23) Decelerate to 8 12 knots for 90 degree turns. 24) Taxi to gate.
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OPERATIONS MANUAL FLT CREW TRAINING

PROJECT OPEN SKY ERJ-135/140/145 and Legacy

TAXI, TAKEOFF, CLIMB, CRUISE, DESCENT & LANDING

3) Set takeoff flaps for 9 or 18 degrees. Takeoff speeds are as follows:

engine if on single-engine taxi.

ALTITUDE Sea Level to 10,000 FT Above 10,000 FT

SPEED 250 KTS 270 KTS/.56 MACH

52,000 50,000 48,000 46,000

88.8 88.8 88.7 88.7

1438 1441 1444 1447

277 280 282 284

442 442 445 449

15) Cruise pitch angle is approx 1 degree nose up.

.56 MACH/270 KTS 250 KTS VREF 22 + 80 KTS

2300 FPM 1400 FPM 1100 FPM

33000 32000 31000 30000 29000 28000

143 141 139 137 134 132

115 113 111 109 107 106

143 141 139 137 134 132

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